Investigative reports on corruption issues in the Arab world from 2016 to 2018.
\r\n\tAnimal food additives are products used in animal nutrition for purposes of improving the quality of feed or to improve the animal’s performance and health. Other additives can be used to enhance digestibility or even flavour of feed materials. In addition, feed additives are known which improve the quality of compound feed production; consequently e.g. they improve the quality of the granulated mixed diet.
\r\n\r\n\tGenerally feed additives could be divided into five groups:
\r\n\t1.Technological additives which influence the technological aspects of the diet to improve its handling or hygiene characteristics.
\r\n\t2. Sensory additives which improve the palatability of a diet by stimulating appetite, usually through the effect these products have on the flavour or colour.
\r\n\t3. Nutritional additives, such additives are specific nutrient(s) required by the animal for optimal production.
\r\n\t4.Zootechnical additives which improve the nutrient status of the animal, not by providing specific nutrients, but by enabling more efficient use of the nutrients present in the diet, in other words, it increases the efficiency of production.
\r\n\t5. In poultry nutrition: Coccidiostats and Histomonostats which widely used to control intestinal health of poultry through direct effects on the parasitic organism concerned.
\r\n\tThe aim of the book is to present the impact of the most important feed additives on the animal production, to demonstrate their mode of action, to show their effect on intermediate metabolism and heath status of livestock and to suggest how to use the different feed additives in animal nutrition to produce high quality and safety animal origin foodstuffs for human consumer.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-404-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-403-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-405-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",keywords:"Technological Feed Additives, Feed Industry, Quality of Compound Feed, Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoter, Product Quality, Additive Enzymes, Digestibility of Nutrients, NSP Enzymes, Farm Animals, Livestock, Immunity, Microbiome",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 10th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor Emeritus from the University of Debrecen, Hungary who authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited 3 books. Member of various committees and chairman of the World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.jpg",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus of animal nutrition at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. From 1984 to 1985 he worked at the Agricultural University in Wageningen and in the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition in Lelystad (the Netherlands). He also worked at the Agricultural University of Vienna in the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition (Austria) and in the Oscar Kellner Research Institute in Rostock (Germany). From 1988 to 1992, he worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition (Agricultural University in Wageningen). In 1992 he obtained a PhD degree in animal nutrition from the University of Wageningen.He has authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters). He edited 3 books and 14 international conference proceedings. His total number of citation is 407. \r\nHe is member of various committees e.g.: American Society of Animal Science (ASAS, USA); the editorial board of the Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A- Animal Science (Norway); KRMIVA, Journal of Animal Nutrition (Croatia), Austin Food Sciences (NJ, USA), E-Cronicon Nutrition (UK), SciTz Nutrition and Food Science (DE, USA), Journal of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology (NJ, USA), Current Research in Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences (USA). From 2015 he has been appointed chairman of World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).\r\nHis main research areas are related to pig and poultry nutrition: elimination of harmful effects of heat stress by nutrition tools, energy- amino acid metabolism in livestock, relationship between animal nutrition and quality of animal food products (meat).",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"25",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"50169",title:"The Role of Immune Reactivity in Bone Regeneration",doi:"10.5772/62476",slug:"the-role-of-immune-reactivity-in-bone-regeneration",body:'\nBone injuries are frequent occurrences in daily life. Considering Germany as an example for a country with a health system guaranteeing treatment for fracture patients at a high standard, fractures of the extremities ranged between 560,000 and 640,000 cases per year over the past 10 years, with around 150,000 fractures of the femur and tibia, respectively (Figure 1). The statistical federal ministry recorded 802,662 fractures in Germany in the year 2014 (Statistisches Bundes-amt, Wiesbaden, 2016-01-11). These numbers can be split up even further by age, where 38% of the patients with fractures of the extremities were older than 75 years, 33% between the age of 50 and 75 years, 16% between 25 and 50 years, and only 13% were younger than 25 years (Figure 2A, B).
\nFracture incidence in Germany (Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes, 2016-01-11)—fractures of hand, arm, shoulder, leg and foot—incidence for 2004–2014.
Even in an environment with a good healthcare system and the normally very good healing potential of bone, 10–20% of all fracture patients still experience a delayed or nonunion after osseous injury [1–3] (Figure 2C). To overcome these delays in healing or reduce the nonhealing ratio, further research to gain understanding on the causes of healing delay or lack of healing is essential to enable new treatment strategies that support bone regeneration even under compromised conditions. With respect to the development of our population, the research into fracture treatment strategies becomes even more important as demography predicts an aging of the population. In Europe, it is Germany with the highest percentage of people over 65 years of age, and this percentage is rising (Figure 2A). In 1990, about 15% of the Germans were older than 65 years, and in 2011, this percentage had grown to 21% of people being over 65 years old (Statistisches Bundesamt, Eurostat 2011). This is important because the fracture incidence is higher in elderly people (Figure 2B). The demographic projection of the UN World Population Projections for the years up to 2025 foresees an increase of over 50-year-old people of 20%, which equals 219 million people in 2025. Further stratifying this by age groups, the highest growth of 32% is expected for people aged 80 years or older. Consequently, the fracture incidence in elderly will increase by 28% of the 4.5 million fractures estimated for 2025. With this high number of fracture patients with an advanced age, it is eminent to consider age-related alterations that might influence the capacity of osseous tissue to regenerate normally. With increasing age, it is the immune system that undergoes major transformation influencing bone regeneration considerably. To provide adequate treatment options, it is essential to unravel the interactions of the immune and skeletal system.
\n(A) Age distribution in Germany 2014 and (B) fracture incidence according to designated age groups. (C) Unsatisfactory healing results in fracture patients in corresponding age groups are shown, this includes malalignment, delayed healing and pseudarthrosis (nonunion) (M84 classification) (based on Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2016).
Bone is a remarkable organ because it is capable of regeneration and complete restoration of the osseous integrity both in form and function. Bone repair and fracture healing are unique because they recapitulate many of the ontological events that occur during the embryological development of the skeleton [4, 5]. To reach the “restitutio ad integrum,” bone provides two mechanisms of scarless healing and regeneration: primary and secondary bone healing. Primary bone healing is only possible when the bone fragments are realigned anatomically, and the fracture zone is held under compression by an adequate fixation without a gap between the bony ends (Figure 3A). Stable fixation and no relative movement are required when basic multicellular units consisting of cutting cones with osteoclasts and following bone-forming osteoblasts cross the fracture line to directly rebuild bone and thus re-establishing the osseous integrity at the fracture side [6, 7]. During this process, the new bone is directly organized as osteons and oriented along the dominant mechanical loading direction [8, 9]. Primary bone healing was for a long time considered as the best possible healing process and thus was the aim when fractured bone was clinically treated [10].
\nX-ray images from fracture patients: (A) fracture treated with an open reposition and internal fixation (ORIP) procedure with correct anatomical reconstruction of the fracture ends without fracture gap consistency—the bone will heal without callus formation through primary bone healing. (B) Comminuted fracture treated with an internal nail. Several gaps between the fractured bone ends remain and healing takes place by secondary bone healing as the callus visible in the image B2 taken 3 months after treatment clearly shows.
Secondary bone healing occurs whenever a gap persists between the fractured ends or when there is instability and thus interfragmentary movement (Figure 3B). This for example is the case if anatomical repositioning is not possible due to comminuted fractures or large bone defects. In secondary bone healing, a substitute tissue is formed to regain stability as fast as possible: an intermediate cartilage callus ensues. While intramembranous bone formation starts to consolidate the injured bone in the periosteal regions of the fracture gap, endochondral ossification processes start with the formation of cartilage islands in the gap between the fracture ends, forming an intermediate soft callus. Cartilage mineralization starts the woven bone formation process, which results in a hard callus. The final remodeling then restores the form of the continuous bone [11]. The intermediate cartilage step that provides a fast regaining of stability and reduces any interfragmentary movements often has a larger diameter than the original bone, especially if, as it would occur in nature, the bone remains untreated. It provides an increased polar moment of inertia against torsion and also withstands bending loads [12, 13]. While the large callus provides an evolutionary advantage to quickly regain mobility, it can be prevented in clinical settings by a stable fixation of the fractured bone [14].
\nIn the wild, a fractured long bone often leads to death of the injured animal. However, it seems that the younger the animal is when the fracture occurs, the higher are the chances of survival [15]. If an animal survives a long bone fracture, the bones most likely heals with a severe misalignment. The potent remodeling capacity of the bones will however strive to restore the mechanically defined form of the bone, which is dictated by the surface strains the bone sense during physiological activities.
\nIn our society, most fractures are treated in such an efficient way that only in rare cases bone fractures lead to death. Fracture treatment in the form of stabilizing the fractured bone goes back at least to 2400 years before Christ as excavated mummies from an Egyptian tomb proved. Prof. G. Elliott Smith discovered the splintered bones during the Hearst Egyptian expedition at Naga-ed-Der in 1903 on two mummies [16]. Both died shortly after the fracture because no healing signs were observed on the bones even though the Egyptians seemed to have reached some proficiency in fracture treatment as other relicts with healed fractures, found later on, could prove. In most cases, healed femoral fractures showed limb shortening or deformation, whereas forearm fractures healed well, demonstrating the challenge of reestablishing weight bearing capacity with the fracture treatment. An Arab surgeon, El Zahrawi (936–1013 AD) described in his treatise “The Surgery” a splinting technique, which was used for a long time, consisting of several layers of bandages combined with splints to provide stability for the fractured limb [17]—a fracture treatment also described by Hippocrates and Celsus [18] and one that is to an extend still valid today.
\nIn the early 1770, first records on internal fracture fixation using ligatures or wire fixation are reported from France [19]. This was followed by the introduction of screws around 1850, again in France [20], and the development of plate fixation reported in 1886 by Hansmann [21] of Hamburg.
\nRobert Danis (1880–1962) furthered the development of the concept of internal fixation to permit functional rehabilitation. He stated that an osteosynthesis is not entirely successful until it provides immediate mobilization, complete restoration of the form of the bone, and enables primary bone healing without the formation of a callus. This thesis was published in “Danis R.: Théorie et Pratique de l’Ostéosynthèse, Paris, Masson, 1949”. Between the 15th and 17th of March 1958, a number of orthopedics met in the Kantonsspital of Chur and based on the work of Danis they formulated a number of papers on osteosynthesis and thus the AO—Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen—was founded. The AO has continued to improve the principles of fracture treatment since then and is still a renowned entity in the orthopedic community.
\nEven with these tremendous progresses in fracture treatment, there are still several open questions concerning the treatment regimen: mal-fixation with too stable or too unstable fixation [22–25], critical gap size [26, 27], a deficit in angiogenesis together with the formation of atrophic pseudarthrosis [28–31], and deficits in the control of the inflammatory cascades [32–34] are challenging clinical situations that still lead to unsatisfactory healing results for patients and surgeons as well.
\nBone is not simply a hard nonorganic material that functions as an anchor for muscles and tendons providing stability and form for our bodies and enabling movement through the interplay of our musculoskeletal system; it is also protecting vital organs, such as the brain, lungs, and heart, and it is a living organ regulating homeostasis. Additionally, it is an organ that is essential for our immune system, as these cells arise and/or mature from stem cells in the bone marrow, it is also an organ that interacts with our hormonal balance through a multitude of factors, including the hormone osteocalcin [35], and acts as a storage not only for calcium, phosphate, and magnesium but also for growth factors, as for example transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).
\nBone is a complex organ. A long bone can be divided into epi-, meta-, and diaphyseal regions. The epiphyseal region contains the growth plate—the region of length growth of the bone. The epiphyseal zone is broad in young individuals and diminishes with age. Details are shown in a histological image where the transition from cartilage to trabecular bone is shown (A). Bone building cells are the osteoblasts. On the bone surface, they are arranged in palisade formation while synthesizing new bone matrix, the osteoid. They mature while they encase themselves in osteoid and finally mineralized bone matrix and become osteocytes (E). Osteoclasts on the other hand degrade bone; they are large multinucleated cells with a ruffled border directed at the bone surface (D). To emphasize the size difference, scale bars are enclosed in the image of the osteoclast and osteoblast. The bone marrow cavity is filled with bone marrow cells and a network of vessels (C). The vessel structure is explained more in detail with a cross section of long bone on the right-hand side. The cortical bone is covered by the endosteum on the inside and the periosteum on the outside. The periost is a rich source of cells, which are located in the stratum cambium (indicated in the histological out take), here visible by their dark nuclei. The stratum fibrosum covers the stratum cambium and is followed by a fascia and muscle closely adjacent to the bone (B). Blood vessel structure in the bone marrow: The bone is highly vascularized, next to a central vein and an artery system of sinusoids, arterials and transient zone vessels pervade the bone marrow cavity as indicated in the cross section of the bone on the right. Osteon structure of lamellar bone: The histological out take of the cross section shows the osteon structure of lamellar bone with its Haversian system. The bones are depicted as μCT 3D reconstruction images of mouse femura. Histological stainings are HE, hematoxylin eosin; MP, Movat pentachrome; and Ab, Alcian blue on paraffin- or plastic-embedded sections of long bone samples of mouse and sheep.
Bone healing is a complex process that involves a variety of different cells and signaling molecules, which originate not only from the bone, and here specifically from the periosteum, the cortical or cancellous bone, the endosteum and the bone marrow, but also from surrounding muscle tissue (Figure 4). An important supplier for cells and signals is the vasculature and thus the blood as a carrier. Bone is a very well-vascularized organ. Osteons are tube-shaped structures within the bone with an open space for blood vessels, veins, and nerves in the center. Small capillaries are found in the bone marrow near the endosteum, which continue into arterioles and sinusoids (with fenestrated basal membranes) towards the center where a large artery and central sinusoid transverse longitudinally through the bone marrow space [36]. Through the vessel connectivity, any osseous injury is prone to be influenced by systemic effects and vice versa to influence the systemic homeostasis. For example, the callus formation of injured bone is heightened in patients with traumatic brain injury. In this case, systemic changes caused by the brain injury influence the bone healing, most likely due to a competition for nutrients between the two injury sites and an altered hormone homeostasis [37, 38]. Another systemic effect that is most likely communicated to the bone is a change in the inflammatory state of an injured person—a higher systemic inflammatory reactivity will disturb the bone healing process and prolong the healing time necessary to achieve bridging [39]. Upon fracture, the vascular system of the bone is disrupted at the injury site, and it is imperative that revascularization swiftly occurs in order for a successful healing process. Tissue formation relies on the supply through the vasculature with oxygen, nutrients, signaling molecules and cells [29, 31, 40–42]. Restoration of the vasculature also enables cell recruitment of circulating regenerative cells towards the fracture site [41–44].
\nThe cells partaking in the bone healing process do not only originate from the bone itself, but they also migrate out of different cell sources, which contribute finally to the healing process. A rich cell source for cells contributing to bone healing after injury is the periosteum as well as the bone marrow from where cells are attracted to migrate towards the injury site [45–47]. The muscle surrounding the fractured bone is also a valuable source for growth factors and stem cells, promoting revascularization and thus the bone healing process [48].
\nOn analyzing bone healing, it is important to keep in mind that there are several different compartments involved, including the bone itself, the medullary cavity, the surrounding muscle and connective tissue, the blood supply, the metabolism, and the immune system.
\nThe fracture healing process itself is a strictly controlled complex process composed of consecutive and partly overlapping phases, which progress towards rebuilding bone integrity in form and function. Different cell types (immune cells, progenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells) [11] and their signaling molecules (cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines) [49] are partaking during a successful regenerative process.
\nSeveral growth factors involved in the healing cascade are currently under investigation to develop new therapeutic approaches to enhance bone healing: fibroblast growth factor [50], insulin-like growth factor [51], platelet-derived growth factor [52], transforming growth factor-β [53], vascular endothelial growth factor [50], and growth and differentiation factor 5 [54, 55]. However, the only growth factors so far clinically applied to further bone healing are bone morphogenetic protein 2 and 7 [56, 57].
\nThe bone healing process can be roughly divided according to the healing steps into an inflammatory phase, a soft callus phase, and a hard callus phase (Figure 5). Upon closer observation, however, it becomes apparent that the healing process is more complicated than that. A more in-depth sequence of the healing cascade would be hematoma phase, proinflammatory phase, hypoxic phase, anti-inflammatory phase, revascularization phase, organized connective tissue phase, cartilage phase, hypertrophic cartilage phase, revascularization phase, cartilage mineralization phase, woven bone formation phase and remodeling phase [58].
\nFracture healing cascade: On closer examination, the inflammatory phase can be divided into at least six consecutive and partly overlapping phases showing the transition from the hematoma (red blood cells with some lymphocytes with dark stained nuclei) towards fibrocytes in the organized connective tissue (hematoxylin–eosin staining, different magnifications and an immunohistological staining for alpha smooth muscle for the revascularization phase). Soft callus phase can be divided into three phases (Movat pentachrome staining and Safranin van Kossa staining for the revascularization). The hard callus phase is divided into cartilage mineralization, woven bone formation and remodeling (Movat pentachrome staining).
Due to the complexity of the bone healing cascade with the multitude of different cell types involved and the plethora of tightly interacting and simultaneously highly controlled signaling molecules aiming to rebuild an organ consisting of periosteum, cortical bone, endosteum, and bone marrow in a way that optimally withstands the ruling mechanical strains, the process of bone regeneration is so far not understood. Therefore, research is compelled to use heuristic approaches to gain a more in-depth understanding and in conclusion develop new treatment approaches for patients in need.
\nFor a long time, bone homeostasis was explained with the balanced interaction of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts (Figure 4), however, this simple concept has changed. The interconnectivity of the skeletal system and the immune system has come into the focus of current research, consecutively leading to the founding of the new research field of “osteoimmunology.” This new research field aims to elucidate the complex interactions between these two systems in health and disease and already more and more knowledge has accumulated [59–63], enabling us to consider new treatment possibilities for regeneration in general and also specifically for bone [64]. The opportunity to control the inflammatory cascade to stimulate successful bone healing has now been confirmed [32–34, 65].
\nBoth cell systems, the skeletal system and the immune system, originate in the bone marrow. They share progenitor cells (e.g. osteoclasts/macrophages) and signaling pathways, and due to their colocalization, which often cross react with each other. This is apparent for example when considering the RANK/RANKL/OPG system, the system controlling osteoclast differentiation/activity and thus bone resorption. Activated T cells and osteoblasts are able to express the membrane-bound and the soluble form of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) promoting osteoclastogenesis. B cells and osteoblasts produce and secrete OPG (osteoprotegerin), a decoy receptor blocking the RANK-RANKL ligation, thus inhibiting osteoclastogenesis [59, 62, 66]. This example illustrates that immune cells are involved in bone homeostatic processes directing either bone resorption or bone apposition.
\nDue to the interdependency of the two systems, any considered treatment option of immune modulation must take into account that by affecting the immune system the skeletal systems could also be targeted unintentionally.
\nVessels are disrupted and bleeding occurs upon injury and the fracturing of bone. The infiltrating blood coagulates and forms the initial hematoma in the fracture gap. The formation of a fracture hematoma in the early healing phase is an indispensable step for successful healing because it develops an angiogenic and osteogenic potential [29, 67]. The removal of the early fracture hematoma can delay bone healing as it has been demonstrated in animal studies, where the transplantation of a fracture hematoma can lead to ectopic bone formation [68, 69], demonstrating its osteogenic potential. The coagulation process and a simultaneous proinflammatory reaction are phylogenetically connected [70]. During evolution, the closure of a breached outer shell and the defense against possible pathogenic intruders were performed by one cell, the amebocytes, capable of clotting and a defensive immune response. This connection has survived evolutionary diversification of the clotting system and the immune system—both reactions still occur simultaneously upon bleeding. The amebocytes can still be found today in living fossils, such as the horse shoe crab [70]. Their immune response is so potent that it is used to monitor endotoxin levels within solutions by pharmaceutical companies. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test is capable of detecting contaminations as low as one part per trillion [71]. In evolutionary younger organisms, this highly effective immune cell is being replaced by a whole array of immune cells, which can be divided into an innate immunity and an adapted immunity, the latter is only found in vertebrates (Figure 6). Each of these is composed of various different cells: macrophages, neutrophils/granulocytes, mast cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and the complement system belong to the innate immune system, whereas T and B cells and the humoral immunity belong to the adaptive immune system. The cells of the adaptive immune system provide their host with a long lasting and protective immunity by maturing from naïve T and B cells to effector cells, when they come in contact with their cognate antigen, and in some cases to memory cells, which allow a rapid immune response upon recurrent infection with an antigen previously encountered by the host. It has to be pointed out that the immune system is not only a barrier for extracellular microbes but also a regulatory system for body homeostasis. The immune system senses alteration in the environment, for instance damaged or aged cells [72, 73], expressing Toll-like receptors and other pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs).
\nDiversity of cells of the immune system. Cells from the bone marrow give rise to the immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and also to the osteoblasts and osteoclasts of the skeletal system.
During fracture healing, both the cells of the innate and the adaptive immunity are involved, and immune cells play essential roles during all the fracture healing phases [74–77]. The initial inflammatory reaction ensuing upon hematoma formation initiates the healing cascade and thus can significantly affect the healing outcome [33, 34]. This initial inflammatory reaction is characteristic for bone, tightly controlled and different from other tissue healing with scar formation [32]. In fracture repair, the anti-inflammatory signaling is up-regulated between 24 and 36 hours after injury to terminate the proinflammatory reaction needed to attract necessary cells to the injury side [32, 33]. In parallel, the angiogenic signaling is up-regulated to initiate the essential revascularization process. The timely down-regulation of the initial proinflammatory reaction has been shown to be important as a prolonged proinflammatory reaction delays the bone healing process [29, 33].
\nThe complexity of the initial immune reaction becomes even more apparent when considering cytokines expressed by immune cells during the different stages of the bone healing cascade. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been reported to peak 24 hours after injury and return to baseline levels afterwards. During the remodeling phase, TNF-α shows a second expression peak during normal bone healing [64]. It is suggested that the first wave is due to activated tissue-resident cells, like macrophages, triggered through PRRs, and the second wave directly and indirectly by activated T cells. Looking closer into the role of this factor during bone healing is has been shown that too little, but also too much TNF-α leads to a delay in bone healing [78–80]. This demonstrates that the cytokine pattern has to be tightly controlled during the regenerative healing cascade to lead to a satisfactory healing outcome. Interleukin (IL)-17 is another cytokine that has been acknowledged to influence bone formation. On one hand, this cytokine has been reported to enable osteoblast formation [81], thus supporting bone formation; on the other hand, in the context of osteoporosis treatment, evidence occurred that IL-17 furthered osteoclastogenesis [82], thus supporting bone degradation. Contradictory reports can also be found for IL-6, which enhances fracture healing [83, 84] but reduces the mechanical strength of noninjured bone [85]. The microenvironment seems to be highly important for determination of the effect the cytokines have on the bone healing process, a fact that indicates the difficulties in using inflammatory cytokines to improve bone healing. The balanced immune response is highly important for a successful bone regenerative cascade [32, 33, 67].
\nUpon injury and disruption of the blood vessels, the nutrient and oxygen supply as well as the transport of metabolic waste is interrupted. The early tissue in the fracture gap consisting of the hematoma becomes hypoxic because oxygen is no longer provided by the vasculature. Therefore, cells trapped in the hematoma have to switch towards an anaerobic energy supply. The use of the remaining glucose in glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy molecule of the cellular metabolism, without the consecutive citrate cycle, results in lactate, an acid that consecutively lowers the pH value during the initial healing phase. Simultaneously, the sodium and potassium concentrations rise. These conditions present a milieu that is difficult for some cells, such as progenitor cells [86]. However, innate immune cells are well equipped to deal with these conditions and thus can be seen as the first responders to an injury. They express a range of cytokines that attract scavenger cells to clear the detritus that ensued upon tissue disruption and also direct the cells needed for the regenerative process towards the injury side. They readily switch from an aerobic energy supply towards an anaerobic and are often activated upon injury. Not only macrophages but also some T cell subsets are the most important actors during this first response [87, 88]. Hypoxia is a strong inducer of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a transcription factor that is important for revascularization, cell migration, energy metabolism and growth factor expression, and therefore involved in the regenerative bone healing cascade [89]. HIF1α is expressed by most innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes; they stabilize HIF1α and are being influenced by HIF1α in their immune cell function [90].
\nThe swift up-regulation of a proinflammatory reaction upon injury activates immune cells, which are capable to withstand the unfavorable environment and initiate the healing cascade through a very specific and highly controlled release of cytokines. Hypoxia is an important trigger for the transcription factor HIF1α that in turn initiates gene expression to instigate revascularization. For this process to succeed, effective anti-inflammatory signaling has to begin to terminate the initial proinflammatory reaction. During this initial phase, the track for a successful healing is thus determined, and it becomes apparent that a skewed first reaction leads to a delayed healing by consecutively retarding the following healing steps.
\nThe interdependency of the immune and skeletal system indicates that there is a change in the interaction as the immune system changes with the advancement of age. Due to the memory function of the adaptive immunity in vertebrates, the naïve T and B cell population diminishes upon aging, whereas the compartment of memory T and B cells grows. More and more lymphocytes encounter their antigens and the library of known pathogens enlarges. Recent studies could show that CD8 positive terminally differentiated memory and effector cells (CD8+ TEMRA cells) have a negative impact on bone healing and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells [91, 92]. Elderly people with a longer exposure time to antigens thus are prone to experience delayed healing.
\nMice, a common laboratory animal to investigate bone healing, are mostly kept under sterile conditions. If these animals are housed under less sterile conditions, their immune cell composition changes so that after 4 weeks of semi-sterile housing the percentage of memory and effector (CD8+) T cells was markedly enhanced. If bone healing is compared between sterile raised mice and those exposed mice, our group could show that the regenerative capacity was reduced [91, 93]. This is an important aspect that should be kept in mind during future research questions, which are analyzed in mice.
\nNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) offer pain relief and are commonly used also on fracture patients. As the name already indicates, these selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have anti-inflammatory functions. After reviewing the importance of the initial inflammatory reaction, the question arises whether this pain medication could delay fracture healing or not. Indeed there are numerous reports that state that NSAIDs delay healing [94–98]. The effect, however, depends on the dose and time frame of application and seems to be more pronounced in older nonselective anti–COX-2 agents [99]. Clinically, NSAIDs are a valuable alternative to opioids (painkillers directly addressing the nervous system) and still remain in use also in fracture patients for short-term pain relief.
\nSeveral diseases have also been reported to delay bone healing through a changed immune response. Diabetic-related delay of fracture healing has been linked to higher TNF-α levels [100]. A weakened immune response in diabetic patients results in a dampened chemotactic function and defective macrophage activity—two factors that are needed in a successful bone healing cascade [101]. A systemic disease with a high impact on the immune system is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and these patients have a bone phenotype with a high prevalence of osteoporosis and fragility fractures [102]. The impact on fracture healing, however, is unclear and difficult to determine due to the highly active antiretroviral therapy that these patients receive [102, 103]. Transplant patients receiving severe immune suppressive medication also show a higher risk for fractures and delayed healing outcomes. In contrast to these examples – where the immune system is weakened – conditions where a patient has a heightened immune answer or is already in a chronic proinflammatory systemic state, such as rheumatoid and arthritis patients, the prolonged proinflammatory reaction can result in delays in fracture healing [104–106].
\nCurrently, the patient’s immune status is not being evaluated when a fracture treatment is considered. However, this could help in the future to stratify patients who would benefit from an immune modulatory intervention to prevent a delay in fracture healing. This would especially be true in elderly patients because being bed-ridden for longer periods of time enhances frailty considerably.
\nIn fracture healing, immune cells from the innate immune system and from the adaptive immune system are involved with specific and essential roles. Main cell types of the adaptive immunity are B and T cells with highly specific antigen receptors. Another important aspect of the adaptive immune system is its memory that enables its fast reaction towards recurring pathogen invasion. Adaptive immune cells can be activated not only through their antigen receptors, but also probably more important for the bone healing process through signals released by the innate immune system. From the innate immune system, especially macrophages have been in the current focus of osteoimmunology.
\nMacrophages are an important part of the innate immune system; they are among the first responders in case of an injury. Not only do they prevent pathogen invasion, but they also help in clearing ensuing cell debris [107]. However, their role in bone healing is even more complex and even today we have not yet unraveled their participation completely. Tissue-resident macrophages have been determined as key players in the orchestration of the recovery process towards a re-establishment of tissue integrity [108]. It was only in 1992 that it was recovered that macrophages are capable of a phenotype change from a proinflammatory type towards a prohealing phenotype [109]. The proinflammatory phenotype is named M1 or classically activated macrophage, and the second phenotype is termed M2 or alternatively activated macrophage. Since then, these “M2” macrophages have been associated with the resolution of wound healing in vivo in chronic leg ulcers [110], atherosclerotic lesions [111], traumatic spinal cord injury [112] and inflammatory renal disease [113]. It turned out that the M2 population is more divers and therefore subclassifications have been introduced: M2a (anti-inflammatory), M2b (immune-regulatory) and M2c (remodeling) [114]. In bone healing, the prominent macrophage phenotype during the initial phase is M1. Upon attenuating of the proinflammatory phase, the macrophage phenotype changes towards the M2 phenotype [77]. In a proof of concept study in mice, we were able to show that an induction of the M2 phenotype early in the fracture healing cascade can enhance bone healing [77].
\nThe T cell population is highly divers and probably pleiotropic as well as interchangeable. Among the T cells, there seem to be subpopulations supporting the fracture healing process and also other subpopulations, which have negative effects on the healing process. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets have been addressed in this context. CD4+ T cells have been shown to increase osteogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cell cultures in in vitro assays using their conditioned medium, whereas this effect was missing when observing CD8+ T cells [115]. The osteogenic effect of CD4+ T cells was further supported through their positive effects during wound healing [116], however without a more specific determination of the responsible CD4+ T cell subset. In later studies, regulatory T cells came more and more into the focus as a CD4+ T cell subset with positive effects on bone healing. Mice with an increased percentage of regulatory T cells showed higher bone mass and decreased bone resorption when compared to wild type mice [117, 118]. Regulatory T cells support osteoblast differentiation and have a negative impact on osteoclast differentiation and function [119]. In a skull defect model in mice, it was possible to enhance bone healing through the addition of regulatory T cells in combination with applied autologous bone graft [120]. Currently under investigation is the possibility of a direct interaction of regulatory T cells and bone-forming cells or their progenitor cells, the mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. This interaction is supported by the fact that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, as osteoblast precursors, and regulatory T cells use similar suppression mechanisms for an immune response [121]. The direct interaction between regulatory T cells and bone-forming cells as well as mesenchymal stromal/stem cells could proceed through coordination of the CD39-CD73-(adenosine)-ADOR pathway. This purinergic signaling would potentiate the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and thus facilitate bone regeneration [122]. Another direct interaction between osteoblasts and regulatory T cells could be the induction of IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) and HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) by regulatory T cells [123] or the fact that regulatory T cells can inhibit CD40L and thus regulating the RANKL-OPG balance in favor of osteoblast differentiation [124].
\nThe lead cytokine expressed by Th17 (T helper 17) is IL-17. The dual effect of IL-17 on osteoclasts and osteoblasts has been mentioned before. However, these cells are of interest as novel therapeutics targeting IL-12, IL-23, IL-17, and IL-17 receptor and which are now used to successfully treat psoriasis by either repressing Th17 differentiation (IL-12/IL-23) or by directly targeting IL-17. Psoriasis has two manifestations, one in skin (psoriasis vulgaris) and one in bone (psoriasis arthritis), and the immune modulatory treatment shows positive results in both [125]. Th-17 cell differentiation is induced by IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β [126, 127], with TGF-β being responsible for an increase in responsiveness of Th17 cells to IL-23. IL-23 is necessary for stabilization, survival and proliferation of Th17 cells [128]. This IL-23/Th17 axis is the target of the immune modulatory therapies currently introduced. For example, a cytokine neutralizing antibody against the p40 subunit of IL-23 inhibiting Th17 differentiation and survival, which in consequence lowers IL-17 concentrations, underwent clinical trials [129, 130].
\nA direct crosstalk between activated T cells and bone-forming cells can be assumed during the healing process. Among these T cells, CD8+ TEMRA cells were confirmed to have a negative effect on the bone regenerative process. High expression levels of TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) of CD8+ T cells decreased the osteogenic differentiation capacity in vitro [91]. CD8+ TEMRA cells can be triggered to express these cytokines without antigen-presenting cells and do not necessarily need costimulatory molecules like CD80/86-CD28 but are activated by bystander responsiveness [131–133]. These cells accumulate in the fracture hematoma due to their tissue homing qualities and they occur in higher numbers in patients experiencing a delayed healing [91]. In the clinical setting, the recognition of a delayed or missing bone healing is so far only possible when these healing disturbances become visible in X-ray or computed tomography evaluations of the fractured bone. An early identification of patients at risk of a delayed or disturbed fracture healing is still missing. CD8+ TEMRA cells could proof to be a marker for delayed healing risk in patients, since these cells also show elevated values in peripheral blood. Predicting patients with an extended need for special fracture treatment could thus just be done by analyzing the CD8+ TEMRA percentage in peripheral blood early on in the healing process.
\nNot only the interaction of the skeletal and immune system in fracture healing is not well understood so far, the immune reaction in itself is also still not unraveled. Aside from the complexity of the cytokine pattern guiding the regenerative process, the plasticity of the immune cells is still a vast challenge: M1 macrophage phenotype changing towards M2, Th1 changing towards Th2 response, regulatory T cells changing into Th17 cells and vice versa, to mention only a few aspects that still have to be understood. First approaches have been successful in influencing the fracture treatment through immune modulation (NSAIDs or IL-23 neutralization antibodies) but the possibilities are far from being exploited. A stratification of patients can help to decide, which treatment is optimal for which patient, especially with respect to the current immune status of these patients. With the numbers of delayed healing fracture patients still vastly unknown and possibly massively underestimated, and the demographic prognostic of a substantial increase in the elderly population during the next years, the need for further treatment options is rising together with the necessity of enhanced basic research in the field of osteoimmunology.
\nThis work has been supported through the German Research Foundation (FG 2195—DFG SCHM2977 and DFG DU298) and the Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies. We like to acknowledge Dr. Serafeim Tsitsilonis for providing X-ray images of fracture treatment examples from the orthopedic and trauma department of the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Dr. Hanna Schell for providing histological images to visualize bone anatomy.
\nCorruption is a complex phenomenon and a difficult problem in all around the world. It is complex because of its deep roots in the social, cultural, economic, political, legal, and ethical value systems of individuals, communities, cultures, and countries ([1], p. 153).
Transparency International defines corruption as “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain” [2]. It includes [3]:
A: Dishonest or illegal behavior especially by powerful people
B: Inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means
It is not exaggeration to say that corruption in the Arab world is the common factor that stands behind major problems faced by its countries. It increases poverty ratio and multiplies agony and suffering of Arab people.
Corruption in the Arab world seems to be a chronical and progressive disease that turns to epidemic in some Arab countries. This is due to the lack of democratic system that allows for equal citizenship, equal opportunities, social justice, human right, dignity, transparency, and accountability. Despite the political changes that shook the Arab region on 2011, corruption has not witnessed any improvement. On the contrary, the majority of Arab countries have failed to fulfill the will of the people to build democratic systems allowing for greater transparency and accountability [4].
According to the Corruption Perceptions Index 2016, 90% of the Arab countries have scored below 50, which is a failing grade. Five out of the 10 most corrupt countries in the world are from the following regions: Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Yemen, and Syria [4]. Those countries are also inflicted with political instability, war, internal conflicts, and terrorism, stressing the fact that war and conflict fuel corruption and in particular political corruption [4]. Moreover, they in specific have occupied these ranks throughout the year 2012–2016, followed by Algeria, Egypt, Mauritania, and Lebanon ranking from 108 to 136. Only the United Arab Emirates and Qatar which occupy 24 and 31 ranks, respectively, other Arab countries fall within 70–90 ranks in this index [5].
The failure to fight corruption explains the sharp drop of most of the Arab countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2016. The hope for Arab countries to fight corruption and end impunity has not seen any progress yet [5].
Investigative journalism (IJ) is a form of journalism in which reporters go in-depth to investigate a single story that may uncover corruption, review government policies or of corporate houses, or draw attention to social, economic, political, or cultural trends ([6], p. 7) as well as loopholes in legislation and legal articles. It involves exposing to the public matters that are concealed—either deliberately by someone in a position of power or accidentally—behind a chaotic mass of facts and circumstances that obscure understanding ([7], p. 8).
Investigative journalism is a new phenomenon in the Arab world. During the last two decades, an important shift has occurred in this type of journalism in the Arab world led, mainly, by efforts of Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ).1 These reports had covered different aspects and tackled serious issues ranging from political, social, health, legislative, administrative, financial, educational, environmental, and other issues. These efforts have created new culture of story-based inquiry journalism in many Arab countries, like Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and other countries. Many investigative reports had been achieved including written, audio, and video reports. However, majority of these reports were produced for print and online journalism.
Journalism in general and investigative reporting in specific play a vital role in raising awareness about corruption and combating it. They are among the most important sources of public awareness raising on corruption. However, investigative journalism is very challenging. Of thousands of journalists around the globe, only a few of them select this profession and decide to be investigative journalists.
The Panama Papers represents one of the milestone successes of IJ to reveal some corruption of prominent figures in the Arab world including heads of states. A group of Arab journalists has been working secretly in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Algeria, and Yemen as part of a global network of investigative reporters mining the so-called Panama Papers [8]. The investigation lasted a year and shows how influential people—including 12 heads of state—have used shell companies to avoid tax, launder money, and dodge sanctions. Those people implicated through family or associate’s involvement in offshore accounts include former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Bashar al-Assad, and Libya’s late leader Muammar Gaddafi [9].
As mentioned earlier, IJ is a new phenomenon in the Arab world. During the last decades, Arabic newspapers are full of conventional reporting but not investigative reporting, which is different in the whole process. Type of research, source relations, and outcomes are completely different in both types of conventional reporting and IJ. Hunter lists 14 differences ([6], pp. 8–10) between conventional reporting and investigative journalism. Those differences relate to the process of research, source relations, and outcomes. Unlike the conventional reporting, information in IJ cannot be published until it is completed, research is continued, and documentation is required. Relations with sources are not good in most of the time, official information are hidden from the reporter who may challenge the official version, and sources are often cannot be identified for the sake of their security. Regarding outcomes, investigative journalist refuses to accept the world as it is, and the dramatic structure of the story is essential to its impact.
Indeed a decisive alteration in IJ starts with the foundation of ARIJ in 2005. With grants from international donors, ARIJ has been able to provide professional and financial supports as well as legal support. This implies that IJ has not embedded in the Arab journalism yet. Unfortunately, ARIJ supports for journalists have been affected in the recent years due to shortage of financial support from the international donors. More cut of such support will affect IJ in the Arab world in the short run and may jeopardize it in the long run.
International donors’ support plays a crucial role in terms of enabling investigative journalism in developing countries to operate. Oyedele et al.’s study has confirmed that foreign media assistance has an impact on independent media’s workings and journalists’ performance in Nigeria. The study has shown that media organizations and journalists can only improve on their reportage of critical national sociopolitical issues when there is support from donors [10].
A serious challenge is related to freedom of expression in the Arab world, which has been declining in the recent years. A good piece of investigative report, like Death in Military Service, which took 2 years of journalistic work could not be broadcasted in Egypt. Television channels and newspapers that used to publish or broadcast this type of reporting had refused to broadcast it due to its “sensitivity”!
The other dire challenge facing IJ in the Arab world relates to the increased challenges that print journalism as a professional is facing today. Majority of IJ achieved by Arab investigative journalists are in print format, which eliminate their exposures and accordingly their impact on popular and official levels.
Story-based inquiry is the story that begins by formulating the story the reporter hopes to write as a hypothesis that will be verified or disproved ([6], p. 2). Hypothesis is the fundamental and spirit of the story-based inquiry. This method helps reporters to identify the dimensions of their stories that they want to investigate and reveal their secret. However, developing a preliminary hypothesis for a story is not a fantasy or “guessing at the unknown.” It is rather developed based on reporter’s profound knowledge on the issue that result from deep and serious research.
Once hypothesis is developed, the next step is to analyze the hypothesis. By analyzing a hypothetical story, reporter can identify dimensions of the story and its boundaries. Hypothesis gives reporters something to verify and increase their chances of discovering secrets. It makes investigative project easier to manage and guarantees that reporter will deliver a story, not just a mass of data. Furthermore, hypothesis enables closer insight into whether the story meets legal and ethical criteria ([6], pp. 8, 16).
Investigative journalism has gained a good attention from researchers. However, Arabic studies in this field are still lagging behind. This could be explained by the recency of investigative journalism practice as profession as well as lack of professional investigative journalists. Previous related studies explored this journalism from different approaches including its role in combating corruption, obstacles, and challenges investigative reporters are facing as well as from ethics perspective.
Pollack and Allern investigated the work of and methods used by investigative journalists in revealing large-scale corruption related to the expansion of Nordic telecom companies in Uzbekistan. They found that investigative journalists have played a crucial role in the disclosure of corruption, sometimes cooperating across media organizations and countries, demonstrating the importance of journalism as a public good for democracy [11].
Suntai and Shem [12] concluded in their study on tackling institutional corruption through investigative journalism that this type of journalism has the potency of combating corrupt practices in Nigeria. According to authors, it could mitigate and eliminate corrupt practices in the Nigerian society [12].
Investigative journalism is a difficult profession, and, therefore, it faces many obstacles in many times, many countries, and almost everywhere. Rabei’s study [13] of Egyptian investigative journalism is the first of its kind. It investigated the current situation of the practice of investigative journalism in the Egyptian press, problems faced by investigative journalists, as well as the future of this journalism. Findings confirmed the negative effects of the press law in Egypt on investigative journalism. The laws have not only restricted the practice of investigative journalists’ work but have not provided protection for them as well. As for the future of the investigative journalism, professional and academic elites stressed that the current political situation in Egypt relays on one strong political hegemony that will not encourage free flow of information, and, hence, it does not support investigative journalism [13]. These results are in line with the study’s findings of Arabic Network for Media Support (2016) in which investigative journalists identified absence of law regulates the freedom of information circulation and lack of resources represent the major obstacle of investigative journalism in Egypt ([14], p. 6).
Abu-Hassan investigated attitudes of Palestinian journalists toward the practice of investigative journalism. Findings revealed that the most important obstacles facing investigative journalists were self-fear of difficulty to complete investigative reports and fear of security prosecution or to be prosecuted by the influential people. Administrative obstacles included sources in the public institutions fear to speak freely as well as lack of financial resources. The absence of laws, which protect journalists from prosecution, was one of the most important legal obstacles that have hindered journalists from effectively practicing investigative journalism in Palestine [15].
On the contrary, Lanosga and Houston explored the future of investigative reporting through a survey of 861 investigative journalists in the United States. Accordingly to findings, respondents reported high perception of autonomy and job satisfaction and confirmed resources for investigative reporting are maintaining and even increasing [16].
Gerli et al. investigated constraints and limitations faced by investigative journalism through the analysis of selected case studies of corruptive phenomena in Italy, Hungary, Romania, and Latvia. They found that this type of journalism does not work actually in the observed countries. According to findings, investigative journalism requires certain socioeconomic conditions, such as a low degree of influence of the political and economic spheres and a high level of journalistic professionalism, which are not always present in the aforementioned countries. Authors identified three factors that may affect investigative journalists’ works: a certain proximity of publishers and politicians, advertising pressure, and the interferences of secret services [17].
Singh assessed the general state of investigative journalism in seven Pacific Island countries and found that this journalism suffers from harsher legislation, beatings, and harassment of journalists as well as false charges and lawsuits that target them in these countries [18].
Yusha’u 2009 identified the obstacles that are faced by investigative journalism in Nigeria which impede uncovering of corruption. According to results, clientelism is a feature of journalism practice and one of the factors that impedes the practice of investigative journalism. Other impediments include poor remuneration, bad working conditions, corruption within the media, and the relationship between publishers and politicians [19].
From ethical perspective, Fahkana investigated Palestinian journalists’ attitudes toward investigative journalism ethics in Palestine and the extent to which the journalists are committed to the investigative journalism ethics. The study concluded that journalists should maintain the confidentiality of the investigation-related information sources. Reliance on secret sound recording and video tapping is justified only if work circumstances and the difficulty in gathering information require such act. The journalists highly approved that the investigative journalists might disguise to access information and to attain the required objective [20].
Yet, the current study aims to add to this literature from Arabic perspective. Using content analysis of recent and 2-year-long reports provides evidence-based results on the role played by IJ in combating corrupting in the Arab world.
The main objective of this study is to identify how IJ combats corruption in the Arab world. Research questions for this study are as follows:
Is there a place for IJ in the Arab world?
What type of corruption investigative reports tackled during the study period?
Which Arab countries’ investigative reports tackled during the study period?
How investigative reports tackled corruption in the Arab countries during the study period?
ARIJ website was selected for this study. The study’s population constitutes all archived and retrieved investigative reports from 2010 to 2018. A comprehensive sample of the population was selected for this study. It covers all reports published from 2016 to 2018. One hundred fourth-five reports were retrieved on September 2018 from ARIJ website using Google search engine. The author believes this is a sufficient sample to provide us with, at least, indications on how IJ contributes to combating corruption. The selected period of the sample provides the most recent corruption issues tackled by investigative reports, particularly the Panama Papers, which represents cross-border corruption. Bearing in mind, investigative reports need months to be achieved and sometimes a year or more, like “Moot fi alkema” or Death in Military Service, which according to BBC website lasted for 2 years [21].
Selecting ARIJ for implementing the study refers to the role it plays in this genre of journalism. It is a nongovernmental and prominent association when it comes to IJ works in the Arab world. ARIJ is the only specialized and dedicated association in IJ including training. Almost all active investigative reporters in the Arab world are affiliate to this association and had been trained by them.
The study uses content analysis to answer research questions. Content categories along with code sheet were used guided by the operational definitions of issues. The content categories are comprised of the following corruption issues: administrative and financial, legislative and judiciary, abuse of power and political influence, medical, environmental and agricultural, and educational.
Administrative and financial issues within this study can refer to any administrative act of breaching the rules and regulations designed for private gain [22]. It includes all types of governmental and private officials’ violations or failure to activate and implement indorsed rules and regulations. Examples of such issue are as follows: fraud, bribery, smuggling, money laundering, exploitation labor, negligence of performing duties, waste of public money, absence of control, lack of safety procedures, and other issues related to administration and financial.
Abuse of power and political influence refers to improper use of authority by someone who has that authority because he or she holds a public office [23].
Medical corruption includes all types of illegal and/or unethical practice and medical errors committed intentionally or unintentionally by doctors or medical practitioners causing damage to other people.
Environmental corruption is defined as problems with the planet’s systems (air, water, soil, etc.) that have developed because of human interference or mistreatment of the planet [24].
Educational corruption is “the systematic use of public office for private benefit, whose impact is significant on the availability and quality of educational goods and services, and, has impact on access, quality or equity in education” [25].
Table 1 includes different types of corruption that investigative reports tackled during the period from 2016 to 2018. The top four dominant issues of the six corruption issues include administrative and financial, legislative and judiciary, abuse of power and political influence, and medical issues. These issues occupy 89.6% of the total issues of corruptions that investigative reports addressed.
No. | Type of corruption | No. | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Administrative and financial | 44 | 30.3 |
2. | Legislative and judiciary | 41 | 28.3 |
3. | Abuse of power and political influence | 26 | 17.9 |
4. | Medical | 19 | 13.1 |
5. | Environmental and agricultural | 10 | 6.9 |
6. | Educational | 5 | 3.4 |
Total | 145 | 100 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in the Arab world from 2016 to 2018.
Bear in mind that corruption issues are overlapping and intertwined at many times particularly when it comes to abuse of power and political influence that stand behind many financial corruption issues in Arab countries. Another example of the overlapping is procuring prohibited drug from pharmacies without a proper drug prescription which is a medical violation. However, absence of control, weak of monitoring and conflict between official regulatory and supervisory bodies contribute to this practice. Such overlapping applies to many cases of issues of corruption these reports investigated. Yet the author classified issues to major fault and shortage that allow corruption practices to occur.
According to the data in Table 2, Egyptian investigative journalists achieved the highest number of investigative reports tackling corruption in Egypt with 31% of total ratio of investigative reports followed by Yemeni journalists with 17.9%. Tunisian investigative journalists occupied the third rank with 8.3%, followed by investigative journalists from Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan in the same rank. Joint works by a group of Arab journalists came in the sixth rank with 5.5%. Minor marriage in Egypt, Yemen and Lebanon is an example of this type of joint works. The Panama Papers, which will come next, is the prominent achievement of this work. Reports on corruption issues in Iraq and Bahrain occupied seventh place with 4.8% for each. Palestinian investigative journalists came in the eight rank with 4.1%. Other Arab countries including Algeria, Kuwait, Sudan, and Mauritania occupy lowest position.
No. | Type of corruption | Countries | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egypt | Yemen | Tunisia | Syria | Lebanon | Jordan | More than one country | Iraq | Bahrain | Palestine | Other countries | |||
1. | Administrative and financial | 16 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 44 |
2. | Legislative and judiciary | 11 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 41 | |
3. | Abuse of power and political influence | 2 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 26 | |
4. | Medical | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 19 | |||||
5. | Environmental and agricultural | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 | |||||||
6. | Educational | 4 | 1 | 5 | |||||||||
Total | 45 | 26 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 145 | |
Percent | 31 | 17.9 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 100 | |
Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | — |
Investigative reports on corruption issues based on Arab countries from 2016 to 2018.
According to investigative reports, corruption issues in the Arab countries were ranked as follows:
In Egypt, administrative and financial issues occupy the first rank, followed by legislative and judiciary issues, medical issues, environmental issues, and educational issues.
For Yemen, legislative and judiciary issues occupy the first rank, followed by medical issues, abuse of power and political influence issues, and administrative and financial issues.
In Tunisia, legislative and judiciary issues come in the first rank, followed by administrative and financial issues and then medical issues.
While for Syria, abuse of power and political influence occupy the first rank, followed by administrative and financial issues and then medical issues.
In Lebanon, abuse of power and political influence occupy the first rank, followed by legislative and judiciary issues.
For Jordan, legislative and judiciary issues came in the first rank, followed by abuse of power and political influence and then administrative and financial issues.
Abuse of power and political influence occupy the first rank for Iraq, followed by administrative and financial issues.
Legislative and judiciary issues are common among Yemen, Tunisia, Lebanon, and Jordan, while abuse of power and political influence issues are very common among Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.
Tables 3–13 (Appendix) include different types of corruption issues based on Arab countries. The following are some examples of these corruptions:
Administrative and financial corruption: tax evasion, money laundering, and smuggling of weapons, drugs, and diesel. Commercial fraud and absence of control led to, for instance, recycling used tires in Egypt, selling relief materials in Yemen, as well as selling expired gas cylinders and spread of unlicensed gas stations. Construction fraud, wasting public fund, and selling professional titles “Judge” in Egypt in return for attending training workshops. Secret immigration to Europe due to loopholes in Egyptian and Greek airports and Egyptian government failure to manage loan from the World Bank deprived seven villages from sanitation. Neglecting victims and injuries of revolution in Egypt and Tunisia, forged residency permits in Egypt, and some child care centers in Egypt mistreated and expelled children to the street, exacerbating homelessness. Some Egyptian preachers exploit mosques to hatch ISIS children, granting pension fund’s apartments to eligible persons in Tunisia, as well as telecommunication towers randomly spread regardless of safety measures. Journalists in Iraq killed, for instance, by ISIS sniper, due to lack of safety measures. Marginalized communities’ negligence, victims of crossroads of railways, lack of safety measure in transportation railway in Tunisia, as well as facilitating movement of citizens with disabilities is not being fully implemented.
Legislative and judiciary: torture in Tunisia; slavery still exists in Yemen; minor marriage in Egypt, Yemen, and Lebanon; exchange marriage in Yemen; Syria’s fatherless children; ISIS children; children without pedigree; depriving females from inheritance; no financial and moral compensation provisions for time falsely spent in jail; and pretrial detention for punishing political opponents. Public prosecution could renew this kind of detention as many times as he wishes. An investigative report conducted in Egypt documented a case of such punishment in which a young man had been prisoned for 14 months before releasing him and drubbing the case due to insufficient evidences. An Egyptian court in Cairo has renewed the detention of Al Jazeera journalist, Mahmoud Hussein, for the 17th time. Until December 12, 2018, he has been in prison in Egypt for more than 661 days despite not being charged [26]. Weak law enforcement of child custody judgments doubles the suffering of divorced mothers due to depriving them from custody of their children. Egyptian government violates constitution by allowing using coal in industry. Children sexual abuse, child molestation, rape of children and its psychological damage, as well as children execution under 16 years of age. An investigative report documented children excursion in Saudi Arabia and Yemen for committed crimes when they were less than 16 years old despite the two countries signed the Treaty of Child Rights. According to the reports, more than 222 children are facing murder cases in 12 Yemeni governorates. “Seasonal workers” are labor outside of law protection, exploitation of domestic workers including sex trade, marital rape, placing detainees in tiny spaces “inch and something”, recruiting children and failure to enforce the law deprives persons with special needs of their rights. Current Jordanian electoral system does not achieve justice between the kingdom’s departments, unlicensed slaughterhouses, and tax havens violating international law in Yemen. An investigative report conducted in Egypt tracks the hazards and death Syrian refugees faced in the African Sahara.
Abuse of power and political influence: The so-called “Swiss Leaks” revealed that the wife of former Egyptian Minister of Tourism had two secret accounts in HSBC Private Bank Suisse SA holding a total of $3,870,357 between 2006 and 2007 and escaped the Egyptian authorities’ decision to freeze her accounts after the revolution of January 2011. Offshore companies, safe tax havens, food import monopoly, money launderers, and tax exemption. Abuse of power in military has documented that soldiers in the Egyptian Central Security Forces have been abused and possibly killed by their officers. Reportage found evidence of systematic attempts to cover up these violations.
Medical corruption issues: some doctors remove the wombs of mentally disabled girls with the consent of parents, human trade organ, Yemeni doctors infected with cholera virus due to lack of immunity measures. Renting lab licenses—a popular market in Egypt and the patient pays the price. Merchants of the war, Yemen’s cancer and kidney patients suffering due to lack of medication, sick leave market, illegal abortion, medical errors that lead to disabilities, mental health hospitals in Bahrain have become drug stores, and some medical companies in Egypt in cooperation with international companies conduct illegal clinical excremental. Unlicensed children’s incubators, business production of artificial limbs in the workshops in stairwells, unlicensed clinics in Yemen, and human organ trafficking.
Environmental corruption: vehicles’ emissions and cutting down trees in Palestine including oak trees and long-standing trees. Coal dust and cement emitted from some factories in Alexandria and noise and air pollution in Tunis and Egypt. Hazardous wastes and dust loaded with poisonous gases due to interaction with chemical residues that led to death of some people in Egypt.
Educational corruption: depriving children from right of education, plagiarism in illiteracy tests, failure to integrate children with disability into regular education system, and unlicensed educational centers in Egypt manipulating students and learners by giving them fake certificates attributed to international universities.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Child Brides in Egypt—Loopholes and Cleric Endorsements | Legislative and judiciary | April 10, 2018 |
2. | It Hasn’t Inferred | Legislative and judiciary | May 9, 2018 |
3. | The Lost Gold | Agricultural | March 8, 2018 |
4. | Detained for Good: The Use of Remand Detention as a Punitive Measure Against Political Opponents | Legislative and judiciary | July 15, 2018 |
5. | Services Offices: Rear Door for Sex Trade and Exploitation of Domestic Workers | Legislative and judiciary | June 19, 2018 |
6. | “Under Experiment” | Medical | April 18, 2018 |
7. | In Alko’arah Egyptian Village… Children Dream of School | Educational | May 2, 2018 |
8. | New Cars from Old Parts | Administrative | January 19, 2018 |
9. | Children Who Have Been Raped Face Society with Psychological Damage | Legislative and judiciary | December 26, 2017 |
10. | With Documents: Wasting One Billion and 300 Million Sacks in “Kema Aswan 2” | Administrative | December 19, 2017 |
11. | Waste Mines | Environmental | January 9, 2017 |
12. | “Integration on the Papers” | Educational | August 27, 2017 |
13. | Loopholes in Egyptian and Greek Airports Allow Secret Immigration to Europe | Administrative | May 8, 2017 |
14. | Black Exhale-Coal Dust and Cement Harm Egyptian People Chests | Environmental | May 8, 2017 |
15. | Incomplete Dreams in “Abu Saed” | Environmental | November 7, 2017 |
16. | Fraud Accreditation | Educational | October 7, 2017 |
17. | In the Island of “Sidna Al-Wali,” 5 Thousand Egyptians out of Coverage | Administrative | March 7, 2017 |
18. | A False Womb | Medical | March 5, 2017 |
19. | Networks of Preachers Exploit Mosques and Associations to Hatching ISIS “Dawaish Children” | Administrative | March 4, 2017 |
20. | Noise is a Bitter Reality Inhabitants of “Amir Algousih” Street Suffer | Environmental | March 3, 2017 |
21. | “Kornit Trip” | Administrative | February 2, 2017 |
22. | Legalized Marital Rape | Legislative and judiciary | January 29, 2017 |
23. | Siwa Oasis… Drowning Threatening | Environmental | May 1, 2017 |
24. | Compensation Rather than Law | Legislative and judiciary | December 29, 2016 |
25. | A Housewife with Big Swiss Bank Accounts | Abuse of power and political influence | December 20, 2016 |
26. | A Fatal Mistake | Medical | April 12, 2016 |
27. | Renting Labs Licenses... A Popular Market and Patient Pays the Price | Medical | February 12, 2016 |
28. | Towards illiteracy | Educational | November 26, 2016 |
29. | Egypt’s Ticking Time Bombs in Gas Bottles | Legislative and judiciary | July 11, 2016 |
30. | Lost Parentage | Legislative and judiciary | May 11, 2016 |
31. | “Individual Employees” Labor Outside The Protection of the Law | Legislative and judiciary | October 23, 2016 |
32. | Frozen Hopes and Harsh Laws | Legislative and judiciary | October 10, 2016 |
33. | Eastern Gate | Refugee hazard | September 25, 2016 |
34. | Upside Down, The Victims and Injuries of the Revolution in Egypt and Tunisia from the Bright Promises to the Corners of Forgetfulness | Administrative | August 18, 2016 |
35. | (Official waste) ... Government Failure To Manage World Bank Loan Deprives 7 Villages from Sanitation | Administrative | December 8, 2016 |
36. | Swiss Leaks Expose Egyptian Mastermind Behind Massive Corruption Deal | Financially | July 23, 2016 |
37. | Business Production of Artificial Limbs in Workshops under Stairwell | Medical | July 17, 2016 |
38. | “The Stolen Innocent”.. Doctors Remove the Wombs of Mentally Disabled Girls with Parents Consent | Medical | March 7, 016 |
39. | When Child Care Homes... Feed In “Homeless” | Administrative | November 5, 2016 |
40. | Death in Military Service | Military | May 2, 2016 |
41. | Death by Remote Control | Administrative | January 28, 2016 |
42. | Titles for Sale | Administrative | January 27, 2016 |
43. | Forged Residency Permits | Administrative | January 26, 2016 |
44. | A Decorated Fraud | Administrative | August 1, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Egypt.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Gas Cylinders…Time bombs in Yemeni Houses | Administrative | July 10, 2018 |
2. | War Cholera | Medical | August 16, 2018 |
3. | Rituals in the Darkness | Legislative and judiciary | July 26, 2018 |
4. | Shaher Abdulhak’s Tax Havens Violate International Law | Financial | July 22, 2018 |
5. | Merchants of the War | Medical | July 5, 2018 |
6. | Exchange Marriage in Yemen: A Time Bomb for Hundreds of Families | Legislative and judiciary | March 27, 2018 |
7. | Son of one of the Wealthiest Arabs lives in Sanaa to Escape his Crime in London | Abuse of power and political influence | March 20, 2018 |
8. | “I Have No Right in The Inheritance of My Father” | Legislative and judiciary | April 3, 2018 |
9. | Forgotten Students | Educational | January 19, 2018 |
10. | “Sons of the War “ | Legislative and judiciary | December 13, 2017 |
11. | Repeated Fires at Unlicensed Gas Stations Claim Yemeni Lives | Administrative | October 12, 2017 |
12. | Death in the Clothes of Angels!! | Medical | November 21, 2017 |
13. | Children under the Guillotine... Execution by Sword and Bullets Shut Teams | Legislative and judiciary | October 29, 2017 |
14. | “Black Relief” | Legislative and Judiciary | August 9, 2017 |
15. | Slavery is Still Exists In Yemen: Segregation Between Masters and Slaves | Legislative and judiciary | March 2, 2017 |
16. | Pharmaceutical Drug Abuse | Medical | November 14, 2016 |
17. | Backdoor Companies of Hameed Al Ahmar | Abuse of power and political influence | November 13, 2016 |
18. | Panama Papers Expose Yemen’s Wheat Emperor | Abuse of power and political influence | July 11, 2016 |
19. | Begging for Survival | Medical | October 17, 2016 |
20. | Yemen’s Toxic Qat | Administrative | July 10, 2016 |
21. | The Mysterious Company of a Former Minister’s Son | Abuse of power and political influence | October 9, 2016 |
22. | Yemen’s Cancer Patients: the Fight for Medication | Medical | September 8, 2016 |
23. | Hidden Money of Abdul Haq Family in Yemen | Abuse of power and political influence | April 6, 2016 |
24. | Murder, Tax Evasion, Cronyism: Yemen’s Sugar Kings Implicated in Panama Papers | Abuse of power and political influence | April 13, 2016 |
25. | Sana’a Child Beggar Mafias | Legislative and judiciary | January 28, 2016 |
26. | Digital Platforms Trap—Parties of the Conflict in Yemen Kill the Champions of the Media | Cyberbullying | No date |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Yemen.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | “Killing in the Womb” | Medical | October 29, 2017 |
2. | Sick leave Market | Medical | January 9, 2017 |
3. | “Death Trucks”: Women’s Way to The Cultivated Land and Sometimes to the Grave or Permanent Disability | Legislative and judiciary | November 2, 2017 |
4. | Air Pollution in Tunisia | Legislative and judiciary | December 21, 2016 |
5. | Injustice Justification …. Granting Pension Fund’s Apartments to Ineligible Persons. | Administrative | December 20, 2016 |
6. | Punishing the Disabled | Legislative and judiciary | April 12, 2016 |
7. | Foreign Companies Dominate the Seeds Market in Tunisia | Agriculture | November 22, 2016 |
8. | The Next Death on the “Railroad” | Administrative | November 20, 2016 |
9. | (Towers of Horror) ... Communication Towers in Tunisia Randomly Spread Out | Administrative | October 25, 2016 |
10. | Tunisia’s Unpunished Child Molestation | Legislative and judiciary | July 10, 2016 |
11. | Torture in Tunisia | Legislative and judiciary | March 17, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Tunisia.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Second Wife | Administrative | October 4, 2018 |
2. | Assad’s Relatives Seize the Territory of the Roman Army and Rent it to NATO | Abuse of power and political influence | March 21, 2018 |
3. | Deadly Scalpel | Medical | May 1, 2018 |
4. | Syria’s Fatherless Children | Legislative and judiciary | October 9, 2016 |
5. | Panama Papers: Who is Running Assad’s Sanctions-busting Network? | Abuse of power and political influence | April 6, 2016 |
6. | Men Around the President 1: Abdulkareem Network | Abuse of power and political influence | April 5, 2016 |
7. | Panama Papers Link Assad’s Fixer to Arms Dealers and Money Launderers | Abuse of power and political influence | April 14, 2016 |
8. | Men Around The President 2: Maruf and Alzayat... “Breaks” The Lion And The Arms Dealer | Abuse of power and political influence | April 13, 2016 |
9. | Pirates of the Mediterranean | Administrative | March 3, 2016 |
10. | Body Parts for Sale | Medical | January 27, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Syria.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Government Negligence Delays Activating Alimony Fund for Seven Years | Administrative | July 16, 2017 |
2. | Compromised Innocence | Legislative and judiciary | September 21, 2016 |
3. | Teachers of Contracts of Acquiescence | Legislative and judiciary | April 9, 2016 |
4. | Defective Innocence: Who Compensates the Accused for Arrest after Being Acquitted? | Legislative and judiciary | August 21, 2016 |
5. | Tenders of Millions Value Go to Former Parliamentarians Pockets | Abuse of power and political influence | September 8, 2016 |
6. | Jordanian Figures Hiding Behind the Shadow of Tax Havens | Abuse of power and political influence | May 21, 2016 |
7. | An Engineer’s Latest Rip Off | Administrative | August 3, 2016 |
8. | The Current Electoral System in Jordan Does Not Achieve Justice Between the Kingdom’s Departments | Legislative and judiciary | January 19, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Jordan.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Abbas to the Influential: “With Approval…No Objection on the Exemption” | Abuse of power and political influence | December 3, 2017 |
2. | Gaza (Disneyland) | Administrative | December 31, 2016 |
3. | Black Emissions | Environment | November 29, 2016 |
4. | The Season of Trees Execution | Environment | August 29, 2016 |
5. | Medicines of “the Ministry of Health” Are Sold in Pharmacies, Hundreds of Psychiatric Patients and Their Families are at Risk of Dying | Medical | February 7, 2016 |
6. | Diluting Diesel | Administrative | January 27, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Palestine.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | ISIS Children | Legislative and judiciary | December 8, 2017 |
2. | The Vengeance of Suspended Projects Worsens ... and Kills! | Administrative | January 26, 2017 |
3. | Looking for a Suicidal Job in Iraq? | Administrative | December 21, 2016 |
4. | “Project No One” | Financial | November 18, 2017 |
5. | Caravan: a Deal at the Expense of Life of the Displaced People | Abuse of power and political influence | December 17, 2017 |
6. | Panama Papers Reveal Allawi’s Hidden Companies | Abuse of power and political influence | May 11, 2016 |
7. | ISIS’s Young Yazidi is Recruiting | Abuse of power and political influence | May 11, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Iraq.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Mosac Fonseca To the Brother in Law of the Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament: Where Do You Get This? | Abuse of power and political influence | June 21, 2018 |
2. | “State for Rent“ | Abuse of power and political influence | April 17, 2018 |
3. | “Crimes of the Occasion”: Hidden Episodes of Violence in Lebanon | Legislative and judiciary | March 18, 2018 |
4. | Minors’ Marriage in Lebanon: Between the Rule of Sects and the Inability of the State | Legislative and judiciary | December 13, 2017 |
5. | “The Voice of the Earth... Southern lands are Public Domain” | Abuse of power and political influence | October 29, 2017 |
6. | “The Afflicted“ | Legislative and Judiciary | November 25, 2016 |
7. | Failure to Enforce the Law Deprives Persons With Special Needs from Their Rights | Legislative and judiciary | December 5, 2016 |
8. | Video: Lebanon Documents of Panama—a Complete Episodes | Abuse of power and political influence | May 4, 2016 |
9. | From Mouth of the Lion | Financial | February 28, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Lebanon.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | The Pressure of the Dust Suspended in the Air | Legislative/environmental | November 16, 2017 |
2. | Unlicensed Slaughterhouses…De Facto Coexistence | Legislative | November 8, 2017 |
3. | A Scream of Unconscious Person... When the Hospital Turns into a Pharmacy | Medical | July 12, 2016 |
4. | Bahrain’s Mental Health Hospitals Have Become Drug Stores | Medical | September 22, 2016 |
5. | Lost Ages and Wasted Rights | Administrative | June 21, 2016 |
6. | The Scammer… a Friend of Bahrain | Abuse of power and political influence | November 5, 2016 |
7. | Deceptive Virility | Administrative | April 1, 2016 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in Bahrain.
No. | Country | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Mauritania | Living Dead | Legislative and judiciary | October 15, 2018 |
2. | Algeria | Panama Papers: Offshore Companies for the Wife of Chakib Khelil, Former Algerian Minister | Abuse of power and political influence | June 18, 2016 |
Panama Papers: How the Algerian Elite Diverted Oil Money | Abuse of power and political influence | May 15, 2016 | ||
3. | Kuwait | Cheated Education: Research Papers for Sale at Kuwait University | Educational | November 2, 2017 |
4. | Sudan | In Sudan: “Living Between Feathers” | Abuse of power and political influence | November 7, 2017 |
Investigative reports on corruption issues in other Arab countries.
No. | Report headline | Type of corruption | Date of publication |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Five Companies Registered in the UAE Free Zones among the File of the Russian Laundry... Contradictory Bills and Iran Used One of These Companies to Evade Sanctions | Financial | No date |
2. | UAE Companies Involve in Russian Laundry | Financial | December 19, 2017 |
3. | UAE Companies in The “Sink”... the Involvement of 13 Companies in the Largest File for the Laundering of Russian Money | Financial | November 30, 2017 |
4. | UAE-Based Enterprises Involved in Russian Laundry | Financial | December 6, 2017 |
5. | Whitening 25 Million Dollars Through Fake Projects and Bills.. 10 Arab Companies Outside The Coverage Of Telephone or Postal | Financial | December 6, 2017 |
6. | Nine Arab Companies are Involved in The Laundering of 10 Million Dollars in The Russian Laundry | Financial | January 23, 2017 |
7. | Fraud in Export of Sheep from Georgia to Arab Countries | Administrative | September 1, 2017 |
8. | I Do Not Want to Live With Him—I Have to Live With My Family | Legislative | No date |
Investigative reports on more than one Arab country corruption issues.
Apart from international investigation led by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and based on the Panama Papers, a group of Arab investigative journalists from Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen have achieved and published eight investigative reports on 2017 revealing what The Guardian [27] called “offshore secret of politicians.” They were able to track activities and deals of 71 Arabic companies in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Tunis, and Yemen that have financial and commercial with what is known as “Russian Laundromat.” The share of the Arab companies and banks is estimated to be at half a billion dollars of money laundering operations for 20 billion and 800 million dollar worldwide [28].
Corruption issues revealed by those investigative reports and based on the Panama Papers include:
Ayad Allawi, former Iraqi Prime Minster, ownership of three hidden and tax haven real estate companies.
Yemen telecom company Mobile Telephone Network is predominantly owned by five offshore companies—most of them owned by Yemeni businessman Shaher Abdualhak.
Five companies registered in the UAE free zones within the file of the Russian laundry. Iran used one of these companies to evade sanctions.
Nine Arab companies are involved in the laundering of 10 million dollars in the Russian laundry.
UAE-based enterprises involved in Russian laundry.
Laundering 25 million dollars through fake projects and bills.
Thirteen UAE companies involve in the largest file for the laundering of Russian money.
Offshore companies for the wife of Chakib Khelil, former Energy Minister in Algeria.
How the Algerian elite diverted oil money.
The Panama Papers exposes Yemen’s Wheat Emperor.
Revealing hidden assets for tax havens through offshore holdings for one of Yemen’s prominent businessmen Mohammad Fahem, known as Yemen’s Wheat Emperor.
Uncover offshore company owned by Abdul-Hafez Al-Alimi, the son of the former Deputy Prime Minister of Yemen.
Murder, tax evasion, cronyism: Yemen’s Sugar Kings implicated in the Panama Papers revealing how hidden companies controlled by most prominent businessmen in Yemen, the brothers Abdulhak, Shaher, and Abduljalil, have used tax havens and offshore fronts to dodge taxes in Yemen.
The number of investigative reports achieved and published during the period of the study confirms that there is a place for IJ in the Arab world despite of the tremendous obstacles and difficulties facing this kind of reporting as well as reporters in those countries. For instance, significant number of Egyptian media organizations used to welcome IJ before 2013. Several reports will be published and broadcasted in both print and broadcast media like Al-Masry Al-Youm, Al-Shorouk, ALYoum7, Al Watan, Alsabah, and ONTV and others (Arabic Network for Media Support 14). In 2010, five investigative journalism units had been established in Jordan, Palestine, and Egypt. Between 2o12 and 2013, 13 units had been established in other Arab countries [29]. Moreover, IJ in the Arab world increasingly gets attention from international media and donors.
The role of the media is critical in promoting good governance and controlling corruption. It not only raises public awareness about corruption, its causes, consequences, and possible remedies but also investigates and reports incidences of corruption. Often, reports on corrupt practices by government officials have provided the starting point for a series of consequences such as the launch of investigation or judicial proceedings and resignation, among others. Together with these visible effects, media reporting has also had equally important indirect effects thanks to the role it plays in society ([30], pp. 1–20).
Finding of the study of investigative reports confirms that administrative and financial issues as well as legislative and judiciary issues represent the most prominent corruption that are faced by Arab countries throughout the last decades. Both of them occupied 58% of corruption issues that investigative reports had revealed between 2016 and 2018. Abuse of power and political influence also play an important role in this aspect. According to these reports, more than 17% of corruption were attributed to corrupt politicians and businesspersons having financial relations with those politicians in most cases. Politicians usually provide their business partners with several supports. This include, but are not limited to, political cover of tax evasions and monopoly of import and export of particularly essential goods, as in the case of wheat in Yemen, and natural resources such as oil in Algeria.
Legal system represents one of the pressing issues that need to be reconsidered for any reforming process in the Arab world. For instance, many Arab countries are still lagging behind when it comes to legalizing age of marriage. Therefore, minor marriage is a very common practice in those countries. Legalizing age of marriage at 18 years old will save life of many young girls and prevent a lot of suffering. Remand detention represents one of the flagrant misuses of law for revenge from opponents. Judicial authority may renew prisoner detention as many times as desired! Rule of law, social justice, equal citizenship, and human right are essential for modern and civil state, and these are basic principles that journalism and modern actors should struggle to achieve.
Investigative journalism represents an important opportunity for combating deep-rooted corruption in the Arab world. It is a journalism of verification, deep and long-time research, as well as evidence-based journalism. In highly corrupt countries, it is advised that journalists change their approaches and be consistent in their pursuit of values, attitudes, and fight against corruption by developing and promoting investigative journalism ([31], p. 34).
Therefore, investment in this type of journalism is worthy and rewarding. This could be through providing financial support especially for those working in the poorest countries, building and developing capacities, as well as providing legal advice, consultancy, and protection for the Arab investigative journalists. This has become extremely important in the current circumstances in which journalism is suffering due to the Internet and technology development. Unfortunately, the audience has keen interest in investigative report findings but is unwilling to pay for its scoops or exposés ([32], p. 1).
Freedom of expressions is very crucial for IJ to grow and flourish. The effectiveness of the media, in turn, depends on access to information and freedom of expression, as well as a professional and ethical framework of investigative journalists ([30], p. 1). In Egypt, investigative reports were doubled seven times in 2011 comparing to 2010 and to 50% in 2014. Moreover, they won many local and regional awards. This could be explained by relative freedom of speech and information circulation after the January 25 , 2011 Revolution that led to political regime change ([14], p. 25).
Schools and colleges of journalism need to pay more attention to identify and prepare investigative journalists for tomorrow. These reporters are very rare in the world, let alone the Arab world. Approximately, in every 1000 journalists, there is only one investigative journalist!
Finally, combating corruption in the Arab world needs serious efforts and profound reform in the political system. This reform will not occur without having political will and popular determination.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118189},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"22"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba81d792368b0fc77e6076df1b9bc8d5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c03adb67c699df0f07449af0fbf7e43",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Pollution",value:133,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Dynamical Systems Theory",value:966,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5227},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"270",title:"Humanities",slug:"humanities",parent:{title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:49,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:33,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"humanities",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6944",title:"Heritage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80ee36ba67b1fe4ff971074f7ddc4d00",slug:"heritage",bookSignature:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6944.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6169",title:"Culture and Identity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"925cd8ebef5226a2fc3b36d060a27ecb",slug:"culture-and-identity",bookSignature:"Wilfred Isak April",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6169.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110034",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",middleName:"Isak",surname:"April",slug:"wilfred-april",fullName:"Wilfred April"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2301",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",subtitle:"Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8b131a7ee5b8a5b952c49dc19c0cfe5",slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:"Dr.",name:"Asunción",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asuncion-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asunción López-Varela Azcárate"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"39104",doi:"10.5772/37095",title:"Stress Management for Medical Students: A Systematic Review",slug:"stress-management-for-medical-students-a-systematic-review",totalDownloads:6124,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff and Ab Rahman Esa",authors:[{id:"111238",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhamad Saiful Bahri",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"muhamad-saiful-bahri-yusoff",fullName:"Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff"},{id:"121385",title:"Prof.",name:"Ab Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Esa",slug:"ab-rahman-esa",fullName:"Ab Rahman Esa"}]},{id:"39097",doi:"10.5772/38617",title:"International Higher Education Rankings at a Glance: How to Valorise the Research in Social Sciences and Humanities?",slug:"international-higher-education-rankings-at-a-glance-how-to-valorise-the-research-in-social-scien",totalDownloads:1489,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"José M. Gómez-Sancho and Carmen Pérez-Esparrells",authors:[{id:"118304",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose María",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Sancho",slug:"jose-maria-gomez-sancho",fullName:"Jose María Gomez-Sancho"},{id:"118305",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Esparrells",slug:"carmen-perez-esparrells",fullName:"Carmen Pérez-Esparrells"}]},{id:"59704",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74411",title:"Popular Religions and Multiple Modernities: A Non-Western Perspective",slug:"popular-religions-and-multiple-modernities-a-non-western-perspective",totalDownloads:588,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"culture-and-identity",title:"Culture and Identity",fullTitle:"Culture and Identity"},signatures:"Cristian Parker",authors:[{id:"207097",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristián",middleName:null,surname:"Parker",slug:"cristian-parker",fullName:"Cristián Parker"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67101",title:"Thanking in Cameroon French",slug:"thanking-in-cameroon-french",totalDownloads:380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"heritage",title:"Heritage",fullTitle:"Heritage"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia",authors:[{id:"283073",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Mulo Farenkia",slug:"bernard-mulo-farenkia",fullName:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"}]},{id:"39083",title:"Western and Eastern Ur-Topias: Communities and Nostalgia",slug:"western-and-eastern-ur-topias-communities-and-nostalgia",totalDownloads:1626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"Anjan Sen and Asun López-Varela",authors:[{id:"302731",title:"Dr.",name:"Asunción",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asuncion-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asunción López-Varela Azcárate"}]},{id:"58144",title:"Losing One’s Culture: The Narrative Identity of Nigerian Catholic Religious Sisters",slug:"losing-one-s-culture-the-narrative-identity-of-nigerian-catholic-religious-sisters",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"culture-and-identity",title:"Culture and Identity",fullTitle:"Culture and Identity"},signatures:"Chika Eze, Graham C. Lindegger and Susan Rakoczy",authors:[{id:"216952",title:"Dr.",name:"Chika",middleName:null,surname:"Eze",slug:"chika-eze",fullName:"Chika Eze"}]},{id:"73006",title:"Ideological Interaction Theory in Critical Discourse Analysis",slug:"ideological-interaction-theory-in-critical-discourse-analysis",totalDownloads:244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"heritage",title:"Heritage",fullTitle:"Heritage"},signatures:"Yadu Prasad Gyawali",authors:null},{id:"39101",title:"An Anthropology of Singularity? Pastoral Perspectives for an Embodied Spirituality in the Annus virtualis and Beyond",slug:"an-antropology-of-singularity-pastoral-perspectives-for-an-embodied-spirituality-in-the-annus-vi",totalDownloads:1626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"Jan-Albert van den Berg",authors:[{id:"113429",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Van Den Berg",slug:"jan-albert-van-den-berg",fullName:"Jan Albert Van Den Berg"}]},{id:"71441",title:"Cultural Heritage Objects of Southern Benin: Plant Dyes and Exudates Used in Their Confection",slug:"cultural-heritage-objects-of-southern-benin-plant-dyes-and-exudates-used-in-their-confection",totalDownloads:214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"heritage",title:"Heritage",fullTitle:"Heritage"},signatures:"Louis Fagbohoun and Cathy Vieillescazes",authors:null},{id:"39099",title:"Japan’s University Education in Social Sciences and Humanities Under Globalization",slug:"education-and-research-of-social-science-and-humanities-in-japan-under-globalization",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"Akiyoshi Yonezawa",authors:[{id:"120081",title:"Prof.",name:"Akiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yonezawa",slug:"akiyoshi-yonezawa",fullName:"Akiyoshi Yonezawa"}]},{id:"39092",title:"The Conceptualising of Insecurity from the Perspective of Young People",slug:"the-conceptualising-of-insecurity-from-the-perspective-of-young-people",totalDownloads:4571,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"Riitta Vornanen, Maritta Törrönen, Janissa Miettinen and Pauli Niemelä",authors:[{id:"114565",title:"Prof.",name:"Riitta",middleName:null,surname:"Vornanen",slug:"riitta-vornanen",fullName:"Riitta Vornanen"},{id:"118553",title:"Prof.",name:"Maritta",middleName:null,surname:"Törrönen",slug:"maritta-torronen",fullName:"Maritta Törrönen"},{id:"118554",title:"MSc.",name:"Janissa",middleName:null,surname:"Miettinen",slug:"janissa-miettinen",fullName:"Janissa Miettinen"},{id:"138758",title:"Prof.",name:"Pauli",middleName:"Nikolai",surname:"Niemelä",slug:"pauli-niemela",fullName:"Pauli Niemelä"}]},{id:"39091",title:"Social Exclusion and Inclusion of Young Immigrants in Different Arenas – Outline of an Analytical Framework",slug:"social-exclusion-and-inclusion-of-young-migrants",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",fullTitle:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies - Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare"},signatures:"Katrine Fangen",authors:[{id:"115166",title:"Prof.",name:"Katrine",middleName:null,surname:"Fangen",slug:"katrine-fangen",fullName:"Katrine Fangen"}]},{id:"58801",title:"The Proverb manong a ja ka ditshika as an Embodiment of the Principle of Unity",slug:"the-proverb-i-manong-a-ja-ka-ditshika-i-as-an-embodiment-of-the-principle-of-unity",totalDownloads:692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"culture-and-identity",title:"Culture and Identity",fullTitle:"Culture and Identity"},signatures:"Reginald B. Monyai",authors:[{id:"210249",title:"Dr.",name:"Reginald",middleName:"Botshabeng",surname:"Monyai",slug:"reginald-monyai",fullName:"Reginald Monyai"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"humanities",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/268043/miljana-z-jovandaric",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"268043",slug:"miljana-z-jovandaric"},fullPath:"/profiles/268043/miljana-z-jovandaric",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()