Indexes gain information. Otsu method.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2222",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermodynamics - Fundamentals and Its Application in Science",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Its Application in Science",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents the selection of various high level contributions involving thermodynamics. The book goes from the fundamentals up to several applications in different scientific fields. The content of the book has been classified in six sections: Classical Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, Property Prediction in Thermodynamics, Material and Products, Non Equilibrium and Thermodynamics in Diverse Areas. The classification of the book aims to provide to the reader the facility of finding the desired topic included in the book. It is expected that this collection of chapters will contribute to the state of the art in the thermodynamics area.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0779-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6241-4",doi:"10.5772/2615",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"thermodynamics-fundamentals-and-its-application-in-science",numberOfPages:556,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8a42f4f72f89572c7ad06f5e2ffe7b39",bookSignature:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2222.jpg",numberOfDownloads:79465,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:136,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 11th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 16th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"17181",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Rodriguez",slug:"ricardo-morales-rodriguez",fullName:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17181/images/2857_n.jpg",biography:"(2012-),\nCurrent Status. Professor at Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa. México.\n\n(2009-2011),\nPost doctoral researcher. \nTitle of the Project: Integrated modelling for simulation and design of novel enzymatic processes.\nTechnical University of Denmark.\nLyngby, Denmark.\n\n(2006-2009),\nPhD (Chemical Engineering). \nTitle of the Project: Computer-Aided Multiscale Modelling for Product-Process Design.\nTechnical University of Denmark.\nLyngby, Denmark.\n\n(2003-2006),\nMSc(Chemical Engineering).\nUniversidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa.\nMexico City.\n\nDr. Morales-Rodriguez has submitted several papers related with product-process design, multiscale modelling, development of computer-aided tools and the synergy of diverse modelling tools for virtual product-process design.\n\nIn his PhD research, Dr. Morales-Rodriguez has developed and computer-aided modelling tool aimed to the development of new product-process employing multiscale modelling approach that is know as the \\Virtual Product-Process Design\\.\n\nDr. Morales-Rodriguez has participated in diverse conference related with computer-aided modelling tools.\n\nCurrently, Dr. Morales-Rodriguez is developing a postdoctoral research focused on the bioethanol process design for 2G biomass. Dr. Morales-Rodriguez is also working as supervisor of MSc students at the Technical University of Denmark.\n\nDr. Morales-Rodriguez has been awarded several times:\n\nBest Poster Award:\nEuropean Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering 17 (ESCAPE 17).\nBucharest, Romania. June, 2007.\nTittle of the paper: Computer-Aided Multiscale Modelling for Chemical Process Engineering.\n\nMedal to the university merit (Mexico). \nBest average score in master studies (Chemical Engineering) at Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico.\n\nScholarship Given by Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (Mexico) to carry out the postdoctoral research (Chemical Engineering) at the Technical University of Denmark.\nJune, 2009 - Octuber, 2010.\n\nScholarship Given by Technical University of Denmark to carry out PhD research(Chemical Engineering) at the Technical University of Denmark.\nMarch, 2006 - April, 2009.\n\n\nScholarship Given by Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (Mexico) to carry out Master studies (Chemical Engineering) at Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico.\nOctober, 2003 - October, 2005.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Technical University of Denmark",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Denmark"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"704",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"39519",title:"A View from the Conservation of Energy to Chemical Thermodynamic",doi:"10.5772/51383",slug:"a-view-from-the-conservation-of-energy-to-chemical-thermodynamic",totalDownloads:6985,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ahmet Gürses and Mehtap Ejder-Korucu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39519",authors:[{id:"13853",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Gurses",slug:"ahmet-gurses",fullName:"Ahmet Gurses"},{id:"145812",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehtap",surname:"Ejder Korucu",slug:"mehtap-ejder-korucu",fullName:"Mehtap Ejder Korucu"}],corrections:null},{id:"39649",title:"Useful Work and Gibbs Energy",doi:"10.5772/50119",slug:"useful-work-and-gibbs-energy",totalDownloads:6080,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Nikolai Bazhin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39649",authors:[{id:"143161",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Bazhin",slug:"nikolai-bazhin",fullName:"Nikolai Bazhin"}],corrections:null},{id:"39722",title:"Gibbs Free Energy Formula for Protein Folding",doi:"10.5772/52410",slug:"gibbs-free-energy-formula-for-protein-folding",totalDownloads:4719,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yi Fang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39722",authors:[{id:"140703",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",surname:"Fang",slug:"yi-fang",fullName:"Yi Fang"}],corrections:null},{id:"39721",title:"Information Capacity of Quantum Transfer Channels and Thermodynamic Analogies",doi:"10.5772/50466",slug:"information-capacity-of-quantum-transfer-channels-and-thermodynamic-analogies",totalDownloads:2187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bohdan Hejna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39721",authors:[{id:"175060",title:"Dr.",name:"Bohdan",surname:"Hejna",slug:"bohdan-hejna",fullName:"Bohdan Hejna"}],corrections:null},{id:"39720",title:"Thermodynamics’ Microscopic Connotations",doi:"10.5772/51370",slug:"thermodynamics-microscopic-connotations",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"A. 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In a graphical way, this is shown in the Figure 1.
Fields in image-based research. Source: [
Image processing takes an image as input and realize a set of operations to create a new image that improves the interest feature visualization. It is not limited to; the image processing can isolate those features have not meaningful information to be removed from the scene. For Cancer Aided Diagnostic in dermoscopy, shown in Figure 2, the lesion must be bounded but there are meaningless elements as hair and air bubbles. Here, there is a need to improve the lesion visualization removing all those elements. An approach for the processing chain begins with color space transformation, continues with hair detection and finishes with image inpainting [2].
Hair Inpainting in dermoscopic images.
Computer Vision starts with an image and provides features of the object in the scene. These features allow a quantitative description for object interpretation. The Figure 3 takes the region of interest (ROI), hand for this case, and the 7 Hu’s moments are calculated to describe the hand sign as a feature vector, simplifying the classification process [3].
Static sign recognition. Source: [
Computer graphics generates a visual representation of mathematical model behavior. The models can be visualized from lines to a video that shows time evolve behaviors. Figure 4 shows a finite differences description to represent a coil with ferromagnetic core.
Numerical analysis for non-destructive electromagnetic test. Source: [
The applications are not exclusive from each field of study, these fields could be merged to generate a hybrid system that improves the description and composition to solve a specific problem. To hair removal in the Figure 2, a new image with the hair, described by a statistical operator and a thresholding rule, is generated. The inpainting takes the original and generated images to process only the pixels that do not describe the lesion, this process minimizes the classification error. The solution employees three research fields in image-based systems.
In matrix representation, the color transformation has the following form,
where
Suppose the RGB to YUV color space transformation [5],
Substituting and expanding Eq. (2),
For this case,
Because color transformations do not consider neighborhood pixels, these are known as point-to-point operations. The color spaces are described for break up color and lighting. Moreover, there are other methods to transform color spaces and simplify feature extraction in images, introducing the color index concept.
A color index can take the color space information and generates a new channel, this improves the feature visualization according to the requirements. For plant images, Yuan et al. estimates the Nitrogen content in rice from plant in the digital image [8]. Authors get a measure called GMR, see a representation in Figure 5, subtracting the red channel from green channel responses respectively. After, they apply a fixed threshold for the plant segmentation.
Colored GMR response of a leaf in an image acquired with polarized light.
The Color Index Vegetation Extraction (CIVE) is used to break up plants and soil. This allows a grow evaluation in the crops. Furthermore, the CIVE shows good response in outdoor environments [9, 10]. If the color is processed in the GMR and CIVE, the color transformation is defined as,
where
Other way to measure similarity is by Mahalanobis distance [11, 15], this is calculated by Eq. (8),
where
If
where
With the analysis above, there are 3 cases for the weight matrix:
Find features that describe the object of interest is required to calculate the similarity for each pixel in the image. The distance measure brings the similarity between the pixel and plants, background, fruit and more.
where
For digital images, an example for pixel identification is shown in Figure 6. From this figure,
Detected ROI by mean thresholding. a) Original image (Green Channel). b) Histogram (blue) and mean value (red). c) Grouped pixels.
There are two challenges using this rule: which parameters define
In state-of-art methods for threshold calculation, the Otsu method is reached [20]. This method brings thresholds that have the better separability over the data. Some indexes and separability obtained are shown in Figure 7.
CVPPP color index pixel generated dataset break up. a) B Channel from RGB space: There is no way to separate data; b) S Channel from HSV space: There is a medium separability; c) a channel from lab space: There is an acceptable break up. Green: Plant, red: Background, histogram: 64 levels.
In order to measure the quality in the data isolation, the information gain is used. The information gain, good for decision tree generation, is a data homogeneity indicator [21, 22, 23]. This allows a class probability measure for a dataset distribution, indicating that all classes have the same probability when entropy is equal to one.
Information gain is calculated by Eq. (13)
where
For threshold case,
Entropy is a random variable uncertainty measure. This is the most utilized information measure in this kind of processes [24, 25, 26]. In a normalized way, the Shannon entropy is calculated as follows
where
Considering
For the binary case,
If
If the conditional entropy
A proposed method consists in two main sections: Feature selection and classification. Feature selection takes the better features that break up those pixels in foreground and background. Classification utilizes a similarity measure to compare pixels and plant description to assign a specific class. Both processes are described below.
To select features that belong to plants in the best way, the method requires a similarity measure. This measure allows to compare and identify which can provide an acceptable separation between data. Considering a dataset with the same quantity samples of each class, the dataset has the form described in Figure 8.
Pixel dataset representation. Where
The feature
Discretized variable dataset representation. Where
For data classification, the minimum distance is wanted between the pixel and the object of interest. This analysis requires those features that describes the object to be compared with those features that describes the pixel. For plant image processing, some features are the color indexes as NCIVE, MNGRDI, GMR, etc. The feature selection is dependent to those maximizes data separation.
When the features are defined, independent statistical features are calculated. This information allows an orientation correction and distance threshold magnitude computation. According to this analysis, all components are considered independent from others, thus, the distance measure takes the third scenario. This weights those features that have more variability and brings an eccentricity adjust. An orientation correction should be applied to data because Euclidean distance is rotation variant.
For threshold calculation the standard deviations
Before calculating distances, an orientation correction is needed with the angle described by the data. Finally, the thresholding defines if a pixel is plant or not with the following rule
where
Pixel classification map. a) Data classification with decision boundary in Th; b) normalized classification map with decision boundary in [Th, 2Th, 3Th]. Green: Plant, red: Background, black: Boundary decision. Th: Computed threshold.
In the following processes the MATLAB 2020b was used in a Laptop with Xeon E3-1505 M processor with32GB RAM. In addition, only the matrix operations were used for data processing and data image representation.
According to the study in [27], the optimal color index for data break up is the L and a channels in the Lab color space. Moreover, some experiments are done according the dataset variability from the CVPPP dataset [28], which is the test dataset. In one hand, comparing both results is observable that a channel matches with [27] as best index to isolate the plant pixels. In the other hand, there are other indexes that provide an acceptable separability, NCIVE and MNGRDI, shown in Tables 1 and 2. In a comparative way, the Otsu method thresholding has a separability less than the supervised entropy.
i | Threshold | Information Gain |
---|---|---|
a | 0.3843 | 0.8421 |
NCIVE | 0.4196 | 0.8036 |
MNGRDI | 0.5294 | 0.7537 |
G | 0.3882 | 0.6913 |
b | 0.6705 | 0.6729 |
L | 0.3843 | 0.6601 |
V | 0.4078 | 0.6387 |
S | 0.5294 | 0.6014 |
R | 0.3137 | 0.4325 |
H | 0.5098 | 0.1597 |
B | 0.247 | 0.0074 |
Indexes gain information. Otsu method.
i | Threshold | Information Gain |
---|---|---|
a | 0.3968 | 0.8471 |
NCIVE | 0.4444 | 0.8428 |
MNGRDI | 0.5238 | 0.7467 |
G | 0.3174 | 0.7265 |
V | 0.4078 | 0.6894 |
b | 0.6507 | 0.6786 |
L | 0.3333 | 0.6601 |
S | 0.492 | 0.6055 |
R | 0.2857 | 0.4489 |
H | 0.1904 | 0.3629 |
B | 0.063 | 0.0748 |
Indexes gain information. Supervised entropy.
Other observation is the similarity in the order of separability quality. Moreover, the supervised entropy knows the data meaning, consequently, the quality measure is better in most of the cases.
In Figure 11 some examples of the index threshold data separability are shown. From here, is observed twice best cases, with an acceptable separability, and twice worst cases, with no apparent separability way.
Thresholds and information gains for some color indexes. Left: Supervised entropy method, right: Otsu method.
Finally, Classification map for plant description pixels based on a-NCIVE indexes is shown in the Figure 12.
Classification map for plant pixel segmentation. Th: Computed threshold.
According to this model, the pixels can be classified as plant or not. Some visual results are shown in the Figure 13.
Visual results in plant image segmentation for CVPPP dataset.
The thresholding methods are effective when the problem data is defined and the superposition between groups is minimum. Furthermore, they are simple methods that provide acceptable results in the segmentation problem. The combination of methods is possible to rise the quality in the models.
The entropy, in a supervised way, can improve the data separability. Because Otsu methods minimizes the variance between groups, the quality in the results using supervised entropy is improved in consequence of consider data meaning. The supervised methods know the expected response, breaking up data in corresponding classes. Otsu only allow clustering data that have not a well-defined meaning yet.
The distance measures refer to reach a similarity in the compared data. It only needs a reference description of the studied object. In this case, all pixels are defined as plant, in a statistical way, a reference with the new pixels going to compared and classified. Thus, the segmentation is possible on those pixels that belong to plant and discard those are not.
From Tables 1 and 2, the best indexes have the same order in both results. Furthermore, the calculated threshold improves the data separability for the supervised entropy case. This allows development of classification maps like in Figure 12 to consider those indexes that achieve the best pixels break up. Figure 11 shown some separation scenarios where pixels that are plant (Green distribution) and are not (Red distribution). Finally, the classification map, shown in Figure 12, illustrates the best classifier obtained with the method to select pixels that belong to plant class.
To M. Minervi et al. for providing their dataset. This work is supported by Instituto Politecnico Nacional de Mexico (IPN) (Grant ID: 20201681) and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), project 240820.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) are a type of arrhythmia defined with a narrow QRS complex (<120 msec) and regular tachycardia [>100 beats per minute (bpm)]. Erroneous impulse formation and abnormalities in the conduction pathways (known as reentry mechanism) are blamed for their pathophysiology. Patients may be admitted with a wide range of symptoms, from minor palpitations to severe symptoms such as hypotension and altered mental status. Complaints can last from a few minutes to hours. They often present to the emergency department (ED) due to acute episodes known as paroxysmal SVT (PSVT).
The incidence of SVT is approximately 1–3 cases per 1000 persons and its prevalence increases with age [1]. Atrioventricular (AV) Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT) is most common in middle age and older, while SVT with accessory conduction is more common in younger patients. PSVT can also be triggered by coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (MI), mitral valve regurgitation (MVR), rheumatic heart disease, pericarditis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and intoxications via alcohol/caffeine/energy drink.
Ectopic SVT usually originates in the atrium and the atrial velocity is 100–250 bpm (mostly recorded to be between 140 and 200 bpm). Regular P waves may be misdiagnosed as atrial flutter or 2:1 AV block, sinus rhythm. Sixty-percent of the patients have reentry with AV node, and 20% have reentry via bypass pathways. In SVT, QRS complex is narrow (<0.12 seconds), or wide in conjunction with a previously known branch/fascicular block or rate-dependent aberrant conduction.
Reentrant SVT usually starts when the AV node encounters an ectopic atrial impulse while the AV node is in the partial refractory period. From here, the impulse proceeds with two different functional parallel arms (Figure 1). The node is below the ventricular ending and above the atrium. In the case of AV nodal reentry, QRS complexes usually hide the P waves and are not visible. These have a 1:1 message and QRS complexes are normal (Table 1).
(a) Re-entry mechanism in AVNRT. Among the subtypes, the most common type is slow-fast re-entrant type AVNRT. (b) ECG findings of this type of SVT:P waves are often hidden in QRS complexes, a false R′ wave (pseudo-R) may be seen in V1 and/or V2 and false S waves (pseudo-S) may be seen in II, III, aVF.
Tachycardias | A/AV | ECG findings |
---|---|---|
Sinus tachycardia | A | Heart rate > 100/min Sinus rhythm (P waves) Regular PR intervals |
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) | A | Similar to sinus tachycardia Sinus rhythm (P waves) |
Sinus nodal reentrant tachycardia | A | Sudden start and end Sinus rhythm (P waves) |
Atrial tachycardia | A | Heart rate 120–250/min P waves with different configurations Prolonged PR interval |
Multifocal atrial tachycardia | A | Heart rate > 100–200/min Three different P wave morphologies |
Atrial flutter | A | Atrial rate 200–300/min Sawtooth flutter waves AV conduction ratio 2:1 or 4:1 |
Atrial fibrillation | A | Irregular rhythm P waves are not visible |
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia | AV | Heart rate 150–200/min P wave inside or immediately after the QRS complex Short PR interval in typical AVNRT Long PR interval in atypical AVNRT |
Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia | AV | Heart rate 150–250/min Narrow QRS complexes in orthodromic conduction Wide QRS complexes in antidromic conduction P waves after the QRS complex |
The differential diagnosis of narrow QRS tachycardia with ECG findings in patients presenting with PSVT. (A) Denotes atrial tachyarrhythmias and (AV) atrioventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Ectopic SVT can be seen in patients with acute MI, chronic lung disease, pneumonia, alcohol or digoxin intoxication (often associated with AV block). Atrial tachycardia with block is also frequently (75%) associated with digoxin toxicity. Reentrant SVT is mostly associated with normal heart or rheumatic heart disease, acute pericarditis, MI, and MVR.
Tachycardia is usually the only finding in those with normal hemodynamic reserve. A previously ‘normal’ heart can tolerate a ‘typical’ SVT rate of 160–200 bpm in a given timeframe. However, cardiac output is generally decreased and may lead to signs of heart failure (HF) in the intact myocardium in those with high heart rates. Coronary artery disease, chest pain and dyspnea occur in patients due to tachycardia. Heart failure and pulmonary edema may occur with decreased left ventricular function. In the presence of right heart failure, tachypnea, hypotension, third heart sound (S3), jugular venous distension (JVD), peripheral edema and hepatomegaly may be observed.
Although serious signs such as loss of consciousness and syncope increase the risk, SVT is generally not a severe or life-threatening condition. The most common complaints encountered in symptomatic patients presenting with PSVT are as follows: palpitation (96%), dizziness/lightheadedness (75%), dyspnea (47%) and chest pain (35%). Patients with a heart rate above 170 bpm may experience dizziness and syncope.
Since the hypotensive event and episode of hypoxia may have triggered the arrhythmia, the history should be extended in terms of diseases such as gastrointestinal bleeding, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, carbon monoxide poisoning and pneumonia, especially in cases presenting with the first attack. Drugs such as nitrate or diuretic, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEI)-5 (sildenafil), alpha-blocker that may cause new onset hypotension should also be questioned in history.
Further examination of the patients who are stable at admission and have been converted to NSR immediately is unnecessary in the emergency setting. Cardiac enzymes should be evaluated in patients with risk factors for MI, those presenting with chest pain, unstable patients and patients with HF, hypotension, and pulmonary edema. A complete blood count (CBC) is useful in showing anaemia that can cause ischemia or tachycardia. Thyroid function tests can be used to rule out hyperthyroidism. Serum digoxin levels should be checked in patients using the agent.
If the reentry circuit is within the atrial myocardium; atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and some types of atrial tachycardia may occur. In this situation, AV node suppressing agents slow down the tachyarrhythmia but do not convert it.
In some re-entry tachycardias, the reentry circuit is in the AV node. These arrhythmias, which are characterized by a sudden onset and end, are recognized with a resting heart rate of over 150 bpm.
AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) occurs when both arms of the reentry circuit are in the AV node; the typical finding is that P waves cannot be discerned in this form (Figure 1B).
One arm of the reentry circuit is in the accessory pathway and the other is in the AV node, called ‘AV reentry tachycardia’ (AVRT).
AVNRT and AVRT are both PSVT.
If at least one branch of the circuit is in the AV node, AV node suppressing agents will have a chance to terminate the arrhythmia.
Another group called automatic tachycardias are generated due to an excited automatic stimulus focus, including ectopic atrial tachycardia, MAT and junctional tachycardias. Termination of these will be more gradual and slower. These do not respond to electrical cardioversion (ECV), furthermore, these are arrhythmias for which ECV is contraindicated. These are treated with rate control with agents that slow down AV conduction.
Triggering diseases and infections such as edema and pneumonia can be displayed on chest radiography. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS)/echocardiography may be useful in suspected structural heart disease.
First choice should be vagal manoeuvers (VM) followed by adenosine for termination of stable PSVT. The most common practical applications for this purpose in the context of VM include carotid sinus massage (CSM) and Valsalva. Apart from these, there are also techniques such as cold-water immersion and massage on the eyeball, which used to be more common in the past (Figure 2).
Algorithm for emergency treatment of narrow-QRS tachycardia in the absence of previously established diagnosis.
The VM slows down the AV node and lengthens the refractory period within the node. It also has a negative inotropic effect on the ventricular myocardium. VM is also indicated for the examination of cardiac murmurs.
Valsalva manoeuver is the most commonly used VM because it is easy and practical. In most guidelines, it is primarily recommended for regular tachycardia treatment with narrow QRS. It is more successful in AVRT than AVNRT. Valsalva should not be administered to patients whose hemodynamic stability is not attained, those with known aortic stenosis, recent MI, and those who have diseases in which an increase in venous pressures may be dangerous.
Different percentages (19–54%) are reported for clinical success rate. Although a Cochrane review recently announced that there is insufficient evidence to support or refute its effectiveness, it is widely used all over the world [2]. In a recent multi-centric controlled study in China, SMV was found to be 43% successful and standard Valsalva 17% successful in terminating PSVT.
For standard Valsalva, the patient with stable narrow QRS and regular tachycardia sits in a comfortable position. After inspiration with normal tidal volume, it is asked to try to move the piston for 15 seconds by blowing into the injector with a 10- or 20-ml needle removed (trying to reach a pressure of 40 mmHg).
SMV is commenced in a semi-sitting position, after blowing for 15 seconds, the patient assumes a supine position and the legs are passively lifted concurrently. After waiting in this way for 15–30 seconds, the resting period starts, and the process is completed in around 1 minute.
CSM is applied under monitoring in the supine position, unilaterally with the neck facing the opposite side and in extension. The procedure can be performed with or without Valsalva manoeuver. At the carotid bulb where the carotid pulsation is taken, rubbing is performed with gentle pressure, without occluding the arterial flow. The process is completed in 5 seconds in a posteromedial direction, aiming toward the vertebral column. Double-sided procedure is absolutely contraindicated. It is not attempted in patients with a history of transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke and a murmur in the carotid artery area.
CSM is applied to clarify the diagnosis, especially in syncope work up, in people who are thought to have a sensitive carotid sinus. Hypersensitive carotid sinus findings comprise persistent asystole or a drop in systolic blood pressure > 50 mmHg, lasting for at least 3 seconds just after CSM.
Six-milligrams of adenosine is given via IV route in patients with PSVT who do not respond to the VM (Class I, LOE B). Then 20 ml of saline is flushed via the same vein. If sinus rhythm is not restored within 1–2 minutes, repeat 12 mg of the agent [3]. Continuous ECG monitoring is required to keep track of the rhythm.
In case of continuation of SVT or triggering of AF/flutter, non-dihydropyridine group CCB (diltiazem or verapamil) (Class IIa, LOE B) or beta-blocker (metoprolol) need to be given (Class IIa, LOE C) to slow down the AV node for a long time. CCB should not be given in cases of decompensated HF or wide-complex tachycardia in adults and in young children. Likewise, concomitant use of different antiarrhythmic medications should be discouraged. Combined use of AV nodal blocking agents can cause severe bradyarrhythmias. Agents such as amiodarone, procainamide, sotalol can provide rate control in AF/flutter, and sometimes they can cause sinus rhythm. Thromboembolic complications should also be sought after conversion.
The aforementioned agents may not be beneficial in patients with PSVT triggered by preexcitation such as WPW or LGL, and they may trigger fatal arrhythmias by increasing the ventricular rate (Class III, LOE C). It will be correct to ask for a consultation.
There are at least three different P wave morphologies originating from the atrium in the ECG tracks. There are also variable PP, PR and RR ranges. The heart rate is above 100 beats per minute and the rhythm is irregular. It can be mistakenly interpreted as AF. The typical patient is the elderly one with chronic lung disease such as COPD. Treatment is to correct the underlying disease. Standard antiarrhythmics are ineffective in suppressing multiple atrial ectopias and these agents may have toxic effects. Also, digoxin depresses the AV node and slows the ventricular rate. In the management, magnesium sulphate 2 g IV is given within 60 seconds; followed by administration of 1–2 g/hour with a constant infusion rate. Verapamil slows down the ventricular response with 5–10 mg IV administration, reduces ectopic stimuli in some patients, and provides conversion to sinus rhythm in many patients.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the inactive ‘worm bag-like’ oscillations of the atria, which means there is no true atrium contraction. Different electrical vectors move in different directions simultaneously from the atrial myocardium, causing irregular and rapid impulses. Regular atrial activity is not recorded in AF. There are no P waves and no sawtooth/flutter waves. There are only irregular, unequal oscillations called F waves. Although the atrial rate is around 400 bpm, it is limited by the refractory period and can be very variable. The RR intervals are unequal; thus it is an irregular rhythm. Acute AF, which prompts a visit to the ED is therefore common in the emergency, is often discloses a high ventricular rate.
AF is the most common rhythm disorder encountered and managed by emergency physicians following only sinus tachycardia [4, 5]. Majority of patients with AF and atrial flutter (AFL) can be treated and discharged in the ED without the need for hospitalization. As the age increases, AF is encountered more frequently, with a male predominance.
AF can be acute or chronic. Patients with acute AF (AAF) mostly present with a rapid ventricular response, that is, more than 100 beats per minute. In chronic AF, the ventricular response can be normal, high or low (Figure 3A and B).
Atrial fibrillation with normal (A) and rapid (B) ventricular response.
AAF is the term used for AF that lasted no longer than 48 hours from the onset of an attack. It is an entity triggered by many reasons; poor outcomes of AAF arise mostly due to hemodynamic instability and thromboembolic events. The most common causes are mitral valve diseases, acute coronary syndromes (ACS)/ischemic heart disease and thyrotoxicosis (Table 2).
Causes that trigger AAF | Factors predisposing to acute or chronic AF |
---|---|
Structural cardiac abnormalities/cardiomyopathies/valvular diseases, mainly mitral |
|
Inflammation/infections/fever (may or may not affect the heart directly | |
Fluid/electrolyte disorders, dehydration | |
Strenous exercise/athletic training | |
Hormonal and autonomic nervous system disorders | |
ACS/atherosclerosis/coronary heart disease | |
Intoxications: carbon monoxide/alcohol | |
Hypoxemia | |
Pulmonary embolism | |
Overt release/intake of thyroid hormones |
Triggering causes of AAF and predisposing factors to acute or chronic AF.
In AF, HF may ensue because the heart cannot achieve pump activity as it did normally before, especially at high ventricular rates. Patients with AF are also predisposed to peripheral venous and atrial embolism with the risk of pulmonary and systemic arterial embolism. Like cancer, cardiovascular diseases including AF impose several risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms, including inflammation and alterations in platelet function, which ultimately result in thromboembolism [6]. Likewise, some risk factors increase tendency of AF and venous thrombosis together, such as obesity [7]. Five to 15% of patients with chronic AF can be expected to have thromboembolism once a year. Therefore, patients with chronic AF should regularly use anticoagulant medication while addressing other necessary measures to mitigate any other risk factors for thromboembolism.
Hemodynamic stability and recognition of factors which precipitate the arrhythmia are to be addressed at first. The onset of rhythm disorder should be especially questioned with special regard to acute/chronic distinction. It should be treated as chronic AF and the presence of thrombi should be ruled out if the clinician is not persuaded that it is an acute/
In patients with AAF a pulse rate of around 180 bpm which may cause instability, is recorded frequently, and in rare cases, it may pose a danger by exceeding 200 bpm. In cases with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, which has an aberrant conduction pathway, extremely high heart rates can be life-threatening as a result of by-passed AV node [8].
Approximately half of the patients presenting with AAF return to sinus rhythm within 48 hours. This rule is especially true for those whose etiology is highlighted, and treatment is commenced.
AF frequently accompanies hypertension. In contrary developed countries, AF is also common in the setting of rheumatic heart diseases, especially with mitral stenosis in developing countries. Loss of atrial contractions, especially in cases of left ventricular failure, may lead to the acute exacerbation or worsening of HF.
Common complaints in patients with AF are fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The reason for this is that the ejection fraction is reduced due to AF. Another important consequence of AF is that it predisposes to stroke and peripheral acute artery occlusions as a result of the formation of atrial thrombi. Troponin-positive coronary artery disease was detected in 5% of the patients who presented to the ED with AAF. Acute-onset AF, especially, should be considered ACS until proven otherwise. Thromboembolic disease is a major complication of AF and must be ruled out in every patient with AF. Five to 15% of these patients experience embolic/ischemic stroke every year.
Differential diagnosis of AAF includes entities such as AFL, PSVT, sinus rhythm, and AV nodal tachycardia [9]. These diseases can be easily differentiated from each other basically both with their clinical features and their ECGs.
Unlike the clinical features of AAF outlined above, PSVT cases describe the onset of the arrhythmia very clearly. Most of the cases have gained experience and are knowledgeable about CSM, Valsalva manoeuver, and rhythm correcting agents, and some even present to the ED only after failing to treat themselves with manoeuvers. Its findings are more stable, serious findings are rarely detected. Pharmacological cardioversion (PCV) with agents such as metoprolol and diltiazem is generally uneventful. Of these, verapamil is used less frequently than before, due to its side effect profile. Electrical cardioversion (ECV) is required in a small group, ECV can be applied with low doses such as 50 J.
Patients with AFL (flutter) can notice that the attack has started more clearly than those with AF, and they tend to come to the ED more acutely and a worse condition can be noted. It may accompany acute coronary syndromes including AMI and unstable angina pectoris. Therefore, these patients present with chest pain, dyspnea and hypotension more commonly in this group, compared to AF. The ventricular rate, or pulse rate, changes according to the degree of AV block, which directly affects the clinical status and stability. Since the atrial rate is generally around 300 bpm, the ventricular rate is often recorded as 75, 100 or 150 bpm, which exactly correspond to 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 blocks. For ECV, 30–50 J with monophasic defibrillators is usually sufficient.
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) is mostly seen in advanced stages of chronic lung diseases and critical HF. It has also been reported in cases of theophylline poisoning and those who consume caffeine excessively. Atrial rhythm is usually between 100 and 180 bpm. ECV is not indicated in this entity.
Differential diagnosis by ECG:
In a patient whose clinic is suitable for the diagnosis of MAT, at least three different P wave structures and variable P–P, P-R, and R-R intervals are sought in the ECG tracing. In AFL, at around 300 atrial velocities, regular waves called saw tooth (seesaw), characterized by the absence of isoelectric line, are seen. Findings are best observed in limb leads II, III, and aVF.
The presence of fibrillation (f) waves replacing the isoelectric line in the ECG in patients with AF, the absence of a consistent and continuously traceable P wave, are observed as ‘irregular’ rhythm characterized by the inequality of R-R intervals. As a rule, QRS waves are normal, that is, narrow. Delta waves and short PR should be investigated for concomitant WPW syndrome.
The purpose of imaging in AAF cases under emergency conditions is to collect information about differential diagnoses and triggering causes, and more importantly, to anticipate and prevent thromboembolic events.
There are no ‘routine’ laboratory examinations to be ordered in every case of AF, instead, a cost-effective list of workup can be culminated for each individual patient. For example, pulmonary embolism can be distinguished by POCUS-computed tomography-angiography. Other diseases associated with or triggering AF can be sought for via chest radiography; findings compatible with pneumonia, congestive heart failure, enlargement of the heart chambers, chronic pericarditis, aneurysm can be investigated. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) level is critical in guiding the treatment in cases where carbon monoxide poisoning is thought to be the trigger for AAF attack. ECG, troponin and creatine kinase levels can yield vital findings in terms of acute ischemic heart disease. Haemoglobin and haematocrit should be requested in terms of acute haemorrhagic losses, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels should be requested for uremic pericarditis or RF. Oxygenation should be measured under emergency conditions with pulse oximetry, hypoxemia should be excluded and corrected, if any. In cases such as diabetic ketoacidosis or COPD, arterial blood gas analysis should be used.
In a recent study, it has been reported that patients with NT-proBNP levels below 450 pg./ml mostly reverted to sinus rhythm during their hospital stay, whereas patients with values above 1800 pg./ml are found to have persistent AF [10]. For this reason, BNP levels need to be requested in patients with dyspnea, in order to distinguish between heart failure and lung disease. If thyroid diseases such as thyrotoxicosis, Basedow-Graves’ disease, multinodular goitere are considered as triggering causes, T3, T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone levels will be useful.
It is vital to exclude pericardial tamponade due to trauma and patients with suspected cardiac arrest (asystole or pulseless electrical activity) despite the electrical activity on the ECG under emergency conditions. In addition, POCUS/echocardiography evaluates the size and motion of the heart chambers, the presence of a heart-related mass, valve problems and the presence of intracardiac thrombus. In this way, important information can be obtained with a low-cost, simple application at the bedside.
The most important limitation of the technique is that its reliability and accuracy are dependent on the experience and ability of the operator. Since the results can also change with the position that can be given to the patient, there is a limitation in cases who cannot easily change position or those with obesity.
For ideal cardiac USG/POCUS, lowering the pulse is important. For this, depending on the condition of the patient with atrial tachyarrhythmia, beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker agents can be used.
Beta-blockers (metoprolol) may be preferred in young people with anxiety, coronary artery disease or hyperthyroidism, and calcium channel blockers in other groups and in patients who are contraindicated to beta-blockers such as asthma. PO/IV metoprolol should be preferred for beta blockade and IV esmolol in more urgent cases. Diltiazem, one of the calcium channel blockers, is the first choice due to its more positive side effect profile than verapamil. Concomitant administration of metoprolol and calcium channel blocker in selected cases is acceptable, but attention should be paid to dose adjustment and titration to effect.
Echocardiography can be performed by transesophageal (TEE) or transthoracic (TTE) methods in patients with AF. Since TEE is performed using the oesophageal probe, it both takes images from the window closer to the heart anatomically and gives a more accurate result as it eliminates the blocking effect of the chest and ribs. However, in some cases, it is difficult to tolerate and may take longer. TTE is a faster diagnostic tool chosen under emergency conditions. TEE is more sensitive in showing the left atrium, left atrial appendix (LAA), atrial septum, and aortic arch. For example, potential sources of cardiac embolism that may be overlooked by TTE in stroke cases can be determined by TEE.
The cause of cardiac embolism can be found in nearly 80% of the cases with TEE in patients with an uncertain cause of stroke. With TTE, this rate is lower, between 15 and 40%. TTE is often chosen in elderly patients with a known cardioembolic cause. TEE yields better results in patients under 50 years of age for whom the cause of stroke cannot be determined.
In a detailed echocardiographic examination to be performed in patients with AF, hemodynamic variables such as mean diastolic mitral gradient, pulmonary artery pressure, mitral valve area, tricuspid and mitral regurgitation, left atrial diameter should be measured and given quantitatively. In addition, the Wilkins mitral valve score is calculated. For example, in different studies, the mitral valve score and tricuspid valve involvement among those with mitral stenosis were found to be higher in patients with AF than those with sinus rhythm, indicating the prevalence of rheumatic activity [11].
Echocardiographic findings are closely related to the clinical course. For example, in studies examining the variables that affect the conversion of AF cases to sinus rhythm, the duration of AF attack less than 24 hours, young age, left atrial diameter and absence of primary heart disease appear as independent variables. Doğan et al. found only the duration of AF as an effective factor in conversion [12]. In this study, the mean left atrium diameter of patients presenting with AF was found to be 39.0 mm.
In recent years, after correction of AF with ECV, attention has been drawn to the ‘stunning’ phenomenon and related TTE findings have been underlined. Decreased LAA flow rates, decreased LAA discharge fraction, decreased transmitral inflow rates, and the appearance of spontaneous echo contrast has been reported as findings indicating atrial stunning.
In cases presenting with AAF, the treatment of the underlying disease, eliminating pain and anxiety, providing oxygenation and correcting the hemodynamics are primary and mandatory goals to achieve. After this treatment, a return to sinus rhythm can be accomplished without any other intervention in most cases.
Apart from this basic principle, there are three mainstays in the treatment of AF cases.
Provision of normal sinus rhythm and maintaining its stability,
Although AF is not terminated, reducing the heart rate to a normal/acceptable level
Prevention of formation of mural thrombi (besides ACS, some malignancies, aneurysm etc. can also lead to a tendency of thrombus formation)
If rapid ventricular rate AAF is accompanied by rate-related symptoms (HF, pulmonary edema, dyspnea, impaired consciousness, ischemic chest pain), rate control should be provided immediately. As with flutter, agents such as diltiazem, verapamil or beta blocker (propranolol or metoprolol) can be used. ECV should be considered in those with acute hemodynamic compromise.
When AAF cases are considered to be hemodynamically stable, one of two ways is chosen in treatment. These two options, known as rhythm control or rate control, are selected and applied in accord with the patient’s clinical characteristics. Stiell et al. in their population-based study in Canada examined whether the methods conducted in different centres differed from each other [4]. It was observed that the rhythm control strategy was applied to approximately 60% of 1018 AAF and AFL cases, and ECV was performed primarily for 40% of them. In total, 83% of the patients were discharged from the ED successfully. The variables that affect the choice of rhythm control strategy and the decision of ECV independently from other factors were determined as age, previous ECV history, presence of HF, and the centre admitted the patient (Figure 4).
Left atrial thrombus appearance in POCUS/ECHO in a female patient presenting with AF with rapid ventricular rate. The patient’s condition was improved with medical therapy, diltiazem infusion, and electrical cardioversion was abandoned.
In general, treatment strategies can be divided into conservative (preparation for elective ECV after speed control and anticoagulation) and aggressive (performing cardioversion as ECV or chemical/pharmacological cardioversion (PCV) in appropriate patients under safety precautions in the ED). It has been reported that there are important differences between physicians and disciplines in terms of approach to AAF.
ECV or PCV can be applied under emergency conditions to provide the conversion of AAF to sinus rhythm. The difference between cardioversion performed under emergency conditions and elective procedure is that the rhythm is returned to normal without anticoagulation in emergency practice, whereas in an elective procedure, it would be clarified that there is no thrombus and other contraindications are excluded, and the cardioversion procedure is performed.
Therefore, it should be ensured as much as possible that less than 48 hours have passed from the onset of AAF for ECV and that the patient does not pose a high risk for embolic stroke [5]. If you cannot be sure how long has passed, a rate control strategy should be adopted at first. Therapeutic anticoagulation should be commenced in these cases 3 weeks before and 4 weeks following ECV. However, in the case of unplanned cardioversion, AHA and ESC guidelines agree that cardioversion can be performed after an echocardiographic examination for thrombus exclusion [13]. Canadian Cardiology Society guidelines recommend that in patients with AF lasting for 12–48 hours, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is solely abdicable in patients with a low risk of stroke (CHADS2-score: 0–1). Since the duration of AF does not necessarily correlate with the occurrence of thrombi and AF-onset is often unsure, low-risk TOE prior to cardioversion should be employed [14].
In a very recent study, Bellone et al. randomized 247 patients into these two groups (ECV vs. PCV) [15]. The success rate of ECV was higher (89 vs. 73%). The mean time period spent in the ED is also much shorter in the ECV group (180 vs. 420 minutes). Side effects and adverse events occurred in a short time and in very small subgroups. Similarly, Cristoni et al. published a study in 2010, which showed that by establishing a short observation unit linked with the ED, these cases could be effectively treated without the need for hospitalization [16]. In this study, they were randomized to ECV (
More than 60% of patients return to normal sinus rhythm with 100 J and more than 80% with 200 J. ECV will benefit the patient only if the precipitating event is resolved. Therefore, ECV is only an emergency solution to save time (Table 3).
ESC | AHA/ACC/HRS | CCS |
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Favouring rhythm control: | ||
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ESC, AHA/ACC/HRS and CCS guidelines on indications for rhythm control.
Drugs used in PCV are predominantly Class IC and III, according to Vaughan-Williams classification. Recently, Conti et al. reported that flecainide, propafenone or amiodarone were administered to a total of 378 patients in a non-randomized design for PCV in the Italian Eds, and 87% of the total group returned to sinus rhythm within 6 hours [17]. The success rates of the three drugs were 72, 55 and 30%, respectively (
In a Croatian study, it has been reported that a success rate close to 100% has been achieved via PCV by administering three drugs from different pharmacological classes consecutively within a certain protocol [18].
Class I agents that produce antiarrhythmic effects by blocking sodium channels are divided into groups IA, IB and IC. Class IC drugs are one of the groups with the highest potential to terminate AAF via PCV. Propafenone, which is frequently used for this purpose in many centres, is also in this group. It should be selected in young patients with AF without structural heart disease. Bradycardia and heart failure, which can be life-threatening, can be seen rarely with this agent.
Although amiodarone (Class III; blocking sodium and potassium channels) is one of the most effective antiarrhythmic agents, it is less effective in the termination of AAF by PCV. A feature that does not exist in other drugs is that it can be used safely in individuals with the poor general condition, the elderly and/or those with underlying structural heart disease.
IV: Infused primarily 150 mg/10 minutes. Then 1 mg/min is infused for 6 hours, 0.5 mg/min for 18 hours. The maximum total dose is 10 g. It can be continued orally (100–200 mg/day).
Can the patients terminate AF themselves? Yes. One approach that can also be seen as a variant of the rhythm control strategy is that individuals with infrequent attacks are given a certain training, and these individuals immediately receive PCV by taking the appropriate medication right next to them. This approach, also known as the ‘drug in the pocket’ concept, can be used very beneficially in selected patient groups.
Flecainide (95%) and ibutilide (76%) were found to be the most effective drugs used for PCV in 376 patients with AAF in the ED [19]. Amiodarone, digoxin and diltiazem have very low success rates. A striking result is an observation that patients presenting with low blood pressure and who had a short period of time from the onset of AF to treatment revert to sinus rhythm with higher success.
For PCV, propafenone from group IC can be used for conversion of AF to NSR. For this purpose, 600 mg propafenone (4 × 150 mg tb) is administered orally at a time and the patient is expected to convert within a few hours. This procedure is only recommended in the hospital.
ECG monitoring is recommended because a prolonged period of asystole, rarely syncope or prolonged bradyarrhythmias may occur during ‘successful’ conversion.
When midazolam and fentanyl are administered at recommended doses and under appropriate conditions, the side effect profile is at an acceptable level (Table 4). In the presence of signs of opioid overdose that may occur, albeit very rarely, naloxone should be used by titrating at the recommended doses in the table. Ketamine, which is widely used for sedoanalgesia in other indications, is not preferred in this group of cases as it may have tachycardic effects.
Medication | Starting dose (adult ∼70 kg) | Dose/kg (for titration) | Duration of effect | Side effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
Midazolam (for sedation, anxiolysis) | 1–2 mg IV | 0.04–0.06 mg/kg (IV/IM) | 60–90 minutes | Respiratory depression, hypotension (very rare at recommended doses) |
Etomidate (for sedation, anxiolysis) | 15–20 mg IV | 0.2–0.3 mg/kg IV | 20–30 minutes | Myoclonus, adrenocortical suppression in long-term administration |
Fentanyl (for analgesia) | 1–2 mcg/kg IV | 0.5–1.0 mcg/kg IV | 1–2 hours | Respiratory depression, chest rigidity (very rare at recommended doses) |
Naloxone (narcotic antagonist) | 0.2–0.4 mg IV (up to 2 mg) | 0.4 mg IV | 2–3 hours | Tachycardia |
Sedatives and narcotics, doses, duration of action and expected side effects for sedoanalgesia used in ECV procedure in the ED. the drugs are used by an experienced emergency physician or anaesthesiologist, titrated with respect to the response of the patient.
Rate control strategy is a treatment approach preferred in patients with AF attacks thought to recur especially in those with structural heart disease, coronary artery disease, and advanced age. It is aimed to improve the symptoms by reducing the heart rate. Patients who are not selected/unsuitable for ECV are evaluated in the rate control group.
Antiarrhythmic agents such as beta-blockers (metoprolol), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem), and amiodarone are widely used for rate control. The serious toxic effects of amiodarone on many organs and systems limit its use. Digoxin is also a frequently used agent in the past, but it is rarely recommended in contemporary practice.
IV beta-blocker and nondihydropyridine CCB (diltiazem) is the drug of choice for acute rate control in AF with rapid ventricular response (Class IIa, LOE A).
Digoxin and amiodarone can be used for rate control in patients with CHF + AF. However, after the use of amiodarone, the risk of return to sinus rhythm and resultant embolization should be taken into account.
A large complex, irregularly irregular rhythm may reflect an AF with pre-excitation (WPW/LGL). Expert consultation should be obtained early.
Adenosine, CCB, digoxin and β-blocking agents that cause AV nodal block should be avoided, as they pose a risk of increasing the ventricular rate.
These cases are often converted to NSR with emergency ECV. If this is unavailable, other than above mentioned objectionable agents can be tried.
Procainamide is a widely used agent in most parts of the world for PCV. In a study in which the ‘Ottawa Aggressive Protocol’ put forward in Canada in the last decade was tested, 660 AAF (4.9% AFL) cases were taken as a cohort [20]. If it could not be understood whether the AAF attack lasted longer than 48 hours, the presence of mural thrombus was examined by TEE. Initially, IV procainamide was given to all cases, and a conversion rate of 58.3% was achieved. ECV procedure was performed in all remaining 243 cases, it was successful in 91.7% of them. Recurrent attacks were observed in 8.6% of the cases within 7 days. The patients stayed in the ED for an average of 4.9 hours (3.9 hours in patients with PCV, 6.5 hours in patients with ECV) and 96.8% were discharged from the ED.
In AF cases in which effective contractions do not occur, blood may undergo stasis and turn into clots, especially in the left atrium. This phenomenon is clearly seen in AF patients lasting for 48 hours and older. The delivery of these clots to the arterial circulation via the aorta occurs most often during the conversion of AAF to normal sinus rhythm, so it is important to demonstrate that there is no clot for ECV/PCV of chronic AF. Arterial circulation may stop in any part of the body with this event called thromboembolism of mural thrombi. Apart from AF, cancer, haematological problems, coronary artery disease, heart failure and ventricular aneurysms can pave the way to thrombus formation. Acute arterial occlusion, renal infarction, acute mesenteric embolism may occur, but the most important morbidity is that it causes cerebral thromboembolism or stroke.
Warfarin (Coumadine) and heparin are agents that prevent fibrin formation, they are in the anticoagulant group. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA, Aspirin) and clopidogrel (Plavix) or ticagrelor (Brilinta) are antiaggregant or antiplatelet agents. The combined use of P2Y12 inhibitor and ASA is called dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT). Among these, warfarin prevents clot formation in the most efficient way, provides full effectiveness within a few days after its use, and requires monitoring with prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) level every 4–8 weeks. In recent years, the ‘triple antiplatelet therapy’ (TAPT) method has been in question, with the addition of an agent from the DOAC group (such as dabigatran/rivaroxaban) to the DAPT regimen. Recent reports pointed out that TAPT strategy may be associated with higher bleeding episodes and mortality compared to a DAPT regimen—the combination of an anticoagulant and a P2Y12 inhibitor [21].
As of the update in January 2019, the following recommendations are in effect: [22].
If the CHA2DS2-VASc score is > = 2 in AF + ACS cases, warfarin (vitamin K antagonist-VKA) ‘triple therapy/triple therapy’ (TAPT) is recommended in addition to the DAPT (aspirin + P2Y12 inhibitor) regimen.
Double therapy in the form of warfarin (vitamin K antagonist) with P2Y12 inhibitor + dose adjustment after stenting is an acceptable treatment.
P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel or ticagrelor) + oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban, dabigatran or VKA with dose adjustment can be given as an alternative.
Yes, it can. In NVAF, the CHA2DS2-VASc score and risk criteria have been used in recent years instead of the CHADS2 criteria in 2001 in order to predict this more clearly (Tables 5 and 6).
Score | CHA2DS2-VASc risk criteria |
---|---|
1 | CHF |
1 | Hypertension |
2 | Age ≥ 75 |
1 | Diabetes mellitus |
2 | Stroke/TIA/thromboembolic event |
1 | Vascular disease (MI, PAH, aortic disease) |
1 | Age 65–74 years |
1 | Woman |
CHA2DS2-VASc score and risk criteria.
CHA2DS2-VASc score | Annual stroke risk (%, per year) | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
0 | 0 | No treatment |
1 | 1.3 | No treatment or aspirin or OAC |
2 | 2.2 | OAC |
3 | 3.2 | |
4 | 4.0 | |
5 | 6.7 | |
6 | 9.8 | |
7 | 9.6 | |
8 | 6.7 | |
9 | 15.2 |
CHA2DS2-VASc score and annual stroke risks with relevant treatment recommendations.
If PCV or ECV is planned in a patient with AF that is thought to last longer than 48 hours, one of the following three regimens should be started:
emergency IV (unfractionated) heparin (target PTT, 60 seconds)
or LMWH (enoxaparin 0.5 mg/kg or 40 mg once or twice daily)
or VKA/warfarin for at least 5 days (target INR, 2.5).
When no thrombus is seen and ECV/PCV is successful, anticoagulation is continued for another 4 weeks (target INR, 2.5). If a thrombus is seen, ECV/PCV is delayed. TEE should be repeated before each ECV attempt.
At the earliest period in a hemodynamically unstable case with a suspected ECV
emergency IV (unfractionated) heparin (target PTT, 60 seconds)
or LMWH (at DVT therapeutic dose) should be initiated.
After successful cardioversion, VKA/warfarin (target INR, 2.5) is continued for at least 4 weeks. Long-term anticoagulation will depend on the patient’s risk status, previous cardioversion procedures or another embolism status. For example, maintenance with rivaroxaban, one of the NOACs, is more suitable for those who have had a pulmonary embolism.
The above regimens are also valid in cases with flutter (Grade 2C).
The following agents were found to be effective in cases where treatment with OAC was considered:
Warfarin (with the target INR in the range of 2–3)
Dabigatran
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban
Edoxaban
Yes, there is a risk of bleeding. HAS-BLED score is the best tool developed for this (Table 7). This term acronym consists of the initials of the criteria ‘Hypertension, Abnormal liver/renal function, Stroke history, Bleeding predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drug/alcohol usage’.
Variable | Score | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hypertension | 1 | |||
Renal failure (dialysis, transplant, creatinine >2.26 mg/dL or 200 μmol/L) | 1 | |||
Liver disease (cirrhosis or bilirubin >2x normal + AST/ALT/ALP > 3x normal) | 1 | |||
A history of stroke | 1 | |||
A previous history of significant bleeding from any area | 1 | |||
Labile INR (unstable/high INR, time within the therapeutic range < 60%) | 1 | |||
Age > 65 | 1 | |||
Use of drugs such as aspirin, clopidogrel, NSAID that may cause bleeding tendency | 1 | |||
Alcohol use (≥8 times a week) | 1 | |||
HAS-BLED score | Risk group | Major bleeding risk (%) | Percentage of pts. with a bleeding annually | Recommendation |
0 | Low | 0.9 | 1.13 | |
1 | 3.4 | 1.02 | Anticoagulation can be considered | |
2 | Moderate | 4.1 | 1.88 | Anticoagulation can be considered |
3 | High | 5.8 | 3.72 | Alternatives for anticoagulation can be considered |
4 | 8.9 | 8.70 | ||
5 | 9.1 | 12.50 | ||
>5 | Very high | — | — | Think about individualized options |
HAS-BLED score.
SVT AF represents a costly public health problem due to its high prevalence and high morbidity attributed to the disease itself and inherent complications. It causes serious consequences through hemodynamic complications and thromboembolic problems such as stroke and acute arterial occlusion. POCUS/echocardiography is vital in patients with AF because it shows potential thromboembolism at its source and also reveals cardiac functions, valve and chamber problems. Safe and effective pharmacological or electrical cardioversion (PCV/ECV) are current treatments of choice in cases with acute AF while selected cases will be candidates for rate control strategy. BB, CCB, adenosine, amiodarone and propafenone are among the most commonly used agents in this regard. There is not a standard regimen to apply to every case, but specific agents need to be selected in regard to the patient and the situation.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. 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Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"66825",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85824",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",totalDownloads:989,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"To improve monitoring of extreme weather and climate events from space, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project (SEMDP). Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]},{id:"51411",doi:"10.5772/63960",title:"Coastal Tsunami Warning with Deployed HF Radar Systems",slug:"coastal-tsunami-warning-with-deployed-hf-radar-systems",totalDownloads:1736,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"We describe the evolution of coastal HF radar observations of tsunamis, first proposed in 1979 and developed after the 2004 Indonesia and 2011 Japan tsunamis to allow routine monitoring to detect an approaching tsunami. Oceanographic tsunami theory is summarized, both for the fundamental equations of motion and in the ray optics and Green's Law approximations; the latter can be applied when water depths are slowly varying. Observations of the current velocities caused by the 2011 Japan tsunami off the Japanese, the US West, and Chilean coasts are described and examples are shown. These observations led to the development of an empirical tsunami detection method, which is outlined. Examples of offline tsunami detections are given and detection times are compared with arrival times at neighboring tide gauges. We describe the observation and offline detection of the June 2013 meteotsunami off the New Jersey coast using coastal radar systems and tide gauges. Methods to model and simulate tsunami velocities are described and videos of the resulting velocity/height maps are given. We describe preliminary methods for evaluating the suitability of radar sites for tsunami detection using simulated tsunami velocities. Factors affecting tsunami detectability are discussed and methods are described for the alleviation of false alarms.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Belinda Lipa, Donald Barrick and James Isaacson",authors:[{id:"184807",title:"Dr.",name:"Belinda",middleName:null,surname:"LIpa",slug:"belinda-lipa",fullName:"Belinda LIpa"}]},{id:"51183",doi:"10.5772/63956",title:"Tsunamis in Sweden: Occurrence and Characteristics",slug:"tsunamis-in-sweden-occurrence-and-characteristics",totalDownloads:1725,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In the last 13,000 years, there are 17 tsunami events recorded in Sweden. This chapter highlights the characteristics of two high-magnitude events from the deglacial period and three events from Late Holocene age.",book:{id:"5316",slug:"tsunami",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami"},signatures:"Nils-Axel Mörner",authors:[{id:"15619",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils-Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Morner",slug:"nils-axel-morner",fullName:"Nils-Axel Morner"}]},{id:"64194",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80037",title:"Geo-Statistical Assessment of the Intensity, Duration, Frequency and Trend of Drought over Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India",slug:"geo-statistical-assessment-of-the-intensity-duration-frequency-and-trend-of-drought-over-gangetic-we",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter presents spatio-temporal (1901–2002) appraisal of the intensity, duration, frequency and trend of drought over Gangetic West Bengal (GWB), Eastern India using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The study reveals that, after 1950s the magnitude of deficit precipitation has increased substantially. Stepping up of the mean intensity of most intense drought events; average drought duration; severe and extreme drought frequency in this agricultural tract at the latter half of the twentieth century are also some alarming events. The western degraded plateau is more sensitive to extreme droughts but, the impact is expected to be rigorous over the adjacent areas. In an nutshell this work provides the evidences demonstrating the intensification of aridity in the northern Rarh plain and moribund delta which may corresponds to degradation and lowering of water resources especially ground water which may also lead to increase of socio-economic vulnerability to drought. Such altered hydrolo-meteorological system hence calls for review of the agricultural practices and water use in this counterpart.",book:{id:"7484",slug:"topics-in-hydrometerology",title:"Topics in Hydrometerology",fullTitle:"Topics in Hydrometerology"},signatures:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh",authors:[{id:"257980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"krishna-gopal-ghosh",fullName:"Krishna Gopal Ghosh"}]},{id:"67666",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86774",title:"Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Patterns in Jeddah City, KSA: Future Impacts",slug:"statistical-analysis-of-rainfall-patterns-in-jeddah-city-ksa-future-impacts",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Recently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has been facing significant changes in rainstorm patterns (rainstorm intensities, frequencies, distributions) causing many flash flood events. The city of Jeddah is located in a coastal plain area, in the middle of the western side of the KSA, which represents a clear case of changing rainstorm patterns. Jeddah has been hit by many rainstorm events, which increased dramatically since 2009 (e.g., one in 2009, one in 2011, one in 2015, and another one happened in 2017). However, in 2018 about six rainstorms occurred. Two major flash flood events occurred in the city in November 2009 and in January 2011. There were significant impacts of these two events causing severe flooding. During these events, 113 persons were announced dead (in the 2009 event), and infrastructures and properties were damaged (roads and highways, more than 10,000 homes and 17,000 vehicles). In addition to that, dam failure occurred in the 2011 event. This situation gives clear evidence in changing the climate system that could cause more storms in the future across the KSA. Generally, Jeddah city has a lack of short-duration data in rainfall stations. In addition to that, there are a limited number of studies that have been done in determining rainstorm patterns. Consequently, the approach of the current study will focus on understanding and determining rainstorm patterns in the period between 2011 and 2017 depending on some digital rainfall stations that have been installed recently in Jeddah city. Rainstorm pattern and the method of distribution are the most crucial factors affecting peak flow and volume calculations. Our findings showed that there are two pattern types for the rainstorms in Jeddah city. Finally, a comparison with SCS-type II distribution was carried out.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Mazen M. Abu Abdullah, Ahmed M. Youssef, Fawzy Nashar and Emad Abu AlFadail",authors:[{id:"188462",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Youssef",slug:"ahmed-youssef",fullName:"Ahmed Youssef"},{id:"289794",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:"Mustafa",surname:"Abu Abdulla",slug:"mazen-abu-abdulla",fullName:"Mazen Abu Abdulla"},{id:"296737",title:"Mr.",name:"Fawzy",middleName:null,surname:"Nashar",slug:"fawzy-nashar",fullName:"Fawzy Nashar"},{id:"296738",title:"Mr.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Abu AlFadail",slug:"emad-abu-alfadail",fullName:"Emad Abu AlFadail"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75865",title:"The Role of Statistical Methods and Tools for Weather Forecasting and Modeling",slug:"the-role-of-statistical-methods-and-tools-for-weather-forecasting-and-modeling",totalDownloads:404,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The need to understand the role of statistical methods for the forecasting of climatological parameters cannot be trivialized. This study gives an in depth review on the different variations of the Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend test and how they can be applied, regression techniques (Simple and Multiple), the Angstrom-Prescott model for solar radiation, etc. The study then goes ahead to apply some of them with data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet), and applying tools like the python programming language and Wolfram Mathematica. Results show that the maximum ambient temperature for Calabar is increasing (Z = 2.52) significantly after the calculated p-value <0.05 (significant level). The seasonal M-K test was also applied for the dry and wet seasons and both were found to be increasing (Z = 3.23 and Z = 4.04 respectively) after their calculated p-values <0.05. The relationship between refractivity and other meteorological parameters relating to it was discerned using partial differential equations giving the gradient of each with refractivity; this was compared with results from the correlation matrix to show that the water vapor contents of the atmosphere contributes significantly to the variation of refractivity. Multiple linear regression has also been adopted to give an accurate model for the prediction of refractivity in the region after the residual error between the calculated refractivity and predicted refractivity was minimal.",book:{id:"8485",slug:"weather-forecasting",title:"Weather Forecasting",fullTitle:"Weather Forecasting"},signatures:"Emmanuel P. Agbo",authors:[{id:"337554",title:"Mr.",name:"Emmanuel P.",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Agbo",slug:"emmanuel-p.-agbo",fullName:"Emmanuel P. Agbo"}]},{id:"70625",title:"Response of the Coastal Ocean to Tropical Cyclones",slug:"response-of-the-coastal-ocean-to-tropical-cyclones",totalDownloads:719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Northwest Pacific and the South China Sea region are the birthplaces of most monsoon disturbances and tropical cyclones and are an important channel for the generation and transmission of water vapor. The Northwest Pacific plays a major role in regulating interdecadal and long-term changes in climate. China experiences the largest number of typhoon landfalls and the most destructive power affected by typhoons in the world. The hidden dangers of typhoon disasters are accelerating with the acceleration of urbanization, the rapid development of economic construction and global warming. The coastal cities are the most dynamic and affluent areas of China’s economic development. They are the strong magnetic field that attracts international capital in China, and are also the most densely populated areas and important port groups in China. Although these regions are highly developed, they are vulnerable to disasters. When typhoons hit, the economic losses and casualties caused by gale, heavy rain and storm surges were particularly serious. This chapter reviews the response of coastal ocean to tropical cyclones, included sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, storm surge simulation and extreme rainfall under the influence of tropical cyclones.",book:{id:"8974",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-cyclone-research",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Tropical Cyclone Research"},signatures:"Zhiyuan Wu and Mack Conde",authors:null},{id:"51562",title:"About the Concept of the Environment Recycling—Energy (ERE) in the Romanian Steel Industry",slug:"about-the-concept-of-the-environment-recycling-energy-ere-in-the-romanian-steel-industry",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper takes as its starting point an analysis of the ecological functioning of the electric arc furnace (EAF). Thus, we present a classification of emissions generated by EAF, including limits of variation in chemical composition of “dust” issued by EAF in various countries and limit values for permissible concentrations of these emissions.The paper presents and analyzes various abstraction and treatment-related emissions for hipo-polluting operation of EAF. In this chapter, the correlations between macro system represented by metallurgical environment and interacting systems: System-Energy-Recycling Environment (ERE), Ecological system (ECO), and Recycling, Reclamation System (REC-REV) are presented. These correlations are presented in the spirit of sustainable development concepts (DC) and total quality (TQ).",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Adrian Ioana and Augustin Semenescu",authors:[{id:"177153",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana",slug:"adrian-ioana",fullName:"Adrian Ioana"},{id:"193573",title:"Prof.",name:"Augustin",middleName:null,surname:"Semenescu",slug:"augustin-semenescu",fullName:"Augustin Semenescu"}]},{id:"51481",title:"Effect of Dopants on the Properties of Zirconia‐Supported Iron Catalysts for Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Carbon Dioxide",slug:"effect-of-dopants-on-the-properties-of-zirconia-supported-iron-catalysts-for-ethylbenzene-dehydrogen",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Due to the harmful effects of carbon dioxide to the environment, a lot of work has been carried out aiming to find new applications, which can decrease the emissions or to capture and use it. An attractive application for carbon dioxide is the synthesis of chemicals, especially for producing styrene by ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, in which it increases the catalyst activity and selectivity. In order to find efficient catalysts for the reaction, the effect of cerium, chromium, aluminum, and lanthanum on the properties of zirconia‐supported iron oxides was studied in this work. The modified supports were prepared by precipitation and impregnated with iron nitrate. The obtained catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area measurement, and temperature‐programmed reduction. The catalysts showed different textural and catalytic properties, which were associated to the different phases in the solids, such as monoclinic or tetragonal zirconia, hematite, maghemite, cubic ceria, monoclinic or hexagonal lantana, and rhombohedral chromia, the active phases in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation. The most promising dopant was cerium, which produces the most active catalyst at the lowest temperature, probably due to its ability of providing lattice oxygen, which activates carbon dioxide and increases the reaction rate.",book:{id:"5219",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",title:"Greenhouse Gases",fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies"},signatures:"Maria do Carmo Rangel, Sirlene B. Lima, Sarah Maria Santana\nBorges and Ivoneide Santana Sobral",authors:[{id:"94651",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Do Carmo Rangel",slug:"maria-do-carmo-rangel",fullName:"Maria Do Carmo Rangel"}]},{id:"66825",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"To improve monitoring of extreme weather and climate events from space, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) initiated the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project (SEMDP). Presently, SEMDP is focused on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring over Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of meteorological services’ operations for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are still not fully utilized for climate applications. Using SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events with uniform spatial coverage and over various time periods – pentad, weekly, 10 days, monthly and longer time-scales. In this chapter, SEMDP satellite-derived precipitation products over the Asia-Pacific region produced by the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (EORC/JAXA) and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPC/NOAA) are introduced. Case studies for monitoring (i) drought in Australia in July-October 2007 and September 2018 and (ii) heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and the Peninsular Malaysia in November-December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are also presented. Satellite observations are compared with in situ data to demonstrate value of satellite-derived estimates of precipitation for drought and heavy rainfall monitoring.",book:{id:"7767",slug:"rainfall-extremes-distribution-and-properties",title:"Rainfall",fullTitle:"Rainfall - Extremes, Distribution and Properties"},signatures:"Yuriy Kuleshov, Toshiyuki Kurino, Takuji Kubota, Tomoko Tashima and Pingping Xie",authors:[{id:"102903",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Kuleshov",slug:"yuriy-kuleshov",fullName:"Yuriy Kuleshov"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"838",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. 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Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health Production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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