The primary patterns or sho
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"674",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dyslipidemia - From Prevention to Treatment",title:"Dyslipidemia",subtitle:"From Prevention to Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Dyslipidemia has a complex pathophysiology consisting of various genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. It has many adverse health impacts, notably in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Significant ethnic differences exist due to the prevalence and types of lipid disorders. While elevated serum total- and LDL-cholesterol are the main concern in Western populations, in other countries hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol are more prevalent. The latter types of lipid disorders are considered as components of the metabolic syndrome. The escalating trend of obesity, as well as changes in lifestyle and environmental factors will make dyslipidemia a global medical and public health threat, not only for adults but for the pediatric age group as well. Several experimental and clinical studies are still being conducted regarding the underlying mechanisms and treatment of dyslipidemia. \nThe current book is providing a general overview of dyslipidemia from diverse aspects of pathophysiology, ethnic differences, prevention, health hazards, and treatment.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-904-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6759-4",doi:"10.5772/1182",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"dyslipidemia-from-prevention-to-treatment",numberOfPages:482,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"e57a8828662a437d0285aab80bbdac49",bookSignature:"Roya Kelishadi",publishedDate:"February 3rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/674.jpg",numberOfDownloads:69751,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:66,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 17th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 17th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 22nd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"26129",title:"Prof.",name:"Roya",middleName:null,surname:"Kelishadi",slug:"roya-kelishadi",fullName:"Roya Kelishadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26129/images/3591_n.jpg",biography:"Roya Kelishadi, MD, is a University Professor at the Faculty of Medicine, and Child Health Promotion Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Her main field of study is primordial and primary prevention of non-communicable early life diseases. She has published more than 250 papers in peer reviewed biomedical journals, and 20 chapters in books. She has been awarded several times as distinguished researcher or physician. Many of her studies regarding the ethnic differences in metabolic parameters, and the association of lifestyle habits and environmental factors on the beginning and progress of atherosclerotic changes, have been acknowledged as the first of their kind.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1013",title:"Pediatric Endocrinology",slug:"pediatric-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"27489",title:"Obesity Related Lipid Profile and Altered Insulin Incretion in Adolescent with Policystic Ovary Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/28401",slug:"obesity-related-lipid-profile-and-altered-insulin-incretion-in-adolescent-with-pcos",totalDownloads:2326,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Annamaria Fulghesu and Roberta Magnini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27489",authors:[{id:"73764",title:"Prof.",name:"AnnaMaria",surname:"Fulghesu",slug:"annamaria-fulghesu",fullName:"AnnaMaria Fulghesu"}],corrections:null},{id:"27490",title:"Ethnic Difference in Lipid Profiles",doi:"10.5772/27915",slug:"ethnic-differences-in-lipid-profiles",totalDownloads:2792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Lei Zhang, Qing Qiao and Yanhu Dong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27490",authors:[{id:"72057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang"},{id:"73318",title:"Dr.",name:"Qing",surname:"Qiao",slug:"qing-qiao",fullName:"Qing Qiao"},{id:"80429",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanhu",surname:"Dong",slug:"yanhu-dong",fullName:"Yanhu Dong"}],corrections:null},{id:"27491",title:"Nutrigenetics and Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/28231",slug:"nutrigenetics-and-dyslipidemia",totalDownloads:1909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Maryam Shalileh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27491",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27491",authors:[{id:"73180",title:"MSc.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Shalileh",slug:"maryam-shalileh",fullName:"Maryam Shalileh"}],corrections:null},{id:"27492",title:"Impact of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Dyslipidemia and the Components of Metabolic Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/39004",slug:"impact-of-climate-change-and-air-pollution-on-dyslipidemia-and-the-components-of-metabolic-syndrome",totalDownloads:2317,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Roya Kelishadi and Parinaz Poursafa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27492",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27492",authors:[{id:"26129",title:"Prof.",name:"Roya",surname:"Kelishadi",slug:"roya-kelishadi",fullName:"Roya Kelishadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"27493",title:"Dyslipidemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications and Role of Antiplatelet Agents in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/29383",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-implications-and-role-of-antiplatelet-agents-in-primary-pr",totalDownloads:4084,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Hasniza Zaman Huri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27493",authors:[{id:"77578",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasniza",surname:"Zaman Huri",slug:"hasniza-zaman-huri",fullName:"Hasniza Zaman Huri"}],corrections:null},{id:"27494",title:"Dyslipidemia: Genetics and Role in the Metabolic Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/28188",slug:"dyslipidemia-genetics-and-role-in-the-metabolic-syndrome",totalDownloads:3012,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Nora L. Nock and Aiswarya L.P. Chandran Pillai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27494",authors:[{id:"73009",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",surname:"Nock",slug:"nora-nock",fullName:"Nora Nock"},{id:"123089",title:"Dr.",name:"Aiswarya",surname:"Lekshmi Pillai Chandran Pillai",slug:"aiswarya-lekshmi-pillai-chandran-pillai",fullName:"Aiswarya Lekshmi Pillai Chandran Pillai"}],corrections:null},{id:"27495",title:"Functions of OSBP/ORP Family Proteins and Their Relation to Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/29779",slug:"functions-of-osbp-orp-family-proteins-and-its-relation-to-dyslipidemia-",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Koriyama, Hironori Nakagami, Tomohiro Katsuya and Ryuichi Morishita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27495",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27495",authors:[{id:"79275",title:"Prof.",name:"Hironori",surname:"Nakagami",slug:"hironori-nakagami",fullName:"Hironori Nakagami"},{id:"125946",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Koriyama",slug:"hiroshi-koriyama",fullName:"Hiroshi Koriyama"},{id:"125947",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomohiro",surname:"Katsuya",slug:"tomohiro-katsuya",fullName:"Tomohiro Katsuya"},{id:"125948",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryuichi",surname:"Morishita",slug:"ryuichi-morishita",fullName:"Ryuichi Morishita"}],corrections:null},{id:"27496",title:"Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Plasticity in Obesity and Metabolic Disease",doi:"10.5772/28506",slug:"adipose-tissue-and-skeletal-muscle-plasticity-in-obesity-and-metabolic-disease",totalDownloads:2115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jozef Ukropec and Barbara Ukropcova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27496",authors:[{id:"74108",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Ukropec",slug:"jozef-ukropec",fullName:"Jozef Ukropec"},{id:"128696",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Ukropcova",slug:"barbara-ukropcova",fullName:"Barbara Ukropcova"}],corrections:null},{id:"27497",title:"Pleiotropic Functions of HDL Lead to Protection from Atherosclerosis and Other Diseases",doi:"10.5772/30054",slug:"pleiotropic-functions-of-hdl-lead-to-protection-from-atherosclerosis-and-other-diseases",totalDownloads:1923,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Vassilis Zannis, Andreas Kateifides, Panagiotis Fotakis, Eleni Zanni and Dimitris Kardassis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27497",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27497",authors:[{id:"80585",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassilis",surname:"Zannis",slug:"vassilis-zannis",fullName:"Vassilis Zannis"},{id:"118341",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitris",surname:"Kardassis",slug:"dimitris-kardassis",fullName:"Dimitris Kardassis"},{id:"118342",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Kateifides",slug:"andreas-kateifides",fullName:"Andreas Kateifides"},{id:"118343",title:"Prof.",name:"Eleni",surname:"Zanni",slug:"eleni-zanni",fullName:"Eleni Zanni"},{id:"118344",title:"MSc.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Fotakis",slug:"panagiotis-fotakis",fullName:"Panagiotis Fotakis"}],corrections:null},{id:"27498",title:"Disrupted VLDL Features and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Sepsis",doi:"10.5772/29421",slug:"disrupted-vldl-features-and-lipoprotein-metabolism-in-sepsis",totalDownloads:2203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Patricia Aspichueta, Nerea Bartolomé, Xabier Buqué, María José Martínez, Begoña Ochoa and Yolanda Chico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27498",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27498",authors:[{id:"77756",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Chico",slug:"yolanda-chico",fullName:"Yolanda Chico"},{id:"77925",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Aspichueta",slug:"patricia-aspichueta",fullName:"Patricia Aspichueta"},{id:"77929",title:"Dr.",name:"Xabier",surname:"Buqué",slug:"xabier-buque",fullName:"Xabier Buqué"},{id:"77931",title:"Dr.",name:"María José",surname:"Martínez",slug:"maria-jose-martinez",fullName:"María José Martínez"},{id:"77932",title:"Prof.",name:"Begoña",surname:"Ochoa",slug:"begona-ochoa",fullName:"Begoña Ochoa"},{id:"121448",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerea",surname:"Bartolomé",slug:"nerea-bartolome",fullName:"Nerea Bartolomé"}],corrections:null},{id:"27499",title:"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ (PPAR β/δ) as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Dyslipidemia",doi:"10.5772/27647",slug:"peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-beta-delta-pparbeta-delta-as-a-potential-therapeutic-targ",totalDownloads:1755,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Emma Barroso, Lucía Serrano-Marco, Laia Salvadó, Xavier Palomer and Manuel Vázquez-Carrera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27499",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27499",authors:[{id:"70936",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Vazquez-Carrera",slug:"manuel-vazquez-carrera",fullName:"Manuel Vazquez-Carrera"},{id:"74586",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",surname:"Barroso",slug:"emma-barroso",fullName:"Emma Barroso"},{id:"74587",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Serrano",slug:"lucia-serrano",fullName:"Lucia Serrano"},{id:"74589",title:"Ms.",name:"Laia",surname:"Salvado",slug:"laia-salvado",fullName:"Laia Salvado"},{id:"74590",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",surname:"Palomer",slug:"xavier-palomer",fullName:"Xavier Palomer"}],corrections:null},{id:"27500",title:"Liver Glucokinase and Lipid Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/29856",slug:"liver-glucokinase-and-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:5744,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anna Vidal-Alabró, Andrés Méndez-Lucas, Jana Semakova, Alícia G. Gómez-Valadés and Jose C. Perales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27500",authors:[{id:"79660",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Perales",slug:"jose-carlos-perales",fullName:"Jose Carlos Perales"}],corrections:null},{id:"27501",title:"Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Regulation of Blood Lipoproteins",doi:"10.5772/29169",slug:"liver-sinusoidal-endothelial-cells-and-regulation-of-blood-lipoproteins",totalDownloads:3325,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Dmitri Svistounov, Svetlana N. Zykova, Victoria C. Cogger, Alessandra Warren, Aisling C. McMahon, Robin Fraser and David G. Le Couteur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27501",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27501",authors:[{id:"76752",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitri",surname:"Svistounov",slug:"dmitri-svistounov",fullName:"Dmitri Svistounov"},{id:"80073",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Le Couteur",slug:"david-le-couteur",fullName:"David Le Couteur"},{id:"122346",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana N",surname:"Zykova",slug:"svetlana-n-zykova",fullName:"Svetlana N Zykova"},{id:"122347",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria C",surname:"Cogger",slug:"victoria-c-cogger",fullName:"Victoria C Cogger"},{id:"122348",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",surname:"Warren",slug:"alessandra-warren",fullName:"Alessandra Warren"},{id:"122349",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",surname:"Fraser",slug:"robin-fraser",fullName:"Robin Fraser"},{id:"124178",title:"Dr.",name:"Aisling",surname:"McMahon",slug:"aisling-mcmahon",fullName:"Aisling McMahon"}],corrections:null},{id:"27502",title:"Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk: Lipid Ratios as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/27378",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-cardiovascular-risk-lipid-ratios-as-risk-factors-for-cardiovascular-disease-",totalDownloads:7393,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Telmo Pereira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27502",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27502",authors:[{id:"69888",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Telmo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"telmo-pereira",fullName:"Telmo Pereira"}],corrections:null},{id:"27503",title:"Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/30009",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:7142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Hossein Fakhrzadeh and Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27503",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27503",authors:[{id:"74020",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Fakhrzadeh",slug:"hossein-fakhrzadeh",fullName:"Hossein Fakhrzadeh"},{id:"80377",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozra",surname:"Tabatabaei",slug:"ozra-tabatabaei",fullName:"Ozra Tabatabaei"}],corrections:null},{id:"27504",title:"Cardiovascular Risk in Tunisian Patients with Bipolar I Disorder",doi:"10.5772/30353",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-in-tunisian-patients-with-bipolar-i-disorder",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Asma Ezzaher, Dhouha Haj Mouhamed, Anwar Mechri, Fadoua Neffati, Wahiba Douki, Lotfi Gaha and Mohamed Fadhel Najjar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27504",authors:[{id:"82158",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",surname:"Ezzaher",slug:"asma-ezzaher",fullName:"Asma Ezzaher"}],corrections:null},{id:"27505",title:"Dyslipidemia and Mental Illness",doi:"10.5772/27686",slug:"dyslipidemia-and-mental-illness",totalDownloads:2651,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"D. Saravane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27505",authors:[{id:"71096",title:"Dr.",name:"Djea",surname:"Saravane",slug:"djea-saravane",fullName:"Djea Saravane"}],corrections:null},{id:"27506",title:"Dyslipidemia Induced by Stress",doi:"10.5772/28163",slug:"dyslipidemia-induced-by-stress",totalDownloads:3224,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Fernanda Klein Marcondes, Vander José das Neves, Rafaela Costa, Andrea Sanches, Tatiana Sousa Cunha, Maria José Costa Sampaio Moura, Ana Paula Tanno and Dulce Elena Casarini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27506",authors:[{id:"72919",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda Klein",surname:"Marcondes",slug:"fernanda-klein-marcondes",fullName:"Fernanda Klein Marcondes"},{id:"81352",title:"Prof.",name:"Vander",surname:"Neves",slug:"vander-neves",fullName:"Vander Neves"},{id:"81355",title:"MSc.",name:"Rafaela",surname:"Costa",slug:"rafaela-costa",fullName:"Rafaela Costa"},{id:"81357",title:"Ms.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Sanches",slug:"andrea-sanches",fullName:"Andrea Sanches"},{id:"81358",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Cunha",slug:"tatiana-cunha",fullName:"Tatiana Cunha"},{id:"81977",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria José",surname:"Moura",slug:"maria-jose-moura",fullName:"Maria José Moura"},{id:"81978",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",surname:"Casarini",slug:"dulce-casarini",fullName:"Dulce Casarini"},{id:"120596",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Paula",surname:"Tanno",slug:"ana-paula-tanno",fullName:"Ana Paula Tanno"}],corrections:null},{id:"27507",title:"Cholesterol and Triglycerides Metabolism Disorder in Malignant Hemopathies",doi:"10.5772/30051",slug:"cholesterol-and-triglycerides-metabolism-disorder-in-malignant-hemopathies",totalDownloads:2869,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Romeo-Gabriel Mihăilă",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27507",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27507",authors:[{id:"80571",title:"Prof.",name:"Romeo-Gabriel",surname:"Mihaila",slug:"romeo-gabriel-mihaila",fullName:"Romeo-Gabriel Mihaila"}],corrections:null},{id:"27508",title:"Lipids in the Pathogenesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Emerging Connections",doi:"10.5772/38740",slug:"lipids-in-the-pathogenesis-of-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-emerging-connections",totalDownloads:2969,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ajit Vikram and Poduri Ramarao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27508",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27508",authors:[{id:"119024",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajit",surname:"Vikram",slug:"ajit-vikram",fullName:"Ajit Vikram"}],corrections:null},{id:"27509",title:"Dyslipidemia in Patients with Lipodystrophy in the Use of Antiretroviral Therapy",doi:"10.5772/27440",slug:"dyslipidemia-in-patients-with-lipodystrophy-in-the-use-of-antiretroviral-therapy",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rosana Libonati, Cláudia Dutra, Leonardo Barbosa, Sandro Oliveira, Paulo Lisbôa and Marcus Libonati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27509",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27509",authors:[{id:"70169",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana",surname:"Libonati",slug:"rosana-libonati",fullName:"Rosana Libonati"},{id:"99163",title:"Prof.",name:"Cláudia",surname:"Dutra",slug:"claudia-dutra",fullName:"Cláudia Dutra"},{id:"99164",title:"Mr.",name:"Sandro",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"sandro-oliveira",fullName:"Sandro Oliveira"},{id:"99165",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"leonardo-barbosa",fullName:"Leonardo Barbosa"},{id:"99166",title:"Mr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Lisbôa",slug:"paulo-lisboa",fullName:"Paulo Lisbôa"},{id:"99167",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcus",surname:"Libonati",slug:"marcus-libonati",fullName:"Marcus Libonati"}],corrections:null},{id:"27510",title:"Fenofibrate: Panacea for Aging-Related Conditions?",doi:"10.5772/28328",slug:"fenofibrate-panacea-for-aging-related-conditions-",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Makoto Goto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27510",authors:[{id:"73538",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Goto",slug:"makoto-goto",fullName:"Makoto Goto"}],corrections:null},{id:"27511",title:"Predictors of the Common Adverse Drug Reactions of Statins",doi:"10.5772/30466",slug:"predictors-of-the-common-adverse-drug-reactions-of-statins",totalDownloads:2717,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hadeer Akram AbdulRazzaq, Noorizan Abd Aziz, Yahaya Hassan, Yaman Walid Kassab and Omar Ismail",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27511",authors:[{id:"82689",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadeer",surname:"AbdulRazzaq",slug:"hadeer-abdulrazzaq",fullName:"Hadeer AbdulRazzaq"},{id:"82702",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaman",surname:"Kassab",slug:"yaman-kassab",fullName:"Yaman Kassab"},{id:"104870",title:"Prof.",name:"Noorizan",surname:"Abd Aziz",slug:"noorizan-abd-aziz",fullName:"Noorizan Abd Aziz"},{id:"107768",title:"Prof.",name:"Yahaya",surname:"Hassan",slug:"yahaya-hassan",fullName:"Yahaya Hassan"},{id:"107769",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",surname:"Ismail",slug:"omar-ismail",fullName:"Omar Ismail"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2666",title:"Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"Insights and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49a714ae0be8a338523befe4ffc9352f",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3829",title:"Antioxidant-Antidiabetic Agents and Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"148f7976e4249aa1f0180cca370e36ce",slug:"antioxidant-antidiabetic-agents-and-human-health",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1035",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:"Complications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7ba654e889d323762cc9fb4a014cdbf",slug:"type-1-diabetes-complications",bookSignature:"David Wagner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1035.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45994",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Wagner",slug:"david-wagner",fullName:"David Wagner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3857",title:"Glucose Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6d19b59871b430fbcfc4bd297e242d",slug:"glucose-homeostasis",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3266",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21684525ccb8c6acd89bc43ce177f90b",slug:"type-1-diabetes",bookSignature:"Alan P. Escher and Alice Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46023",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",surname:"Escher",slug:"alan-escher",fullName:"Alan Escher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"665",title:"Global Perspective on Diabetic Foot Ulcerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b702efe619adff42227dadb5b4bda12b",slug:"global-perspective-on-diabetic-foot-ulcerations",bookSignature:"Thanh Dinh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/665.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69737",title:"Dr.",name:"Thanh",surname:"Dinh",slug:"thanh-dinh",fullName:"Thanh Dinh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1036",title:"Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:"Complications, Pathogenesis, and Alternative Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccb81d334cd838c9e80f3ebafb63eec0",slug:"type-1-diabetes-complications-pathogenesis-and-alternative-treatments",bookSignature:"Chih-Pin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"47141",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Pin",surname:"Liu",slug:"chih-pin-liu",fullName:"Chih-Pin Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1038",title:"Topics in the Prevention, Treatment and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedb4b227715729de998791e200ef56f",slug:"topics-in-the-prevention-treatment-and-complications-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Mark B. Zimering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39545",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",surname:"Zimering",slug:"mark-zimering",fullName:"Mark Zimering"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3340",title:"Gestational Diabetes",subtitle:"Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc0e9aaba958dcee0b00d08175fe4f23",slug:"gestational-diabetes-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Luis Sobrevia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3340.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"159644",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Sobrevia",slug:"luis-sobrevia",fullName:"Luis Sobrevia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"814",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"Basic Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74304f5d822f8f45d4b48a0e00ebd375",slug:"steroids-basic-science",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/814.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{},chapter:{},book:{}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9769",leadTitle:null,title:"Tryptophan Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"354d20945a6d9471ac8577af76ead010",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9769.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18908",title:"Toyohari Meridian Therapy: A Form of Acupuncture that Challenges our Assumptions while Opening New Vistas for Explorations of Acupuncture",doi:"10.5772/23931",slug:"toyohari-meridian-therapy-a-form-of-acupuncture-that-challenges-our-assumptions-while-opening-new-vi",body:'\n\t\t
Toyohari Meridian Therapy (TMT) [東洋はり] evolved in Japan in the second half of the last century. Originally developed and practised primarily by blind acupuncturists, its theoretical basis lies in historical Chinese medical traditions [Birch, Felt 1999, Fukushima 1991]. Choice of acupuncture points is predominantly guided by Five Phase (Element) Theory. However, there is a startling difference between TMT and current Chinese traditional forms of acupuncture in terms of needling technique. Needles are not usually inserted in the ‘root treatment’ of TMT- instead, the qi is manipulated at the surface of the skin, with the tip of the needle only very lightly touching or not touching the skin in most cases. Another difference from current Chinese acupuncture is the notion, in TMT, that acupuncture points or acupoints are dynamic- their actual location whilst based on traditional notions of where acupoints are located anatomically as espoused by most modern acupuncture texts may differ slightly from the purported anatomical location. A key skill of the TMT practitioner is locating the acupoints, via the sense of touch using the lateral corner of the index finger near the fingernail. Once the ‘live’ acupoint is located, the practitioner forms a circle with their index finger and thumb, termed the ‘oshide’, at the surface of the skin, lightly touching the patient’s body. The needle shaft is then inserted between the practitioner’s thumb and forefinger so that the tip is above the acupoint, with the practitioner’s thumb and forefinger grasping the needle shaft, whilst the handle of the needle is lightly held in the other hand. The practitioner then awaits the arrival of qi and applies particular needling techniques, depending on whether the aim is to supplement or drain.
\n\t\t\tDiagnosis of the primary pattern (sho) and secondary sho depends on synthesis of data from a case history, abdominal diagnosis and pulse diagnosis. Unlike in traditional Chinese medicine, tongue diagnosis is not a feature of TMT. Abdominal diagnosis involves palpation of the skin and wall of the abdomen. The five phases and their corresponding zang organ-meridian correspondences are mapped onto specific regions of the abdomen. The meridians are also palpated on the lower arm and lower leg. Pulse diagnosis is relied on heavily to guide the practitioner not only in initial diagnosis of the primary ‘sho’ or pattern of disharmony (as well as secondary pattern of disharmony) but during the actual treatment, giving the practitioner vital feedback on the effect of their needling technique on the patient’s system. The Kozato technique is a technique developed to provide practitioners with feedback on their needling techniques by working in teams, with at least one person palpating the radial pulse and providing verbal feedback on the change to the quality of the pulse (depth, speed, force) whilst the practitioner feels for the acupoint, and performs the needling. The technique is a valuable aid to training of TMT practitioners.
\n\t\t\tInterest is growing in this unique form of Meridian Therapy, particularly in western countries. Many sighted practitioners now practice TMT in Australia, the US and Europe and various textbooks in English have aided the training of those outside Japan. Scientific research into TMT has begun, including investigations into the reliability of TMT diagnosis and the physiological correlates of pulse changes felt by the practitioner. How acupuncture works has still not been conclusively established. However, the way in which the mind-body is described by forms of Traditional East Asian Medicine (TEAM), such as Chinese medicine, is underpinned by a very different paradigm to that underpinning the biomedical model of the mind-body. One could argue that the Chinese medicine view of the mind-body is a kind of ‘energetic’ model (Ayurvedic medicine also has its own energetic model of the mind-body). There are inherent difficulties in trying to explain how systems of medicine such as Chinese medicine and therapies such as TMT work using a biomedical framework since they are such different paradigms. Clearly something else is going on in TMT that may not due to the physical stimulation of proprioceptors or the triggering of a neurochemical response in the same way as may occur with current forms of Chinese acupuncture since it doesn’t typically involve insertion of the needle. TMT may also offer unique opportunities for exploring the scientific basis of traditional forms of acupuncture; Manaka postulated twenty five years ago that for research to examine the traditional East Asian concepts and descriptions of the body and how to treat patients, it may be necessary to use low-level stimulus input methods in order to maximise our ability to capture the effects of those systems [Manaka, Itaya 1986, Manaka et al. 1995].
\n\t\t\tThis chapter will cover the origins of Toyohari Meridian Therapy, its theoretical basis, techniques used in diagnosis, and treatment protocols and approaches. It will also explore some of the scientific research into TMT with discussion on the directions of future research.
\n\t\tThe term ‘Meridian Therapy’ [経絡治療] refers to a traditional style of acupuncture that emerged in Japan in the late 1930s [Birch, Felt 1999, Fukushima 1991, Shudo 1990]. By 1913 modern Western style medicine had come to dominate in Japan and traditional forms of acupuncture had become severely limited through government regulations [Birch, Felt 1999, Lock 1980, Manaka et al. 1995, Shudo 1990]. Meridian Therapy evolved during similar period that the modern Chinese ‘traditional Chinese medicine’ [中醫], TCM acupuncture evolved, subjected to different political and historical pressures and influences [Birch, Felt 1999, Scheid 2002, Sivin 1987, Taylor 2004, Unschuld 1985]. Meridian Therapy emerged out of a period of careful investigation of the classical literature where the founding members of the Meridian Therapy movement, such as Sorei Yanagiya, Keiri Inoue, and Sodo Okabe, tried and tested different interpretations of the classics until they found a model with methods that appeared to work and was reproducible. This style like other traditional forms of acupuncture such as the current TCM style in China is based on interpretations and attempted reproductions of the historical literatures of acupuncture [Birch in preparation, Birch, Felt 1999]. The field of acupuncture has always manifested different traditional styles of acupuncture following different interpretations of the ‘traditional’ texts such as the Huangdi Neijing [黃帝內經] and Nanjing [難經] [Birch, Felt 1999, Birch, Lewith 2007, Goldschmidt 2009, Scheid 2002, Unschuld 1985, 1986, 2003], no less so today than historically [MacPherson, Kaptchuk 1997, Schnyer et al. 2007].
\n\t\t\tThe earliest texts describing acupuncture date from around the first to second centuries BCE [Lo 2001, Unschuld 2003]. They take as a focus a model of the body very different from models that developed in Europe at that time or in later millennia in the West [Kuriyama 1999]. The core model that we find in these historical texts is one of the body containing twelve jingmai [經脈] meridians or channels, which circulate qi [氣] around the body to help keep the body’s normal physiology intact and to help protect the body from disturbing influences [Unschuld 2003]. One of the earliest texts on acupuncture, the Huangdi Neijing Lingshu [黃帝內經靈樞] (hereafter the Lingshu), gives a kind of definition of (traditional) acupuncture: chapter seventy-five describes needling as a method for “regulating qi” [調氣] [Rochat de la Vallee 2006:79]. Acupuncture needles are applied to specific locations on the jingmai, the xue [穴] acu-holes or acupoints. The Lingshu describes the acu-holes in ways that are contrary to the preconceptions of people in the modern period, influenced by modern anatomical models of the body [Sivin 1987]. Of the acu-holes the Lingshu tells us that there are three hundred and sixty five locations where the qi travels in and out of the body and that the nature of these are not of the skin, flesh, sinews or bones, ie are not anatomical in origin or nature. Of this Sivin comments “a modern Westerner expects these points of communication, where the physician’s needles can affect the circulation, to be places in tissue, but here we find them related instead to processes” [Sivin 1987:51].
\n\t\t\tTMT, following the focus of the Meridian Therapy movement, placed significant focus on ideas and methods that are described in the Nanjing [Shudo 1990]. Five phase classifications and correspondences are extensively used to help with classification of findings and observations. Radial pulse and abdominal palpations are given priority and exhibit development and refinements to help with choosing the correct diagnosis and treatment. Simple patterns based on reading of Nanjing sixty-nine form the core of the process of pattern recognition and treatment. This chapter of the Nanjing provides a basis for selecting on which meridians to direct treatment and which acupoints on the meridians to treat [Fukushima, 1991, Ono 1988, Shudo 1990]. The primary patterns or ‘sho’ are the primary targets of the ‘root treatment’ (in Japanese ‘honchiho’, in Chinese ‘zhibenfa’ [治本法]). The root treatment focuses on correcting underlying disturbances of qi circulation among the twelve meridians regardless of the nature and location of symptoms. The theory of Nanjing sixty-nine states that one should always apply supplementation, bu [補] before draining, xie [寫] techniques [Fukushima 1991, Shudo 1991, Unschuld 1986:583], practically interpreted in Meridian Therapy to mean focus on finding what is xu [虛] or vacuous and take that as the primary target or first step of treatment. Nanjing sixty-nine also says ‘for conditions of xu, vacuity, bu, supplement the mother. This is understood to mean, for example if the lung (metal) is xu, vacuous, one should supplement the spleen (earth) since earth if the mother of metal. This led to the identification of a few primary patterns formed by looking for weakness in two consecutive channels in the five-phase engendering cycle [Shudo 1990] – see Table one. Then after carefully selecting the ‘pattern’ of which meridians to focus on (see Table 1) the supplementation technique [補法] is applied to acupoints on those two channels.
\n\t\t\tPrimary patterns or sho | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tTwo meridians involved | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tFive-phase engendering cycle relationship | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Lung vacuity sho | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tLung and spleen both weak | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tEarth is the mother of metal | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Spleen vacuity sho | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpleen and heart both weak | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tFire is the mother of earth | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Liver vacuity sho | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tLiver and kidney both weak | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tWater is the mother of wood | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Kidney vacuity sho | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tKidney and lung both weak | \n\t\t\t\t\t\tMetal is the mother of water | \n\t\t\t\t\t
The primary patterns or sho
The Lingshu also described nine types of needles [Lu, Needham 1980:102-103], including the ‘round-headed’, yuanzhen [員鍼] and blunt, shizhen [鍉鍼] needles which were not inserted into the body or through the skin, but were instead applied on the surface of the body to influence the qi of the patient [Birch in preparation, Birch, Ida 1998:48-54]. Thus, while it may seem unusual today to talk of an acupuncture system such as TMT where the needles are not inserted, we can see historical precedents dating back over two thousand years in China. TMT is not alone as a system of acupuncture that routinely uses non-inserted needling methods; other systems can easily be found [Kobayashi 2008, Ono 1988].
\n\t\t\tThere is an important concept in traditionally based forms of acupuncture, that for needling to be successful, the qi must arrive at the needle. The more common term used for this in modern literature is ‘deqi’ [得氣] meaning to ‘obtain the qi’, though another term is found commonly in the early historical texts, ‘qizhi’ [氣室], the ‘arrival of qi’. Today the more common understanding of deqi is that it refers to sensations that the person being needled might experience, such as ‘throbbing, aching, tingling’ etc [Anon 1980, Cheng 1987]. However the early descriptions of these two terms either explicitly refer to them as sensations that the practitioner feels (see Nanjing seventy-eight [Unschuld 1986:635] or require mastering skills in order for the qi to arrive that cannot locate the sensations in the patient, so that it is as much about the level of inner development of the practitioner as it is about the manipulations of the needle [Birch 2004, Birch in preparation, Chace 2006, Chace, Bensky 2009, Yang 2007]. TMT, like its progenitor Meridian Therapy, takes the idea from the Nanjing that it is the superior physician that feels the qi with their left hand as the standard to which the practitioner should aspire [Fukushima 1991, Shudo 1990]. Thus there has been a significant focus in TMT on helping the student and practitioner develop the internal skills necessary to be able to reproduce the difficult needling techniques. In TMT the ‘Kozato method’ has played an important role in accelerating the development of learning of these skills. We can see dating from the earliest texts on acupuncture an idea that for the needling to be effective in its influences on the qi, the inner state of the practitioner (calm emotions, quiet mental focus, posture, state of relaxation etc) is important, thus we see other historical precedents for the TMT needling techniques.
\n\t\t\tAlthough modern forms of acupuncture that have become more popular have focussed on inserting needles into relatively fixed anatomical locations on the body surface, focussing on physical movements and manipulations of the needle to produce therapeutic effects [Birch, Felt 1999, MacPherson, Kaptchuk 1997, Schnyer et al. 2007] we find the ample evidence dating from the earliest original texts of acupuncture for practice methods that use non-inserted needling methods to non-anatomically based points on the body surface. In addition, the inner state of the practitioner is much more important than him/her being simply the person moving the needle. TMT is a system that has attempted to reproduce these early descriptions [Birch in preparation].
\n\t\tFollowing the models of practice that became established in the general practice of Meridian Therapy in Japan, TMT places great emphasis on palpation of the radial pulses and the abdominal region in order to select the ‘primary pattern’ for root treatment [Birch, Felt 1999]. Through clinical experience reflex regions of the abdominal wall have been agreed upon as useful targets for diagnosis since they show clear changes reflecting problems in associated meridians. The method of palpation involved very softly stroking across the skin of the abdomen to see if there are changes of skin texture or temperature in those regions [Fukushima 1991]. Palpation of the radial pulses has been an important feature of TEAM since the Han dynasty [Lu, Needham 1980, Unschuld 1985, 1986]. Meridian Therapy has tended to follow methods for doing this introduced in the Nanjing [Fukushima 1991, Shudo 1990]. Two basic approaches are used in TMT, classifying the overall ‘quality’ of the pulses in relation to strength, speed and depth and palpating the three positions of the pulses that can be palpated in the region where they are described (along the radial bone, proximate to, over and distal to the styloid process) to examine differences in strength [Fukushima 1991]. After the patient has been questioned, the meridians that might be associated with the symptoms of the patients are palpated on the legs and arms. Following this the abdominal region is palpated and then the radial pulses are palpated. The pattern is most commonly decided by finding a concordance between the findings on the abdomen and the findings in the pulses. Specifically the region on the abdomen of that pattern must show signs of weakness and the positions of the two pulses associated with the pattern (see Table 1) must also be relatively weak. The symptoms and other findings of the patient may or may not match. This is an important issue to emphasise. In ‘Understanding Acupuncture’ the authors argued that the primary nature of diagnosis in traditional forms of acupuncture is to select treatment, not to describe an objectively existing ‘disease’ or ‘disorder’ [Birch, Felt 1999:218-222]. TMT is quite explicit about this, the phrase ‘diagnosis is treatment’ is taken as an expression of this idea. Thus the purpose of diagnosis is to help select the treatment. The treatment that is applied to the ‘primary pattern’ is, as was described above, part of the root treatment, ‘honchiho’ [本治法]). The principle purpose of this diagnosis is to help decide the best strategy for regulating the qi (tiao qi [調氣]. The findings of the abdominal and pulse position diagnosis are especially useful for deciding how best to do this on each patient. The general ‘quality’ of the pulse (depth, strength and speed) is used to help the practitioner judge how well the needling has been applied. These general qualities are not used to decide what treatment to apply. Rather, since they are thought to reflect something of the overall condition of qi in the patient, they are useful as indicating what kind of changes in the qi of the patient have been produced by the needling.
\n\t\t\tThis focus on abdominal and pulse diagnosis in diagnosis is thus a natural point of focus for studies investigating TMT since if the findings are not consistent or there is poor agreement about them then a less than optimal treatment may be given to the patient. Further the emphasis on pulse quality changes is also a natural target for studies of TMT. The practitioner must be able to reliably judge them otherwise the foundation of practice and needling effects are of questionable value. We will see later that the first stages of research in TMT have examined these two issues. Once studies show that these aspects of diagnosis are valid, it then becomes possible to examine the TMT needling methods and treatments with more confidence that appropriate judgements about their choices and applications have been made, which is naturally the first step before any physiological or clinical studies can be conducted.
\n\t\tThe needling methods in TMT developed out of systematic efforts to reproduce historical Chinese descriptions of needling coupled with feedback by palpation among colleagues of how well each interpretation works [Birch, in preparation]. The notion of the non-fixed ‘live’ acupoints (where the location of the acupoint is not determined by anatomical location alone, but by the sensation in the practitioner’s index finger on palpation along and/or near the meridian) is also based on efforts to examine and reproduce early historical Chinese literature.
\n\t\t\tFollowing traditional ideas TMT applies a supplementation needle technique (hoho [補法]) for deficient (xu) conditions, draining (xie [寫]) needle techniques for replete, shi [實] conditions, as required according to the condition of the patient. Meridian Therapy in general has a relatively simple form of draining needle technique [Shudo 1990] while TMT currently has six different techniques according to what is felt in the pulses and how the overall condition is judged [Birch 2010, Fukushima 1991], while Ono had nine different techniques [Ono 1988]. Like other forms of traditional acupuncture, TMT also has a number of ‘branch treatment’ (Japanese hyochiho, Chinese zhibiaofa [治標法]) methods [Shudo 1990, 2003]). In TMT these branch treatments include ‘naso’ (treatment of the region of the suprclavicular fossa), ‘muno’ (treatment of the inguinal region), ‘kikei’ (a unique extraordinary vessel treatment method), ‘shigo’ (a method that employs the theory of ‘midday-midnight’) and a number of other simple needling or moxa methods [Fukushima 1990]. TMT treatment most often consists of a judicious combination of ‘root’ and ‘branch’ treatments to match each individual patient on the day of treatment.
\n\t\t\tHere we describe the supplementation technique (hoho [補法]). The following is a précis of more extensive descriptions currently in preparation [Birch in preparation]. In this needling method, the needle tip is held at the skin surface or perhaps touches the skin, it does not penetrate the skin. The methods described here cannot be learnt from textbooks but only through highly structured supervised training with regular feedback. In the Toyohari Association, one of the founders, Mr Kozato found that it is possible to monitor the radial pulses throughout the needling techniques and that based on the changes that are felt in the pulses, one can give continuous feedback to the technique. This is the ‘Kozato hoshiki’ or Kozato method [Fukushima 1990]. Given that the pulses (‘mai’ [脈]) were said to reflect the state of qi in the body and the theory of pulse diagnosis in the Nanjing informs that one can read the radial pulses to understand the condition of qi in the body and in the jingmai, meridians [Unschuld 1986], it is natural that one would feel the radial artery pulses to ascertain how well the needling has affected the condition of the qi. In the Kozato method, one can give feedback to every stage of the needling as different changes occur at each stage.
\n\t\t\tA silver needle (40mm long, 0.18mm gauge) is used for this technique. After selecting the appropriate acupoint to be treated, the practitioner stands in the correct position relative to that acupoint. Holding the needle in the right hand (sashide), the practitioner places their left hand on the patient in order to find the acupoint. Touching very lightly the left index finger is softly and slowly stroked along the (flow of) meridian (jingmai) to be treated looking for the (‘live’) acupoint to be needled, paying attention to find signs of weakness to identify the exact location. The weak-feeling point has certain physical characteristics (is soft, loose, etc) but more subtle feelings are also detected, and the (experienced) practitioner becomes aware of something - touching or contacting the qi of the patient (at the ‘live point’). After finding the exact (‘live’) location to be needled, and still touching very softly, the practitioner places the thumb of the left hand next to the index finger, pressing the pads of finger and thumb gently together directly over the acupoint to be supplemented. This forms the ‘oshide’. In order to stabilise the oshide, the other fingers of the left hand are placed lightly so as to ‘secure’ the oshide. These movements are done all the while retaining the awareness of the qi at the point to be treated. The practitioner relaxes and adjusts their posture so as to relieve any unnecessary tension and then introduces the needle into the space between the index finger and thumb over the acupoint, angled along with the flow of the channel and directed towards the acupoint. Very carefully and slowly and the practitioner advances the needle tip towards the acupoint with their right hand (sashide) paying special attention to feeling when the needle tip contacts or engages something (contacts the qi). This can occur with the needle tip a small distance above the actual surface of the skin or at the skin surface. The practitioner feels this contact in their left hand (though other sensations elsewhere in their body may also be detected) [Birch 2004]. Once the practitioner has ascertained that the needle is at the correct ‘depth’ (here the language is depth within the flow of qi, not within the body), the right hand stops advancing the needle and holds the needle handle very softly while the left hand finger and thumb are pressed slightly more together (this is called ‘sayuatsu’ or ‘left-right pressure’ to seal the space around the needle tip to prevent qi leakage). Throughout these actions the practitioner remains calm and quietly focused noticing and relieving any tension that develops in their body. With the needle no longer advancing the practitioner seeks a change in the feeling (of qi) at the tip of the needle. If this change does not come automatically the practitioner may apply additional subtle manipulations with the right hand very gently until this change of feeling starts. As the change starts and the feeling (of qi - usually felt in the left hand) increases, the practitioner monitors it, then at the last moment increases the pressure of the left finger and thumb and as the patient inhales he rapidly removes the needle from the acupoint while simultaneously rolling the index finger or thumb over the acupoint (to close the ‘hole’ or space where the needle had been). The timing of this increased ‘left-right pressure’, needle removal and closure of the ‘hole’ is very precise and takes time to learn. The pressure is maintained on the acupoint for about one breath, then the digit is removed and the technique finished.
\n\t\tRecent conclusions from among experts involved in acupuncture research are that we don’t know the mechanisms of how acupuncture work, we have a lot of evidence of correlation between the application of needling techniques and measured physiological changes, but know little about the mechanisms inside the body [Hammerschlag, Zwickey 2006, Hammerschlag et al. 2007]. The neurochemical endorphin model is one attempt to describe how acupuncture analgesia works, for example [Pomeranz, Berman 2003]. Much acupuncture research has been based predominantly on the current biomedical model of the body. This particular model rests on certain fundamental underlying assumptions [Foss, Rothenberg 1987]. However, the way in which the mind-body is described by forms of TEAM, such as Chinese medicine, is underpinned by a very different paradigm to that underpinning the biomedical model of the mind-body [Birch, Lewith, 2007]. The Chinese medicine view of the mind-body is a kind of ‘energetic’ model. Ayurvedic medicine (Indian traditional medicine) and Tibetan medicine also have their own energetic models of the mind-body. There are inherent difficulties in trying to explain how systems of medicine such as Chinese medicine and therapies such as TMT work using a biomedical framework since they are underpinned by such different paradigms and it is necessary not to ignore these aspects.
\n\t\t\tIt appears to us that something else is going on in TMT that may not be due to the physical stimulation of proprioceptors or the triggering of a neuro-chemical response in the same way as may occur with TCM style acupuncture, since TMT doesn’t typically involve insertion of the needle. It manipulates the qi at the surface of the skin, often without even touching the skin. Typical TEAM acupuncture texts describe the meridians as pathways in which qi circulates, that traverse the skin as well as inside the body to connect with the related internal systems such as the zang-fu organs. Acupoints then are variously described as points on meridians (on the surface of the body) where the qi is accessible or concentrated. But what if the Chinese medical notion of the meridians extended above the body’s physical surface, akin to how Ayurveda understands the body? In the Ayurvedic model of the body, the mind-body is envisaged as a series of energetic bodies, each enveloping the previous one and extending further out in space, vibrating at progressively higher frequencies. The physical body is the densest of the bodies, that is, vibrating at the lowest frequency compared with the others. Information is progressively stepped down from one energetic state (body) to another. These energetic bodies surrounding the physical body could be thought of as energetic templates for the physical body. They also provide a means by which information from the environment impacts on the human, and ultimately the means by which we are all connected. Disturbance in the energetic bodies may eventually lead to dis-ease in the physical body. For further descriptions of such models, the reader is referred to books by Gerber (Gerber 1988), Cousins (Cousins 2005) and McTaggart (Mc Taggart 2003).
\n\t\t\tSuch theories of how the human mind-body works are not simply metaphysical ideals, for they are finding support in the areas of modern physics and biophysics. McTaggart’s book ‘The Field’ describes a coherence of thought and experience amongst many scientists across the globe for the concept of an energy field that connects everything, termed the ‘Zero Point Field’ (Mc Taggart 2003). German scientist Fritz Popp has documented that all living things, including plants, animals and humans emitted a permanent current of photons (light), with humans emitting the lowest number compared with plants. In humans, these biophoton emissions follow biological rhythms with a high degree of coherence in healthy subjects [Popp 2002, Popp, Cohen 1997], whereas in subjects with cancer, the coherence and natural periodic rhythms was seen to be lost [Popp 2009]. He theorises that biophoton emissions are a kind of correction mechanism to minimise disturbances within the Zero Point Field. He further postulated that these bio-photon emissions play a central role in cell coordination and communication, that DNA is one of the most important stores of light and sources of biophoton emissions and that DNA may use frequencies as an information tool (McTaggart 2003, Popp, Nagel et al. 1984). Popp described how 97% of DNA is associated with bio-photon transmission and 3% with genetic information (Cousens 2005). On this Cousens explains: ‘The DNA communication of bio-photons communicates with the cells and sets the electromagnetic field for the cell to communicate with the rest of the body, with all the other cells, along with the intracellular matrix’ (Cousens 2005). Here, we might be seeing a convergence of thought about the energetic nature of the body and traditional descriptions such as TEAM. Of course this area of theoretical linking needs much work and verification, but the similarities are suggestive and support the notion that we may need to take a different approach to investigating traditional practice methods such as acupuncture. Popp [McTaggart 2003, Popp et al. 2005] and colleagues have even found possible evidence linking his theories with those of acupuncture and suggested possible models for understanding this [Ho, Knight 1998].
\n\t\t\tSo, in considering how TMT works, where are we to begin? It must be with the understanding that we begin any investigation with a set of assumptions about the nature of reality. In using western scientific research methodologies, underpinned by reductionism and mechanism, we need to acknowledge the inherent limitations as well as exploit the advantages of this style of inquiry. Whilst much has been written about the limitations of what is considered the gold standard of scientific research, the randomised controlled trial (RCT), scientific inquiry is not limited to RCTs and a range of other research methodologies are useful in investigating acupuncture. For a comprehensive description, the reader is referred to the book Acupuncture Research (MacPherson et al. 2007). We need to also remember that with particular models such as the biomedical and Chinese medical models, there is a language and set of theories that have developed to describe them, and such concepts are not always readily translatable across medical cultures. For example, the concept of ‘qi’ is particularly hard to define- more than fifty kinds of qi in the body and in nature are mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing Suwen [Leo 2011:105], Porkert lists thirty-two types of qi [Porkert 1974:167-173], and simply translating qi as ‘energy’ may fail to communicate the many nuances of the term ‘qi’ [Birch, Bovey in preparation, Felt 2008]. We feel it is necessary to expand the models of what we are doing when we attempt to research TEAM practice methods such as acupuncture and that seeking correlation with and using models from developing areas in physics and bio-physics may be helpful. This work will necessarily take some time. Thus as a first approach to investigating TMT we chose very basic and simple approaches rooted in its practice before attempting more elaborate basic science or clinical trial approaches. Our initial work is summarised in the next section.
\n\t\tThe fact that TMT is so different from the more popular forms of acupuncture found today and yet, like other forms of traditional acupuncture such as TCM acupuncture is clearly based in the historical classics of acupuncture raises many issues for researchers interested in investigating acupuncture. It challenges the preconceptions of many about what constitutes the practice of acupuncture. It places the practice of pulse diagnosis at the heart of understanding both what do to in treatment and the condition of the patient both before and after needling has been done. It raises important questions about the relationship of needling and claims to have influenced the qi with a needle by bringing the practitioner much more into the picture than clinical and basic science investigations of acupuncture have permitted to date. It requires the development of models and then appropriate research methods that allow these aspects to be appropriately investigated.
\n\t\t\tIn recent times, research has been conducted that has put TMT diagnosis under the microscope. In TMT treatment follows diagnosis. If diagnosis is not accurate, there can be less confidence that optimal treatment is received. Diagnosis in CM and TMT is, however, somewhat subjective. One way of ascertaining whether we have the correct diagnosis or not is to see if others agree with it (though it is possible of course to have several practitioners all agreeing on an incorrect diagnosis). Inter-rater reliability is a measure of the level of consistency of a measurement between two or more practitioners. Whilst there have been several studies investigating the inter-rater reliability of pulse, tongue diagnosis, other information collected in a CM examination and CM syndrome diagnosis (O’Brien and Birch 2009), few studies have focussed on TMT. An Australian study into the reliability of pulse diagnosis, abdominal (Hara) diagnosis and diagnosis of the primary and secondary sho between two experienced TMT practitioners conducted in 62 healthy Australians found a reasonable level of agreement for the basic pulse characteristics of depth (57%), speed (61%) and strength (77%), and for two regions of the Hara using abdominal diagnosis (\n\t\t\t\t\tO’Brien et al. 2009\n\t\t\t\t). However level of agreement for the primary and secondary sho diagnoses was only 48% and 44% respectively, suggesting that there is room for improvement (\n\t\t\t\t\tO’Brien et al. 2009\n\t\t\t\t). This was the first study and only study to date to have comprehensively assessed inter-rater reliability in TMT. Earlier studies of the reliability of pulse diagnosis in Meridian Therapy found a variable level of agreement on basic pulse characteristics (Birch 1997), in one study ranging from no correlation to substantial to almost perfect correlation (Birch 1997).
\n\t\t\tTMT treatment relies heavily on pulse diagnosis. Changes in the pulse characteristics indicate to the practitioner that the treatment is complete. The practitioner is able to feel the difference in the quality of the pulse, but it is not known if there are any physiological correlates of these changes that can be measured objectively with medical instrumentation. To begin investigating this we initiated exploratory research in Australia to examine possible physiological correlates within the cardiovascular system of the pulse following a TMT root treatment (O’Brien et al. manuscript in preparation). The study was designed to see if the ‘Sphygmocor’ device, a standard tool in cardiovascular medicine, could detect changes that correlated with the reliable judgment of two practitioners that the radial pulses changed following a TMT root treatment. This is an example not only of cross-disciplinary research but also research seeking the intersections of knowledge between two medical systems.
\n\t\t\tProbably more than any other system of acupuncture, TMT helps highlight elements of treatment that are not usually made explicit during the teaching and description of needling methods that are very much based in the traditional historical literature on needling methods. This allows us not only to highlight and identify those elements but helps us rethink how we might go about constructing valid investigations of acupuncture methods that claim to be based in the traditional literature and models and which claim to work through their influences on the qi. One important aspect to highlight is that the mental state and more general inner state of the practitioner seem to be crucial for the needling to be successful. This raises a number of interesting and important possibilities that require ongoing work in model developments so that an expanded range of research strategies can be used to investigate a therapy like TMT acupuncture [Birch 2009, in preparation-a, in preparation-b].
\n\t\tTMT is a unique style of Meridian Therapy. Originally practised predominantly by blind Japanese practitioners, increasingly it is becoming popular amongst sighted practitioners and is now practised in many western countries. It requires a high degree of skill, not only in diagnosis, but also to locate the ‘live’ acupoint correctly and manipulate the acupuncture needle effectively. It challenges the practitioner to develop a very keen sensitivity of the sensation of touch in particular. TMT poses challenges in understanding how it may achieve its therapeutic outcomes, since in a root treatment typically the acupuncture needle does not touch the surface of the skin. The conventional biomedical model of how the body operates is likely to be superceded eventually by emergent models that describe the mind-body in terms of ‘energy’ and energy fields. Such models, based on quantum physics, are already developed and may provide a better framework from which to understand how TMT works. Chinese medicine, after all, could be described as an energetic model of the mind-body. It is important that research is conducted with a full awareness of the advantages and limitations of western scientific methodology, and of the underlying paradigms and assumptions upon which scientific research rests. TMT, like other forms of TEAM, has not stopped developing. It is therefore important that practitioners and researchers continue to put TMT ‘under the microscope’ and test it out in creative ways.
\n\t\tIt is well known that a rotational transformation in the complex plane is equivalent to multiplying the complex number by a factor
When Hamilton introduced his quaternion algebra, German high school teacher Hermann Gunther Grassmann (1809–1877) was constructing his exterior algebra [2]. He defined the exterior product or outer product
British mathematician William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879) was one of the few mathematicians who read and understood Grassmann’s work. In 1878, he combined the algebraic rules of Hamilton and Grassmann to define a new algebraic system, which he himself called geometric algebra [3]. In this algebra, both the inner and exterior products of vectors can be uniquely represented by a linear combination of geometric product. In addition, geometric algebra is always isomorphic to some special matrix algebra.
Clifford algebra combines all the advantages of quaternion with the advantages of vector algebra and uniformly and succinctly describes the contents of geometry and physics. However, the vector calculus introduced by Gibbs had also successfully described the mathematical physics problem in three-dimensional space [4]. Clifford died prematurely at the age of 34, so that the theory of geometric algebra was not deeply researched and fully developed, and people still could not see the superiority of this algebra at that time. Thus, the important insights of Grassmann and Clifford were lost in the late nineteenth century papers. Mathematicians abstracted Clifford algebra from its geometric origins, and, for the most part of a century, it languished as a minor subdiscipline of mathematics and became one more algebra among so many others.
With the establishment of relativity, especially the introduction of Pauli and Dirac’s matrix algebra for spin and the successful application in quantum theory [5], it was felt that there is an urgent need for a mathematical system to deal with problems in high-dimensional space-time. In the 1920s, Clifford algebra re-entered the field of vision and was paid attention and researched by some of the famous mathematicians and physicists such as R. Lipschitz, T. Vahlen, E. Cartan, E. Witt, C. Chevalley, and M. Riesz [6, 7, 8]. When only formal algebra is involved, we usually use the term “Clifford algebra,” but more often use the “geometric algebra” named by Clifford himself if applied to geometric problems.
The first person who realized that Clifford algebra is a unified language in geometry and physics should be David Hestenes. By the 1960s, Hestenes began to restore the geometric meaning behind Pauli and Dirac algebra. Although his initial motivation was to gain insight into the nature of quantum mechanics, he quickly realized that Clifford algebra was a unified language and tool for mathematics, physics, and engineering. He published “space-time algebra” in 1966 and has been working on the promotion of Clifford algebra in teaching and research [9, 10, 11, 12]. Because representation and algorithm in geometric algebra are seemingly as ordinary as arithmetic, his work has been neglected by the scientific community for more than 20 years. Only with the joint impetus of computer-aided design, computer vision and robotics, protein folding, neural networks, modern differential geometry, mathematical physics [13, 14, 15, 16, 17], and especially the Journal “Advances in Applied Clifford algebras” founded by Professor Jaime Keller, geometric algebra began to move towards popularity and prosperity.
As a unified and universal language of natural science, Clifford algebra is developed by many mathematicians, physicists, and engineers according to their different requirements and knowledge background. Such situation leads to “There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people’s eyes.” In this chapter, by introducing typical application of Clifford algebra in geometry, we show some special feature and elegance of the algebra.
In Euclidean space, we have several important concepts such as vector, length, angle, area, volume, and tensor. The study of relationship between these concepts constitutes the whole content of Euclidean geometry. The mathematical tools previously used to discuss these contents are vector algebra and geometrical method, which are complex and require much fundamental knowledge. Clifford algebra exactly and faithfully describes the intrinsic properties of vector space by introducing concepts such as inner, exterior, and geometric products of vectors and thus becomes a unified language and standard tool for dealing with geometric and physical problems. Clifford algebra has the characteristics of simple concept, standard operation, completeness in conclusion, and easy understanding.
Definition 1 For Minkowski space
the algebra is called Grassmann algebra and
The Grassmann is also called exterior algebra. The geometrical meaning of
Geometric meaning of exterior products of vectors.
By the definition, we can easily check:
Theorem 1 For exterior algebra defined in
The dimension of the algebra is
Under the orthonormal basis
in which
The exterior product of vectors contains alternating combinations of basis, for example:
Definition 2 For any vectors
Clifford product is also calledgeometric product.
Similarly, we can define Clifford algebra for many vectors as
Definition 3 For Minkowski space
then the algebra
is called as Clifford algebra or geometric algebra, which is denoted as
There are several definitions for Clifford algebra [18, 19]. The above definition is the original definition of Clifford. Clifford algebra has also
In physics, we often use curvilinear coordinate system or consider problems in curved space-time. In this case, we must discuss problems in
Definition 4 In
where
in which
is Grassmann basis. The following Clifford-Grassmann number with basis
defines real universal Clifford algebra
The definitions and treatments in this chapter make the corresponding subtle and fallible concepts in differential geometry much simpler. For example, in spherical coordinate system of
We have the total area of the sphere
The above definition involves a number of concepts, some more explanations are given in the following:
The geometrical meanings of elements
which is the most important relation in Clifford algebra. Since Clifford algebra is isomorphic to some matrix algebra, by (17)
Assume
In which
By (12) and (13) we find that, using Clifford algebra to deal with the problems on a manifold or in the tangent space, the method is the same. Unless especially mentioned, we always use the Greek alphabet to stand for the index in curved space-time, and the Latin alphabet for the index in tangent space. We use Einstein summation convention.
In Eq. (15), each grade-
Geometric meaning of vectors dx,dy and dx∧dy.
The real difficulty in learning modern mathematics is that in order to get a little result, we need a long list of subtle concepts. Mathematicians are used to defining concepts over concepts, but if the chain of concepts breaks down, the subsequent contents will not be understandable. Except for the professionals, the common readers impossibly have so much time to check and understand all concepts carefully. Fortunately, the Clifford algebra can avoid this problem, because Clifford algebra depends only on a few simple concepts, such as numbers, vectors, derivatives, and so on. The only somewhat new concept is the Clifford product of the vector bases, which is isomorphic to some special matrix algebra; and the rules of Clifford algebra are also standardized and suitable for brainless operations, which can be well mastered by high school students.
Definition 5 For vector
in which
Theorem 2 For basis of Clifford algebra, we have the following relations
Proof. Clearly
Permuting the indices
Again by
Likewise, we can define multi-inner product
We use
In
We use
Based on the above preliminaries, we can display some enlightening examples of application, which show how geometric algebra works efficiently. For a skew-symmetrical torsion
and then
where
So, the skew-symmetrical torsion is equivalent to a pseudo vector in
The following example discusses the absolute differential of tensors. The definition of vector, tensor, and spinor in differential geometry involving a number of refined concepts such as vector bundle and dual bundle, which are too complicated for readers in other specialty. Here, we inherit the traditional definitions based on the bases
For simplicity, we denote tensor basis by:
In general, a tensor of rank
The geometrical information of the tensor such as transformation law and differential connection are all recorded by basis
For the absolute differential of vector field
We call
It is a real linear transformation of basis
It satisfies metric consistent condition
Thus, the differential connection can be generally expressed as:
For metric
By (43), we have:
Since
(45) is a linear nonhomogeneous algebraic equation of
Solving (45), we get the symmetrical particular solution “Christoffel symbols” as follows;
in which
where
By (48),
Theorem 3 For post-metric connections we have the following relations
and consistent condition
Proof If we represent
If we represent
in which
So this part of torsion is a skew-symmetrical tensor
Calculating the summation of (55) for circulation of
Substituting (42) into
we get
To understand the meaning of
The term
Theorem 4 In the case
in which
where
Similarly, we can calculate the absolute differential for any tensor. The example also shows the advantages to combine variable with basis.
Now we take spinor connection as example to show the power of Clifford algebra. For Dirac equation in curved space-time without torsion, we have [23, 25, 26]:
where
where
where
If the gravitational field is generated by a rotating ball, the corresponding metric, like the Kerr one, cannot be diagonalized. In this case, the spin-gravity coupling term has nonzero coupling effect. In asymptotically flat space-time, we have the line element in quasi-spherical coordinate system [28]:
in which
where
Substituting it into (65) we get
By (70), we find that the intensity of
(71) shows that the force lines of
The matrix representation of Clifford algebra is an old problem with a long history. As early as in 1908, Cartan got the following periodicity of 8 [18, 19].
Theorem 5 For real universal Clifford algebra
For
By (73), we find
Similarly, for
By (74), the basis is equivalent to
Thus, (75) means
In geometry and physics, the matrix representation of generators of Clifford algebra is more important and fundamental than the representation of whole algebra. Define
which forms the generator or grade-1 basis of Clifford algebra
Theorem 6 Assuming the matrices
then there is a natural number
This means in equivalent sense, we have unique representation (76) for generator of
Theorem 7 Let
Other
In order to express the general representation of generators, we introduce some simple notations.
in which the direct product of matrix is Kronecker product. Obviously, we have
Theorem 8
In equivalent sense, for
in which
For
If and only if
For any
For
Then, we get all complex matrix representations for generators of real
The real representation of
By the construction of generators, we have only two kinds of
Denote
Theorem 9
For
For
For
Obviously we have
Proof. By calculating rules of block matrix, it is easy to check the following relations:
By these relations, Theorem 9 becomes a direct result of Theorem 8.
For example, we have
It is easy to check
Assume
Definition 6 The conjugation of element in
The main involution of element is defined by
The norm and inverse of element are defined by
By the definition, it is easy to check
Definition 7 The Pin group and Spin group of
The transformation
For
In all transformations of vector, the reflection and rotation transformations are important in geometry. Here, we discuss the transformation in detail. Let
Let
Eq. (107) clearly shows the geometrical meaning of reflection. By (106), we learn reflection transformation belongs to
Reflection transformation X′=X⊥−X∥.
The rotation transformation
The group elements of elementary transformation in
The total transformation can be expressed as multiplication of elementary transformations as follows:
(111) has
in which
If
Thus,
Suppose the basic space of projective geometry is
Diagram of parameter setting for projective geometry.
The equation of projective ray is given by:
where
Let
In the above equation
Theorem 10 For 4 different points
Proof Substituting (119) into (120) we get
where
(123) is independent of
Now we examine affine transformation. In this case, the polar
Since
Theorem 11 Assume
is an affine invariant.
Proof By equation of transformation (124) we get
In (126), only the parameters
Denote the unit directional vector of line
Substituting them into (127) we get:
This proves the simple ratio
The treatment of image information by computer requires concise and general algebraic representation for geometric modeling as well as fast and robust algebraic algorithm for geometric calculation. Conformal geometry algebra was introduced in this context. By establishing unified covariant algebra representation of classical geometry, the efficient calculation of invariant algebra is realized [13, 14, 15]. It provides a unified and concise homogeneous algebraic framework for classical geometry and algorithms, which can thus be used for complicated symbolic geometric calculations. This technology is currently widely applied in high-tech fields such as computer graphics, vision calculation, geometric design, and robots.
The algebraic representation of a geometric object is homogeneous, which means that any two algebraic expressions representing this object differ by only one nonzero factor and any such algebraic expressions with different nonzero multiple represent the same geometric object. The embedding space provided by conformal geometric algebra for
In conformal geometry algebra, an additional Minkowski plane
In practical application,
They satisfy
A unit pseudo-scalar
In conformal geometric algebra, we work with
Define the horosphere of
which is a bijective mapping
Now we examine how conformal geometric algebra represents geometric objects. For a line passing through points
Since
Again by using (135) and (136), we get
We recognize
For a sphere with radius
Using
where
From these properties, the form (139) and center
The examples given above are only applications of Clifford algebra in geometry, but we have seen the power of Clifford algebra in solving geometrical problems. In fact, Clifford algebra is more widely used in physics. Why does Clifford algebra work so well? As have been seen from the above examples, the power of Clifford algebra comes from the following features:
In the geometry of flat space, the basic concepts are only length, angle, area, and volume, which are already implicitly included in the definition of Clifford algebra. So, Clifford algebra summarizes these contents of classical geometry and algebraize them all. By introducing the concepts of inner, exterior, and direct products of vector, Clifford algebra summarizes the operations of scalars, vectors, and tensors and then can represent all the physical variables in classical physics, because only these variables are included in classical physics.
By localizing the basis or frame of space-time, Clifford algebra is naturally suitable for the tangent space in a manifold. If the differential
If the above contents seem to be very natural, Clifford algebra still has another unusual advantage, that is, it includes the theory of spinor. So, Clifford algebra also contains quantum theory and spinor connection. These things are far beyond the human intuition and have some surprising properties.
There are many reasons to make Clifford algebra become a unified and efficient language and tool for mathematics, physics, and engineering, such as Clifford algebra generalizes real number, complex number, quaternion, and vector algebra; Clifford algebra is isomorphic to matrix algebra; the derivative operator
“But, if geometric algebra is so good, why is it not more widely used?” As Hestenes replied in [11]: “Its time will come!” The published geometric algebra literature is more than sufficient to support instruction with geometric algebra at intermediate and advanced levels in physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science. Though few faculty are conversant with geometric algebra now, most could easily learn what they need while teaching. At the introductory level, geometric algebra textbooks and teacher training will be necessary before geometric algebra can be widely taught in the schools. There is steady progress in this direction, but funding is needed to accelerate it. Malcolm Gladwell has discussed social conditions for a “tipping point” when the spread of an idea suddenly goes viral. Place your bets now on a Tipping Point for Geometric Algebra!
I would like to thank Dr. Min Lei for her kind invitation and help. The discussion on torsion is completed under the inspiration and guidance of Prof. James M. Nester. The content of conformal geometric algebra is added according to the suggestion of Dr. Isiah Zaplana. The chapter has been improved according to the comments of a referee.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Data Provider, metadata for published Chapters and Journal Articles are available via our interface at the base URL:http://www.intechopen.com/oai/?.
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Data Provider, metadata for published Chapters and Journal Articles are available via our interface at the base URL:http://www.intechopen.com/oai/?.
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10684",title:"Biorefineries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23962c6b77348bcbf247c673d34562f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10684.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:187},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"59",title:"Microbiology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology",parent:{title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:99,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2923,numberOfWosCitations:3879,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1830,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4784,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8990",title:"Current Concepts in Zika Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f410c024dd429d6eb0e6abc8973ecc14",slug:"current-concepts-in-zika-research",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8133",title:"Pathogenic Bacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b26e69f94525a38ead8ac88e3c68631a",slug:"pathogenic-bacteria",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu and Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7011",title:"Viruses and Viral Infections in Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e62364f82e1b5737c8cd1b90a88c5f53",slug:"viruses-and-viral-infections-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Snežana Jovanović-Ćupić, Muhammad Abubakar, Ayşe Emel Önal, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Ana Božović and Milena Krajnovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288767",title:"Dr.",name:"Snežana",middleName:null,surname:"Jovanović-Ćupić",slug:"snezana-jovanovic-cupic",fullName:"Snežana Jovanović-Ćupić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8032",title:"Staphylococcus and Streptococcus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9ddbf132ac8ea9d2a7613836e5a27ca",slug:"staphylococcus-and-streptococcus",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6910",title:"Bacteriophages",subtitle:"Perspectives and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f28b4e1886882252219cac01e75b69c",slug:"bacteriophages-perspectives-and-future",bookSignature:"Renos Savva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252160",title:"Dr.",name:"Renos",middleName:null,surname:"Savva",slug:"renos-savva",fullName:"Renos Savva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9354",title:"Microalgae",subtitle:"From Physiology to Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"affa344272fbd8d5cd80cab53f814303",slug:"microalgae-from-physiology-to-application",bookSignature:"Milada Vítová",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"253951",title:"Dr.",name:"Milada",middleName:null,surname:"Vítová",slug:"milada-vitova",fullName:"Milada Vítová"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8038",title:"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa",subtitle:"An Armory Within",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"308d6be5ffbb4b2caa0a7c4146a7737d",slug:"pseudomonas-aeruginosa-an-armory-within",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6965",title:"Helicobacter Pylori",subtitle:"New Approaches of an Old Human Microorganism",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"acf3954c4d9d440038f3074fb81d7411",slug:"helicobacter-pylori-new-approaches-of-an-old-human-microorganism",bookSignature:"Bruna Maria Roesler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54995",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Roesler",slug:"bruna-maria-roesler",fullName:"Bruna Maria Roesler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6970",title:"The Universe of Escherichia coli",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92027ca0bca1f8ae2971739a4ae6af84",slug:"the-universe-of-escherichia-coli",bookSignature:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6970.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58980",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjanca",middleName:null,surname:"Starčič Erjavec",slug:"marjanca-starcic-erjavec",fullName:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6588",title:"Plasmid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7411c33be05d3ce296d294c3c01af404",slug:"plasmid",bookSignature:"Munazza Gull",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6588.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186160",title:"Prof.",name:"Munazza",middleName:null,surname:"Gull",slug:"munazza-gull",fullName:"Munazza Gull"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:99,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"18396",doi:"10.5772/22331",title:"Salinity Stress and Salt Tolerance",slug:"salinity-stress-and-salt-tolerance",totalDownloads:21123,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:112,book:{slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress in Plants - Mechanisms and Adaptations"},signatures:"Petronia Carillo, Maria Grazia Annunziata, Giovanni Pontecorvo, Amodio Fuggi and Pasqualina Woodrow",authors:[{id:"47290",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Pontecorvo",slug:"giovanni-pontecorvo",fullName:"Giovanni Pontecorvo"},{id:"47803",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasqualina",middleName:null,surname:"Woodrow",slug:"pasqualina-woodrow",fullName:"Pasqualina Woodrow"},{id:"47804",title:"Prof.",name:"Petronia",middleName:null,surname:"Carillo",slug:"petronia-carillo",fullName:"Petronia Carillo"},{id:"47808",title:"Prof.",name:"Amodio",middleName:null,surname:"Fuggi",slug:"amodio-fuggi",fullName:"Amodio Fuggi"},{id:"47809",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Annunziata",slug:"maria-grazia-annunziata",fullName:"Maria Grazia Annunziata"}]},{id:"25750",doi:"10.5772/32009",title:"Gateway Vectors for Plant Genetic Engineering: Overview of Plant Vectors, Application for Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) and Multigene Construction",slug:"gateway-vectors-for-plant-genetic-engineering-overview-of-plant-vectors-application-for-bimolecular-",totalDownloads:11432,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:77,book:{slug:"genetic-engineering-basics-new-applications-and-responsibilities",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - Basics, New Applications and Responsibilities"},signatures:"Yuji Tanaka, Tetsuya Kimura, Kazumi Hikino, Shino Goto,\nMikio Nishimura, Shoji Mano and Tsuyoshi Nakagawa",authors:[{id:"89749",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakagawa",slug:"tsuyoshi-nakagawa",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Nakagawa"},{id:"124398",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",slug:"yuji-tanaka",fullName:"Yuji Tanaka"},{id:"124404",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"tetsuya-kimura",fullName:"Tetsuya Kimura"},{id:"124405",title:"Ms.",name:"Kazumi",middleName:null,surname:"Hikino",slug:"kazumi-hikino",fullName:"Kazumi Hikino"},{id:"124406",title:"Dr.",name:"Shino",middleName:null,surname:"Goto",slug:"shino-goto",fullName:"Shino Goto"},{id:"124407",title:"Dr.",name:"Shoji",middleName:null,surname:"Mano",slug:"shoji-mano",fullName:"Shoji Mano"},{id:"124408",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikio",middleName:null,surname:"Nishimura",slug:"mikio-nishimura",fullName:"Mikio Nishimura"}]},{id:"37734",doi:"10.5772/46006",title:"Endosomal Escape Pathways for Non-Viral Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems",slug:"endosomal-escape-pathways-for-non-viral-nucleic-acid-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:6988,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:66,book:{slug:"molecular-regulation-of-endocytosis",title:"Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis",fullTitle:"Molecular Regulation of Endocytosis"},signatures:"Wanling Liang and Jenny K. W. Lam",authors:[{id:"143095",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny Ka Wing",middleName:null,surname:"Lam",slug:"jenny-ka-wing-lam",fullName:"Jenny Ka Wing Lam"},{id:"146268",title:"MSc.",name:"Wanling",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"wanling-liang",fullName:"Wanling Liang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62883",title:"Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccines and Gene Therapies: Current Status and Future Prospects",slug:"adenoviral-vector-based-vaccines-and-gene-therapies-current-status-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"adenoviruses",title:"Adenoviruses",fullTitle:"Adenoviruses"},signatures:"Shakti Singh, Rakesh Kumar and Babita Agrawal",authors:null},{id:"62731",title:"An Introductory Chapter: Secondary Metabolites",slug:"an-introductory-chapter-secondary-metabolites",totalDownloads:7600,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"secondary-metabolites-sources-and-applications",title:"Secondary Metabolites",fullTitle:"Secondary Metabolites - Sources and Applications"},signatures:"Durairaj Thirumurugan, Alagappan Cholarajan, Suresh S.S. Raja and\nRamasamy Vijayakumar",authors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}]},{id:"55303",title:"Classification of Anti‐Bacterial Agents and Their Functions",slug:"classification-of-anti-bacterial-agents-and-their-functions",totalDownloads:7443,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"antibacterial-agents",title:"Antibacterial Agents",fullTitle:"Antibacterial Agents"},signatures:"Hamid Ullah and Saqib Ali",authors:[{id:"201024",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Ullah",slug:"hamid-ullah",fullName:"Hamid Ullah"},{id:"202624",title:"Dr.",name:"Saqib",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"saqib-ali",fullName:"Saqib Ali"}]},{id:"49873",title:"An Introduction to Actinobacteria",slug:"an-introduction-to-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:6213,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:53,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath\nPonnusamy Manogaran",authors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}]},{id:"60723",title:"Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites by Using Biotechnological Tools",slug:"production-of-plant-secondary-metabolites-by-using-biotechnological-tools",totalDownloads:3315,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"secondary-metabolites-sources-and-applications",title:"Secondary Metabolites",fullTitle:"Secondary Metabolites - Sources and Applications"},signatures:"Sandra Gonçalves and Anabela Romano",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"193968",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"sandra-goncalves",fullName:"Sandra Gonçalves"}]},{id:"49285",title:"Morphological Identification of Actinobacteria",slug:"morphological-identification-of-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:7408,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:27,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Qinyuan Li, Xiu Chen, Yi Jiang and Chenglin Jiang",authors:[{id:"175852",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"chen-jiang",fullName:"Chen Jiang"}]},{id:"12955",title:"Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Serum",slug:"organochlorine-pesticides-in-human-serum",totalDownloads:6725,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"pesticides-strategies-for-pesticides-analysis",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Strategies for Pesticides Analysis"},signatures:"Jung-Ho Kang and Yoon-Seok Chang",authors:[{id:"15477",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoon-Seok",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"yoon-seok-chang",fullName:"Yoon-Seok Chang"},{id:"16817",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",slug:"jung-ho-kang",fullName:"Jung-Ho Kang"}]},{id:"59952",title:"Probiotics and Its Relationship with the Cardiovascular System",slug:"probiotics-and-its-relationship-with-the-cardiovascular-system",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"probiotics-current-knowledge-and-future-prospects",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics - Current Knowledge and Future Prospects"},signatures:"Suresh Antony and Marlina Ponce de Leon",authors:[{id:"45333",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",middleName:"Jude",surname:"Antony",slug:"suresh-antony",fullName:"Suresh Antony"}]},{id:"53566",title:"History of Cell Culture",slug:"history-of-cell-culture",totalDownloads:4855,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-cell-culture-technology",title:"New Insights into Cell Culture Technology",fullTitle:"New Insights into Cell Culture Technology"},signatures:"Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka",authors:[{id:"186478",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Jedrzejczak-Silicka",slug:"magdalena-jedrzejczak-silicka",fullName:"Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka"}]},{id:"66740",title:"Bacteriophages: Their Structural Organisation and Function",slug:"bacteriophages-their-structural-organisation-and-function",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"bacteriophages-perspectives-and-future",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages - Perspectives and Future"},signatures:"Helen E. White and Elena V. Orlova",authors:[{id:"101052",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Orlova",slug:"elena-orlova",fullName:"Elena Orlova"},{id:"262804",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"White",slug:"helen-white",fullName:"Helen White"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/268628/cihan-dogruoz",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"268628",slug:"cihan-dogruoz"},fullPath:"/profiles/268628/cihan-dogruoz",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()