Chapters authored
Short Review of Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Rejects
The membrane treatment is a physical separation which also generates considerable amount of waste, called as reject/concentrate. The reject/concentrate is more than three times concentrated than the feed water in terms of feed water salts. Recovery of valuables from reverse osmosis (RO) reject for its reuse of inorganic salts would be most obvious solution to eliminate environmental damage. In this report what are the available methods for the recovery of valuables from waste saline stream by selective crystallization method, chemical precipitation and physico-thermal route discussed in details. Also, methods to treat organic contamination in the residual solution through advanced oxidation treatment methods.
Part of the book: Salt in the Earth
Pathogenicity, Characterisation and Impact of Ambient Bio-Aerosols on the Climatic Processes: With a Special Emphasis on the Indian Subcontinent
Airborne particulate matter contains biological entities from various anthropogenic/biogenic activities. Within 1 nm–100 μm size, these are carried to long distances through various external agents. Identified as potential pathogens, they bring forth substantial economic losses in many parts of the world. Despite these shortcomings, bio-aerosols play a vital role in cloud condensation, ice nucleation, precipitation and various atmospheric processes affecting the hydrological cycle in general. Furthermore, bio-aerosols play a decisive role in the dispersal of reproductive plant parts and fungal spores, which play important roles in the evolution and sustenance of ecosystems. However, there remains substantial knowledge on air micro-biome with respect to their occurrence, transformation, role in climate change, interaction and impact on living organisms, agriculture and ecosystem. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a wakeup call for retrospective analysis of airborne particles to reduce their emission, transmission and health risk hazards while understanding their impact on various atmospheric processes. This chapter identifies the various types of bio-aerosols and systematically includes their prime role in the climatic processes, pathogenicity to the exposed flora and fauna along with an exclusive interrogation into their types and characterisation over the Indian subcontinent with a hugely diverging population and pollution panorama.
Part of the book: Air Quality and Health