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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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\r\n\tBiomimetics can be described as an innovative form of technology that imitates (or mimics) nature to improve human lives via creating desirable solutions. Indeed, it is the study of nature and natural phenomena, in an attempt to understand the principles and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, obtain ideas from nature, and apply concepts that may benefit science, engineering, pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine. Smart/Intelligent Biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a fine example. Yet, biomimicry can go above and beyond the simplistic inspiration and use of natural properties as the basis for the innovation of new products. It bridges the gap between the lab and the industry, via the intra-disciplinary design and formulation of functional solutions combining knowledge, methods, techniques, and advances in the fields of chemistry, biology, architecture, engineering, medicine, pharmaceutics, dentistry, and biomedical engineering. Three-Dimensional Printing, Self-Healing nanoCoatings, biomechanical Carbon nanoTubes, Stimuli-sensitive and -responsive Cell/Drug Delivery Systems, and Robotics are good examples. Those are some of the topics that will be covered in this new book, with the objective to provide the interested reader, whether a student or an expert, with a practical reference approaching biomimetics from a realistic and translational perspective, discussing problems and offering solutions, via including studies from basics to the clinic to scale-up and industrial or go-to-market obstacles.
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Haidar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",keywords:"BioMechanics, 3D Printing, BioInspired Chemistry, Adaptive Structure, Self-Healing, Bioinspired Thermal Control, Self-Organization, Visco-Elastic Materials, Artificial Intelligence, Implantable Devices, Molecule Recognition, In Vitro",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"DDS, Cert Implantol, MSc OMFS, FRCS(C), with an MBA in HealthCare Organizations Management and Ph.D. in BioEngineering and nanoPharmaceuticals (McGill University, Montréal, Canada). Presently, a Full Professor, leading the BioMAT’X R&D&I HAIDAR LAB at the CiiB, UAndes, Santiago de Chile.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",middleName:null,surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/222709/images/system/222709.jpg",biography:"Ziyad S. Haidar, DDS, Cert Implantol, MSC, FRCSc, MBA, Ph.D., is a Full Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering and the scientific director of the Facultad de Odontología (Faculty of Dentistry), Universidad de los Andes (UAndes), Santiago, Chile. He is also the founder and head of the Biomaterials, Pharmaceutical Delivery, and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Tissue Engineering Laboratory (BioMAT\\'X R&D&I Chile – HAIDAR Lab). In addition, he serves as the head of innovation at the Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), a faculty/theses member in the bioMedicine Doctoral (Ph.D. bioMedicina) Program at UAndes, and a visiting clinical and surgical professor at the MaxilloFacial Division of the Universidad de la Frontera and the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Lautaru Hospital, both in Temuco, Chile.\n\nDr. Haidar is a trained dentist, implantologist, and an oral and maxillofacial surgeon with a Ph.D. in Nanobiomaterials, Pharmaceuticals, and Tissue Engineering from McGill University, Montréal, Canada. He completed a post-doctoral training residency in orthopedics at the Montréal Shriners Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada. Before moving to Chile, he served as Associate Professor of Bioceramics and the Chair of Excellence in BioEngineering at the Université de Limoges, Limoges, France and was an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (cross-appointment with the Department of BioEngineering), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Between 2010 and 2012 Dr. Haidar served as an adjunct professor of Head and Neck Surgery and the scientific director of the joint Utah–Inha R&D Center, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Seoul, South Korea. \n\nHe has won several prestigious awards from the International Bone and Mineral Society, Society for Biomaterials, Canadian Biomaterial Society, and the Canadian and Lebanese Societies of Plastic Surgeons, to name a few. His R&D&I focus on patient-oriented development and evaluation of bionanotechnology, biopolymers, bioceramics, and drug delivery systems for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, and regeneration of challenging craniofacial and orthopedic defects. Dr. Haidar is an international speaker with more than 125 publications, conference proceedings, textbooks, and patents to his credit. He is also an editorial board member of several national and international scientific journals and periodicals.",institutionString:"Universidad de los Andes, Santiago de Chile",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of the Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10301",title:"Biomechanics and Functional Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4a8f12fb1e7fb4247e24710eefee7d1",slug:"biomechanics-and-functional-tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Ziyad S. Haidar, Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov and Abdelwahed Barkaoui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. 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Roughly, 83 million people are added to the world’s population every year and with this pace of growth, the global population is projected to reach around 9.7 billion by 2050, ~24% higher than today [1]. In order to feed this large population, crop production must increase by approximately 25–70% above current production levels [2]. Intensification of agriculture is considered a potential solution. By relying on intensive use of fertilizers, pesticides and other inputs, agricultural intensification increases the productivity of existing farmland and delivers more food to the added population. However, the chemical-based crop intensification produces more food in a way that the future production potential of farmland is being undermined and the environment is being affected. An increasingly degraded soil, overwhelming health hazards from soil and water pollution, disturbed natural microbial populations are a few of the direct implications in chemical-intensive agriculture. To avoid these potentially harmful effects of agrochemicals in agriculture, alternative approaches must be persuaded. An ecocentric approach that provides both environmental and economic benefits is increasingly needed. Organic farming is one of many such approaches that promote agroecosystem health, ensuring sustainable intensification in agriculture.
\nThe uniqueness of microorganisms and the dynamic part played by them in sustaining agricultural ecosystems have made them likely candidates for playing a central role in organic-based modern agriculture. Fortunately, plant roots harbor an abundant association of beneficial microorganisms. Root exudates are the largest source of carbon that attracts the microbial populations and allow them to forge an intimate association with host plants [3]. In response, the rhizosphere microbial populations play versatile roles in transforming, mobilizing and solubilizing soil nutrients, which are crucial for plant growth and development. Among the diverse rhizosphere microbial population, fungi known as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) are receiving a growing attention in recent days. Over the decades, varieties of PGPF have been studied including those belong to genera
The course of plant growth promotion by PGPF is a complex process and often cannot be attributed to a single mechanism. A variety of direct and indirect mechanisms, including solubilization of minerals, synthesis of phytohormones, production of volatile organic compounds, exploitation of microbial enzymes, increases in nutrient uptake, amelioration of abiotic stresses and suppression of deleterious phytopathogens are involved. These wide arrays of interconnected mechanisms help PGPF maintaining rhizosphere competence and stability in host performance. Compared to the large number of PGPF identified in the laboratory, only a small fraction of them is in agricultural practice worldwide. Inconsistent performance of the inoculated PGPF under field conditions limits the commercial application of them. Development of appropriate formulation could improve the performance in the field and pave the way for commercialization of the PGPF. An ideal formulation of PGPF should fit with existing application technologies, protect biological actives from stress, ensure viability, remains unaffected after storage under ambient conditions, ensure microbial actives in the field and be cost effective [6].
\nConsidering the aspects discussed above, the need for superior PGPF to supplement inorganic chemical fertilizers as one of the crucial steps of moving toward organic farming practices has been highlighted. Inclusion of new techniques in these processes has been vital to the development of novel PGPF applications. This review will therefore attempt to shed light on the recent findings related to the impact of PGPF on plant growth and yield, duration of their effects, host specificity of the cooperation, root colonization mechanisms, their modes of action and commercial formulation for enhancement of plant growth and yield. The knowledge produced from this review could be very useful to those who are apprehensive about environmental protection and agricultural sustainability.
\nPlants have intricate relationships with an array of microorganisms, particularly rhizosphere fungi and bacteria, which can lead to an increase in plant vigor, growth and development as well as changes in plant metabolism [7]. The group of rhizosphere fungi that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth is referred to as PGPF [4]. PGPF are heterogeneous group of nonpathogenic saprotroph fungi. They can be separated into endophytic, whereby they live inside roots and exchange metabolites with plants directly, and epiphytic, whereby they live freely on the root surface and free-living PGPF, which live outside plant cells, i.e., in the rhizosphere [5]. PGPF establish a non-obligate mutualism with a broader range of host plants. That is why symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi are not considered as PGPF, although they are known to improve growth of the plants [8]. Moreover, PGPF encompass a diverse taxonomic group in comparison to mycorrhiza. They are often involved in a range of complex interactions with plants and develop distinct strategies to mediate improvements in seed germination, seedling vigor, plant growth, flowering and productivity of host plants (Figure 1). PGPF are not only associated with the root to mediate positive effects on plant growth and development but also have beneficial effects on suppressing phytopathogenic microorganisms [9]. Not every organism identified as PGPF will improve plant growth under all conditions or in association with all plant hosts [10]. Some PGPF biocontrol inoculants usually contain necrotrophic mycoparasites such as
Beneficial interaction between plant and plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). PGPF can modulate plant growth and development through the production of phytohormones and volatile compounds. PGPF also influence plant nutrition via solubilization of phosphorus and mineralization of organic substrates. PGPF modify plant functioning against biotic and abiotic stresses by negating their harmful effects.
PGPF are common root-associated and soil-borne fungi from diverse genera. Fungi reported as PGPF include Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Oomycetes [5]. Some strains of hypovirulent binucleate
PGPF | \nOriginal source of isolation | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
\n | \n\n | \n[4, 15] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21] | \n
\n | \nDark chestnut soil | \n[22] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[23] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[24, 25] | \n
C | \n\n | \n[15] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[26] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32] | \n
Non-sporulating sterile fungi | \n\n | \n[14] | \n
\n | \nHalophyte, | \n[9, 16, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[4, 14, 15, 34, 41, 42] | \n
\n | \n\n | \n[15, 43] | \n
\n | \nSoil | \n[44] | \n
\n | \nOrchid, | \n[13, 45, 46] | \n
\n | \nSoil | \n[22] | \n
\n | \nSoil | \n[40] | \n
\n | \nSoil, wood and damaged building | \n[34, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52] | \n
Different fungi reported as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) with their original source of isolation.
Initial search for identification of PGPF was concentrated to rhizosphere fungi. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of phyllosphere fungi as PGPF. The phyllosphere, which consists of the above ground surfaces of plants, is one of the most prevalent microbial habitats on earth. Phyllosphere fungi can act as mutualists promoting plant growth and tolerance of environmental stressors [53]. A few of other fungi isolated from tree bark, decorticated wood and water damaged building functioned as PGPF [43, 49]. More interestingly, the fungal entomopathogens also show potential to be PGPF and promote plant growth [54]. PGPF seem to have a cosmopolitan occurrence.
\nPGPF exhibit traits beneficial to plant and as such, their capacity to enhance plant growth and development is well founded. PGPF mediate both short- and long-term effects on germination and subsequent plant performance. Improvement in germination, seedling vigor, shoot growth, root growth, photosynthetic efficiency, flowering, and yield are the most common effects decreed by PGPF. A particular PGPF may condition plant growth by exerting all or one or more of these effects.
\nSeed germination and germinant growth are critical developmental periods of the young plantlet until it begins producing its own food by photosynthesis. Treatment with PGPF, particularly of the genus
Test crop | \nPGPF strain | \nImprovement | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
\n | \n\n | \nBiomass, lateral root development | \n[48] | \n
\n | \nShoot biomass, leaf number | \n[33] | \n|
\n | \nShoot biomass, leaf number | \n[9] | \n|
\n | \nShoot-root growth | \n[28] | \n|
\n | \nShoot growth, lateral root, root hair numbers | \n[20] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nSeed germination | \n[55] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nGermination, seedling vigor, shoot-root growth, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content | \n[27] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nShoot fresh weight | \n[40] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nPlant dry weight, N and P content | \n[56] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nShoot dry weight, leaf area | \n[57] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nShoot length, biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis | \n[39] | \n
\n | \nPlant biomass, root-shoot growth | \n[23] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nPlant growth | \n[16] | \n
\n | \nYield | \n[58] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nGermination, seedling health, vigor | \n[59] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nRoot-shoot growth | \n[4] | \n
\n | \nRoot-shoot length, biomass | \n[35] | \n|
\n | \nRoot-shoot growth | \n[60] | \n|
\n | \nRoot-shoot growth | \n[61] | \n|
\n | \nRoot-shoot length, biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll content | \n[17] | \n|
\n | \nPlant growth under drought and salinity | \n[26] | \n|
\n | \nRoot-shoot growth, yield in the field | \n[62] | \n|
\n | \nRoot-shoot growth | \n[63] | \n|
GiSeLa6® ( | \n\n | \nRoot growth, development | \n[64] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nShoot growth, biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate | \n[65] | \n
\n | \nShoot growth, biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate | \n[18] | \n|
\n | \nPlant length, biomass | \n[41] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nRoot-shoot length, plant dry weight | \n[66] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nSeed germination, seedling vigor | \n[67] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nRoot-shoot growth, chlorophyll content | \n[68] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nSeedling emergence, vigor | \n[34] | \n
\n | \nSeed germination under stress | \n[69] | \n|
\n | \nSeed germination, root-shoot growth | \n[70] | \n|
\n | \nPlant biomass, root-shoot growth | \n[71] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nYield | \n[29] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nRoot-shoot growth, chlorophylls, soluble sugars, plant biomass | \n[15] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nSeedling biomass, root structure, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity | \n[72] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nYield | \n[73] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nRoot-shoot growth, chlorophylls, proteins, amino acids, lignans | \n[74] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nRoot-shoot growth, lateral root, root hair numbers | \n[20] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nPlant biomass, root-shoot growth | \n[75] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nPlant length | \n[38] | \n
\n | \nShoot length | \n[24] | \n|
\n | \nRoot-shoot length | \n[37] | \n|
\n | \nPlant length | \n[41] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nPlant biomass, root-shoot growth. | \n[4] | \n
\n | \nSeed germination, seedling growth | \n[12] | \n|
\n | \nShoot and total plant length ratio | \n[76] | \n|
\n | \n\n | \nFlowering, plant height, weight | \n[77] | \n
\n | \n\n | \nShoot growth, area and size of main and secondary roots | \n[78] | \n
Effect of different plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) on seed germination, plant growth and yield in various plants.
The most common form of growth promotion by PGPF is the augmented shoot in colonized plants. Shoot growth promotion has been shown by a great diversity of PGPF across a large number of plant species. Isolates of
The plant growth promotion in some plant-PGPF interaction is occasionally associated with improvement in state and function of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Treatment with
Roots are vital plant organs that remain below the surface of the soil. The root system is important for plant fitness because it facilitates the absorption of water and nutrients, provides anchorage of the plant body to the ground and contributes to overall growth of plants. Root functions as the major interface between the plant and the microbes in the soil environment. The bulk of previous studies have evidenced the immense ability of PGPF in enhancement of root growth in different plants (Table 2). Plants forming association with PGPF show faster and larger root growth resulting in a rapid increase in the root biomass [27, 35, 50, 57]. Moreover, root length, root surface area, root diameter and branch number are under direct influence of intimate interaction with PGPF. Application of
The application of PGPF may influence the number, size and timing of flower in flowering plants.
PGPF show promising ability to promote growth through extensive improvements and betterment of fundamental processes operating in the plants, all of which directly and indirectly contributes to the crop yield increase. Inoculation of banana (cv. Giant Cavendish and Grand Nain) with
The duration of biofunctional activities of PGPF in plants is a key factor for their effective application in the field. Naturally, a legitimate question may arise whether PGPF isolates that have shown promising effects on early growth stage of plants, could also affect the middle or late ontogenetic stages and ultimately contribute to yield increases at harvest. As for potato, an increase in leaf, shoot, and tuber weight was observed by a nonpathogenic isolate (No. 521, AG-4) of
Although plants harbor a diverse community of fungi, a preferential interaction exists between certain PGPF and a particular host. Once a particular host mutualizes this fungus, it undergoes host-specific adaptations. The outcome of such adaptations is a highly specialized and finely tuned mutualism, leading to improved responsiveness to each other needs. Evidences show that PGPF that induce growth in one plant species do not necessarily have the same effect in other species [5]. Some PGPF exert general growth promotion effects in several plant species, other fungi only do so in specific host plant. A field study showed that most of eight non-sporulating PGPF isolates enhanced the growth of one wheat variety, whereas a few isolates enhanced the growth of the other variety [87]. Moreover, at least four isolates increased yields of both varieties. Thus, the efficacy of the PGPF isolates depended upon the wheat variety in addition to their inherent growth promoting abilities. Similarly, many of the zoysiagrass PGPF isolates promoted growth of bentgrass [4], in contrast to a few isolates enhanced growth in soybean [88]. Similarly, nine isolates belonging to
The course of plant growth promotion by PGPF is complex and often cannot be attributed to a single mechanism. Various mechanisms that are known to modulate plant growth and development can be either direct or indirect. Direct growth promotion occurs when substances produced by the fungi or nutrient available by them facilitate plant growth. On the other hand, the ability of fungi to suppress plant pathogens and to ameliorate stress are considered major indirect mechanisms of plant growth promotion by PGPF. A particular PGPF may affect growth and development of plants using one or more of these mechanisms (Table 3).
\nMechanisms | \nSpecific activities | \nPGPF strain | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Phosphate solubilization | \nSolubilized P by acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase | \n\n | \n[30] | \n
Solubilized P from rock phosphate and Ca-P by organic acid | \n\n | \n[56] | \n|
Solubilize P from tricalcium phosphate (TCP) | \n\n | \n[16] | \n|
Solubilized P by organic acid activities | \n\n | \n[91] | \n|
Phytase-mediated improvement in phytate phosphorus | \n\n | \n[76] | \n|
Increased HCO3-extractable P (23% increase) | \n\n | \n[92] | \n|
Mineralization of organic substrate | \nIncreased production of NH4-N and NO2-N in soil | \n\n | \n[4] | \n
Increased availability of ammonium nitrogen from barley grain | \n\n | \n[87] | \n|
Solubilize minerals such as MnO2 and metallic zinc | \n\n | \n[93] | \n|
Increased availability of ammonium nitrogen from barley grain | \n\n | \n[62] | \n|
Increased concentration of Cu, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Na in roots Increased concentration of Zn, P and Mn in shoot | \n\n | \n[47] | \n|
Increased soil organic carbon, N, P and K content | \n\n | \n[73] | \n|
Increased availability of macro and micronutrients and organic carbon | \n\n | \n[94] | \n|
Phytohormone and enzyme production | \nAuxin-related compounds (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) | \n\n | \n[48] | \n
Gibberellins (GA1 and GA4) production | \n\n | \n[65] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[39] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[38] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[24] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[37] | \n|
GAs and IAA production | \n\n | \n[23] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[26] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[41] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[65] | \n|
GAs production | \n\n | \n[18] | \n|
IAA production | \n\n | \n[64] | \n|
Zeatin (Ze), IAA, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) | \n\n | \n[95] | \n|
Suppression of deleterious pathogens | \nSuppressed damping off caused by | \nSterile fungus GSP102, | \n[4] | \n
Induced systemic resistance against | \n\n | \n[78] | \n|
Suppressed bacterial wilt disease caused by | \n\n | \n[34] | \n|
Suppressed Fusarium wilt caused by | \n\n | \n[58] | \n|
Suppressed | \n\n | \n[12] | \n|
Suppressed damping off caused by | \n\n | \n[35] | \n|
Suppressed nematodes | \n\n | \n[29] | \n|
Suppressed seedling mortality by | \n\n | \n[83] | \n|
Amelioration of abiotic stress | \nIncreased tolerance to salt stress | \n\n | \n[69] | \n
Mitigation of oxidative stress due to NaOCl and cold stress | \n\n | \n[96] | \n|
Enhanced maize seedling copper stress tolerance | \n\n | \n[97] | \n|
Minimized Cu-induced electrolytic leakage and lipid peroxidation | \n\n | \n[98] | \n|
Increased tolerance to drought stress | \n\n | \n[99] | \n|
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) | \nProduced abundant classes of VOCs (sesquiterpenes and diterpenes) | \n\n | \n[28] | \n
Produced mainly terpenoid-like volatiles including β-caryophyllene | \n\n | \n[40] | \n|
Produced 2-methyl-propanol and 3-methyl-butanol | \n\n | \n[100] | \n|
Produced abundant amount of isobutyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, and 3-methylbutanal | \n\n | \n[101] | \n
Different mechanisms of plant growth promotion used by various plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF).
Phosphorus is the second most important and frequently limiting macronutrient for plant growth and productivity. It is an important component of the key macromolecules in living cells and thereby, required for wide array of functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. Despite the abundance of phosphorus in agricultural soils, the majority occurs in an insoluble form. Phosphorus forms complex compounds by reacting with iron, aluminum or calcium depending on the soil types and becomes insoluble and unavailable to plants [102]. To circumvent this problem, phosphate-solubilizing PGPF can play an important role dissolving insoluble P into the soluble form and making it available for plants. PGPF produce phosphate-solubilizing enzymes such as phytases and phosphatases and organic acids, which liberate P from insoluble phosphates. The most efficient phytase and phosphatase producing PGPF belong to the genera
Microorganisms primarily mediate soil nutrient pathways. Microbial mineralization of nutrients from organic matter is crucial for plant growth. Some PGPF promote plant growth, but do not produce plant hormones or solubilize fixed phosphate. Among
Phytohormones are involved in many forms of plant-microbe interactions and also in the beneficial interactions of plants with PGPF. The commonly recognized classes of phytohormones produced by PGPF are the auxins (IAA) and gibberellins (GAs) (Table 3). IAA, the most studied auxin, regulates many aspects of plant growth, in particular, root morphology by inhibiting root elongation, increasing lateral root production, and inducing adventitious roots [48]. The
GAs are well known for their role in various developmental processes in plants, including stem elongation. Shoot elongation of waito-c rice seedlings by culture filtrates of
Another phytohormone through which PGPF mediate plant growth is cytokinin, especially the Zeatin. Zeatin production has been documented in
PGPF produces a crucial enzyme ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) deaminase. ACC deaminase cleaves the ethylene precursor, I-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), into NH3 (ammonia) and α-ketobutyrate [114]. The ACC deaminase regulates the plant growth by cleaving ACC produced by plants and thereby minimizing the ethylene level in the plant, which when present in high concentrations can lead to a reduced plant growth [115]. ACC deaminase is an inducible enzyme encoded by
The key indirect mechanism of PGPF-mediated plant growth promotion is through their activities as biocontrol agents. PGPF protect and empower plants to resist harmful pathogens and ensure their better growth. The mechanisms by which PGPF suppress growth or activity of invading pathogens in crop plants include antibiosis, competition for nutrient and space, mycoparasitism and induced systemic resistance (ISR) [121]. PGPF of diverse genera promoted growth of field-soil grown cucumber by counteracting damping off pathogen
The microbial association of plants has a major influence on plant adaptation to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, heavy metal toxicity, extreme temperatures and oxidative stress. Recent studies indicate that fitness benefits conferred by certain PGPF contribute plant adaption to stresses [125]. There are reports of enhanced plant growth because of the association of PGPF with plants, even when plants are under suboptimal conditions [126]. Root colonization by
Microorganisms produce various mixtures of gas-phase, carbon-based compounds called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as part of their normal metabolism. The comparative analysis of experimental data has shown that volatile metabolites make a much greater contribution to the microbial interactions than non-volatile ones [130]. Recent studies reveal that VOC emission is indeed a common property of a wide variety of soil fungi, including PGPF. Some of these VOCs produced by PGPF exert stimulatory effects on plants. A PGPF,
Root colonization is considered as an important strategy of PGPF for plant growth promotion. Root colonization is the ability of a fungus to survive and proliferate along growing roots in the presence of the indigenous microflora over a considerable period [35]. The fungus that colonizes plant root effectively is more rhizosphere competent than others [107]. Rhizosphere competence is a necessary condition for a fungus to be an efficient PGPF. Re-isolation frequency of the fungus from the colonized roots is an indirect measure of its root colonizing ability and thereby, its rhizosphere competence. In such studies,
Re-isolation of
Some PGPF selectively colonize host roots and promote growth. Isolates of
There are also PGPF, in particular, the non-sporulating sterile fungi that lack root colonization ability, but they are able to promote growth and yield of plants [62, 133]. This indicates that root colonization is not an indispensable condition for growth promotion by all PGPF. Some chemical factor(s) produced by them might be responsible for growth promotion.
\nThe colonization of the root system of by PGPF is not always homogenous; the density of PGPF varies in different parts of the root system. The colonization of roots by the majority of PGPF appears to be higher in the upper than in the middle and lower root parts of roots, [35, 133]. The lower part was always less colonized by PGPF, especially during first 2 weeks of colonization. This is probably due to the faster growth of the roots than of the hyphae. Moreover, the main zone of root exudation is located behind the apex [134]. However, some PGPF can keep up with root growth and colonize the entire root system [35]. Only fungi with large nutrient reserves can move to the root and along the root over larger distances [135].
\nAnatomical data show that PGPF may colonize root tissues internally and establish a mutualistic relationship with host.
PGPF, especially
Because of current concerns over the adverse effects of agrochemicals, there is a growing interest in improving our understanding of the role and application of beneficial microbes in agriculture. The plant-associated growth promoting fungi show excellent potential for wider use in sustainable agriculture as they improve plant growth and yield in an ecofriendly and cost-effective manner. However, the PGPF continue to be greatly underutilized, primarily due to some practical problems such as the inconsistency in field performance, which appears to be the greatest challenge in the development of microbial inoculants for plant growth until now and well into the future. If our understanding of complex rhizosphere environment, of the mechanisms of action of PGPF and of the practical aspects of mass production, inoculant formulation and delivery increase, more PGPF products will become available. Knowledge of multiple microbial interaction with different or complementary mode of actions is also of extreme value for development of bio-formulation.
\nRecent advances in biotechnological tools and reliable transformation system could be useful in engineering of the PGPF to confer improved benefits to the crop. Genetic transformation and overexpression of one or more of the plant growth promoting traits that act synergistically may lead to enhanced performance by the inoculant. Research may be required periodically in order to evaluate the genetic stability and ecological persistence of the genetically modified strain. Efforts should be strengthened to foster linkage between investigators and entrepreneurs in facilitating technology transfer, promotion and acceptance by end users.
\nIf we look at history and especially last century, there were some remarkable incidence happened which leave every lasting impact on our daily life. Moreover, these incidence changes our overall behaviors, as well. Among these incidents was an era of the First and Second World War, then the cold war and 9/11. However, the invention of recent technologies such as mobile phone communication, artificial intelligence, and the internet of things profound effect on our daily life. Besides all wars and inventions, the ongoing pandemic crises of Covid-19 will have permanent and everlasting impacts on our lives, even if we can control it immediately. In terms of economy, due to pandemic crises of Covid-19, IMF predicts that the world economy would contract with 3%; however, the revised estimated figure for the contraction of the global economy is 4.9 to 5.5% in 2020. One of the critical factors, which decline rapidly due to Covid-19, is the tourism sector.
According to the estimate, the international labor organization tourism sector created approximately 330 million jobs worldwide, and it is 10.3% of the total global employment. The tourism sector creates jobs; promote local economic development and culture. In terms of career, it contributes to direct and indirect jobs for young people and women. Globally, tourism is an essential source of employment. There are some distinctive characteristics of the labor market. In general tourism industry is labor-intensive. Furthermore, approximately 54% of posts are taken by the tourism sector by the woman and young people, which makes the industry inclusive.
The expected loss for 2020 in the tourism sector can be estimated by analyzing the figure of the previous year, as in 2018, approximately 1407 million international tourist arrivals were recorded, which generate total tourist receipts amount 1480 billion dollars. Similarly, the tourism sector also provides a significant amount of indirect employment, such as in construction and infrastructure development, and even a long chain of the supply chain of food and drinks is also associated with this sector. Many staff in the tourism offices, airlines, aircraft, hotels, restaurants, shopping centers, and various tourist attractions often has direct interaction with visitors. Below giveFigure 1 indicate, inbound tourist expenditure recorded in 2018 by top tourist destination in the world.
Inbound tourism expenditure of 2018 by top tourist destinations. Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
It is not the first time where the world is experiencing a pandemic outbreak. In the past 20 years, the earth had also experienced two regional pandemic crises, SARS 2004 and Ebola 2014. Both pandemic disasters did not affect the airline and especially the tourism industry. However, due to the Tsunami 2004, the tourism sector of Far East Asian countries. The 9/11 incident did not account for the massive decline in the airline industry. Give below Figure 2 present, these incidences and overall flight operations.
Impact of major crises on the global tourism. Source: Gössling et al. [
In the European Union, it is expected that 13 billion people might lose their job due to Covid-19, and in terms of revenue, it is approximately 12 billion per year. The key drivers of the tourism industry in Europe are the local festivals, trade fairs, sports events, and concerts. Therefore due to Covid-19 in many tourist places, hotels, restaurants, bars, and theme parks already closed. Similarly, sports events like the Euro 2020 football championship already postpone until 2021. Likewise, on the other hand, at the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak, many tourists faced difficulty with returning home due to the border controls in massive countries of Europe.
The primarily purpose of this chapter is to explore the nexus between the impact of Covid-19 and tourism. Furthermore, this chapter explains the overall impact of tourism and lockdown on pollution as well.
Tourism also has an indirect economic effect, in addition to incoming tourism expenditures. Tourism employs workers, ports, and airports as well as a wide variety of intermediate inputs, including financial services, education, food and alcohol, and domestic transport. According to IATA estimation, as compared to April 2019, 80% fewer flights were recorded in 2020 due to the Covid-19 outbreak. In terms of numeric values, the estimated monetary loss recorded in the airline industry is 84.3 billion and 2020. Furthermore, according to IATA estimation, regular international flight schedules will start working until 2023–2024, whereas domestic flights will soon be restored.
In terms of survivor crises of the Covid-19 outbreak, three kinds of potential threats have been indicated by 2020, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. These scenarios are listed below in Figure 3.
Three kinds of potential threats. Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
According to the above table, each scenario indicates the annual tourism expenditure is reduced as productivity shock. Similarly, on the other hand, the social effect on the output of the other products and sectors also hit massively in each of the scenarios explained in the table, such as food, drink, logistics, and construction. However, in the case of a moderate scenario, for four-month, the global economy reduced by 1.2 trillion US dollars. Intermediate for eight-month it reduces 2.2 trillion US dollars. In the last, in case of a dramatic scenario, the world would experience a loss of 3.3 trillion US dollars in terms of GDP (2020, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).
Similarly, Ali and Cobanoglu [2], mention in work once, as initially due to Covid-19 world experience lockdown situation, they predicted that under the current circumstances of international travelers can be shrinking from 1.4 to 1 billion. Furthermore, they also reveal that approximately 50 million jobs could be lost. However, the current statistics are indicating the worse situation. The world has already experienced massive outbreaks, crises, and other natural disasters that directly or indirectly impact the overall tourism sector. In the past, one of the significant crises hit the tourism sector, especially, was the Tsunami of 2004, which ran almost 15 countries of the Indian Ocean, and more than 200,000 people lost their lives. It was a natural disaster, as [3] disasters are unpredictable catastrophic change; usually, it happens all of a sudden and can be responded after the event, furthermore response is possible either by contingency plans or by through reactive responses as well. Although Covid-19 is not a regional issue or any specified geographical disaster, it is pandemic crises spread worldwide, and eventually, every human living in this world is disturbed due to it. It is right to argue that the tourism sector hit and disrupted massively due to Covid-19 due to that sector, every other industry of the world experience a downward trend.
In terms of Covid-19 impact of economy, Barro et al. [4] empirically investigate the economic effect of Covid-19 and reveals that due pandemic crises, on average, 2.1% death rate could cause the decline of averagely 6% of world GDP and 8% decline in private consumption. On the other hand, one more study conducted by Coibion et al. [5] using a survey on the household in the US concluded due to pandemic crises, consumption and employment decreased whereas inflation and economic uncertainty increased.
Similarly, a massive number of empirical studies have been conducted that explain the positive impact of the tourism sector on the economy. Some of these studies which demonstrate a positive relationship between economic growth and tourism are [6] for Turkey, [7] for six Balkan countries, Chen and Chiou-wei [8] for Thailand and Korea [9] for India, and more recently Khan et al. (2019) empirically investigate that relationship between multiple variables for Thailand using ARDL estimation and conclude that the logistics and transportation sector positively impact inbounds tourism. Therefore it is correct to argue that, due to current pandemic crises, the overall economic industry hit massively due to the downfall of the commercial sector. The figure below indicates the global destruction of GDP in terms of the percentage and value of the top 15 tourist destinations in the world (Figure 4).
Overall GDP change in top 15 countries due to Covid-19. Source: World Tourism Organization.
The above table indicates that from Asia, Thailand, and Malaysia’s GDP falls with 9 and 3%. In terms of the monetary value of GDP, Indian GDP decreased by 28,120 million US dollars, China bear loss of 104,690 million US dollars, and Korea experienced the loss of 22,092 million US dollars. Jamaican and Dominican republic GDP indicate a downward trend of 11 and 5%. However, European countries’ tourism sector hit massive due to the Covid-19 outbreak. Croatian GDP fall by 8%, Portugal 6%, Greece 4%, Ireland and Spain 3%. In terms of monetary value, France bears losses of 47,289 million US dollars, Germany 46,260 million US dollars, and then Italy lost 34,104 million US dollars. All these losses are due to the lockdown of other sectors, directly or indirectly, with the tourism sector of Europe.
Similarly, the net of loss experience by European countries is due to massively unemployed labor and capital. One of the main reasons for the substantial loss in Europe is the high percentage of Tourism to GDP ratio. According to the estimate, the overall tourism sector is responsible for 30% of the EU’s GDP [10]. Due to this, many people are unemployed or displaced in Europe. However, due to the lockdown situation, all these unemployed people also face difficulty searching for new work.
Gössling et al. [1] indicate in their research work that various airlines such as Scandinavian Airlines (March 17, 2020), Singapore Airlines (March 27, 2020) and Virgin (March 30, 2020), and German TUI (March 27, 2020) have already requested for state aid due to pandemic crises. According to the Federal Aviation Administration estimate in the USA, approximately 64 million take-offs and landed recorded. However, the Covid-19 pandemic crises became a significant cause of downfall in the airline industry. The below figure indicates the trend of airlines from January to April 2020, and due to lockdown situations, a massive number of airlines top working (Figure 5).
Flight operations during for first four mother of 2020. Source: International Energy Agency (2020).
At the beginning of 2020, it was not expected that Covid-19 caused economic down and air restriction. In the middle of February the causalities and death rate due to Covid-19 start increasing especially in the UK, Italy and Spain, most of the European countries lockdown their border, and also put travel bans. Besides that, all the schools, universities, bar-restaurants, and other tourist spots were also closed by authorities in Europe. Given the below figure, indicate travel restriction imposed by countries due to the Covid-19 (Figure 6).
Travel restriction on 31 March. Source: Gössling et al. [
However, as the number of confirmed cases started increasing, most of the world’s countries put travel restrictions. In the case of tourism, many people also faced issues related to their visa, which was on a visit to other countries as international tourists. However, it is notable that almost every country of the world increased visa validity for an unknown period. Similarly, embassies of the different countries also played an active role during the crises. Many countries arranged chartered flights for their nationals, which were stuck in different countries of the world.
Besides the airline industry, exploring and travel by cruise ship is also very much popular in European, American, and Asian countries. However, due to Covid-19 cruise industry also faced a downward trend. The significant number of cruise ships also experienced heavy losses. The cruise industry stops its operation until 2020 September, and also it is expected that it will be until the first quarter of 2021. The top three cruise ship lines which experienced heavy losses are cruise lines Carnival, Norwegian Cruise Line, and Royal Caribbean Cruises. However one of the most significant reasons for imposing bans on cruise ships is indicated by Travel.State.Gov [11], they mention in their work, due to the close environment of the cruise it is a high possibility that the Covid-19 spread among the traveler very quickly and therefore it will also be hard to provide help and assistance immediately.
On the other hand, some of the positive attributes have also been observed due to the Covid-19 impact of the tourism sector—one of the crucial factors found in the rapid downfall of air pollution. Due to the massive lockdown number of airlines grounded their air craft’s, which ultimately reduces the air-pollution. As the airline industry accounts for about 2.5% of global CO2 emission, and it is also predicted that until 2050 the airline industry will averagely increase 1.5 degrees Celsius worldwide [12]. After the lockdown, the clean environment has been observed worldwide, not only in highly industrialized countries, more specifically in European countries due to the lockdown situation, and the concentration of NO2 emission in the air rapidly decreased. It has alone been observed after a long time, in Italy due to lockdown and tourist restriction marine line start running in the canals of Vince. The change in terms of environmental change, which we are experiencing at the moment due to the lockdown situation in terms of clean air and clean water channels will not be long-lasting. It is expected that once in the world normal life cycle starts, we will again experience massive air and other pollutions [13].
Due to the deep concentration of tourism in the economy of numerous countries, many tourism business are associated with the global food market due to low cost, which generates employment for the local state. Similarly, on the other hand, there is a high volume of food waste involved in the tourism industry. Due to the Covid-19 outbreak, food waste and supply are declining, but on the other hand, it also becomes the cause of job losses for the people who work in the food industry [14].
It is right to argue that, due to the lockdown situation and downward trend of tourism, the natural beauty around the world is restored. One of the critical factors which are noticed is the reduction of waste and trashes. Covid-19 provides us with a chance to restore our natural beauty. Besides tourism, another significant factor contributing to the decrease in pollutions (water and air) is less transporting activities. Thus due to lockdown, most people working from home, on the other hand, a massive number of industrial units not operational at the moment, which also decreased air pollution.
Due to the lockdown activities and the non-operational tourism sector, environmental quality is improved worldwide. Various gases such are CO2, NO2, and SO2 concentration decreased within the air. Furthermore, the critical factor which increases air quality around the world is also due to less operational activities of the airline industry. The figure given below presents the air quality which is observed in some of the cities in Europe (Figure 7).
Change in NO2 emission due to lockdown in Europe. Source: Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air.
On the other hand, in the country, China’s economy is considered one of the world’s top growing economies due to its industrialization. However, due to the Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown in china, its air quality increased as well. Similarly, as we have stated earlier, China also bears massive losses due to the downfall of the tourism sector. One of the critical factor which can be noticed that due to the lockdown situation and decline in tourism sector indicatively impact on overall energy consumption. More especially in China, energy consumption also declined due to the Covid-19 lockdown, which eventually affected its production. Less production of energy increases air quality as less coal consumption is used in the production of energy—figure, present coal consumption in Jingjinji city by five energy-generating plants (Figure 8).
Coal consumption by five generating plants in China. Source: Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air.
However, lockdown and the downward trend of the tourism sector provide an opportunity for the world to move toward renewable sources. It the responsibility of the government at the movement to spread awareness of green economy within their countries and further set upset those on tourist spots, which can efficiently operate with renewable energy sources, ultimately it will also reduce air pollution in the future. Similarly, after once pandemic crises will over, it is also highly recommended that, for local and international tourists, the authorities should arrange those vehicles for traveling purposes which consume renewable energy sources.
This chapter aims to discuss the association between Covid-19’s outbreak and the tourism sector. The debate indicates that Covid-19 indicates an adverse effect on tourism activities. Due to the lockdown, thousands of people lost their jobs. Many airlines, restaurants, bars, and hotels are nearly to become bankrupt. On the other hand, our discussion reveals that global lockdown creates a positive impact on environmental sustainability. Also, air and water pollution have been reduced significantly, which creates a positive impact on fauna and flora.
Further, we predict that in upcoming years, due to the restoration of environmental beauty, the global tourism industry will boom. However, the age of booming may not be very long. Because, once the world engine starts after Covid-19, air and water pollution will occupy the space of greeneries. It is the right time to formulate sustainable strategies and policies to maintain the beauty of the world. The following are the recommendations that will help policymakers and regulatory bodies to develop a master plan and integrate sustainable practices in the tourism industry.
The airlines, and especially tourist operators, should adopt green and eco-friendly practices in their businesses to improve environmental sustainability.
Governmental bodies should formulate strict eco-friendly policies for the tourism sector. Also, regulatory bodies encourage firms to adopt ISO certification
Regulatory bodies may encourage renewable energy and green projects by providing subsidies and tax-exemptions to corporations that adopt eco-friendly practices.
Governmental bodies embossed heavy penalties on the polluting firms, which will not only create pressure on firms to adopt sustainable practices but also motivate the eco-friendly firms.
The regulatory bodies should evaluate enterprises’ environmental performance and publicize the evaluation results, which will create competition between enterprises to be more sustainable.
This work supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019 M660700), the Beijing Key Laboratory of Megaregions Sustainable Development Modeling, Capital University of Economics and Business (No. MCR2019QN09).
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These devices need to be detected with a high rate of success while keeping a low false alarm rate to reduce time losses and personnel’s fatigue. This chapter describes a positioning system developed to track hand-held detector movements in the context of close-range mine detection. With such a system, the signals captured by the detector over time can be used to build two- or three-dimensional data. The objects possibly present in the data can then be visually appreciated by an operator to detect specific features such as shape or size or known signatures. The positioning system developed in the framework of the HOPE European project requires only a camera and an extra bar. It adds few constraints to current mine clearance procedures and requires limited additional hardware. The software developed for calibration and continuous acquisition of the position is described, and evaluation results are presented.",book:{id:"4818",slug:"mine-action-the-research-experience-of-the-royal-military-academy-of-belgium",title:"Mine Action",fullTitle:"Mine Action - The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium"},signatures:"Charles Beumier and Yann Yvinec",authors:[{id:"133433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Yvinec",slug:"yann-yvinec",fullName:"Yann Yvinec"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55272",title:"Ground‐Penetrating Radar for Close‐in Mine Detection",slug:"ground-penetrating-radar-for-close-in-mine-detection",totalDownloads:2890,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, two of the major challenges in the application of ground‐penetrating radar in humanitarian demining operations are addressed: (i) development and testing of affordable and practical ground penetrating radar (GPR)‐based systems, which can be used off‐ground and (ii) development of robust signal processing techniques for landmines detection and identification. 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These techniques are validated using data collected in the frame of different European and NATO projects.",book:{id:"4818",slug:"mine-action-the-research-experience-of-the-royal-military-academy-of-belgium",title:"Mine Action",fullTitle:"Mine Action - The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium"},signatures:"Olga Lucia Lopera Tellez, Alexander Borghgraef and Eric Mersch",authors:[{id:"176830",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:"Lucia",surname:"Lopera Tellez",slug:"olga-lopera-tellez",fullName:"Olga Lopera Tellez"}]},{id:"53185",title:"Testing and Evaluating Results of Research in Mine Action",slug:"testing-and-evaluating-results-of-research-in-mine-action",totalDownloads:1147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter summarizes the experience of the Royal Military Academy in testing and evaluating new tools for mine action. It first underscores the importance of testing and evaluating new methods in general and in mine action in particular. Some recommendations are given to help the design of test protocols: defining carefully the objectives of the test and what is to be measured, the importance of blind and double‐blind tests, choosing between realism and statistical relevance, the importance of how to display the results, etc. These recommendations are illustrated by real‐life examples, mainly from test and evaluation of detectors of mines in which RMA has been involved. A test protocol is detailed. It is the one that RMA designed and used to evaluate a detector that was proven to be useless and that led to the criminal conviction of its designer in the United Kingdom. Sources of available test protocols and test reports are also listed.",book:{id:"4818",slug:"mine-action-the-research-experience-of-the-royal-military-academy-of-belgium",title:"Mine Action",fullTitle:"Mine Action - The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium"},signatures:"Yann Yvinec",authors:[{id:"133433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Yvinec",slug:"yann-yvinec",fullName:"Yann Yvinec"}]},{id:"53260",title:"Unmanned Ground and Aerial Robots Supporting Mine Action Activities",slug:"unmanned-ground-and-aerial-robots-supporting-mine-action-activities",totalDownloads:1314,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"During the Humanitarian‐demining actions, teleoperation of sensors or multi‐sensor heads can enhance-detection process by allowing more precise scanning, which is useful for the optimization of the signal processing algorithms. This chapter summarizes the technologies and experiences developed during 16 years through national and/or European‐funded projects, illustrated by some contributions of our own laboratory, located at the Royal Military Academy of Brussels, focusing on the detection of unexploded devices and the implementation of mobile robotics systems on minefields.",book:{id:"4818",slug:"mine-action-the-research-experience-of-the-royal-military-academy-of-belgium",title:"Mine Action",fullTitle:"Mine Action - The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium"},signatures:"Yvan Baudoin, Daniela Doroftei, Geert de Cubber, Jean‐Claude\nHabumuremyi, Haris Balta and Ioan Doroftei",authors:[{id:"176831",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvan",middleName:null,surname:"Baudoin",slug:"yvan-baudoin",fullName:"Yvan Baudoin"}]},{id:"52464",title:"InSAR Coherence and Intensity Changes Detection",slug:"insar-coherence-and-intensity-changes-detection",totalDownloads:1732,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This research aims at differentiating human-induced effects over the landscape from the natural ones by exploiting a combination of amplitude and phase changes in satellite radar images. 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The outcomes are used to evaluate the potential of this method applied to Sentinel-1 images.",book:{id:"4818",slug:"mine-action-the-research-experience-of-the-royal-military-academy-of-belgium",title:"Mine Action",fullTitle:"Mine Action - The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium"},signatures:"Damien Closson and Nada Milisavljevic",authors:[{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Closson",slug:"damien-closson",fullName:"Damien Closson"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1371",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/278386",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"278386"},fullPath:"/profiles/278386",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()