Semi-urban areas of Madurai District.
\\n\\n
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5346",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Body Contouring and Sculpting",title:"Body Contouring and Sculpting",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Over the past decades, surgical techniques have greatly progressed to improve and correct appearance. They are artistic procedures to give the highly demanded proportions. The growing public interest in aesthetic and plastic surgery interventions such as body contouring and sculpting requires clear description and differentiation of these highly sophisticated techniques, their results and combinations, as well as scientific information about the different instrumentation, devices and materials used. Such clarification will be hugely beneficial both for patients and doctors, having in mind the increasing number of such interventions and progressing interest for a better and healthy living including improved appearance in society. The book adds some scientific news to the understanding of body contouring treatments. Currently, the request for atraumatic, short downtime procedures predominates and demonstrates the importance of hi-tech and safe liposculpture and fat transfer, although they cannot totally replace surgical excision methods.",isbn:"978-953-51-2830-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2829-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4135-8",doi:"10.5772/62515",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"body-contouring-and-sculpting",numberOfPages:236,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"79bcaa74382f64066fe10bf59e89be6d",bookSignature:"Nikolay P. Serdev",publishedDate:"December 14th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5346.jpg",numberOfDownloads:23737,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 16th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 8th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 12th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 10th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 28th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32585/images/1704_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Nikolay Serdev, MD, PhD is a renowned cosmetic surgeon. He has trained hundreds of doctors globally in minimally invasive aesthetic surgery and medical procedures as well as in his author techniques. \r\nHe is the creator of Scarless Serdev Suture® lifts of face and body and pioneer in many other mini-invasive cosmetic surgery techniques: ultrasound liposculpture of face, body and leg elongation and beautification; T-excision and columella sliding in rhinoplasty; non-surgical body contouring; and their combination with his own suture to facial rejuvenation, beautification and tissue volumising. He is also a world authority in ultrasound-assisted (VASER) body contouring and has trained doctors from around the world in its basic and advanced techniques. \r\nDr. Serdev is Honorary professor at the New Bulgarian University in Sofia and director of its program of qualification in Aesthetic Surgery. He divides his time between his clinic, the University and short travels for international meetings, live surgery demonstrations and hands-on courses in countries of all continents. \r\nHe is editor and author of several comprehensive textbooks in the field of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, including Liposuction, Sutures Lifts on Face and Body Areas, Thread vs Suture lift techniques, Rhinoplasty and has authored many chapters in aesthetic surgery and medicine books, as well as original papers in medical journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"20",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1140",title:"Bariatric Surgery",slug:"bariatric-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"53344",title:"The History of Body Contouring Surgery",doi:"10.5772/66282",slug:"the-history-of-body-contouring-surgery",totalDownloads:1907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Body contouring surgery is a rapidly evolving field in plastic surgery. In accordance with improvements in abdominal contour surgery, procedures to improve redundant skin elsewhere on the body were being devised. Initial attempts to correct the anomalies were made in the 1920s by Thorek and his contemporaries and consisted primarily of elliptical excisions of skin. All of the advances made in body contouring, from the original work of Kelly and his contemporaries to the modifications seen every decade, have contributed to a dynamic and evolving specialty. Currently, there is no field within the domain of plastic surgery growing with the same rapidity, and with worldwide obesity continually on the rise, the growth of this field is unlikely to abate in the near future. The contributions of Thorek, Passot, Pitanguy, Baroudi, Grazer, Wise, Regnault, Lassus, Illouz, Klein, Lockwood, and others have provided the necessary armamentarium to approach the post‐weight loss patient knowingly, intently, and adequately equipped to restore pleasing contour to the patients we as surgeons care for. The combination of regional dermolipectomies, lifts, and suction lipoplasty has the potential to restore the elegant human form, to recreate gesture, and to restore appropriate structure.",signatures:"Balkovic Marija and Jankovic Irena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53344",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53344",authors:[{id:"186128",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",surname:"Jankovic",slug:"irena-jankovic",fullName:"Irena Jankovic"},{id:"186129",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",surname:"Balković",slug:"marija-balkovic",fullName:"Marija Balković"}],corrections:null},{id:"53016",title:"Lower Body and Extremities Sculpting, Beautification, Changing of Proportions",doi:"10.5772/66217",slug:"lower-body-and-extremities-sculpting-beautification-changing-of-proportions",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Creation of aesthetic proportions and volumes of the lower body and extremities is crucial for the beautification of a patient’s body. In authors’ hands, it includes ultrasonic-assisted liposuction (UAL) or VASER sculpting of abdomen, waist, buttocks, breeches, inner thighs, inner knees, and ankles for straightening and elongation of the leg form; UAL or VASER “knee form lift” for visible elongation of lower legs; Serdev Suture® lifting of the buttocks for leg elongation, changing the body-leg proportions and for buttocks projection. Important proportions are the equal width of shoulders to buttocks breadth, as well as the similarity of buttocks to breast volume in profile view. These proportions are important for European culture and most of the Caucasian and Asian patients. In many other cultures, an amphora-like sculpting of the lower body is desirable. Tiny ankles are a sophisticated addition to beauty. Strange augmented, unproportioned Brazilian buttocks are not everywhere accepted and not healthy in many cases. The author describes his techniques of UAL/VASER sculpting together with Serdev Suture® buttock lifts to lift and project buttocks; beautify, straighten and elongate lower extremities and change body proportions.",signatures:"Nikolay P. Serdev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53016",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],corrections:null},{id:"52174",title:"Laser-Assisted Liposuction in Body Contouring",doi:"10.5772/64841",slug:"laser-assisted-liposuction-in-body-contouring",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Laser liposuction was initially developed as a technique for laser lipolysis. In 1992, Apfelberg was the first to describe the direct action of laser in the adipose tissue. Initially, the technique was developed only for lipolysis of unwanted fat in a small region without suction of dissolved fat. Later, it evolved as laser-assisted liposuction, which is a technique that combines adipocyte disruption with laser beam and suction of the dissolved fat from the treated area with different types of cannulas. The neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) 1064 nm has been introduced as first laser for lipolysis. Blugerman, Schavelzon, and Goldman introduced the concept of the pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG system for laser lipolysis. They proved the effect of the laser energy on fatty tissue as well as the on surrounding tissues (dermis, vasculature, apocrine, and eccrine gland). After tissue damage with photo-optical thermal energy, the following histological changes have been noted: (1) adipocyte cells have been disrupted, (2) blood vessels have been coagulated, (3) new collagen has been induced. All those histological changes induce better clinical outcome such as less ecchymosis, less bleeding, smoother, and firmer skin as result of new collagen formation followed by skin retraction. Laser liposuction was developed as a minimally invasive liposuction technique, where energy breaks adipocytes (comparing with traditional liposuction, in which disruption is manual). Wave length of 1064 nm has hemoglobin as a target for its photo-optical energy, and new wave length of 1470 nm has water molecules (H2O) as a target. Infiltration of the Klein’s solution helps laser to dissolving of fatty tissue faster and more energy to accumulate, followed by new collagen formation. Laser-assisted liposuction in all types of lipodystrophies and cellulite can be successfully applied. High definition of the body is a result of the energy as well as the technique of liposuction. Laser liposuction can be applied on the face for fat removal and as a part of face lifting or better to say endolight lifting. Today, we have lot of companies that have developed different liposuction lasers (Nd:YAG; diode) with different wave lengths.",signatures:"Zoran Žgaljardić and Ivonne Žgaljardić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52174",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52174",authors:[{id:"185691",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoran",surname:"Žgaljardić",slug:"zoran-zgaljardic",fullName:"Zoran Žgaljardić"},{id:"193469",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivonne",surname:"Žgaljardić",slug:"ivonne-zgaljardic",fullName:"Ivonne Žgaljardić"}],corrections:null},{id:"53345",title:"High-Definition Liposculpture",doi:"10.5772/66469",slug:"high-definition-liposculpture",totalDownloads:1910,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe the author’s experience with the technique, the characteristics of the ideal patients and the postoperative management of these patients to obtain positive outcomes. It is of clinical importance to underline that a good skin quality is mandatory to get the best results.",signatures:"Carlos Oaxaca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53345",authors:[{id:"185694",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Oaxaca",slug:"carlos-oaxaca",fullName:"Carlos Oaxaca"}],corrections:null},{id:"53331",title:"High Definition Liposuction: A Challenge for a Perfect Body Contouring",doi:"10.5772/65811",slug:"high-definition-liposuction-a-challenge-for-a-perfect-body-contouring",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the last decades, the plastic surgery field has made important advances in terms of clinical results and developing new surgical techniques, minimizing complications and reducing the mortality rates. An innovative and new technique is called High Definition LipoSculture. This is an advanced sculpting technique that creates an athletic and sculpted appearance. The aim of this chapter is to review the principal concepts that involve this technique and describe its clinical application. An electronic literature review was conducted in order to find the most recent medical literature published in this field. Keywords used were plastic surgery, liposuction, body contouring, aesthetic medicine, and surgical procedure. High definition liposuction procedures should be considered revolutionary in the plastic surgery field.",signatures:"Javier Soto, Hugo A. Aguilar and Juan S. Barajas‐Gamboa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53331",authors:[{id:"186111",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Barajas-Gamboa",slug:"juan-barajas-gamboa",fullName:"Juan Barajas-Gamboa"},{id:"195186",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",surname:"Aguilar",slug:"hugo-aguilar",fullName:"Hugo Aguilar"},{id:"195187",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Barajas-Gamboa",slug:"juan-barajas-gamboa",fullName:"Juan Barajas-Gamboa"}],corrections:null},{id:"52737",title:"New Concepts on Safer Abdominoplasty",doi:"10.5772/65093",slug:"new-concepts-on-safer-abdominoplasty",totalDownloads:2366,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Abdominoplasty was one of the first techniques described in literatura, and in some of his writings, Hippocrates mentioned the resection of skin and the apron-like abdominal flaps. The first standardization of this procedure was carried out by H.A. Kelly, who was a gynecologist, in 1890, but the procedure gained some popularity when Pitanguy published his report in 1967. With the advent of liposuction, they tried to replace abdominoplasty; however, in many cases, they yielded unreliable results. It was in the year 2000, with the advent of the pull down abdominal flap technique proposed by Avelar and then spread by Saldanha, surgeons significantly increased the indications for abdominoplasty. This was reflected in international statistics since abdominoplasty climbed from the 15th place in the 1990s to the 4th place in 2012. According to some publications, traditional abdominoplasty generally includes extensive dissection of upper abdominal flap all the way to the costal margin with a consequent decrease of blood flow of 50–70%. We present a technique with no flap undermining, including in-bloc resection of premarked área from the umbillicus scar to the suprapubic area, dissecting the tissue with an instrument called Iconoclast, thus preserving blood flow, after hydrodissection with tumescent solution, which varies if the patient is under general anesthesia or sedation. It has been shown that simultaneous liposuction of flap and flanks in the conventional abdominoplasty technique increases the risk of necrosis and seromas, so in many cases it is contraindicated. Therefore, our technique allows us to perform the liposuction of the upper abdominal flanks and waistline without running any risks. In this technique umbilicus scar its recreated with the use of skin graft. Unlike conventional abdominoplasty techniques, the presence of previous abdominal wall scars is not a limitation. In the case of smokers patients, risks are reduced by keeping the blood flow of the upper flap constant. We do not recommend this technique for very thin patients, with multiple pregnancies and regularly an important rectus muscles diastasis where we indicate the abdominal wall.vertical plicature.",signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Diego Schavelzon, Boris Martínez, Gabriel\nWexler, Andrea Markowsky and Marcelo Lotoki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52737",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52737",authors:[{id:"185638",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman"},{id:"193655",title:"Prof.",name:"Diego",surname:"Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon"},{id:"193657",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Martinez",slug:"boris-martinez",fullName:"Boris Martinez"},{id:"193658",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Wexler",slug:"gabriel-wexler",fullName:"Gabriel Wexler"},{id:"193659",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Markosky",slug:"andrea-markosky",fullName:"Andrea Markosky"},{id:"193660",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Lotosky",slug:"marcelo-lotosky",fullName:"Marcelo Lotosky"}],corrections:null},{id:"52849",title:"Circular Abdominoplasty (Belt Lipectomy) in Obese Patients",doi:"10.5772/65334",slug:"circular-abdominoplasty-belt-lipectomy-in-obese-patients",totalDownloads:2002,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Circular abdominoplasty, belt lipectomy, 360° abdominoplasty and lower body lift are all synonyms of a body contouring procedure with the aim of sculpting the torso, modifying abdominal contour, loins and lower back contours. Apart from buttock lifting and affecting lateral thighs, these procedures tremendously affect patients’ waist size and body image. In the literature, different incision levels, different dissection extents according to the sex of the patient, with different areas of anatomical adherence and different modifications like buttock enhancement by de-epithelialized lower back flaps are described. Most of these operations target post-weight reduction patients. Still these procedures can be performed in obese patients, either after failed diet control, failed bariatric surgery or patients refusing GIT operations though seeking lifestyle modification through body contouring. A group of patients with obesity affecting pre-, intra- and post-operative course, with increased complication rate, when performed with a knowing what-to-do team takes about 3–4 hours. However, with the help of anaesthetists accustomed to this risky group of patients, it could be executed safely and efficiently.",signatures:"Hossam ElKafrawy and Sherif Wasief",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52849",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52849",authors:[{id:"185595",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sherif",surname:"Wasief",slug:"sherif-wasief",fullName:"Sherif Wasief"},{id:"193563",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossam",surname:"Elkafrawi",slug:"hossam-elkafrawi",fullName:"Hossam Elkafrawi"}],corrections:null},{id:"52295",title:"Body Contour Surgery in Massive Weight Loss Patients",doi:"10.5772/64839",slug:"body-contour-surgery-in-massive-weight-loss-patients",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Massive weight loss population presents different body deformities due to deflation and poor skin tone. Deformities in the lower trunk, upper torso, arms, and thighs are based on age, degree of skin laxity, and adipose tissue. Traditional plastic surgery techniques like abdominoplasty will not work in this kind of patients. Surgeon’s major challenge is how to restore the skin and overlaying fat in patients that do not have the same deformities. Identifying the vectors of dropping tissue will lead to classifying this kind of deformities and planning the best surgical procedure.",signatures:"Marcelo A. Cuadrado, Gabriel Moina and Daniel Moina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52295",authors:[{id:"186454",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Cuadrado",slug:"marcelo-cuadrado",fullName:"Marcelo Cuadrado"},{id:"188282",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Moina",slug:"gabriel-moina",fullName:"Gabriel Moina"},{id:"193546",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Moina",slug:"daniel-moina",fullName:"Daniel Moina"}],corrections:null},{id:"52635",title:"Axillary Breast: Contouring the Axilla",doi:"10.5772/64683",slug:"axillary-breast-contouring-the-axilla",totalDownloads:2416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Commonest cause of disturbed axillary aesthetics is aberrant breast tissue. Our study presents 24 consecutive patients with axillary breast or lipomas, treated with liposuction alone or excision with limited liposuction of axillary folds and dog ears; between 2005 and 2015. Optimum aesthetic outcome was due to i) Pre-op marking in maximum abduction ii) Elliptical excision of apical, hairy skin in the direction of maximum laxity irrespective of location of axillary breast iii) Raising thick flaps to avoid tethering of the scar iv) Meticulous dissection to preserve nerves, axillary pad of fat and lymph nodes, v) Limited liposuction under vision to sculpt axillary folds and dog ears, vi) Suturing in position of maximum abduction, vi) Stretchable tape for dressing instead of pressure garment suitable for unique shape of axilla.",signatures:"Medha A. Bhave (Khair)",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52635",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52635",authors:[{id:"185557",title:"Dr.",name:"Medha",surname:"Bhave",slug:"medha-bhave",fullName:"Medha Bhave"}],corrections:null},{id:"52645",title:"Fat Grafting in Body Contouring",doi:"10.5772/65486",slug:"fat-grafting-in-body-contouring",totalDownloads:2351,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Fat transfer had been used since the first decades of the twentieth century for body contouring and reconstruction. Since then, a lot of controversies and ongoing research regarding indications, harvesting and transplantation technique had been a concern for plastic surgeons. More recently, the use of fat as a source of stem cells had been the major point of research joining both the aesthetic and the regenerative advantages. Body reshaping using fat graft is nowadays a common non-invasive resource in the surgeon’s armamentarium popularized as body sculpturing merging the benefits of liposuction and lipofilling to improve the aesthetic of virtually all the regions of human body. In this chapter, the role of fat grafting in aesthetic body contouring will be discussed. The association of stem cells is exposed to give the reader the possibility to better understand this option of treatment. Fat harvesting/grafting techniques are explained and the authors’ preferred choice is exposed. Lipofilling details are discussed per area of the body with practical tips and pitfalls for the experienced or the newbie surgeon. A final summary on complications will remind all the possible incidences that may occur in the short- and long term after surgery.",signatures:"Marco Romeo, Ayman Elmeligy and Khalid Elsherbeny",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52645",authors:[{id:"185624",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Romeo",slug:"marco-romeo",fullName:"Marco Romeo"},{id:"185626",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",surname:"Elmeligy",slug:"ayman-elmeligy",fullName:"Ayman Elmeligy"},{id:"185627",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Elsherbeni",slug:"khalid-elsherbeni",fullName:"Khalid Elsherbeni"}],corrections:null},{id:"52274",title:"Pneumodissection: Enhancement of the Receptor Area before Fat Grafting",doi:"10.5772/64838",slug:"pneumodissection-enhancement-of-the-receptor-area-before-fat-grafting",totalDownloads:1847,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Introduction: Fat grafts have become a frequent procedure among plastic surgeons due to their versatility for different pathologies. Different techniques have been described about graft enhancement to increase survival; in this chapter, with CO2 pneumodissection, a technique for improving the biological conditions of the receptor area is exposed. Already known effects of carboxitherapy, such as vasodilation, enhanced Bohr effect and neoangiogenesis, are applied to increase the chance of graft survival. Tissue pneumodissection reduces the fat infiltration pain, thus reducing the sedation requirements.",signatures:"Guillermo Blugerman, Diego Schavelzon, Gabriel Wexler, Marcelo\nLotocki, Victoria Schavelzon and Guido Blugerman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52274",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52274",authors:[{id:"38432",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Blugerman",slug:"guillermo-blugerman",fullName:"Guillermo Blugerman"},{id:"185639",title:"M.D.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Wexler",slug:"gabriel-wexler",fullName:"Gabriel Wexler"},{id:"185725",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Schavelzon",slug:"diego-schavelzon",fullName:"Diego Schavelzon"},{id:"185726",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Lotocki",slug:"marcelo-lotocki",fullName:"Marcelo Lotocki"}],corrections:null},{id:"52056",title:"Assessment of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Body Sculpting Procedures",doi:"10.5772/64719",slug:"assessment-of-postoperative-venous-thromboembolism-risk-in-body-sculpting-procedures",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Venous thromboembolism is a common complication following surgical procedures. It is imperative for us to identify which risks factors are present in our patients, not only because body sculpting procedures are elective, but also to help us perform an individualized assignment of venous thromboembolism risk. Once we have identified the risk, we can select a method of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis based on the guidelines by the American College of Chest Physicians and the other individualized risk scales presented in this chapter. Our main goal is to keep as low as possible the incidence of venous thromboembolism and its complications.",signatures:"Alexandro Aguilera Salgado, Johnatan Figueroa Padilla and José\nCortés Arreguín",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52056",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52056",authors:[{id:"162339",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandro",surname:"Aguilera",slug:"alexandro-aguilera",fullName:"Alexandro Aguilera"},{id:"191672",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnatan",surname:"Figueroa Padilla",slug:"johnatan-figueroa-padilla",fullName:"Johnatan Figueroa Padilla"},{id:"191674",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Cortés Arreguín",slug:"jose-cortes-arreguin",fullName:"José Cortés Arreguín"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"330",title:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat 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Due to lack of appropriated planning inadequate governance, resource constraint ad ineffective management, solid waste especially insufficient collection and improper disposal of it is major problem for developing countries [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Solid waste in developing countries are less generated compared developed countries (see [2, 11, 12]. Solid waste generation is an increasing global environmental problem [13]. Moreover, most of the developing countries are still in the early stage of their urbanization and economic development process, people generally believe that a fast increase in solid waste generation should be unavoidable in the developing countries [12]. Solid waste collection is one of the important problems in developing world like India. Smaller cities and town collect less than 50% of solid waste per day. Poor solid waste collection has creating many environmental and health problem in city in general particular in semi-urban areas. The annual waste generation has been observed to increase in proportion to the rise in population and urbanization, and issues related to disposal have become challenging as more land is needed for the ultimate disposal of these solid waste [14] More recently, cities have begun paying more attention to enhancing municipal system and suitable solid waste service delivery with special emphasis on involving the private sector.
\nPoor solid waste management in the developing countries consists of a major threat public health and environmental quality and reduces the quality of life particularly for the poorer residents in both urban and rural areas [12]. This paper reveals the supply side of solid waste management services have always been the major environmental problem in India previous research did only reduce the waste quantities and increasing recycling, landfilling, generation, collection and economic analysis if so, especially contingent valuation method for willingness to pay by how much? Although many studies have been carried out to answer this question.
\nIndia is the second largest nation in the world with a population of 1.21 billion, accounting for nearly 18% of world’s human population, but it does not have enough resources or adequate systems in place to treat its solid waste. Its urban population grew at rate of 31.16% during the last decade to 377 million, which is greater than the entire population of the United States, the third largest country in the world accounting to population [15]. Solid waste management is a significant and growing problem in many urban areas in India due to economic development, urbanization, and improving living standard in cities of developing India have led to increase in the quantity of complex composition of municipal solid waste. Management of municipal solid waste resulting from rapid urbanization has become a serious concern for government departments, pollution control agencies, and regulatory bodies and public in most of the cities in India. The challenges of solid waste in Indian cities and town it addressed by various agencies the responsibility of the collection, removal and disposal of garbage from public places in urban areas and maintenance of dumping ground however, comes under the purview of the local municipal body which is the main formal stakeholder involved in the governance of solid waste management in India [16]. Solid waste management has been the most neglected area of urban development over the years and has accounted for severe health problems in urban areas all over the country. A number of cases have come to light because of mismanagement of municipal solid waste management [17]. Solid waste management has been major concern in developing India see [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] in urban areas. Moreover, increasing consumerism and development of technology also has increase in solid waste management process in semi-urban areas in India see [17, 24, 25, 26, 27] lack of data and inconsistency in existing data is a major hurdle studying in developing nations like India. Semi urban area is very little information regarding solid waste produced in peri-urban areas unsatisfactory level of environmental services such as water supply the management of solid waste is going through a critical phase due to the unavailability of suitable facilities to treat and dispose large amount of municipal solid waste get generated daily metropolitan cities. Lack of financial resources, institutional weakness and improper technology and public apathy towards municipal solid waste are listed among the bottlenecks to provision of efficient and effective municipal solid waste management in India [24].
\nMunicipal solid waste management has been found critical to public health and environmental improvements, urban areas of India became acutely aware of the problem in 1994, in the waste suspected in plague epidemic in Surat, an industrial city in the state of Gujarat. The first major attempt to develop a national strategy of solid waste management by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute [28], focused mainly the issues of urban areas with population more than 100,000. The Central Pollution Control Board study also reported widespread use of unnotified dumpsites for disposal of solid wastes in these towns. In spite of spending 30–50% of the total municipal budgets on solid waste management [29]. The unsatisfactory outcomes of current solid waste management services points to need for a sustainable solid waste management approach in semi-urban areas [27]. Delivery services is the another consequences of poor managed finance the failure of municipal bodies to deliver basic urban services. The management of solid waste in small towns in a particularly useful indicator of the efficiency of urban local bodies metropolitan cities are better provided with both water and solid waste management system then other urban and semi-urban centers [25]. The author also points out in Mirzapur (North-India small town) area, rickshaws piled high with waste can be seen careening through the streets, often through the streets, often depositing half of what they have collected on the road. The rest is thrown on the banks of the river Ganga that runs through the town. In Janjgir, even cycle rickshaws are not available. Men pulling handcarts clear the garbage. This naturally reduces the efficiency and frequency of collection. Many municipal bodies in small towns do not have the funds to transport solid waste to dumps outside the urban area. As a result, it is dumped within town limits. Hence, while in Mirzapur you see piles of garbage alongside the temples that dot the banks of the river Ganga, empty plots within town limits inevitably become garbage dumps in other towns.
\nThe Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is a widely used non-market valuation method especially in the areas of environmental cost–benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment [30, 31, 32]. Contingent valuation is now used around the world in recent years, CVM has been extensively used in both developed and developing countries for valuation of a wide range of environmental goods and services (see [5, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]). Ciriacy-Wantrup [38] had first proposed the contingent valuation method. Had discussed an individual should be interviewed and asked how much money they are willing to pay for successive additional quantities of collective extra-market good. If the individual values are aggregated the result corresponds to a market demand schedule (See [39]). Contingent valuation method of solid waste management research also emerged in developing countries Whittington et al. [37] Kathumadu in Nepal, [40] Gujranwala city in Punjab in Pakistan, Weldesilassie et al. [41] Addis Ababa Ethiopia, Murad et al. [42] and Chuen-Khee and Othman [1] in Malaysia, [43] in Yunnan Province China, Fonta et al. [44] in Nigera, Jianjun Jin et al. [45] Macao in China. India is very few studies to investigate the effect of waste of waste separation on the willingness to pay for improved waste management services for example Prasenjit Sarkhel and Sarmila Banerjee [46] adopted the contingent valuation method (CVM) with willingness to pay (WTP) of the household for waste management programme in a typical Indian Municipality the Ballay municipality in west Bengal including the willingness to pay questions, the contingent valuation questionnaire was divided into seven parts and the total number of samples were 570 and the mean willingness to pay from the responses to the open-ended questions was calculated 75% of the respondents expressing their willingness to pay at less than $ 1 per month regular waste collection in Bally the municipality in West Bengal. Sukanya Das et al. [47] had studied in the willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements in the solid waste management (SWM) services provided in Chandernagore and south Dum Dum municipality of Greater Kolkatta in West Bengal in this study 101 randomly selected residents took part in that choice experiment survey. Data were analyzed with conditional logit and random parameter logit with the interactions models. The study had revealed that on an average the residents of these municipalities were willingness to pay less than $ 1. While, this study had indicated that the public on average cared much about improvements in solid waste management in their locality.
\nMadurai has an area of 52 km2 with in an urban area now extending over as much as 130 km2 and it is located at show location on an interactive map 9°56’N 78° 07′E/ 9.93°N 78.12°E 19.93; 78.12. It has an average elevation of 101 m above mean sea level [48]. In Madurai city the daily generation of waste escalated from 360 tonnes in 2001 to 543 tonnes in 2011 [49]. The semi-urban waste generation per day 67 tonnes [50, 51]. Table 1 shows that Avaniyapuram generates the highest waste generates among the major semi-urban areas in Madurai. Madurai city has a number of problems with collection and disposal of solid waste in general semi-urban areas in particular. First collection coverage is hugely inadequate, second lack of cost recovery and the unsustainable fee structure for current waste collection and disposal are serious issues. Solid waste management is one of the important obligatory functions of rural areas. However, this has not been efficiency performed by the urban local bodies Madurai rural solid waste generation has been significantly increase for example, generation of agricultural waste is 4.32 tonnes for every 3 months but did not properly reuse or recycling semi-urban and rural areas having more problems such as electricity, water supply, lack of ponds or through tube wells. What about solid waste lie uncollected along roadsides or if collected are dumped in an low-lying land. The practices are not only despoiling the local landscape but are an immense health hazard. The rapid growth of population in semi-urban areas in the last decade has meant that the volume of solid waste liquid waste has increases but the institutional capacities to handle them, remain absent [24, 25, 27]. This study has introduction of service charges for solid waste management has been received much attention among local bodies due to the continuous financial shortage of the local government for providing waste management services to an acceptable level. The pricing this service has expected to bring about efficiency as well as sustainability in providing this services.
\nSl. no | \nSemi-urban areas | \nMale | \nFemale | \nTotal | \nSolid waste generation metric tonnes per day | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \nParavai | \n8346 | \n8000 | \n16,346 | \n4 | \n
2 | \nVilangudi | \n10,640 | \n10,433 | \n21,073 | \n2 | \n
3 | \nAnaiyur | \n19,305 | \n18,997 | \n38,302 | \n3.2 | \n
4 | \nAvaniyapuram | \n27,099 | \n25,907 | \n53,006 | \n17 | \n
5 | \nTiruparankundram | \n19,615 | \n1939 | \n39,009 | \n14 | \n
6 | \nHarveypatti | \n4089 | \n44,046 | \n8135 | \n2 | \n
7 | \nThirunagar | \n7640 | \n7909 | \n15,549 | \n1.3 | \n
8 | \nA.Vallaiapatti | \n3529 | \n3539 | \n7068 | \n2 | \n
9 | \nPalamedu | \n4127 | \n4060 | \n8187 | \n2.4 | \n
10 | \nVadipatti | \n10,875 | \n10,905 | \n21,780 | \n4 | \n
11 | \nSholavandan | \n10,845 | \n10,816 | \n21,661 | \n3.4 | \n
12 | \nAlanganallur | \n5574 | \n5490 | \n11,064 | \n3 | \n
13 | \nElumalai | \n7051 | \n6979 | \n14,030 | \n2.8 | \n
14 | \nPeraiyur | \n4512 | \n4368 | \n8880 | \n2.5 | \n
15 | \nT. Kallupatti | \n4857 | \n4582 | \n9439 | \n3.4 | \n
\n |
Semi-urban areas of Madurai District.
Source: Author’s calculation.
Sampling and design of survey questionnaire.
\nThe study is confined to Madurai semi-urban areas. Madurai district (region) is existing 15 semi-urban areas (see Table 1). The sample units were selected adopting the stratified random sampling method. A total of 150 schedule 10 household respondents from each semi-urban area. The design of the survey followed recommendations from the NOAA panel on contingent valuation (see [52, 53]) and consist of two sections. Questions in the survey’s first section asked about respondent’s socio economic conditions in the household’s survey section two questioned respondents about their willingness to pay. The hypothetical improved condition, and how each consumer would pay for the improved waste management services in Madurai (Figure 1).
\nMadurai semi-urban areas.
The contingent valuation employed a single-bounded dichotomous choice format by open-ended questions in the WTP section. The survey was conducted March–April 2012. The survey was given to 150 randomly selected in Madurai semi-urban areas data covered socioeconomic characteristics of the household, including gender, age, marital status, education, household income, family size, employment and WTP for environmental improvement and better solid waste management. Table 2 describes the variables.
\nThe
To obtain the willingness to pay by the households for an improvement in their solid waste management, the responses of the households for willingness to pay was regressed on the socio economic characteristics. The coefficient estimates obtained for the WTP of the respondents (sex, age, education, family size, monthly size, monthly income, present cleaning status and maximum amount), the logit regression Model [55] was specified as
where
\n‘1’ if Yes or ‘0’ if No.
\nfor waste management services.
\nTo identify the factors influencing the willingness to pay of the sex, age, educational level, family size, monthly income, present cleaning status and maximum amount of willing to pay of the respondents for improved solid waste management, the respondents to the willingness to pay was regressed on the prices they were asked to pay and on the other socio- economic characteristics of the households. The logit regression Model was specified as
\nZ = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + β4x4 + β5x5 + β6x6 + β7x7
\nY = Response of the education, occupation, household size, income, method of collection, agency of collection, amount they were willing to pay, for the respondents to the willingness to pay question which was either ‘1’ if Yes or ‘0’ if No.
\nThe pseudo-R square and the chi-square were used to measure the goodness of fit of the model and the significance of the model used.
\nTable 1 had depicted population and solid waste generation of semi-urban areas of Madurai district. Avaniyapuram has been highest waste generation in Madurai compared to other semi-urban areas. This table clearly shows that the Thiruparankundram semi-urban areas are second highest population and waste generation. Semi- urban areas had been one of the more wastes contribution by these percentage are in Madurai district; per day total waste generation 67 metric tonnes as shown in table (Table 3).
\nVariable definition | \nDescription | \n
---|---|
Willingness to pay (WTP) de. var | \n1 if willingness to pay 0 otherwise | \n
Age (AGR) | \nAge of respondent in year | \n
Sex (SER) | \nGender of respondent coded as 1 male for 0 female | \n
Educational level (EDL) | \nEducation of respondent represented as 1 for primary 2 for secondary 3 university level | \n
Family size (Fam_Sz) | \nNumber of members of the household | \n
Income | \nMonthly income of the head of respondent in INR | \n
Not satisfied | \nAre you satisfied for the present cleaning status if yes 1 and 2 no | \n
Maximum amount willing to pay | \nMaximum amount of willing to pay for improved solid waste management | \n
Description of the variables.
\n | N | \nMinimum | \nMaximum | \nMean | \nStd. devia | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Willingness to pay | \n150 | \n1.00 | \n2.00 | \n1.2267 | \n42,008 | \n
Sex | \n150 | \n1.00 | \n2.00 | \n1.1667 | \n0.37393 | \n
Age | \n150 | \n26.00 | \n74.00 | \n46.9600 | \n11.82585 | \n
Education | \n150 | \n1.00 | \n3.00 | \n1.2067 | \n0.50894 | \n
Working status | \n150 | \n1.00 | \n2.00 | \n1.2600 | \n0.44010 | \n
Occupation | \n150 | \n1.00 | \n4.00 | \n2.3000 | \n1.07909 | \n
Monthly income | \n150 | \n2300.00 | \n18500.00 | \n7865.2000 | \n3902.80448 | \n
Family size | \n150 | \n1.00 | \n2.00 | \n1.4400 | \n0.49805 | \n
Maximum amount wtp | \n150 | \n00 | \n3.00 | \n2.4067 | \n0.72442 | \n
Present status | \n150 | \n00 | \n1.00 | \n0.2933 | \n0.45682 | \n
Descriptive statistics.
Source: Author’s calculation.
Table 4 provides WTP responses in relation to the socio economic characteristics of the sample households. About 96% of the respondents had positive WTP values for the improvement in solid waste management services. The average monthly income of the sample households was INR 7865 with a minimum monthly income INR 2300 and a maximum of the INR 18500. The average of respondents was 46 years and average family size 1.44. Furthermore, about 50.7% of the respondents were willing to pay more than 100 for clean environmental services. While this survey had found that the highest percent of the respondents had primary education 84 and 11.3% respondents was secondary education level. Found this survey percent of the respondents mentioned the solid waste problems in their neighborhood to be one of the most urgent environmental problems.
\nSocio economic variable | \nWTP (Yes/No for improved solid waste management services) | \n\n | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes | \nNo | \n||
Gender | \nMale Female | \n96 20 | \n29 5 | \n
Age of household head (in years) | \n26–36 37–46 47–56 57–66 Above 67 | \n29 33 28 21 5 | \n7 11 11 4 1 | \n
Education level | \nPrimary Secondary University | \n97 16 3 | \n29 1 4 | \n
Monthly Income | \n2300–8300 8301–13,301 13,302–18,302 Above 18,303 | \n74 31 8 3 | \n17 12 5 0 | \n
Family size | \n2–4 5–8 | \n62 54 | \n22 12 | \n
Employment | \nGovernment Private Self-employee others | \n34 30 34 18 | \n12 8 7 7 | \n
Willingness to pay person and socio economic characteristics of sample household.
Source: Author’s calculation.
In this section, we present the discuss the result of the logit regression analysis to help determine which factors are significant for improved solid waste management services as well the amount respondents are willing to pay.
\nThe 150 completed interviews, 4 respondents had invalid responses1 to the valuation question. For only one variable was quite significant. CVM method suffers from one more problem, that is, how to estimate aggregate values based on the individual values expressed through willingness to pay. Table 5 the logit results for the variables that are significantly related to the probability of providing positive WTP values. While sex, educational level, family size, present solid waste management system is not satisfied, and age, educational level and maximum willingness to pay are negative. The study had significant found that the sex is important significant factor for improved solid waste management services in the study area. The sex and willingness to pay services 10 percent level of significance.
\nVariables | \nCoefficient | \nWald statistics | \n
---|---|---|
Sex (SER) | \n2.282* | \n6.595 | \n
Age (AGR) | \n−17.100 | \n.000 | \n
Educational level (EDLR) | \n1.764 | \n2.461 | \n
Family size (Fam_Sz) | \n.684 | \n.991 | \n
Income | \n−21.495 | \n.000 | \n
Not satisfied | \n.378 | \n.554 | \n
Maximum amount willing to pay | \n−.265 | \n.348 | \n
Logit model estimation of willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services.
Source: Author’s calculation, * represent 10% level of significance.
Log Likelihood 89.437, Number of observation 150.
Chi-square LR statistics 35.628, Significance 0.002.
This study had found that the age and willingness to pay no significant effect on the amount of willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services. WTP and educational is also no quite significant and the maximum amount of willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services are negative responses represent from respondents in the study area. Household income and willingness to pay for solid waste management services in important significant factor [2] this study had found that the income is insignificant for improved solid waste management services. As seen in Table 4 low income people are interesting more willing to pay but it quite significant 74 respondent out of 150 are willing to pay for improved solid waste management services. The current solid waste management system is unsatisfactory in urban Indian in general and semi-urban in particular. This study had found that the 70.7 percent of the respondent are felt current solid waste management system is satisfied. Indian municipalities have overall responsibility for solid waste management their cities or local areas but most of the cities and semi-urban areas currently unable to fulfill their duty to ensure environmentally sound and sustainable ways of dealing with waste generation, collection, transport, treatment, and disposal. The failure of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) can result in serious health problems and environmental degradation.
\nTable 6 represents the respondent willing to pay for solid waste management services 96% of the respondents are willingness to pay but very less amount respectively only 2% of the respondents are INR Rs 50 ($1), 43% of the respondents are INR 100 ($2) and 50.7% of the respondents are more than INR 100 ($2) for improved solid waste management services.
\nWillingness to pay | \nAmount of willing to pay | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | \nNo | \n<50 | \n51–100 | \n>100 | \n
96 (96%) | \n4 (4%) | \n3 (2%) | \n65 (43%) | \n76 (50.7%) | \n
Respondent willing to pay for solid waste management services.
Source: Author’s calculation.
This study finds that an average willing to pay about INR Rs. 24 (less than $ 1). This result of the study show that the demand for improved waste management is only significant related to the sex of the household respondent. Attempts must be made to improve willingness to pay solid waste management services in the semi-urban areas. To achieve this government should concentrate first on awareness campaigns about the consequences of waste mishandling and impacts of improper solid waste disposal. Previous studies have done only micro level analysis of economics of solid waste management did not improve any significant and scientific methodology adopted in solid waste management. Very few studies have been done in economics of solid waste management in India particularly contingent valuation analysis improved solid waste management services. Further, will need more empirical analysis in economics of solid waste management for better understanding about efficient solid waste management services are future good environmental services. Individual behavior and attitude as important environmental conservation and reduce solid waste generation. Future research in solid waste management should concentrate integrated with physiological factors of household recycling behavior and socio economic factors of solid waste generation.
\nThe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the highest and unique physical geographic unit in the world. It has a significant impact on the ecological environment of China and its neighboring countries. For a long time, poor traffic conditions in the plateau area have greatly restricted the overall economic and social development of the region. The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started construction in July 2001 and opened to traffic on July 1, 2006. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway project has fundamentally changed the traffic conditions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and promoted the reform and opening up of the region, the overall economic and social development, and the improvement of the living standards of the Tibetan people.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the characteristics of high altitude, low temperature, little precipitation, simple ecosystem structure, weak anti-interference ability, and vulnerability to global environmental changes, showing strong vulnerability [1]. The permafrost section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is about 550 km, and the section with an altitude of more than 4000 m is 960 km. The terrain and landforms in the line area are changeable, with high altitude, deep-frozen soil, strong winter wind, low temperature, and large temperature difference between day and night. Plants are difficult to root and have a short growth period [2]. The plants only have a growth time of about 3 months. In addition, in recent years, due to the increasing global climate change and human disturbance, the trend of vegetation degradation is obvious. Once the vegetation in this area is destroyed, it is very difficult to restore [3]. The degraded grassland has become the source of railway sand-damaged materials [1]. In the long-term investigation and monitoring, it was discovered that the construction of the railway has changed the wind and sand environment along the line so that the wind and sand that could have passed through the border piled up near the roadbed. Sand accumulation on the trackbed directly affects the safe operation of railways [4]. At the same time, the accumulation of sand near the roadbed interferes with the protection measures of the railway’s frozen soil, accelerated the melting of the frozen soil under the roadbed, caused the deformation of the roadbed, and caused greater harm to the safe operation of the railway. The sand disaster has seriously threatened the operational safety of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and it is one of the most severe sand-damaged lines in China [5].
However, there are still huge challenges in understanding the formation mechanism and distribution pattern of sand damage in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Sand hazard prevention and control technologies were also just in their infancy. In the early stage of railway construction, the breeding and selection of native herbaceous plants used for vegetation restoration along the railway have been carried out, and certain results have been achieved. However, woody plants suitable for cold and dry environments have been extremely scarce. The supporting technologies for suitable artificial vegetation construction were insufficient. The traditional biological measures for sand prevention and control along the railway and the “tree, shrub, and grass” model are difficult to achieve. The existing sand prevention technologies along the railway have a series of problems such as high engineering cost, low efficiency, lack of materials required for biological measures, and imperfect comprehensive sand prevention and control system.
On the whole, in order for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to become an environmentally friendly and safe railway, it is necessary to understand the distribution and characteristics of the severe and potential sand-damaged areas along the railway and strengthen the research on the mechanism and comprehensive prevention and control technology of sand damage along the railway. Urgent problems to be solved include degradation mechanism and protection technology of native vegetation around railways, rapid vegetation restoration technology, railway protection forest plant selection and planting supporting technology, and the combination of biology and engineering technology, etc. This chapter will introduce the distribution pattern and cause mechanism of sand damage, the research and development and integration of vegetation restoration technology, and the research and integration of engineer and plant sand control technology along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
In terms of space, the sand disasters along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway are mainly distributed from Golmud (K815 + 380) to Tibet’s Cuona Lake (K1531 + 280). The sand damage in this section is not evenly distributed, mainly concentrated in the Hongliang River (K1104 + 690), Tuotuo River (K1224 + 810), Za’gya Zangbo (K1445 + 560) river valleys, and the areas on both sides of the river and Cuona Lake section (K1528 + 710 to K1531 + 280) and other areas [6]. The railway section with severe sand damage is 78.8 km (Figure 1).
Sand disasters along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. (a) Hongliang River section, (b) Tuotuo River section, (c) Za’gya Zangbo section, (d) Cuona Lake section.
In terms of time, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has many windy days in winter and spring. Especially the main plateau, including Tuotuo River, Wudaoliang, Amdo, and other areas, the number of strong wind days is more than 100 days. Moreover, the climate is relatively dry in winter and spring. For example, in the Tuotuo River area, according to the observation data of the weather station for many years, the average annual wind speed is greater than 4 m s−1. The number of windy days is more than 140 days. The number of sandstorm days in the year is 15–22 days. The annual precipitation is about 200 mm, mainly from June to September (about 85%). There is no snow cover in winter and spring, and the surface is extremely dry. At the same time, this period is also a period of high winds, with the highest wind speed reaching 32 m s−1. Therefore, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway sand disaster occurred in these seasons.
The main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is located in the rapids area in the middle of the westerly belt. Observation of sandstorms on the Hongliang River, Tuotuo River, Cuona Lake, and other road sections with severe sand damage revealed that the wind along the railway is strong and the amount of sand transported is relatively large. The sanding wind has a single wind direction and a long duration. It is dominated by westerly winds. These conditions have provided sufficient impetus for wind-sand activities [6]. The sand materials along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway mainly come from river sediments, desertified meadows and grasslands, and lake sediments. River facies sediments are mainly concentrated in river valley areas. Affected by topography and wind, sand materials develop from the river valley area to the two banks. The wind-sand disasters are particularly serious on the downwind bank of the river valley. This type of sand material is mainly distributed in the valleys and banks of the Hongliang River, the Xiushui River, the Beilu River, the Tongtian River, the Tuotuo River, the Za’gya Zangbo, and the Basuoqu River. Sandy meadows and grassland sand sources are typical non-point source sand sources, which are widely distributed. The main damage area is the Tuotuo River section. The impact of sandy meadows and grassland sand sources on railways mainly has two aspects. On the one hand, under favorable wind conditions, sand particles accumulate on the roads and directly harm the railway. On the other hand, sand particles enter the river valley with water flow, and deposit in the river valley area, becoming an important source of river facies sediments. Lake sediments are also an important source of sand material along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, especially the Cuona Lake section, which has also become the most severe sandstorm area along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In addition, the sources of sand along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway also include rock weathered debris, sandy Gobi, wind erosion of ancient dunes, and activation of fixed dunes. The sources of these wind-sand disasters either directly harm the railways, or compound with each other, and superimposed on the railways.
After the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, due to the appearance of the roadbed, the original relatively stable dynamic balance of the plateau sand movement was disturbed spatially, and the flow field structure and transportation and accumulation conditions of the near-surface sand flow were changed, resulting in the deposition of sand materials near the railway. The hazards of sandstorms were highlighted. Through the wind tunnel simulation experiment on the characteristics of the flow field of the Tuotuo River section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the formation mechanism of the sand damage of the roadbed was studied in combination with the flow field structure on both sides of the roadbed and the horizontal gradient distribution of the wind speed profile. It was found that when the airflow passed through the railway subgrade, there were obvious obstructed uplift areas, current gathering acceleration areas, deceleration and subsidence areas, and dissipation and recovery areas. The railway subgrade affected the characteristics of wind-sand flow by changing the movement state of the airflow, the separation of the boundary layer, and the size of the return zone. The formation mechanism of railway sand hazards was mainly determined by the functional zones where the air currents were located on both sides of the railway. When the wind-sand flow run near the railway subgrade, as the airflow encountered obstacles and rises, energy consumption was large, the wind speed of the bottom airflow decreased, and sand particles accumulated at the foot of the windward slope of the railway in the way of falling and depositing, causing sand burial on the railway subgrade. The airflow on the windward side of the subgrade mainly caused wind erosion to the middle of the subgrade or the shoulder of the subgrade due to the uplift and the acceleration of the current collection due to obstacles. When the airflow crossed the railroad track on the leeward side due to decelerating settlement and vortex movement, the sand carrying capacity was drastically reduced, and the sand flow was in a state of supersaturation, which will inevitably accumulate a large amount of sand particles carried on the leeward slope [7, 8].
The vast majority of areas where the Qinghai-Tibet Railway crosses are of grassland vegetation, mainly distributed from Xidatan to Yangbajing. The process of railway construction and operation greatly affects the grassland ecosystem along the route. The grassland ecosystem along the railway is aging and degraded. In addition, during the construction of the railway, engineering sites, such as borrow pits and roadbed slopes have a huge impact on the grassland ecosystem along the line. The research and development of vegetation restoration technologies for grasslands of different site types is imminent. Based on this, we screened suitable plant species for difficult sites such as degraded alpine grasslands, roadbed slopes, and borrow sites to establish a stable and healthy plant community [9, 10].
Before vegetation restoration is carried out on the borrow site, the area to be restored shall be prepared. In areas with greater impact on the landscape, high requirements for re-vegetation, and topsoil coverage, topsoil backfilling can be implemented, and the soil can be modified by applying biological fertilizers. In areas with a general impact on the landscape, mature sheep dung and yak dung can be used to improve the soil. At the same time, when sowing the seeds of perennial herbaceous plants, mix with seed base fertilizer. For the bare land in the arid section of the alpine grassland in the north of the Tanggula Mountain of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,
The desert area is mainly distributed in the section from Golmud to Kunlun Mountain. The average soil moisture content in this section is extremely low, less than 4%. Vegetation coverage is very low, except for a few areas where vegetation coverage is higher, often less than 30%. The species richness is also very low. Land desertification is serious. Super xerophytic shrubs and semi-shrubs grow sporadically in some areas. This is the result of an extremely difficult habitat that has long been adapted to dry climates and severe water shortages. The drought-tolerant species of Chenopodiaceae, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllaceae, and other drought-tolerant plants form the arid and semi-arid desert vegetation landscape. For vegetation restoration in this area, shrubs such as
The alpine grassland area is mainly distributed between Xidatan and Fenghuoshan. The total coverage of natural vegetation is between 40% and 60%. Cold and drought-tolerant herbs such as
Sand materials accumulate in the area along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway with severe sand damage. Ordinary plant species are easily buried by sand, causing vegetation restoration to fail. Sand burial resistance test was carried out on five native herbaceous plants:
The depth of sand burial had a significant effect on the plant height and root length of 5 grasses. At the same time, seeds with a high thousand-grain weight have a high germination rate. At a burial depth of 0–6 cm, the plant height of
Therefore, in the process of vegetation restoration and reconstruction, seeds with good quality and high thousand-grain weight should be selected for the restoration of moderate sand-buried vegetation with a thickness of 1–3 cm in order to increase the rate of seed emergence and increase the rate of seedling colonization. At the same time,
The frequent occurrence of sand disasters along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has seriously threatened the safe operation of the railway. For a long time, the prevention and control of sand disasters along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have mostly adopted the management model of “distant resistance and adjacent fixation”. That is, high vertical sand barriers such as sand retaining walls are built in sections far away from the railway to block wind and sand flow, and low vertical sand barriers such as stone grids are built to fix sand surfaces in sections near the railway [13]. But in fact, this governance model does not scientifically determine the source of wind and sand and the path of wind and sand movement. The function of the sand retaining wall to block the wind and sand flow is not fully utilized. The stone grid sand barrier is often buried by the wind and sand and loses its effectiveness. A large amount of accumulated sand has posed a huge threat to railway tracks and roadbeds [14]. Therefore, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company needs to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and financial resources for manual and mechanical sand removal in the road area every year. In addition, due to the lack of sand barrier construction materials such as stone grids in some areas, has objectively pushed up the cost of prevention and control of sandstorms on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
In view of this, on the basis of scientifically determining the characteristics and mechanism of sand damage along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and fully combining the natural conditions and the degree of land desertification along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the wind-sand disaster prevention system along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been explored and developed. It broke the traditional governance model of “distant resistance and adjacent fixation”. The system mainly includes: (1) proposed the “source control, comprehensive prevention and control” governance technology model. By clarifying the source and path of sand materials, the protection and restoration of the source can be carried out to achieve source control. (2) Developed a governance technology system that combines “fixation, resistance, and transmission”. Based on the site conditions of sand-damaged sections and the suitability of sand-fixing materials, a series of “sand-fixing” technologies suitable for use along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been developed, including the use of soil modification and mulching technology, planting bag technology, and multi-grass mixed planting technology for rapid vegetation reconstruction and rapid sand fixation technology using environmentally friendly chemical sand fixation agents. The “blocking” sand technology mainly refers to the use of new High-density polyethylene (HDPE) sand barrier materials. By comparing the single-width sand transport under the conditions of natural sand transport and HDPE sand fixation barriers, the sand control efficiency of HDPE below 1 m from the ground surface can reach 67.82%, of which the sand control efficiency can reach 86.34% below 20 cm from the ground surface. The sand transport technology is mainly to invent the sand transport railway subgrade. It is mainly suitable for the severe sandstorm section of railway embankment where the main wind direction is single and the angle is large or perpendicular to the railway line, in order to reduce the threat of sandstorm. (3) Invented the technology of combining biological sand fixation with engineering sand control. It combined high vertical sand barriers, cement board grid sand barriers and vegetation restoration measures. The cold-resistant, drought-resistant, and sand-tolerant native plants selected by the project were used as vegetation restoration materials, including Elymus, Poa, and Fescue spices [15, 16].
The above-mentioned sand disaster control technology has been demonstrated and promoted in the severely sand-hazard sections of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway such as Hongliang River, Xiushui River, Beilu River, Tuotuo River, Tongtian River, Za’gya Zangbo, Cuona Lake, etc (Figure 2). The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company adopted it in the prevention and control of the 78.8 km railway section of severe sand damage. It overcomes the shortcomings of using long-distance resistance and adjacent fixation in the past to intercept sand near the railway subgrade. This has effectively curbed the occurrence of railway sand disasters. Thus, the safe operation of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is ensured.
Sand prevention and control technology along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. (a) The promotion and application of the concept of “sand fixing in the distance”. (b) Biological measures + engineering measures realize the control of sand materials from the source. (c) Low vertical net sand barriers are combined with biological measures to control sand sources. (d) High vertical net sand barriers are combined with biological measures to control sand sources.
With the operation of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, severe wind and sand disasters gradually appeared along the line, threatening the safety of the railway. There is 78.8 km of severe sand-damaged roads along the route, distributed in 7 sections from Golmud to Nanshankou, Hongliang River, Xiushui River, Beilu River, Tuotuo River, Southern of Tanggula Mountain to Za’gya Zangbo, and Cuona Lake. Sand disasters mainly occurred from November to April of the following year. “Wind and drought in the same season” makes the wind and sand activities have sufficient power conditions and material basis. The airflow encounters resistance and rises on the windward side and slows down and settles on the leeward side, resulting in the accumulation of sand on both sides of the railway subgrade. The uplift of the airflow and the acceleration of the current collection cause wind erosion in the middle of the roadbed and the road shoulder. The low clearance height of the bridge caused sand accumulation on both sides of the railway bridge. The sand along the line is rich in materials and has complex sources. The main sources of sand include river and lake sediments, desertified meadows, and grasslands. Based on the distribution pattern and cause mechanism of sand damage along the railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Sand Hazard Integrated Prevention and Control Technology System, which combines engineering and biology, and solidification, resistance, and transportation, can effectively prevent the occurrence of railway sand damage, thereby ensuring safe railway operation.
There are many scientific researchers studying sand disasters along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Our article is a brief introduction to the overall work. There are many people in the author who cannot be listed, including Jianjun Qu, Jingming Zheng, Yuzhou Ke, Shengbo Xie, Jinchang Wang, Kun Guo, and Guanglei Gao. Thank them for their contributions.
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In this chapter, basic information will be given about the classification of vegetables, preparation and cooking, and their effects on food content of vegetables and effects on health and diseases (diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer).",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Taha Gökmen Ülger, Ayşe Nur Songur, Onur Çırak and Funda Pınar\nÇakıroğlu",authors:[{id:"176588",title:"Prof.",name:"Funda Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Çakıroğlu",slug:"funda-pinar-cakiroglu",fullName:"Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu"},{id:"244239",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Çırak",slug:"onur-cirak",fullName:"Onur Çırak"},{id:"251662",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşe Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Songür",slug:"ayse-nur-songur",fullName:"Ayşe Nur Songür"},{id:"251663",title:"MSc.",name:"Taha Gökmen",middleName:null,surname:"Ülger",slug:"taha-gokmen-ulger",fullName:"Taha Gökmen Ülger"}]},{id:"62292",title:"Introductory Chapter: Quality Vegetable Production and Human Health Benefits",slug:"introductory-chapter-quality-vegetable-production-and-human-health-benefits",totalDownloads:1750,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Md Asaduzzaman and Toshiki Asao",authors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"},{id:"171564",title:"Dr.",name:"Md",middleName:null,surname:"Asaduzzaman",slug:"md-asaduzzaman",fullName:"Md Asaduzzaman"}]},{id:"58552",title:"Hydroponic Production Systems: Impact on Nutritional Status and Bioactive Compounds of Fresh Vegetables",slug:"hydroponic-production-systems-impact-on-nutritional-status-and-bioactive-compounds-of-fresh-vegetabl",totalDownloads:2315,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Hydroponic systems for vegetable production are nowadays essential to maximize productions and increase yields. Although the technical issues concerning the production are well explored and discussed, less information is available about the impact of hydroponic methods in the nutritional status of fresh vegetables and in particularly in their levels of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the aim of the current chapter is to provide accurate and updated information about their effects on compositional and bioactive properties of vegetables, comparing with conventional production mode. This chapter will be divided as the following sections: (1) introduction (introduction to the theme), (2) hydroponics and quality of vegetable produces, and (3) conclusion. With this chapter, we hope to present an updated and credible discussion, compare hydroponic versus conventional vegetables production mode, and present new consumers and producer trends.",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Alfredo Aires",authors:[{id:"175895",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Aires",slug:"alfredo-aires",fullName:"Alfredo Aires"}]},{id:"72106",title:"Bioactive Components of Magical Velvet Beans",slug:"bioactive-components-of-magical-velvet-beans",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The plant Mucuna is an annual climbing shrub with long vines that can reach over fifteen meters in length. About 100–150 Mucuna species are found in the tropic and subtropic regions of both hemispheres of the earth. The genus Mucuna belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is commonly known as Kewanch, velvet bean, cowhage and kappikachhu and is found widely in India as a hardy, herbaceous, vigorous, twining annual plant. The size and dimension of the Mucuna seeds, pods, platelets and leaves change from species to species. The hair present on pods is anthelmintic, which causes itching. People are seeking great attention towards Mucuna due to its several medicinal properties, including L-DOPA (L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) along with supplementary antioxidants that are used for treating Parkinson’s disease and many neurodegenerative diseases. Thus it is being used in about 200 medicinal formulations. The current chapter outlines the work that determines the influence of different nutritional, anti-nutritional and medicinal values and bioactive agents from different parts of the Mucuna species present in India and its importance in medicine.",book:{id:"10165",slug:"legume-crops-prospects-production-and-uses",title:"Legume Crops",fullTitle:"Legume Crops - Prospects, Production and Uses"},signatures:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi, Prajakta P. Kamble, Vishwas A. Bapat and Jyoti P. Jadhav",authors:[{id:"307840",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajakta P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Kamble",slug:"prajakta-p.-kamble",fullName:"Prajakta P. Kamble"},{id:"308178",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Suryawanshi",slug:"suresh-s.-suryawanshi",fullName:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi"},{id:"317797",title:"Prof.",name:"Viawas A.",middleName:null,surname:"Bapat",slug:"viawas-a.-bapat",fullName:"Viawas A. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/276752",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"276752"},fullPath:"/profiles/276752",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()