Percentage macronutrient intake in the United States by sex and age [19].
\r\n\tThis project will include chapters covering the main aspects of angiographic techniques; coronary angiography, fluorescein and microangiography, peripheral angiography, miscellaneous angiography, and new concepts and advances. It will provide an insight into significant updates including hybrid imaging, new devices, contrast medium, and techniques. As the endovascular approaches have evolved over the last several years with the rapid influx of minimally invasive techniques, it is important to point out that there are many aspects which require complex medical workups and substantial preoperative decision algorithms, which have not been covered in the literature yet. The book will be a collection of chapters from world class experts contributing to this new endeavor in medical sciences.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d6e5b06750aa89961fd7e81c3740c6bd",bookSignature:"Dr. Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9061.jpg",keywords:"Coronary Angiography, Fluorescein, Microangiography, Neurovascular Angiography, Peripheral Angiography, Leg Claudication, Renal Stenosis, Atherosclerosis, Medicolegal, New Advances, Hybrid Imaging",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 26th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 25th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 13th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221787/images/system/221787.jfif",biography:"Dr. Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi graduated in medicine from The University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil, and the University of Rome Tor\nVergata, Italy. She is a former researcher in morphophysiology at the University of Córdoba/Reina Sofia Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.\nShe graduated in Neurology/ Neurosurgery at the Hospital of Restauração, SES, in Brazil and Neuroradiology/Radiodiagnostics at Paris Marie Curie University. She holds a master’s degree in Medicine from the University of Nova Lisboa in Portugal and in Behavioral Sciences and Neuropsychiatry from the University of Pernambuco. She also has a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the University of Pernambuco/Paris Diderot University. She is a former Fellow in Interventional Neuroradiology in France at the Ophthalmological Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild, Beaujon Hospital, and Hospices Civils de Strasbourg. She was Praticien Associé in Interventional Neuroradiology at Neurologique Hospital Pierre Wertheimer, University of Lyon Claude Bernard in Lyon, France, and Visiting Professor of the University of Paris Diderot-Neuri Beaujon. She is actually an independent consultant/supervisor in neuroradiology, neuroendovascular, and imaging. She has been also an academic collaborator researcher in the Cardiovascular Department at the University of Leicester. She has experience in innovative research for the development of new technologies and is also an academic editor and reviewer of several scientific publications about neurological diseases.",institutionString:"Paris Diderot University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Paris Diderot University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9364",title:"New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases",subtitle:"An Updated Comprehensive Review",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb9cf94a9674571e55f6e01a20ec372a",slug:"new-insight-into-cerebrovascular-diseases-an-updated-comprehensive-review",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi, Rufai Ahmad, Auwal Abdullahi and Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7147",title:"Demystifying Polyneuropathy",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"884b3c36ad0b0856066a901d2f910ef5",slug:"demystifying-polyneuropathy-recent-advances-and-new-directions",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16367",title:"Addressing Non-linear Hardware Limitations and Extending Network Coverage Area for Power Aware Wireless Sensor Networks",doi:"10.5772/38726",slug:"addressing-non-linear-hardware-limitations-and-extending-network-coverage-area-for-power-aware-wirel",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16367.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16367",totalDownloads:1711,totalViews:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2011",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 30th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16367",book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks"},signatures:"Michael Walsh and Martin Hayes",authors:[{id:"2617",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",fullName:"Michael Walsh",slug:"michael-walsh",email:"michael.j.walsh@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University College Cork",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"36797",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",fullName:"Michael Walsh",slug:"michael-walsh",email:"michael.walsh@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"128645",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Hayes",fullName:"Martin Hayes",slug:"martin-hayes",email:"Martin.J.Hayes@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2276",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks",publishedDate:"June 30th 2011",bookSignature:"Suraiya Tarannum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2276.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2348",title:"Ms.",name:"Suraiya",middleName:null,surname:"Tarannum",slug:"suraiya-tarannum",fullName:"Suraiya Tarannum"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16353",title:"Literature Review of MAC, Routing and Cross Layer Design Protocols for WSN",slug:"literature-review-of-mac-routing-and-cross-layer-design-protocols-for-wsn",totalDownloads:3330,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tayseer AL-Khdour and Uthman Baroudi",authors:[{id:"2375",title:"Mr.",name:"Tayseer",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khdour",fullName:"Tayseer Al-Khdour",slug:"tayseer-al-khdour"},{id:"128624",title:"Dr.",name:"Uthman",middleName:null,surname:"Baroudi",fullName:"Uthman Baroudi",slug:"uthman-baroudi"}]},{id:"16361",title:"Low-power Sensor Interfacing and MEMS for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"low-power-sensor-interfacing-and-mems-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:2177,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J.A. Michaelsen, J.E. Ramstad, D.T. Wisland and O. Sorasen",authors:[{id:"2964",title:"Mr.",name:"Jorgen Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Michaelsen",fullName:"Jorgen Andreas Michaelsen",slug:"jorgen-andreas-michaelsen"},{id:"128636",title:"Prof.",name:"J.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramstad",fullName:"J.E. Ramstad",slug:"j.e.-ramstad"},{id:"128637",title:"Prof.",name:"D. T.",middleName:null,surname:"Wisland",fullName:"D. T. Wisland",slug:"d.-t.-wisland"},{id:"128638",title:"Prof.",name:"O",middleName:null,surname:"Sorasen",fullName:"O Sorasen",slug:"o-sorasen"}]},{id:"16367",title:"Addressing Non-linear Hardware Limitations and Extending Network Coverage Area for Power Aware Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"addressing-non-linear-hardware-limitations-and-extending-network-coverage-area-for-power-aware-wirel",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael Walsh and Martin Hayes",authors:[{id:"2617",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",fullName:"Michael Walsh",slug:"michael-walsh"},{id:"36797",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",fullName:"Michael Walsh",slug:"michael-walsh"},{id:"128645",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Hayes",fullName:"Martin Hayes",slug:"martin-hayes"}]},{id:"16355",title:"Cooperative Beamforming and Modern Spatial Diversity Techniques for Power Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"cooperative-beamforming-and-modern-spatial-diversity-techniques-for-power-efficient-wireless-sensor-",totalDownloads:1563,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tommy Hult, Abbas Mohammed and Zhe Yang",authors:[{id:"2559",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhe",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Zhe Yang",slug:"zhe-yang"},{id:"8423",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",fullName:"Abbas Mohammed",slug:"abbas-mohammed"},{id:"8508",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",middleName:null,surname:"Hult",fullName:"Tommy Hult",slug:"tommy-hult"},{id:"23250",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",middleName:null,surname:"Hult",fullName:"Tommy Hult",slug:"tommy-hult"}]},{id:"16352",title:"Energy Efficient Cooperative MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"energy-efficient-cooperative-mac-protocols-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohd Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz and Xiaojing Huang",authors:[{id:"2394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Riduan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"Mohd Riduan Ahmad",slug:"mohd-riduan-ahmad"}]},{id:"16363",title:"Energy Efficient and Secured Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"energy-efficient-and-secured-cluster-based-routing-protocol-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dananjayan P, Samundiswary P and Vidhya J",authors:[{id:"14769",title:"Prof.",name:"P.Dananjayan",middleName:null,surname:"Perumal",fullName:"P.Dananjayan Perumal",slug:"p.dananjayan-perumal"},{id:"128642",title:"Prof.",name:"P",middleName:null,surname:"Samundiswary",fullName:"P Samundiswary",slug:"p-samundiswary"},{id:"128643",title:"Prof.",name:"J",middleName:null,surname:"Vidhya",fullName:"J Vidhya",slug:"j-vidhya"}]},{id:"16354",title:"Data Aggregation Tree Construction: Algorithms and Challenges",slug:"data-aggregation-tree-construction-algorithms-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zahra Eskandari and Fatemeh Ayughi",authors:[{id:"3225",title:"ms",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Eskandari",fullName:"Zahra Eskandari",slug:"zahra-eskandari"},{id:"128626",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatemeh",middleName:null,surname:"Ayughi",fullName:"Fatemeh Ayughi",slug:"fatemeh-ayughi"}]},{id:"16366",title:"Distributed Localization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks: From Design Methodology to Experimental Validation",slug:"distributed-localization-algorithms-for-wireless-sensor-networks-from-design-methodology-to-experime",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Stefano Tennina, Marco Di Renzo, Fabio Graziosi and Fortunato Santucci",authors:[{id:"22977",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Di Renzo",fullName:"Marco Di Renzo",slug:"marco-di-renzo"},{id:"23003",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Graziosi",fullName:"Fabio Graziosi",slug:"fabio-graziosi"},{id:"33506",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Tennina",fullName:"Stefano Tennina",slug:"stefano-tennina"},{id:"48861",title:"Prof.",name:"Fortunato",middleName:null,surname:"Santucci",fullName:"Fortunato Santucci",slug:"fortunato-santucci"}]},{id:"16356",title:"Lightweight Event Detection Scheme using Distributed Hierarchical Graph Neuron in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"lightweight-event-detection-scheme-using-distributed-hierarchical-graph-neuron-in-wireless-sensor-ne",totalDownloads:1912,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Asad I. Khan, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin and Raja Azlina Raja Mahmood",authors:[{id:"2153",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja Azlina",middleName:null,surname:"Raja Mahmood",fullName:"Raja Azlina Raja Mahmood",slug:"raja-azlina-raja-mahmood"},{id:"2474",title:"Mr.",name:"Anang Hudaya",middleName:null,surname:"Muhamad Amin",fullName:"Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin",slug:"anang-hudaya-muhamad-amin"},{id:"81392",title:"Dr.",name:"Asad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Asad Khan",slug:"asad-khan"},{id:"128627",title:"BSc.",name:"Asad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Asad Khan",slug:"asad-khan"}]},{id:"16365",title:"Dynamic Hierarchical Communication Paradigm for Improved Lifespan in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"dynamic-hierarchical-communication-paradigm-for-improved-lifespan-in-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:1723,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Suraiya Tarannum",authors:[{id:"2348",title:"Ms.",name:"Suraiya",middleName:null,surname:"Tarannum",fullName:"Suraiya Tarannum",slug:"suraiya-tarannum"}]},{id:"16362",title:"Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Architects for Pervasive Computing",slug:"mobile-wireless-sensor-networks-architects-for-pervasive-computing",totalDownloads:5208,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Saad Ahmed Munir, Xie Dongliang, Chen Canfeng and Jian Ma",authors:[{id:"111911",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Jian Ma",slug:"jian-ma"},{id:"119018",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Munir",fullName:"Saad Munir",slug:"saad-munir"},{id:"128639",title:"Prof.",name:"Xie",middleName:null,surname:"Dongliang",fullName:"Xie Dongliang",slug:"xie-dongliang"},{id:"128640",title:"Prof.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Canfeng",fullName:"Chen Canfeng",slug:"chen-canfeng"}]},{id:"16360",title:"Enabling Compression in Tiny Wireless Sensor Nodes",slug:"enabling-compression-in-tiny-wireless-sensor-nodes",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Francesco Marcelloni and Massimo Vecchio",authors:[{id:"3167",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Marcelloni",fullName:"Francesco Marcelloni",slug:"francesco-marcelloni"}]},{id:"16358",title:"Implementation of Accelerometer Sensor Module and Fall Detection Monitoring System based on Wireless Sensor Network",slug:"implementation-of-accelerometer-sensor-module-and-fall-detection-monitoring-system-based-on-wireless",totalDownloads:4044,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Youngbum Lee and Myoungho Lee",authors:[{id:"119017",title:"Prof.",name:"Youngbum",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Youngbum Lee",slug:"youngbum-lee"}]},{id:"16364",title:"Realizing a CMOS RF Transceiver for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"realizing-a-cmos-rf-transceiver-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:3090,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hae-Moon Seo",authors:[{id:"2645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hae-Moon",middleName:null,surname:"Seo",fullName:"Hae-Moon Seo",slug:"hae-moon-seo"}]},{id:"16359",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Applications to the Healthcare and Precision Agriculture",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-and-their-applications-to-the-healthcare-and-precision-agriculture",totalDownloads:4815,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jzau-Sheng Lin, Yi-Ying Chang, Chun-Zu Liu and Kuo-Wen Pan",authors:[{id:"2612",title:"Prof.",name:"Jzau-Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Jzau-Sheng Lin",slug:"jzau-sheng-lin"}]},{id:"16357",title:"On the Design and Analysis of Transport Protocols over Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"on-the-design-and-analysis-of-transport-protocols-over-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:1460,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Suman Kumar and Seung-Jong Park",authors:[{id:"119019",title:"Prof.",name:"Suman",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Suman Kumar",slug:"suman-kumar"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2405",title:"Smart Actuation and Sensing Systems",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0ba43135d522bb9ad308c72f3fc932b",slug:"smart-actuation-and-sensing-systems-recent-advances-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Giovanni Berselli, Rocco Vertechy and Gabriele Vassura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122191",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Berselli",slug:"giovanni-berselli",fullName:"Giovanni Berselli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"39973",title:"Optimum Mechanical Design of Binary Actuators Based on Shape Memory Alloys",slug:"optimum-mechanical-design-of-binary-actuators-based-on-shape-memory-alloys",signatures:"A. Spaggiari, G. Scirè Mammano and E. Dragoni",authors:[{id:"140645",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Dragoni",fullName:"Eugenio Dragoni",slug:"eugenio-dragoni"},{id:"140901",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Spaggiari",fullName:"Andrea Spaggiari",slug:"andrea-spaggiari"},{id:"140904",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Scirè Mammano",fullName:"Giovanni Scirè Mammano",slug:"giovanni-scire-mammano"}]},{id:"39975",title:"New Developments on Mini/Micro Shape Memory Actuators",slug:"new-developments-on-mini-micro-shape-memory-actuators",signatures:"Adelaide Nespoli, Carlo Alberto Biffi, Riccardo Casati,Francesca Passaretti, Ausonio Tuissi and Elena Villa",authors:[{id:"142438",title:"MSc.",name:"Adelaide",middleName:null,surname:"Nespoli",fullName:"Adelaide Nespoli",slug:"adelaide-nespoli"},{id:"145749",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Biffi",fullName:"Carlo Biffi",slug:"carlo-biffi"},{id:"145750",title:"MSc.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Casati",fullName:"Riccardo Casati",slug:"riccardo-casati"},{id:"145751",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Passaretti",fullName:"Francesca Passaretti",slug:"francesca-passaretti"},{id:"145752",title:"MSc.",name:"Ausonio",middleName:null,surname:"Tuissi",fullName:"Ausonio Tuissi",slug:"ausonio-tuissi"},{id:"145753",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Villa",fullName:"Elena Villa",slug:"elena-villa"}]},{id:"40050",title:"SMA-Based Muscle-Like Actuation in Biologically Inspired Robots: A State of the Art Review",slug:"sma-based-muscle-like-actuation-in-biologically-inspired-robots-a-state-of-the-art-review",signatures:"William Coral, Claudio Rossi, Julian Colorado, Daniel Lemus and Antonio Barrientos",authors:[{id:"130774",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",fullName:"Claudio Rossi",slug:"claudio-rossi"},{id:"130776",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Barrientos Cruz",fullName:"Antonio Barrientos Cruz",slug:"antonio-barrientos-cruz"},{id:"140498",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Coral",fullName:"William Coral",slug:"william-coral"},{id:"143086",title:"MSc.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado"},{id:"154748",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Lemus Perez",fullName:"Daniel Santiago Lemus Perez",slug:"daniel-santiago-lemus-perez"}]},{id:"39974",title:"Shape Memory Actuators for Medical Rehabilitation and Neuroscience",slug:"shape-memory-actuators-for-medical-rehabilitation-and-neuroscience",signatures:"Simone Pittaccio and Stefano Viscuso",authors:[{id:"143085",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Pittaccio",fullName:"Simone Pittaccio",slug:"simone-pittaccio"},{id:"145719",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Viscuso",fullName:"Stefano Viscuso",slug:"stefano-viscuso"}]},{id:"40051",title:"1D Phenomenological Modeling of Shape Memory and Pseudoelasticity in NiTi Alloys",slug:"1d-phenomenological-modeling-of-shape-memory-and-pseudoelasticity-in-niti-alloys",signatures:"Carmine Maletta and Franco Furgiuele",authors:[{id:"141015",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Maletta",fullName:"Carmine Maletta",slug:"carmine-maletta"},{id:"164530",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Furgiuele",fullName:"Franco Furgiuele",slug:"franco-furgiuele"}]},{id:"40052",title:"Modeling, Compensation and Control of Smart Devices with Hysteresis",slug:"modeling-compensation-and-control-of-smart-devices-with-hysteresis",signatures:"Daniele Davino, Alessandro Giustiniani and Ciro Visone",authors:[{id:"141906",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciro",middleName:null,surname:"Visone",fullName:"Ciro Visone",slug:"ciro-visone"},{id:"147205",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Davino",fullName:"Daniele Davino",slug:"daniele-davino"},{id:"147206",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Giustiniani",fullName:"Alessandro Giustiniani",slug:"alessandro-giustiniani"}]},{id:"39977",title:"A Technology for Soft and Wearable Generators",slug:"a-technology-for-soft-and-wearable-generators",signatures:"Thomas G. McKay, Benjamin M. O’Brien and Iain A. Anderson",authors:[{id:"111082",title:"Dr.",name:"Iain",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",fullName:"Iain Anderson",slug:"iain-anderson"},{id:"147741",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"McKay",fullName:"Thomas McKay",slug:"thomas-mckay"},{id:"147742",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"O'Brien",fullName:"Benjamin O'Brien",slug:"benjamin-o'brien"}]},{id:"40053",title:"Large Scale Capacitive Skin for Robots",slug:"large-scale-capacitive-skin-for-robots",signatures:"P. Maiolino, A. Ascia, M. Maggiali, L. Natale, G. Cannata and G. Metta",authors:[{id:"143562",title:"PhD.",name:"Perla",middleName:null,surname:"Maiolino",fullName:"Perla Maiolino",slug:"perla-maiolino"},{id:"147162",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Cannata",fullName:"Giorgio Cannata",slug:"giorgio-cannata"},{id:"147163",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Metta",fullName:"Giorgio Metta",slug:"giorgio-metta"},{id:"147164",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",fullName:"Lorenzo Natale",slug:"lorenzo-natale"},{id:"147165",title:"MSc.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ascia",fullName:"Alberto Ascia",slug:"alberto-ascia"}]},{id:"39981",title:"Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Transducer and Self-Sensing Ability",slug:"ionic-polymer-metal-composite-transducer-and-self-sensing-ability",signatures:"Doan Ngoc Chi Nam and Ahn Kyoung Kwan",authors:[{id:"19286",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyoung Kwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahn",fullName:"Kyoung Kwan Ahn",slug:"kyoung-kwan-ahn"},{id:"143160",title:"Dr.",name:"Doan",middleName:"Ngoc Chi",surname:"Nam",fullName:"Doan Nam",slug:"doan-nam"}]},{id:"39979",title:"Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Artificial Muscles in Bio-Inspired Engineering Research: Underwater Propulsion",slug:"ionic-polymer-metal-composite-artificial-muscles-in-bio-inspired-engineering-research-underwater-pro",signatures:"Zheng Chen, T. Um and Hilary Bart-Smith",authors:[{id:"142627",title:"Prof.",name:"Hilary",middleName:null,surname:"Bart-Smith",fullName:"Hilary Bart-Smith",slug:"hilary-bart-smith"}]},{id:"39991",title:"Sensing and Rheological Capabilities of MR Elastomers",slug:"sensing-and-rheological-capabilities-of-mr-elastomers",signatures:"Weihua Li, Tongfei Tian and Haiping Du",authors:[{id:"18457",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",middleName:null,surname:"Du",fullName:"Haiping Du",slug:"haiping-du"},{id:"147918",title:"Prof.",name:"Weihua",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Weihua Li",slug:"weihua-li"},{id:"147926",title:"Mr.",name:"Tongfei",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",fullName:"Tongfei Tian",slug:"tongfei-tian"}]},{id:"40012",title:"Simultaneous Smart Actuating-Sensing Devices Based on Conducting Polymers",slug:"simultaneous-smart-actuating-sensing-devices-based-on-conducting-polymers",signatures:"José G. Martínez, Joaquín Arias-Pardilla and Toribio F. Otero",authors:[{id:"77414",title:"Prof.",name:"Toribio",middleName:null,surname:"Otero",fullName:"Toribio Otero",slug:"toribio-otero"},{id:"119669",title:"Dr.",name:"Joaquin",middleName:null,surname:"Arias-Pardilla",fullName:"Joaquin Arias-Pardilla",slug:"joaquin-arias-pardilla"},{id:"119670",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Jose Gabriel Martinez",slug:"jose-gabriel-martinez"}]},{id:"39982",title:"Novel Self-Oscillating Polymer Actuators for Soft Robot",slug:"novel-self-oscillating-polymer-actuators-for-soft-robot",signatures:"Yusuke Hara, Shingo Maeda,Takashi Mikanohara, Hiroki Nakagawa, Satoshi Nakamaru and Shuji Hashimoto",authors:[{id:"31507",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Hara",fullName:"Yusuke Hara",slug:"yusuke-hara"},{id:"47856",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuji",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",fullName:"Shuji Hashimoto",slug:"shuji-hashimoto"},{id:"100037",title:"Mr.",name:"Satoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamaru",fullName:"Satoshi Nakamaru",slug:"satoshi-nakamaru"},{id:"100038",title:"Mr.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakagawa",fullName:"Hiroki Nakagawa",slug:"hiroki-nakagawa"},{id:"166720",title:"Dr.",name:"Shingo",middleName:null,surname:"Maeda",fullName:"Shingo Maeda",slug:"shingo-maeda"},{id:"166721",title:"Mr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Mikanohara",fullName:"Takashi Mikanohara",slug:"takashi-mikanohara"}]},{id:"39986",title:"Optimal Design Methodology of Magnetorheological Fluid Based Mechanisms",slug:"optimal-design-methodology-of-magnetorheological-fluid-based-mechanisms",signatures:"Quoc-Hung Nguyen and Seung-Bok Choi",authors:[{id:"58128",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung-Bok",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Seung-Bok Choi",slug:"seung-bok-choi"},{id:"65504",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung",middleName:"Quoc",surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Hung Nguyen",slug:"hung-nguyen"}]},{id:"39980",title:"MR Fluid Damper and Its Application to Force Sensorless Damping Control System",slug:"mr-fluid-damper-and-its-application-to-force-sensorless-damping-control-system",signatures:"D. Q. Truong and K. K. Ahn",authors:[{id:"19286",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyoung Kwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahn",fullName:"Kyoung Kwan Ahn",slug:"kyoung-kwan-ahn"}]},{id:"40054",title:"New Magnetic Translation/Rotation Drive by Use of Magnetic Particles with Specific Gravity Smaller than a Liquid",slug:"new-magnetic-translation-rotation-drive-by-use-of-magnetic-particles-with-specific-gravity-smaller-t",signatures:"Makoto Nokata",authors:[{id:"132701",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Nokata",fullName:"Makoto Nokata",slug:"makoto-nokata"}]},{id:"39988",title:"New Perspectives for Magnetic Fluid-Based Devices Using Novel Ionic Liquids as Carriers",slug:"new-perspectives-for-magnetic-fluid-based-devices-using-novel-ionic-liquids-as-carriers",signatures:"Laura Rodríguez-Arco, Ana Gómez-Ramírez, Juan D.G. Durán and Modesto T. López-López",authors:[{id:"141540",title:"Dr.",name:"Modesto T",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Lopez",fullName:"Modesto T Lopez-Lopez",slug:"modesto-t-lopez-lopez"},{id:"163998",title:"Ms.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Arco",fullName:"Laura Rodriguez-Arco",slug:"laura-rodriguez-arco"},{id:"164002",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Ramirez",fullName:"Ana Gomez-Ramirez",slug:"ana-gomez-ramirez"},{id:"164003",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan D.G.",middleName:null,surname:"Duran",fullName:"Juan D.G. Duran",slug:"juan-d.g.-duran"}]},{id:"39978",title:"Trade-off Analysis and Design of a Hydraulic Energy Scavenger",slug:"trade-off-analysis-and-design-of-a-hydraulic-energy-scavenger",signatures:"Enrico Zenerino, Joaquim Girardello Detoni, Diego Boero, Andrea Tonoli and Marcello Chiaberge",authors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge"},{id:"14733",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Zenerino",fullName:"Enrico Zenerino",slug:"enrico-zenerino"},{id:"14734",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tonoli",fullName:"Andrea Tonoli",slug:"andrea-tonoli"},{id:"147509",title:"MSc.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"Detoni",fullName:"Joaquim Detoni",slug:"joaquim-detoni"},{id:"147510",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Boero",fullName:"Diego Boero",slug:"diego-boero"}]},{id:"40055",title:"Magnetoelastic Energy Harvesting: Modeling and Experiments",slug:"magnetoelastic-energy-harvesting-modeling-and-experiments",signatures:"Daniele Davino, Alessandro Giustiniani and Ciro Visone",authors:[{id:"141906",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciro",middleName:null,surname:"Visone",fullName:"Ciro Visone",slug:"ciro-visone"},{id:"147205",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Davino",fullName:"Daniele Davino",slug:"daniele-davino"},{id:"147206",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Giustiniani",fullName:"Alessandro Giustiniani",slug:"alessandro-giustiniani"}]},{id:"39983",title:"Feedforward and Modal Control for a Multi Degree of Freedom High Precision Machine",slug:"feedforward-and-modal-control-for-a-multi-degree-of-freedom-high-precision-machine",signatures:"Andrea Tonoli, Angelo Bonfitto, Marcello Chiaberge, Mario Silvagni, Lester D. Suarez and Enrico Zenerino",authors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge"},{id:"14733",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Zenerino",fullName:"Enrico Zenerino",slug:"enrico-zenerino"},{id:"14734",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tonoli",fullName:"Andrea Tonoli",slug:"andrea-tonoli"},{id:"36707",title:"Dr.",name:"Lester Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Suarez Cabrera",fullName:"Lester Daniel Suarez Cabrera",slug:"lester-daniel-suarez-cabrera"},{id:"61795",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Bonfitto",fullName:"Angelo Bonfitto",slug:"angelo-bonfitto"},{id:"61796",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Silvagni",fullName:"Mario Silvagni",slug:"mario-silvagni"}]},{id:"40056",title:"Segmented Foot with Compliant Actuators and Its Applications to Lower-Limb Prostheses and Exoskeletons",slug:"segmented-foot-with-compliant-actuators-and-its-applications-to-lower-limb-prostheses-and-exoskeleto",signatures:"Qining Wang, Jinying Zhu, Yan Huang, Kebin Yuan and Long Wang",authors:[{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Long Wang",slug:"long-wang"},{id:"141596",title:"Prof.",name:"Qining",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qining Wang",slug:"qining-wang"},{id:"155370",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinying",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Jinying Zhu",slug:"jinying-zhu"},{id:"155372",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Yan Huang",slug:"yan-huang"},{id:"155373",title:"MSc.",name:"Kebin",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Kebin Yuan",slug:"kebin-yuan"}]},{id:"40057",title:"Compliant Robotics and Automation with Flexible Fluidic Actuators and Inflatable Structures",slug:"compliant-robotics-and-automation-with-flexible-fluidic-actuators-and-inflatable-structures",signatures:"I. Gaiser, R. Wiegand, O. Ivlev, A. Andres, H. Breitwieser, S. Schulz and G. Bretthauer",authors:[{id:"142888",title:"MSc.",name:"Immanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gaiser",fullName:"Immanuel Gaiser",slug:"immanuel-gaiser"},{id:"147023",title:"MSc.",name:"Roland",middleName:null,surname:"Wiegand",fullName:"Roland Wiegand",slug:"roland-wiegand"},{id:"147024",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Ivlev",fullName:"Oleg Ivlev",slug:"oleg-ivlev"},{id:"147025",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Andres",fullName:"Adrian Andres",slug:"adrian-andres"},{id:"147027",title:"MSc.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Breitwieser",fullName:"Helmut Breitwieser",slug:"helmut-breitwieser"},{id:"147028",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Schulz",fullName:"Stefan Schulz",slug:"stefan-schulz"},{id:"147029",title:"Prof.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Bretthauer",fullName:"Georg Bretthauer",slug:"georg-bretthauer"}]},{id:"39972",title:"A Tactile Sensing System Based on Arrays of Piezoelectric Polymer Transducers",slug:"a-tactile-sensing-system-based-on-arrays-of-piezoelectric-polymer-transducers",signatures:"Lucia Seminara, Luigi Pinna, Marco Capurro and Maurizio Valle",authors:[{id:"131759",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Valle",fullName:"Maurizio Valle",slug:"maurizio-valle"},{id:"143163",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Seminara",fullName:"Lucia Seminara",slug:"lucia-seminara"},{id:"155468",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Pinna",fullName:"Luigi Pinna",slug:"luigi-pinna"},{id:"155469",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Capurro",fullName:"Marco Capurro",slug:"marco-capurro"}]},{id:"39976",title:"Piezomechanics in PZT Stack Actuators for Cryogenic Fuel Injectors",slug:"piezomechanics-in-pzt-stack-actuators-for-cryogenic-fuel-injectors",signatures:"Yasuhide Shindo and Fumio Narita",authors:[{id:"142393",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhide",middleName:null,surname:"Shindo",fullName:"Yasuhide Shindo",slug:"yasuhide-shindo"},{id:"147153",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Narita",fullName:"Fumio Narita",slug:"fumio-narita"}]},{id:"40058",title:"Smart Actuation for Helicopter Rotorblades",slug:"smart-actuation-for-helicopter-rotorblades",signatures:"A. Paternoster, R. Loendersloot, A. de Boer and R. Akkerman",authors:[{id:"146459",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Paternoster",fullName:"Alexandre Paternoster",slug:"alexandre-paternoster"},{id:"156066",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Loendersloot",fullName:"Richard Loendersloot",slug:"richard-loendersloot"},{id:"156067",title:"Prof.",name:"Andre",middleName:null,surname:"De Boer",fullName:"Andre De Boer",slug:"andre-de-boer"},{id:"156069",title:"Prof.",name:"Remko",middleName:null,surname:"Akkerman",fullName:"Remko Akkerman",slug:"remko-akkerman"}]},{id:"39987",title:"Active Control of Plate-Like Structures for Vibration and Sound Suppression",slug:"active-control-of-plate-like-structures-for-vibration-and-sound-suppression",signatures:"Ipek Basdogan, Utku Boz, Serkan Kulah and Mustafa Ugur Aridogan",authors:[{id:"143265",title:"Prof.",name:"Ipek",middleName:null,surname:"Basdogan",fullName:"Ipek Basdogan",slug:"ipek-basdogan"},{id:"165410",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Ugur",middleName:null,surname:"Aridogan",fullName:"Mustafa Ugur Aridogan",slug:"mustafa-ugur-aridogan"},{id:"165430",title:"Dr.",name:"Serkan",middleName:null,surname:"Kulah",fullName:"Serkan Kulah",slug:"serkan-kulah"},{id:"165431",title:"Dr.",name:"Utku",middleName:null,surname:"Boz",fullName:"Utku Boz",slug:"utku-boz"}]},{id:"40059",title:"Shunted Piezoceramics for Vibration Damping – Modeling, Applications and New Trends",slug:"shunted-piezoceramics-for-vibration-damping-modeling-applications-and-new-trends",signatures:"Marcus Neubauer, Sebastian M. Schwarzendahl and Xu Han",authors:[{id:"47918",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:null,surname:"Neubauer",fullName:"Marcus Neubauer",slug:"marcus-neubauer"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71378",title:"Health Benefits of Dietary Protein throughout the Life Cycle",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91404",slug:"health-benefits-of-dietary-protein-throughout-the-life-cycle",body:'\nProteins are chains of amino acids which are involved in nearly every process in the body. Proteins function as enzymes, transcription factors, binding proteins, transmembrane transporters and channels, hormones, receptors, structural proteins, and signaling proteins [1]. However, the primary role of protein in the diet is to provide amino acids required for the synthesis of new proteins. We especially rely on dietary protein to provide the nine essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein intake greater than the dietary recommendations may prevent sarcopenia [2], help maintain energy balance [3], improve bone health [4, 5, 6, 7] and cardiovascular function [8, 9, 10], and aid in wound healing [11]. This chapter focuses on the role of dietary protein, and the associated health benefits, throughout the life cycle.
\nThe current dietary recommendations for protein intake include the estimated average requirement (EAR) [12] and the recommended dietary allowance [12]. For daily protein intake, the EAR for dietary protein is 0.66 g kg−1 day−1, and the RDA is 0.8 g kg−1 day−1 for all adults over 18 years of age. This can become confusing when trying to make recommendations for individuals at different stages of life. Even the Food and Nutrition Board recognizes a difference between what is recommended in the RDA and the level of protein intake needed for optimal health [12]. Therefore, there is a third recommendation for protein called the acceptable daily macronutrient range (ADMR) [13, 14]. The ADMR includes a recommendation for protein intakes ranging from 10 to 35% of daily energy (e.g., calorie intake), which makes the ADMR easier to use when developing dietary recommendations for protein [12].
\nA majority of the adult population in the United States exceeds the minimum recommendations for protein intake [15]. The current dietary protein intake in the United States is approximately 82 g d−1 for men and 67 g d−1 for women [16]. \nTable 1\n details the current protein intake as percent of energy intake in the United States based on sex and age. A majority of dietary protein comes from animal protein (46%), followed by plant protein (30%), dairy (16%), and mixed foods (8%) [16]. There is increasing evidence indicating that consuming dietary protein at levels above the current RDA (0.8 g dietary protein kg body weight−1 day−1) may be beneficial for children, adults, older adults, and physically active individuals [17]. For example, protein intake above the RDA may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia [13, 17]. However, high protein intake without a subsequent decrease in carbohydrates attenuates the beneficial effects of dietary protein [18].
\nAge | \nTotal | \nMen | \nWomen | \n
---|---|---|---|
Protein | \n|||
20–44 years | \n15.7 | \n16.1 | \n15.3 | \n
45–64 years | \n15.8 | \n16.0 | \n15.7 | \n
65–74 years | \n16.3 | \n16.6 | \n16.1 | \n
75 years and older | \n15.7 | \n16.1 | \n15.3 | \n
Percentage macronutrient intake in the United States by sex and age [19].
Adequate dietary protein intake is essential to support cellular integrity, growth, and physical function. Although protein malnutrition is not prevalent in the United States, there is little research on optimal protein requirements for health benefits in children. Current EARs are based on the factorial method and the nitrogen balance technique. The factorial method incorporates the estimated nitrogen (protein) requirement plus the rate of protein deposition and an estimate of the efficiency of protein utilization [20] which is derived from adult dietary protein needs [12]. By using the indicator amino acid oxidation method in a group of healthy children 6–11 years old, it was found that the mean and population-safe (upper 95% CI) protein requirements were 1.3 and 1.55 g kg−1 day−1, respectively. This is higher than the 2005 DRI for protein (0.76 and 0.95 g kg−1 day−1, respectively) [12]. A similar study using the nitrogen balance technique also found that protein requirements in children in this age range are above current recommendations at 1.2 g kg−1 day−1 [21]. These higher estimated protein requirements in children seem to be in line with current protein consumption patterns in different pediatric age groups. For instance, children 2–3 years old are currently daily consuming ~3.6 g/kg of ideal body weight, children 4–8 years old are currently consuming ~2.6 g kg−1 ideal body weight−1, and children 9–13 years old are consuming ~1.6 g kg−1 ideal body weight−1 [15]; however, the optimal protein intake for children is still under debate [22]. There are racial/ethnic differences in protein consumption in children (2–18 years old). For example, non-Hispanic black children eat about 5% below, non-Hispanic white children eat about 3% below, Hispanic children eat about 2% below, and Asian children eat less than 1% below the EAR for protein [15].
\nAlthough the currently established recommendations for protein intake in children may be lower than the requirements, the effect of diets higher in protein (e.g., 30% of total energy intake) in children is unclear [22]. Several studies have alluded to the potential benefit of higher protein intake dietary practices. For instance, diets higher in protein with a low glycemic index can be protective against obesity in children aged 5–18 years [23], and diets higher in protein can lead to smaller waist circumference, blood pressure, insulin, and serum cholesterol than lower-protein diets in children from the same age group. A recent cohort analysis found that protein intake in 8-year-olds is associated with higher fat-free mass [24], and an additional cohort analysis found that at ages 11, 15, and 22 years, protein intake is inversely associated with early adulthood BMI. However, protein intake at 2 years was positively associated with BMI and lean mass at age 22 [25], suggesting there are conflicting results regarding the benefits of increased dietary protein in children.
\nPregnancy is a period of rapid tissue growth during a short period of time. Maternal tissues, including breast, uterine, and adipose tissues, blood volume, and extracellular fluids, account for the largest amount of protein accretion during pregnancy at 60%. The remaining 40% of protein accretion occurs within the amniotic fluid, fetus, and placenta [26, 27]. In fact, protein needs to increase soon after conception to support tissue growth and development, maintenance of maternal homeostasis, and lactation preparation [27, 28, 29]. These alterations occur in an exponential way and only in response to adequate total energy intake. This means that protein deposition does not significantly change in the first trimester compared to pre-pregnancy, but increases during the second trimester and significantly increases to the highest levels of protein deposition in the third trimester. This variable period of growth makes it difficult to define recommendations regarding protein requirements. Thus, although current recommendations suggest constant protein intake throughout the duration of pregnancy, pregnancy may actually require an increase in protein intake throughout gestation to support adequate growth, although further research is needed. There are several benefits of protein intake during pregnancy including adequate maternal weight gain within recommendations, lower early pregnancy BMI, and decreased postpartum weight [30].
\nAlthough the benefits of increased protein intake during pregnancy are apparent as stated above, protein requirements during pregnancy are difficult to measure. This is due to the involved nature of some of the techniques used to measure protein requirements. Therefore, the current dietary protein recommendations during pregnancy are based on factorial estimates of recommendations for healthy, nonpregnant populations. Pregnancy protein needs have been derived from the EAR and RDA for healthy, nonpregnant populations and are set to 0.88 g kg−1 day−1 (EAR) and 1.1 g kg−1 day−1 (RDA) [12]. However, newer studies found protein needs to be 1.2 g kg−1 day−1 at 11–20 weeks, increasing to 1.52 g kg−1 day−1 at 30–38 weeks [31]. Both nonpregnant women of childbearing age (20–44 years) and pregnant women consume at or above the current recommendations of protein intake [32, 33]. One study [31] found that pregnant women consume the same amount of protein in early pregnancy (1.44 ± 0.30 g kg−1 day−1) as they do in late pregnancy (1.47 ± 0.53 g kg−1 day−1), not taking fluid retention and changes in body composition into account. These findings support others that have noted little overall change in dietary protein patterns from early to late pregnancy [33]. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that pregnant women meet the recommendations for dietary protein intake. Improvements may potentially be made to increase dietary protein requirements as pregnancy progresses.
\nAn important factor to consider when incorporating protein into the diet is how the source of dietary protein (e.g., protein derived from animal or plant sources) affects nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, and diet quality [13, 34, 35]. Proteins with differing amino acid profiles exhibit varied digestion and absorption rates [36, 37, 38], and amino acid profiles depend directly on the quality and quantity of the dietary protein [37]. For example, the digestion and absorption rates of fast- (e.g., whey) versus slow (e.g., casein)-digesting proteins need to be taken into consideration when developing protein recommendations. One study provided young, healthy subjects with either a whey protein meal (30 g) or a casein meal (43 g) (both contained the same amount of leucine [one of the BCAAs]) and measured whole-body protein synthesis. Researchers determined that the subjects consuming the whey (fast) protein meal had a high, rapid increase in plasma amino acids, while subjects consuming the casein (slow) protein meal had a prolonged plateau of EAA [39]. In addition, the chemical structure and the presence of anti-nutritional compounds such as phytic acid within the protein source can influence digestion and amino acid availability [40]. Compared to animal sources, plant proteins are shown to have a lower anabolic impact on muscle; however, the reduced ability to elicit anabolic effects can be overcome by increasing protein intake and increasing the content of leucine [41].
\nWhether or not the amino acid source is derived from the whole protein or a mixture of free amino acids can also influence the rate of muscle protein synthesis [42]. For example, when older subjects were given either an EAA mixture (15 g) or a whey protein supplement (13.6 g) after an overnight fast, subjects consuming the EAA mixture had higher mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate [42], which is often associated with increases in muscle mass. The differing response could be due to the differing leucine content between the supplements (EAA, 2.8 g leucine, and whey, 1.8 g leucine) or because the EAA supplement was composed of individual amino acids while the whey protein supplement was intact protein. These subtle differences could influence the rate of appearance of the amino acids into blood circulation and thus the protein synthetic response.
\nAnother potential confounder of the protein synthetic response of various proteins is the form or texture of the protein itself, such as ground beef versus a beef steak [43]. When, older men consumed 135 g of protein as either ground beef or as a beef steak, the amino acids from the ground beef appeared more rapidly in the circulation than the amino acids from the beef steak. Whole-body protein balance was higher after consumption of the ground beef versus the beef steak. However, 6 h after the beef meals, muscle protein synthesis was not different [43]. Nonetheless, these data support that the form of the protein that is being consumed impacts digestion, absorption, and the rate of appearance of amino acids into circulation [35].
\nThe timing of dietary protein intake has received ample attention in the past several decades. Adults typically consume the majority of their protein intake at dinner (38 g) versus breakfast (13 g) [44]. However, recent research suggests that ingestion of more than 30 g of protein in a test meal does not further stimulate the effect of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis [45]. This had led to discussion related to optimal timing of protein intake. For example, distributing protein intake throughout the day, timing of protein around nighttime eating, and protein eating at breakfast are all areas of increased interest. In general, research covering these topics is performed in young, healthy populations, or aging populations, and very few, if any, studies have been conducted in children and pregnant women.
\nBreakfast is often recognized as the most important meal of the day [46, 47, 48]. However, there is debate as to what defines the ideal breakfast meal [47], in addition to a lack of strong evidence to define which nutrients should be represented at breakfast [47]. A recent commentary published by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics suggests that protein-containing foods (e.g., eggs, lean meat, and low-fat dairy products) should be included in breakfast meals [47]. Literature supports diets higher in protein aid in the treatment of chronic, metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease and have been shown to increase EE, improve satiety, regulate glycemic control, and improve body composition (reviewed in [13, 14, 34, 49]).
\nEating protein at night and immediately before bedtime has received substantial attention in the past decade. Although past common knowledge would claim that eating before bed precipitates negative effects on health and body composition, more recent studies show that there may be many metabolic, health, and body composition-related benefits [50]. Much of the previous research claiming the negative effects of nighttime eating was performed in shift workers [51], populations with night eating syndrome, who consume ≥50% of daily calories after dinner [52], and epidemiological data [53]. Although some of the negative effects of nighttime eating in these populations may include high BMI and abdominal obesity [54]; increased triglyceride concentration, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance [55]; impaired kidney function [56]; and increased carbohydrate oxidation and decreased fat oxidation [57], many other factors need to be taken into consideration. For example, these populations are awake during abnormal hours and report sleep disturbances [58, 59]. In fact, the duration of sleep is inversely related to BMI [60, 61]. These populations also consume significantly more carbohydrate, protein, and fat throughout the day. Nonetheless, it is clear that eating large amounts of energy in the evening hours, in particular when the energy is carbohydrate- and fat-laden, may not be beneficial for health and body composition outcomes.
\nHowever, much more evidence has shown that eating a small protein snack (~200 kcal) before bed may elicit significant benefits. Improved muscle protein recovery, muscle mass, and strength gains mediated by enhanced overnight and next-morning muscle protein synthesis have been shown to be enhanced with 40 g of casein protein supplementation in elderly [62] and recreationally active men [63]. These effects are particularly enhanced when this dietary practice is added to the practice of resistance exercise [63]. In addition, reported hunger is lower and satiety is higher, and resting energy expenditure is higher the following morning after a small protein snack compared to a noncaloric placebo [50, 62]. Chronically (4 weeks) there are also reports of decreased blood pressure, decreased arterial stiffness [64], and a greater decrease in body fat in overweight and obese women when consuming nighttime protein [65, 66]. Importantly, these benefits are accompanied by no significant alterations in overnight or next-morning lipolysis, fat oxidation, substrate utilization, or any blood markers in obese men or resistance-trained young women [67].
\nCurrent research demonstrates that even distribution of protein intake throughout the day is more effective at stimulating a 24-h protein synthesis compared to an uneven distribution [68, 69]. This is supported by data from a longitudinal study on nutrition and aging, which found that even distribution of daily protein intake across meals is independently associated with greater muscle strength and higher muscle mass in older adult, but is not associated with loss in muscle mass [70] or mobility [71] over 2–3 years. However, there are some studies that fail to confirm the importance of spreading protein intake out over the course of the day [71, 72]. Additional studies have compared pulse feeding (72% of daily protein at lunch) versus protein being evenly distributed over four daily meals in hospitalized older patients for 6 weeks [73, 74]. These studies found that pulse feeding of protein increased postprandial amino acid bioavailability [75] and increased lean mass [74] compared to spreading protein intake throughout the day. Taken together, the optimal timing and distribution of protein intake still need to be determined.
\nObesity is a major public health concern [76] and is associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in both children and adults [77, 78]. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) (weight in kilograms divided by height in centimeters squared) greater than or equal to 30.0. In 2015–2016, the prevalence of obesity (\nTable 2\n) in the United States was 39.6 for adults and 18.4% for youth [76]. Obesity also impacts racial and ethnic groups differently. For example, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults and youth have higher rates of obesity compared to non-Hispanic white and Asian populations [79].
\nAge group (years) | \nTotal (percent) | \nBoys or men (percent) | \nGirls or women (percent) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Youth, 2–19 | \n18.5 | \n19.1 | \n17.8 | \n
Young children, 2–5 | \n13.9 | \n14.3 | \n13.5 | \n
Youth, 6–11 | \n18.4\n$\n\n | \n20.4\n$\n\n | \n16.3 | \n
Adolescents, 12–19 | \n20.6\n$\n\n | \n20.2 | \n20.9\n$\n\n | \n
Adults, 20+ | \n39.6 | \n37.9 | \n41.1 | \n
Young adults, 20–39 | \n35.7 | \n34.8 | \n36.5 | \n
Middle-aged adults, 40–59 | \n42.8\n*\n\n | \n40.8\n*\n\n | \n44.7\n*\n\n | \n
Older adults, 60+ | \n41.0 | \n38.5 | \n43.1 | \n
Prevalence of obesity in the United States by age group and sex [76].
Significantly different from young children.
Significantly different from young adults.
A primary factor in controlling and preventing obesity and associated chronic diseases is through diet, for example, diets higher in protein [13, 14, 80, 81]. Diets higher in protein (>30% of energy intake) have been shown to improve body composition [82], improve glycemic response [81, 83, 84, 85], increase satiety [85, 86, 87], and increase postprandial energy metabolism [88, 89], which are all mediating factors of weight loss.
\nSarcopenia is the term for age-associated loss of muscle mass and function [35]. The loss of muscle function associated with sarcopenia is often referred to as dynapenia [90]. A loss or reduction in skeletal muscle function often leads to increased morbidity and mortality either directly, or indirectly, via the development of secondary diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease [91]. The causes of sarcopenia include poor nutrition, diminished responsiveness to anabolic hormones and/or nutrients, and a sedentary lifestyle.
\nThe loss in muscle mass observed with aging is often accompanied by an increase in fat mass [92], which can happen even in the absence of changes in BMI [35]. The loss in muscle mass results in a decrease in basal metabolic rate (BMR) or the amount of caloric energy we use while at rest [93]. The loss of muscle mass induces a 2–3% decrease in BMR per decade after the age of 20 and a 4% decline in BMR per decade after the age of 50 [93, 94]. Muscle loss and subsequent reduction in metabolic rate contribute to obesity that accompanies the aging process.
\nSeveral studies identify protein as a key nutrient for aging adults [2, 95]. Low protein intake is linked to a decrease in physical ability in aging adults [96]. However, protein intake greater than the dietary guidelines may prevent sarcopenia [96], help maintain BMR [3], improve bone health [4, 5, 6, 7], and improve cardiovascular function [8, 9, 10]. These benefits of increasing protein in the diet may improve function and quality of life in healthy older adults, as well as improve the ability of older patients to recover from disease and trauma [91].
\nCurrently, the dietary recommendations for protein intake are the same for all healthy adults above the age of 19. However, experts in the field of protein and aging recommend a protein intake between 1.2 and 2.0 g kg−1 day−1 or higher for elderly adults [91, 95, 97]. The RDA of 0.8 g kg−1 day−1 is well below these recommendations and reflects a value at the lowest end of the AMDR. It is estimated that 38% of adult men and 41% of adult women have dietary protein intakes below the RDA [16, 44].
\nBoth protein amount and source are important to consider when recommending protein intake to older adults [34, 35]. There are three important aspects to take into consideration when recommending a protein source: (1) the characteristics of the specific protein, such as the amount of essential amino acids (EAA); (2) the food matrix in which the protein is consumed, for example, as part of a beverage or a complete meal; and (3) the characteristics of the individuals consuming the food, including health status, physiological status, and energy balance [34]. In addition, the difference in digestibility and bioavailability of a protein can impact the quantity of protein that needs to be ingested to meet metabolic needs; this is especially important in older adults since gastric motility and nutrient absorption decrease with age. The speed of protein digestion and absorption of amino acids from the gut can influence whole-body protein building [36]. Proteins with differing amino acid profiles exhibit different digestion and absorption rates [36, 38, 98]. Amino acid availability depends directly on both the quality and quantity of the dietary protein [98].
\nOver the past 15 years, the gut microbiome has received increased attention regarding its role in impacting overall health [99]. Interestingly, it has been shown to influence diseases associated with metabolic health [100]. The intestinal mucosa houses nearly a trillion microorganisms, and the plasticity of this environment is highly reactive to changes in diet [101]. For instance, the gut becomes an active site for protein and amino acid metabolism prior to absorption. Following enzymatic denaturation by intestinal proteases, amino acids can become fermented into various metabolites which include short-chain fatty acids and ammonia [102]. The acute microbial response and long-term adaptation associated with dietary habits have become an important area of research.
\nAs gut assay methodologies improve, researchers have identified associations between microbial populations and their metabolite concentrations in response to dietary patterns. For instance, in vitro and human models demonstrate a potential negative link between animal protein intake and protein fermentation end products such as ammonia and trimethylamine-N-oxide [103, 104]. However, favorable outcomes associated with animal- and plant-based protein sources have been observed. For example, ingestion of both whey [105] and pea protein [106] has been shown to increase favorable gut bacterial species such as Bifidobacterium. In addition, supplementation with pea protein intake has been shown to increase the production of short-chain fatty acids, an important energy substrate utilized by enterocytes [106].
\nThere is sufficient evidence that protein intake higher than the current dietary recommendations is beneficial for most healthy individuals throughout the life cycle. However, benefits of dietary protein depend on the quality, the quantity, and the timing of protein intake. Although health benefits of dietary protein have been well-established for older adults, more research is needed to determine the health benefits of increased dietary protein intake through each state of life.
\nThis work was supported by a grant to J.I.B. and E.B. from the Arkansas Biosciences Institute.
\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10013",title:"Geothermal Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a5f5277a1c0616ce6b35f4b44a4cac7a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Basel I. Ismail",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10013.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"62122",title:"Dr.",name:"Basel",surname:"Ismail",slug:"basel-ismail",fullName:"Basel Ismail"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10374",title:"Advances in Micro- and Nanofluidics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b7ba9cab862a9bca2fc9f9ee72ba5eec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. S. M. Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10374.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10376",title:"Adaptive Filtering - Recent Advances and Practical Implementation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"143698bdab370da4f6c14ddf8624488c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wenping Cao and Dr. Qian Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10376.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10377",title:"Electric Power Conversion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9f41084eff07323bda451cd5c77dfaaf",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Majid Nayeripour and Dr. Eberhard Waffenschmidt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10377.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"66929",title:"Prof.",name:"Majid",surname:"Nayeripour",slug:"majid-nayeripour",fullName:"Majid Nayeripour"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10383",title:"Vibration Control of Structures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"912cb4cb6d5960e126cb843ddb4e001a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Said Elias Rahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10383.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"307861",title:"Dr.",name:"Said Elias",surname:"Rahimi",slug:"said-elias-rahimi",fullName:"Said Elias Rahimi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10491",title:"Anaerobic Digestion in Natural and Built Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"082ec753a05d6c7ed8cc5559e7dac432",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Anna Sikora and Dr. Anna Detman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10491.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146985",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Sikora",slug:"anna-sikora",fullName:"Anna Sikora"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10495",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e83ddb1aa8017926d0635bbe8a90feca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10506",title:"Liquid Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a1c30d83631953e1c8905554d937bb10",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Dr. S. Gnanasekaran and Dr. Suresh Mayilswamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10506.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10567",title:"Uncertainty Management in Engineering - Topics in Pollution Prevention and Controls",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4990db602d31f1848c590dbfe97b6409",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Dr. Yung-Tse Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10567.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab Abdel Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10573",title:"Fluid-Structure Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3950d1f9c82160d23bc594d00ec2ffbb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Khaled Ghaedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10573.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:27},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"67",title:"Economic Inequality",slug:"economic-inequality",parent:{title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"economic-inequality",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5946",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd8ad1a9b3198feeaed2ad255d04f38c",slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",bookSignature:"Gabriel Ilie Staicu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5946.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190328",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Staicu",slug:"gabriel-staicu",fullName:"Gabriel Staicu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55118",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68581",title:"Growing up in Rural vs. Urban Poverty: Contextual, Academic, and Cognitive Differences",slug:"growing-up-in-rural-vs-urban-poverty-contextual-academic-and-cognitive-differences",totalDownloads:1165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Michele Tine",authors:[{id:"201863",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Tine",slug:"michele-tine",fullName:"Michele Tine"}]},{id:"56015",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69506",title:"The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Poverty and Welfare in South Asia: A Special Reference to Sri Lanka",slug:"the-impact-of-trade-liberalisation-on-poverty-and-welfare-in-south-asia-a-special-reference-to-sri-l",totalDownloads:1015,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Sumudu Perera, Mahinda Siriwardana and Stuart Mounter",authors:[{id:"99337",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahinda",middleName:null,surname:"Siriwardana",slug:"mahinda-siriwardana",fullName:"Mahinda Siriwardana"},{id:"202270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumudu",middleName:null,surname:"Perera",slug:"sumudu-perera",fullName:"Sumudu Perera"},{id:"202271",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"Mounter",slug:"stuart-mounter",fullName:"Stuart Mounter"}]},{id:"55340",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68960",title:"Poverty and Its Alleviation: The Case of Pakistan",slug:"poverty-and-its-alleviation-the-case-of-pakistan",totalDownloads:2847,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Muhammad Azeem Ashraf",authors:[{id:"198873",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Azeem",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-azeem-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Azeem Ashraf"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55340",title:"Poverty and Its Alleviation: The Case of Pakistan",slug:"poverty-and-its-alleviation-the-case-of-pakistan",totalDownloads:2847,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Muhammad Azeem Ashraf",authors:[{id:"198873",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Azeem",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-azeem-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Azeem Ashraf"}]},{id:"55593",title:"Inequality as Determinant of the Persistence of Poverty",slug:"inequality-as-determinant-of-the-persistence-of-poverty",totalDownloads:1480,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Julián Augusto Casas Herrera",authors:[{id:"200579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Julián",middleName:null,surname:"Casas",slug:"julian-casas",fullName:"Julián Casas"}]},{id:"55118",title:"Growing up in Rural vs. Urban Poverty: Contextual, Academic, and Cognitive Differences",slug:"growing-up-in-rural-vs-urban-poverty-contextual-academic-and-cognitive-differences",totalDownloads:1165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Michele Tine",authors:[{id:"201863",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Tine",slug:"michele-tine",fullName:"Michele Tine"}]},{id:"56015",title:"The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Poverty and Welfare in South Asia: A Special Reference to Sri Lanka",slug:"the-impact-of-trade-liberalisation-on-poverty-and-welfare-in-south-asia-a-special-reference-to-sri-l",totalDownloads:1015,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Sumudu Perera, Mahinda Siriwardana and Stuart Mounter",authors:[{id:"99337",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahinda",middleName:null,surname:"Siriwardana",slug:"mahinda-siriwardana",fullName:"Mahinda Siriwardana"},{id:"202270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumudu",middleName:null,surname:"Perera",slug:"sumudu-perera",fullName:"Sumudu Perera"},{id:"202271",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"Mounter",slug:"stuart-mounter",fullName:"Stuart Mounter"}]},{id:"56377",title:"Trade Facilitation, Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation: South Asia at a Glance",slug:"trade-facilitation-economic-development-and-poverty-alleviation-south-asia-at-a-glance",totalDownloads:867,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Subashini Perera, Mahinda Siriwardana and Stuart Mounter",authors:[{id:"99337",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahinda",middleName:null,surname:"Siriwardana",slug:"mahinda-siriwardana",fullName:"Mahinda Siriwardana"},{id:"202271",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"Mounter",slug:"stuart-mounter",fullName:"Stuart Mounter"},{id:"202617",title:"Ms.",name:"Subashini",middleName:null,surname:"Perera",slug:"subashini-perera",fullName:"Subashini Perera"}]},{id:"55494",title:"Poverty Alleviation: The Case of Croatia",slug:"poverty-alleviation-the-case-of-croatia",totalDownloads:715,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Predrag Bejaković",authors:[{id:"200644",title:"Dr.",name:"Predrag",middleName:null,surname:"Bejakovic",slug:"predrag-bejakovic",fullName:"Predrag Bejakovic"}]},{id:"56928",title:"Introductory Chapter: Looking for the Way Forward in Eradicating Poverty and Inequality",slug:"introductory-chapter-looking-for-the-way-forward-in-eradicating-poverty-and-inequality",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"poverty-inequality-and-policy",title:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy",fullTitle:"Poverty, Inequality and Policy"},signatures:"Gabriel Staicu",authors:[{id:"190328",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Staicu",slug:"gabriel-staicu",fullName:"Gabriel Staicu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"economic-inequality",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/281496/samreen-hussain",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"281496",slug:"samreen-hussain"},fullPath:"/profiles/281496/samreen-hussain",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()