Chapters authored
The Potential of Lutein Extract of Tagetes erecta L. Flower as an Antioxidant and Enhancing Phagocytic Activity of Macrophage Cells
Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) produces lutein compounds which present biological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimutagenicity, and immunomodulatory effects. The study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the lutein of T. erecta L. and the effect of lutein on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The antioxidant screening was carried out using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-and-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay with serial concentrations and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. For the observation of activity and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, twenty-eight mice were used and divided into seven groups each comprising four replicates, i.e., Group (I) normal controls, mice were untreated (II) a negative control, mice were induced by Staphylococcus aureus (III) positive control, mice were induced by S. aureus and treatment of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri). The treatment group (IV-VII) mice were induced by S. aureus and treated crude lutein, respectively: 0.15 mg, 0.30 mg, 0.60 mg, and 0.90 mg. 20 g−1 of body weight. The lutein extracted from T. erecta shows an antioxidant activity against DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 53.58 μg.ml−1, while the antioxidant activity against ABTS has an IC50 value of 72.91 μg.ml−1. The antioxidant activity test results by the FRAP method at each lutein concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 75 ppm were obtained respectively of 33, 88, 185.5, and 288.5 μmol Fe2+/g extract. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) after. The phagocytic activity was 45.5%; 54.75%; 57.50% and 67.0%, respectively, while the phagocytic capacity values were 355; 519; 611 and 767 S. aureus bacterial cells per 50 macrophage cells. The lutein from marigolds (T. erecta L.) is capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidants. Lutein can increase the activity and capacity of phagocytic of peritoneum macrophage cells in mice.
Part of the book: Innovation in the Food Sector Through the Valorization of Food and Agro-Food By-Products
Effect of Sodium Acetate and Trace Element (Se2+, Zn2+) on Exopolysaccharide Production by Lactobacillus plantarum and Promote Antioxidant Capacity
L. plantarum producing EPS plays an important role as an antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anticancer. This study aims to increase the production of EPS by L. plantarum through modification of MRS (de Mann Rogosa Sharpe) media mixed with coconut water, treated with natrium acetate, Se, and Zn at different concentration, as well as understanding its effect on antioxidant activity. The effect of adding sodium acetate with different concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0% into mixed media MRS coconut water, (1:3) was studied. Fermentation experiments at different of Se2+ concentration (mM): 50; 75; 100; 125; 150; and 175, and addition of variation Zn2+ concentration (mM): 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0; 12.5; and 15.0), were carried out separately. Antioxidant potential was tested by FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2.2′-azinobis (3-ethyl benzatiazoline)-6-sulfonate). The results showed that the addition of sodium acetate with different concentrations showed a significant difference to the dry weight of EPS (P < 0.05). The increase in sodium acetate concentration was up to 1%, in line with the increase in EPS production by L. plantarum (g/g DW biomass). The addition of Se2+ 100 mM increased the ratio of glucose to protein content by 2.121. The value of the antioxidant activity of Fe (II) was 311.54, and the ABTS test obtained IC50 of 83.041. A separate experiment with the addition of Zn2+ in the fermentation medium of L. plantarum produced a fluctuating exopolysaccharide. The value of the antioxidant activity of Fe (II) M using the FRAP method was 275.886. The IC50 value with the ABTS method is 73.2942. Characterization of EPS from L. plantarum using FTIR (Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometry) has hydroxyl, carboxylate, and aromatic functional groups.
Part of the book: Lactobacillus