List of requirements that residents should to meet prior to graduation per ACGME.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tQuantum mechanics arose in 1924 and was developed by scientists such as Einstein, Bohr, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Born, Dirac, and many others.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tQuantum mechanics has subsequently been applied to many of the phenomenon physicist studies, such as atoms, molecules, nuclei, and even neutron stars, superfluids, and elementary particles. It is hoped this book will be able to examine both the mathematical and conceptual aspects of quantum physics by presenting papers that discuss both its mathematical basis and philosophical interpretation. It is hoped this new collection of papers will stimulate the study and expansion of this area of modern physics.
Advancements in field of medicine have long since been established through scientific inquiry. Some would argue that the practice of medicine should be predominantly evidence based [1, 2, 3]. As the gap between medical practice and scientific evidence continues to broaden, it became necessary to ensure that the practice of medicine fits hand in hand with scientific discovery as well as staying abreast of current standards of care based on scientific evidence. The question then becomes at what point in medical training should this integration be made—during medical school, residency, or as an attending?
\nOver a decade ago, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) began to address the issues surrounding the core competencies necessary to ensure a well-rounded, competent physician by making compliance with these requirements as a condition of accreditation for Graduate Medical Education (GME) programs [4]. These core competencies include: patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, professionalism, interpersonal skills and communication, and systems-based practice [4]. In line with these competencies, scholarly activity serves to integrate research and scientific discovery into the educational development of resident physicians [5]. These new requirements are being enforced as more studies are starting to show that participating in scholarly activity increases the scope of evidence based medicine and increases the quality of patient care among all health care professionals [6, 7, 8, 9].
\nWith the institution of the scholarly activity requirement comes the challenge of implementing this into the resident curriculum [10]. One novel approach is through the establishment of a post-doctoral research program. In the following chapter, the authors will provide some background information on the goals and function of the ACGME, detail the development of the new research requirements, and give the reader a look into how our institution has developed a program to ensure to support the scholarly activity requirement laid out by the ACGME. It will conclude with ideas on measuring the success of the program.
\nMedicine is both an art and a science. This requires the ability to think critically, evaluate the literature, appropriately assimilate new knowledge, and practice lifelong learning. Physicians convey a distinct clinically focused perspective and perform a very important role in the advancement of evidence-based practice through medical research. They present issues vital to the enhancement of quality in patient care, but in the past have not been properly trained to utilize their unique perspective to enhance the field of medicine through research. GME programs and faculty must create an environment that fosters the acquisition of such skills through training programs and scholarly activity focus.
\nThe ACGME and the American Board of Medical Specialties devised six core competencies for all physicians to address community expectations for advancements in science and thus medical care. This was indicative of the recognition by such agencies that there was a critical need for change in the way we educate and prepare our future physicians. These new requirements are being enforced as more studies are starting to show that participating in scholarly activity increases the scope of evidence based medicine, and increases the quality of patient care among all health care professionals [6, 7] . A recent meta-analysis has shown that medical students who participate in research are three times more likely to show interest in research, six times more likely to engage in research, and twice as likely to outperform academically [6]. Additionally, involvement of physicians during and after medical school education have shown promising growth in research activities and publications, [4, 6] thus it is clear that fresh strategies are needed to grow the size and diversity of the physician-scientist pipeline [7]. Overall, there has been a change in focus to concentrate on the outcomes of such education in a measurable way, as well as collaboration across specialties using an institutional versus programmatic approach to graduate medical learning [4].
\nAs the educational models have shifted, scholarly activity in the form of research and quality improvement has become increasingly important in the eyes of the ACGME yet incorporating such activity onto Residency programs remains a challenge. In fact, issues surrounding inadequate scholarly activity are a common citation for many programs, especially Family Medicine residencies [11]. Across the United States, medical residency and fellowship programs are challenged to remain in compliance with scholarly activity requirements set by the ACGME. The ACGME uses Web Accreditation Data System (WebADS) to track and update faculty scholarly activity [12]. Additionally, since 2014 there was a transition to the next accreditation system (NAS) to promote evidence-based activity and improve reporting. These changes are indicative of the way the ACGME assess Graduate Medical Education (GME) programs [12]. Since the implementation of NAS, all ACGME programs have been required to submit evidence of scholarly activity of both residents and faculty on an annual basis, allowing the Residency Review Committee (RRC) to track performance and identify inadequacies with real-time intervention [12]. The increased frequency of reporting scholarly activity has created new challenges within GME programs. More than ever there is a need for synergetic and integrative approach between the Program Director, Chair, Designated Institutional Official, Faculty, and coordinator to address these challenges [12].
\nIn response to these changes and the importance of receiving and/or maintaining accreditation, several Residency programs have had to modify their educational models and methods of measuring performance and outcomes [4]. To ensure accreditation standards are consistently met, there must be a spotlight on adequate performance measures, thus institutions need to ensure accountability and quality improvement are at the forefront of their culture [6]. Practically speaking, GME programs must have a clear understanding of what the scholarly activity requirements are with mechanisms for assessing performance, the ability to collect and report a full accounting of scholarly activities to the ACGME, and program leaders must stay abreast of new and upcoming changes in scholarly activity requirements to ensure compliance [12]. Scholarly activity metrics have historically included number of grant submissions, grants awarded, publications submitted, presentations, and awards which were tracked before and after the implementation of a new program which was then titled the “Baby Steps” program for faculty and residents [6]. The Resident Review Committee (RRC), in multiple specialties, has provided guidelines on how it interprets scholarly activity for compliance with the Program Requirements (Table 1). These guidelines include definitions and expectations, as well as examples of scholarly activities recognized by the Review Committee [11] (Figures 1 and 2).
\nACGME requirements pertinent to research | \n
---|
\n
| \n
List of requirements that residents should to meet prior to graduation per ACGME.
Barriers faced by residents when performing research.
Process with a post-doctoral fellow.
Given these new competency models, the increasing need to adequately measure performance/scholarly activity and the growing value of being an accredited program, adaptation in the professional development of our future physicians is critical. The ACGME requires all accredited residency training programs to facilitate resident scholarly activities, thus GME programs must remain agile in their approach to meet these demands through novel educational approaches as well as flexible infrastructures [13, 14]. This can be done by having dedicated research blocks or protected time from clinical responsibilities to complete research projects; however, clinical education is still the focus of Graduate Medical Education in most training programs. Residency programs are challenged with designing the structure, process, and outcome evaluation of the ACGME research requirement [8, 15]. There must be support provided by the institution to ensure protected time for residents and faculty to focus on scholarly activity production [8, 14, 16, 17] Figure 1.
\nOne mechanism for driving such educational models and support mechanisms is the use of a post-doctoral research training programs. Post-doctoral research fellows can add value to residency and fellowship programs at teaching hospitals by providing support in research productivity across multiple specialties [18, 19] Figure 2. Productivity generated by post-doctoral research fellows align well with what the ACGME defines as scholarly activity. According to a 2012 study published in the Journal of Graduate Medical Education (JGME), the addition of a mentored post-doctoral researcher was associated with improvements to both resident and faculty research activities [20]. While the original intent of the post-doctoral role was prominently to benefit the trainee through active mentorship, and to help secure future career goals through acquisition of additional skills and credentials, these roles have become essential in most research settings [18, 21] such as Graduate Medical Education in which scholarly activity is a core component. Therefore, it is not surprising that such post-doctoral research programs have become a key element within many institutions serving as a distinct phase of career succession in most scientific fields [21]. Post-doctoral training has been considered a critical component of research training, allowing the acquisition of the necessary skills to become an independent researcher [19]. A post-doctoral program enriches any robust research enterprise at an academic center. Overall, post-doctoral fellows play a crucial role in an academic institute; they supplement the research expertise of the faculty by teaching and advising undergraduates, residents, and fellows; contribute new research and quality improvement techniques; collaborate with other institutions; and help manage the daily research operations. They have deep expertise and knowledge to support faculty and residents, while also enhancing their own professional skills during their training. This type of environment boosts their research knowledge and skills for career advancement, developing a pipeline of future research-minded clinicians.
\nThe post-doctoral scholars should be able to demonstrate broad knowledge of the research area and should be able to understand the gaps, limitations and challenges within the research [22]. Post-doctoral programs are common and have served as a standard stepping stone in other doctoral pathways. In other professions a post-doctoral position is used as a bridge to develop professional gaps that were not taught in an academic setting. ACGME has always encouraged the development of programs that will allow residents to develop core competencies. It recognizes the diversity of post-doctoral education programs, and anticipates that programs prepare specialists for a variety of roles, including contributors to clinical care, scientists, and educators. It is expected that the program’s scholarship will reflect its mission(s) and aims, and the needs of the community it serves. For example, some programs may concentrate their scholarly activity on quality improvement, population health, and/or teaching, while other programs might choose to utilize more classic forms of biomedical research as the focus for scholarship [22]. There have been institutions that have developed various strategies to tackle this. A Mayo Clinic family medicine residency program in Arizona had implanted a “collaborative care” curriculum that allowed for critical thinking, cost-benefit analysis, professional development, mentorship, and leadership development [23]. This program has been considered a success and many programs have adapted this curriculum. However, this curriculum only targets family medicine residents in their final year. These core competencies should extend over the course of the residency program. Our program is set up to combine all the aspects of the “collaborative care” curriculum and have it available to residents and fellows at all times.
\nAt our institution, the post-doctoral research program was created to help health science graduates gain research and leadership experience in a clinical and nonclinical setting, while also assisting residency programs meet their GME requirements. Few of the skills that GME requires from residents include: working in groups, understanding risk benefit analysis; engaging in quality improvement projects; developing strong leadership skills, and participation is scholarly activity. We will discuss in greater detail how the formation of a post-doctoral research program employing recent medical graduates can assist the GME in achieving their requirements as well as cultivating competitive residency candidates armed with the skills, knowledge and professional competence to continue contributing to future scholarly activities. We will also address potential metrics to gauge success of the program.
\nThe post-doctoral research program is a two-year program dedicated to providing hands-on experience in clinical and quality research. Our program creates a research group that enables them to practice working in a professional group outside a clinical setting and promotes leadership growth. With the introduction of a post-doctoral candidate, we were able to create a liaison between residents and various key research departments. This allowed for residents the opportunity to work with a diverse group of healthcare professionals in a research setting. There have been studies that show that residents that engage in scholarly activity find their residency more fulfilling and are happier [24]. In one of the surveys done in Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences at the Medical University of South Carolina, majority of faculty members (86%) and residents (51%) thought that residents should be required to engage in a scholarly activity [14]. Many studies expressed a key component was the availability of mentors who are knowledgeable in research [10, 14, 25]. Our program has created this setting with program directors and other key research personnel as part of a council that assist in scholarly activity throughout the network. By creating opportunities for residents to interact with different members at different levels within the network allows them to learn about system organization and culture outside of a clinical environment [26]. It is important that residents understand the challenges and see how these challenges are overcome outside of a clinical situation. Interacting with other health professionals and administrators will instill a sense of teamwork that extends beyond the patient room, an effective trait of a strong leader. Residents are given a chance to develop other skills during residency, and through these valuable experiences can be well rounded physician leaders in the future. Studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between strong physician leaders and improved outcomes among patients [11].
\nThe more obvious benefit of the post-doctoral research training program is that individuals in the program can be trained and placed in various departments where there is a need for assistance with keeping up with accreditation requirements. Our program trains post-doctoral candidates in the areas of IRB preparation, project feasibility, research statistics, and research presentations. They help design the research protocol early from the inception of idea and team formation, estimate sample size, safely conduct the research, analyze the data, and eventually write the manuscript. Along with this, they assist in IRB review, search and evaluate the literature, and present at various scientific conferences. None of these skills are taught in medical school, yet they play a vital role in the clinical setting. The leadership and management skills and techniques honed during their training period also facilitate effective team work and establish collaborations among various specialties/industry to conduct multidisciplinary research. Creating exposure to these skills and resources early in a physician’s career can create a well-rounded clinician with strong leadership skills. By establishing a program with fellows that are knowledgeable in these areas it benefits everyone within the network. Assistance from post-doctoral research fellows provides a concrete structure and resource for faculty, residents and fellows; it allows them to generate further research and quality improvement projects; and it generates a significant impact on GME requirements for residency. Their research support and mentorship can play a significant role to maintain an active research programs in the teaching institutions. They are considered the major engine of driving the research in an academic center [27].
\nPost-doctoral program can give an exponential growth in the publication pool in an academic center. The cost of capitalizing in this kind of programs may be initially intimidating for institutions, yet the productivity and growth in research centers who adopt such a model is extremely valuable. Without active backing from faculty and post-doctoral scholars, advances in patient care, our departments, our institutions and society can experience significant inaction. The fellows themselves will meet the ACGME core competencies, the residents that take advantage and interact with the program will develop key skills, and the network will benefit from the increase in scholarly activity. In this instance, the fellow could act as a research coordinator of sorts and help educate faculty on the importance of their involvement in the process as well as facilitating collaboration among clinical staff and resident/fellows. The research fellow can also provide guidance on appropriate study design, statistical methods, as well as manuscript writing. Even in the case of residency programs that have no issue meeting GME requirements for scholarly activity, the post doc fellow can provide support throughout the research process as a coordinator, from IRB approval to manuscript writing, thus warranting clinicians with their clinical duties and alleviating some of the unknown and stress associated with the process of conducting research.
\nMany medical professionals matriculate without engaging in any scholarly activity so as a resident it may be the first time they are required to participate in research [28] which without proper mentorship can be daunting task especially with the adjustment to clinical responsibilities. One potential way to counter this is to involve residents early in the research process starting with quality improvement projects. The importance of patient safety and quality health care cannot be overstated. While the resident is becoming accustomed to their new roles and responsibilities as an integral part of the health care team, it is reasonable to also stimulate their curiosity in research and innovation. As residents are often the “eyes and ears” of attending physicians, they have a unique perspective on quality and patient safety issues. Utilizing their perspective and linking them with good mentors can accomplish the objective of all involved.
\nACGME outlines that programs must engage residents in projects the challenge them and enhance their skills outside of clinical practices. Residents are expected to participate in identifying system errors and implementing solutions. Working outside of patient care in research and QI allows them to broaden their scope to other systems at play in the health network and possible implement efficient solutions. Our ongoing QI/research projects provide an excellent QI activity and even awards exceptional QI projects every year. Residents get first-hand knowledge regarding the principles of high value care, cost efficiency and healthcare utility by participating in these QI projects. Many QI projects also require residents to have a strong grasp of testing modalities, first line management, and diagnostic testing metrics (specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, etc.). While these topics are briefly discussed in board exams and in medical schools, still participating in QI projects allows them to develop skills needed to critically assess these topics. It is vital that these skills are acquired prior to graduating from residency. This importance stems from the new measures and metrics that hospitals and insurance companies now look at for every physician. Ever since the implementation of Medicare there has been a premium placed on high value that is beneficial for both patients and hospitals. This has created a challenging position for practicing physicians. Physicians are constantly being forced to make cost effective decisions, even though their training and beliefs have guided them to make decisions that are beneficial for patients at any cost. Therefore, it is vital that residents are exposed to this expectation prior to graduation so they can navigate better when seeing patients as an attending physician.
\nAlong with the post-doctoral research program, we have created a collaborative environment that is highly encouraging for such scholarly activities. The post-doctoral research fellow program has developed a solid framework and resources for residents to use and build upon. A survey study from a family medicine residency in Wisconsin showed while 85% of residents believed research was important only 8% were active in research. One of the biggest reasons for this discrepancy was the lack of time and resources available to the residents [25]. Having a research fellow to assist with various research tasks can help alleviate the pressure and time constraints on residents. Innovation is of increasing importance in Graduate Medical Education which includes new ways of increasing resident awareness and participation in research [29, 30]. Our program is an innovative approach in increasing scholarly activity and interest among residents. Residents that can participate in these scholarly and leadership activities tend not only to be more satisfied with their career but also more confident in their knowledge base. Another key ACGME criterion for residents to develop prior to graduation includes professional development. It has been shown the professionalism goes hand in hand with high standard of clinical care [31]. The post-doctoral research program creates an excellent opportunity for the fellows and residents interacting with the fellows to develop professional standards and relationships.
\nWith the implementation of a program such as this, there comes a necessity to objectively evaluate its utility as the effectiveness of such programs remains a topic of debate due to a need for consistent and effective methods of measuring performance. That said, it has been reported that there are over 50,000 post-docs in the United States alone regardless of the inconsistency in opinion as to whether such training programs are beneficial [21]. The importance of creating more description and structure to the training environment has been acknowledged by various professional organizations including National Postdoctoral Association and NIH. According to a recent publication, a project was started to develop a list of competencies without any comparison to any previous competencies. The 10 core competencies for assessment of post doctorates were established regardless of discipline or career route; broad conceptual knowledge of a scientific discipline, deep knowledge of a specific field, critical thinking skills, experimental skills, computational skills, collaboration and team science skills, responsible conduct of research and ethics, communication skills, leadership and management skills, and finally, survival skills. Further, each competency was multidimensional and could be divided into sub competencies for the rubric [32]. These core competencies not only contribute to their professional research development but can also prepare them for leadership roles within the organization and pay dividends in complementing the individual’s scientific research program.
\nBased on this evidence, a focus on the establishment of standards and expectations of the trainee, as well as the mentor, is a critical and necessary piece of these post-doctoral training programs and their continued pervasiveness [21]. There is literature to suggest development of some sort of research curriculum with faculty mentorship and regular research meetings as a method to not only ensure that residents meet their scholarly activity requirements [33], but it also aids in tracking the progress and completion of these projects [34]. The post-doctoral fellow can be an integral part of this program which can accomplish the goal of facilitating mentorship relationships, tracking and completing scholarly activity.
\nAnother option used by the department of Anesthesia at Pittsburg Medical Center is implementing a scoring system to objectively weight the difficulty, significance, and level of resident involvement in scholarly activity [35]. They presented a novel way to measure their scholarly activity, which could be utilized by our program to determine whether the post-doctoral research program is accomplishing the goal of increasing scholarly activity in their respective departments. It also allows for objective measurement of the degree of post-doc, resident and faculty involvement. This data could be used to determine where additional resources and support can be distributed to ensure everyone is doing their part. This scoring system can also give data on the quality, complexity and significance of the work being produced.
\nIn 2000, the U.S. National Academies’ Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) reported and concluded that there is far too much variability in post-doctoral training programs, and recommended the following: (1) development of well-defined goals, policies and standards; (2) institutional recognition, status, and compensation to support such programs; and (3) occupational counseling to prepare post-docs entering the workforce [21]. If the aim of the ACGME is to clearly define expectations for scholarly work, coupled with how to adequately document these initiatives [36], it seems inherent to align not only the residency programs with these goals, but also the support systems such as post-doctoral training programs with clearly defined goals and expectations, and adequate scales of measurement. In a sense, the fundamentals housed within a residency program should not significantly differ from those within a post-doctoral research program as it pertains to scholarly activity. Besides these competencies, it has been shown in various studies that when a post graduate medical student participates and authors in various research projects, they tend to show higher match rates in their residency spot [37].
\nA basic conceptual framework of post-doctoral research programs should include institutional support both financially and culturally, adequate mentorship, clearly defined goals and expectations with corresponding measures of performance, opportunities for utilization of critical thinking skills; forums for education and didactics with timely review and feedback on current and future projects; and overall leadership and professionalism development. These programmatic characteristics are very much aligned and/or mirror images of the programmatic needs for GME as evidenced in the Clinical Scholars Program that was implemented at the Trident/Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) Family Medicine residency over two decades ago [34]. Aligning such programs allows for shared responsibility for meeting scholarly activity requirements and allows residents and attending physicians to pull support from the post-doctoral trainees while focusing on clinical responsibilities, with increased scholarly activity output as the outcome. Yet the question remains, what is the best measure of such academic performance, and the overall business case for support staff such as post-doctoral research trainees.
\nIt has been a longstanding tradition to measure scholarly activity performance and overall academic performance via publication lists and scholarly activity point systems. It has been shown that the best predictor of sustainable future scientific success was the number of publications completed as a post-doctoral trainee [19]. This is also used in the hiring process for new faculty in most Institutions, with scientific advancement being at the forefront of the institutional mission, thus assessing candidates by how likely they will advance the field of medicine [38]. With this in mind, it seems inherent that the incorporation of post-doctoral research fellows to support such scholarly activity output is beneficial. That said, it is critical that academic success is not simply measured by objective numbers, but also the quality of such publication output, as well as other diversified metrics beyond raw numbers of publications, citations, and impact factors which are outdated measures dating back to the mid-twentieth century [38]. Several institutions have developed their own creative measurement tools, aligning clinical goals with research and educational activity that are continuously reviewed to drive strategy and early identification of any issues to be addressed, understanding that academic success cannot be evaluated by strict numbers [38]. This new-age form of measuring academic achievement requires a wide-range team of faculty, program directors, administration and leadership, mentors, and trainees comprised of residents, fellows, and Post-Docs with each component being an active contributor to scholarly activity output. Therefore, defining the expected number of publications and the level of contribution of the researcher, coupled with providing adequate infrastructure and support, as well as regular review of progress toward meeting these goals, are all necessary components of a post-doctoral research program [19] and the overall goal of developing future physician researchers.
\nThe development of future physician-investigators is especially important as it has been noted that there is a decline in the ability to recruit and retain clinical researchers who are adequately trained and qualified [39]. The post-doctoral research training pathway is even more critical given this notion, as such academically focused instructional programs are essential to developing a pipeline of trained physician researchers. Academic medicine is necessary to continuously test and reform clinical practice and develop new treatment options, and its future is dependent on preparing our trainees and junior faculty for such academic missions [7]. Obstacles in career advancement within the academic setting stem primarily from inadequate training and preparation, inadequate support for research, and clinical performance pressures [7]. Incorporation of a post-doctoral research program fosters growth academically by alleviating these barriers as such programs not only provide additional training and education within the field of research, but also provide an additional layer of research infrastructure support to existing faculty and GME programs thus allowing these existing clinicians to focus on clinical responsibilities. That is not to say that the faculty is not to be intimately involved in such post-doctoral research training, as their mentorship and support of scholarly activity are critical to the academic mission. For example, young trainees need faculty mentors to offer career guidance and support, as well as protection from moving (and oftentimes competing) institutional priorities [7], always ensuring research and scholarly activity are a primary component of overall goals to ensure future academic success.
\nAlthough, there has been an acknowledgement of the significance of clinical scientists in evidence based medical practice, still there has been a decline in interest to pursue lengthy medical and research training among medical graduates. The post-doctoral research fellowship provides the baby steps toward being an independent investigator, which can eventually demonstrate a unique role in medicine by connecting the space between scientific research and clinical medicine in their future careers. It can also reduce the training time to develop a successful physician scientist as compared to MD/PhD programs while maintaining the objectivity of training.
\nIn conclusion, the authors have presented a novel way to ensure the attainment of scholarly activity requirements for GME programs, as well as a unique way to stimulate academic and scientific discovery among faculty and residents. There was presented some literature on innovative ways to the post-doctoral research program can increase scholarly activity and support the efforts of the GME. We hope that our experience can be duplicated at other institutions.
\nAs one of the major energy consumers, buildings account for around 45% of the global energy consumption with a similar share of greenhouse gases emissions [1]. Due to population increase, urbanisation, economic growth and improvement in the quality of life, energy usage in the building sector continues to rise. A study from the International Energy Agency [2] showed that without action, the energy demand in buildings could increase by 30% by 2060. A significant proportion of the energy demand from buildings is for building services, including heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and domestic hot water (DHW) [3], in which the energy demand for HVAC is projected to increase by more than 70% from 2010 to 2050 [4]. Since the recent decades, the integration of renewable energies has been widely recognised as one of the effective solutions to reduce the HVAC power consumption in buildings, especially the utilisation of solar thermal energy. As one of the most attractive renewable energies, solar thermal energy is not only an ideal heat source for direct indoor space heating but also can be used to provide renewable cooling (e.g. absorption/adsorption cooling). However, due to the fact that solar energy is intermittent, the integration of solar thermal systems with thermal energy storage (TES) is therefore essential to rationalising energy management [5]. Among various TES technologies, TES using phase change materials (PCMs) has been receiving increasing attention. PCMs are substances that can absorb, store and release a large amount of thermal energy within a narrow temperature range through phase transitions [6], in which solid–liquid PCMs with substantial alternatives and a small change in volume during the phase change process are well suited for TES applications in the built environment [7]. Compared to sensible heat storage, TES using PCMs not only shows a significant reduction in the storage volume [8] but also enables the use of thermal energy at relatively constant temperatures [9].
\nPCMs are mainly categorised as organic, inorganic and eutectic materials, in which organic PCMs can be further classified as paraffins and non-paraffins [10], as shown in Figure 1. As PCMs, paraffins have a wide range of phase change temperatures [11], covering the temperature range from subzero to over 100°C [12]. Besides the desired phase change temperature ranges, paraffins have the advantages of congruent phase transition, self-nucleation to avoid supercooling, non-corrosiveness, long-term chemical stability without segregation and commercial availability at reasonable costs [13, 14]. However, paraffins have flammability, low thermal conductivity and relatively low volumetric latent heat storage density [15, 16].
\nPCM classifications.
The favourable phase change temperatures of the paraffins with phase transition temperatures at around and above 60°C, together with the other aforementioned advantages, make it one of the desired candidates for solar TES in the built environment to facilitate the solar-assisted HVAC and DHW generation. This chapter mainly focuses on solar TES using paraffin-based PCMs (with phase change temperature of and higher than 60°C) to facilitate the indoor air conditioning in the built environment. This chapter is structured as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of the solar TES using paraffin-based PCMs which can be used to facilitate the indoor air conditioning. Sections 3 and 4 present two case studies of solar-assisted radiant space heating and desiccant cooling systems with paraffin-based PCMs, respectively. Section 5 provides a summary of this chapter.
\nThere are two main popular approaches to utilising paraffins as PCMs in the built environment. Paraffin-based PCMs can be integrated with solar thermal collectors to improve the system thermal efficiency, meanwhile serving as on-site TES. Alternatively, they can be used as independent TES units coupling with solar thermal collectors to provide continuous heat supply for the demand side. In both approaches, the charging of paraffins with the heat generated needs to be fulfilled first, followed by the retrieval of the heat using heat transfer fluids (HTFs) for specific applications (e.g. space heating or cooling). Accordingly, the following review is mainly segmented into two subsections based on the two stages. The utilisation of paraffin-based PCM TES in different solar hot water systems was also discussed and included in the first subsection, since there is a potential utilisation of the hot water generated to drive air conditioning systems. The paraffin-based PCMs used for TES in the built environment in this overview are summarised in Table 1.
\nIndex | \nPCM | \nPhase change temperature | \nApplication location | \nApplication | \nRef. | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \nRT65 | \n55–66°C | \nSolar collector—flat plate | \nWater heating | \n[19] | \n
2 | \nParaffin | \n58.7–60.5°C | \nSolar collector—flat plate | \nWater heating | \n[20] | \n
3 | \nParaffin | \n64°C | \nSolar collector—evacuated tubes | \nWater heating | \n[22] | \n
4 | \nTritriacontane | \n72°C | \nSolar collector—evacuated tubes | \nWater heating | \n[23] | \n
5 | \nParaffin | \n58–62°C | \nSolar collector—evacuated tubes | \nWater heating | \n[24, 25] | \n
6 | \nParaffin | \n60°C | \nTES unit—packed bed and HTF tank | \nWater heating | \n[28] | \n
7 | \nParaffin | \n62°C | \nTES unit—packed bed and HTF tank | \nWater heating | \n[29] | \n
8 | \nParaffin | \n60 ± 2°C | \nTES unit—HTF tank | \nWater heating | \n[30] | \n
9 | \nParaffin | \n55–62°C | \nTES unit—HTF tank | \nWater heating | \n[31] | \n
10 | \nParaffin | \n60–62°C | \nTES unit—packed bed and heat exchanger | \nWater heating | \n[32] | \n
11 | \nParaffin | \n56.06–64.99°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nWater heating | \n[33] | \n
12 | \nParaffin | \n60°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nAir heating | \n[34] | \n
13 | \nRT65 | \n55–66°C | \nTES unit—packed bed | \nWater heating | \n[21] | \n
14 | \nRT60 | \n55–61°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nSolid desiccant cooling | \n[35] | \n
15 | \nRT65 | \n57–68°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nSolid desiccant cooling | \n[35] | \n
16 | \nRT70HC | \n69–71°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nSolid desiccant cooling | \n[35] | \n
17 | \nParaffin | \n67.2°C (optimal value) | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nSolid desiccant cooling | \n[36] | \n
18 | \nRT82 | \n77–85°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nLiquid desiccant cooling | \n[37, 39] | \n
19 | \nRT100 | \n99°C | \nTES unit—heat exchanger | \nLiquid desiccant cooling | \n[40] | \n
20 | \nParaffin | \n6–62°C | \nBuilding envelopes | \nFloor radiant heating | \n[41] | \n
Summary of paraffins used as PCMs for TES in the built environment.
Integrating PCM with solar collectors can not only reduce the highest temperature of the solar collectors, thereby extending the lifetime [17] and increasing the system thermal efficiency [18], but also fulfil on-site thermal storage [19]. For instance, a paraffin with a phase change temperature of around 60°C was enhanced using nano-Cu additives and laminated in a flat plate solar collector by Al-Kayiem and Lin [20] for water heating application. The experimental study showed that considerable thermal efficiency improvement was achieved with integrating the paraffin in the solar collector; however, the enhancement in thermal conductivity using nano-Cu particles showed limited benefits. A number of PCM/compressed expanded natural graphite (CENG) composites were prepared and integrated beneath a flat plate solar water heater by Haillot et al. [19, 21] for thermal performance enhancement. The characterisation of a number of PCM candidates demonstrated that the paraffin-based PCM composite, i.e. RT65/CENG, was the most suitable material to be used, due to its high thermal stability, conductivity and storage density. It was found that the solar fraction of the system using RT65/CENG composite can be effectively enhanced in summer; however, a low solar fraction was found in winter due to the high heat loss of the flat plate solar collectors.
\nWith respect to the low heat loss, the integration of paraffin-based PCMs with evacuated tube collectors seems to be more promising. For instance, a paraffin wax with a melting temperature of 67°C was filled in the manifold of evacuated tube heat pipe solar collectors as a PCM TES unit by Naghavi et al. [22] to improve the performance of hot water supply. The numerical study demonstrated that the proposed system with PCM can maintain a high thermal efficiency of 55–60% which was less sensitive to the change of the draw-off water flowrate, compared to a conventional DHW system without PCM TES. Tritriacontane (i.e. C33H68) and erythritol were integrated into evacuated tubes simultaneously by Papadimitratos et al. [23] to gain the functionality of thermal storage while enhancing the system thermal efficiency. A series of experiments were carried out based on the PCM-enhanced solar water heaters. The results showed that the evacuated tubes with integrated paraffin (i.e. tritriacontane) outperformed the ones with erythritol under a normal operation mode with continuous water circulation, due to its proper phase change temperature at around 72°C. It was also found that the thermal efficiency was improved 26% under the normal operation by using both PCMs simultaneously, compared to a traditional solar water heating (SWH) without using PCMs. A paraffin wax with the melting temperature of 58–62°C was used as PCM and filled into evacuated tubes for thermal energy storage by Abokersh et al. [24]. The heat transfer between the water and PCM was achieved by different U-tube heat exchangers with and without fins inside the evacuated tubes, respectively. The experimental tests showed that the total energy efficiency can be improved by 35.8 and 47.7% for the PCM-enhanced evacuated tubes with and without fins, respectively, compared to a traditional forced recirculation SWH system. The further study [25] found that even the use of fins hindered the convective heat transfer within the molten PCM during the charging process, and its substantial contribution to the heat transfer enhancement during the PCM discharging process benefited the overall energy efficiency of the system.
\nWhen PCM was used independent from solar thermal collectors, one of the scenarios is to install the PCM TES component in the heat transfer fluid tanks to fulfil hybrid sensible and latent heat storage. In this scenario, besides increasing the TES capacity, the paraffin-based PCMs also play the role in enhancing the thermal stratification for the water in the tanks [26], which relieves the loss caused by direct mixing of cold water with hot water. The selection of PCMs with proper phase change temperature and confinement geometry was reported to be significant [27]. For instance, an encapsulated PCM was packed in a water tank as a combined sensible and latent heat TES unit by [28] for DHW application. The PCM used is a paraffin (with a melting temperature of 60°C) encapsulated in spherical capsules. Two types of discharging experiments with continuous and batch-wise hot water retrieval processes were carried out, from which it was found that the batch-wise discharging best suited for the applications with intermittent hot water demands. A similar PCM TES packed bed with a paraffin (with a melting temperature of around 62°C) encapsulated in spherical capsules was tested by Ledesma et al. [29] for a SWH system. The numerical thermal performance analysis indicated the importance of system matching when coupled with the PCM TES unit and the SWH system whose outlet water temperature needs to be high enough for PCM charging. A paraffin encapsulated in aluminium cylinders was used as the heat storage media by Padmaraju et al. [30] for a DHW system. The comparative test results showed that the thermal energy stored in the paraffin-based PCM TES system far exceeded that stored in a sensible heat storage system of the same size of the storage tank. A similar conclusion was resulted by Kanimozhi and Bapu [31] through an experimental test based on a TES system with a paraffin filled in a number of copper tubes.
\nDifferent from the first scenario, the second scenario utilised the PCM TES units as heat exchangers for latent heat storage only. In this scenario, the higher heat transfer effectiveness is one of the keys to focus. For instance, a water-based multi-PCM pack bed TES unit for solar heat storage was numerically investigated by Aldoss and Rahman [32], in which three types of paraffins with different phase change temperatures were encapsulated in spherical capsules and placed at different sections of the TES unit serving as different thermal energy storage stages. It was found that the multi-PCM design can improve the system dynamic performance by increasing the charging and discharging rates. However, only limited thermal benefit can be achieved by further increasing the stage number. A paraffin wax (with the melting temperature of around 56–65°C) was pulled into the cell side of a shell and tube heat exchanger by Mahfuz et al. [33] for thermal energy storage in a SWH system. The energy, exergy and life cycle cost of the system were analysed experimentally under various flow rates. It was found that a higher flow rate was beneficial to gaining a higher energy efficiency and a lower life cycle cost, while it resulted in a lower exergy efficiency. An air-based PCM packed bed was tested by Karthikeyan and Velraj [34] to validate a number of latent TES packed bed models. The experimental measurement was used to identify the suitable models for PCM TES packed bed units when using different working fluids as the HTFs.
\nAfter charged with thermal energy, the paraffin-based PCMs can be utilised to facilitate the indoor space heating directly or for indoor space cooling with the assistance of desiccant cooling devices. Either air or water can be used as the HTF in the systems, depending on the regeneration requirements. For instance, an air-based PCM TES unit was coupled with a solar-powered rotary desiccant cooling system by Ren et al. [35] to overcome the mismatch between energy demand for desiccant wheel regeneration and thermal energy generation from a hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector-solar air heater (PVT-SAH). The feasibility of using four paraffin-based PCMs (i.e. RT55, RT60, RT65 and RT70HC) as the TES media was investigated numerically in the proposed system. The results identified a near optimal system design for individual scenarios, in which RT65 was found to be the optimal paraffin-based PCM. When increasing the regeneration temperature from 60 to 70°C, the unsatisfied factor for supply air humidity ratio can be reduced from 24.2 to 6.0%, despite that it reduced the solar thermal contribution from 100.0 to 82.6%. The PVT-SAH and PCM-assisted rotary desiccant cooling systems were then further optimised to maximise its energy performance by the same authors [36] using a multilayer perceptron neural network and a genetic algorithm. It was found that the PCM phase change temperature was one of the most important factors, whose optimal value was 67.2°C. The design optimisation identified an optimal design; by using which, the specific net power generation and the solar thermal contribution of the proposed system can reach 10.32 kWh/m2 and 99.4%, respectively, compared to that of 3.77 kWh/m2 and 91.5% for a baseline case without optimisation. These studies indicated the importance of using the paraffin with proper thermal properties and optimal coupling of PCM TES in a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system for performance improvement.
\nBesides solid desiccant cooling, paraffin-based PCM TES designed for the regeneration of liquid desiccant materials was also reported. For instance, a triplex tube heat exchanger with integrated PCM as a TES unit was developed by Al-Abidi et al. [37, 38] and Mat et al. [39] for liquid desiccant air conditioning systems. A series of numerical modelling and experimental studies were carried out to investigate the thermal performance of the PCM TES unit. The results showed that the phase change time required can be reduced by more than 50%, if the triplex tube was intensively finned both internally and externally, and the melting process of the PCM can be accelerated by heating on both sides of the triplex tube. PCM TES units with various heat transfer enhancement techniques, including circular fins, longitudinal fins and multi-tube systems, were developed and experimentally investigated by Agyenim [40] to facilitate solar power absorption cooling systems and space heating/hot water systems. It was found that the multi-tube and longitudinal finned PCM TES units presented the most favourable charging and discharging performance, whose overall thermal energy utilisation efficiency reached 83.2% and 82.0%, respectively. It was therefore recommended to combine two heat transfer enhancement techniques to optimise the thermal performance of the PCM TES unit.
\nIt is worthwhile to mention that another potential application of paraffins is to integrate paraffin-based PCMs into building envelopes for demand side management. For instance, a number of shape-stabilised PCMs were prepared by Zhang et al. [41], in which the ones with the melting temperature of 60–62°C were developed for the electric underfloor space heating system, thereby facilitating the peak-load shifting and making use of the electricity tariff. The authors highlighted that building energy efficiency can be significantly improved by combining radiant floor heating and thermal storage. Even though the PCM layer reported in this study used electrical heat as the heat source, it can be easily modified by integrating with hot water/air hydraulic piping/ducting to store and distribute the solar heat.
\nThe rationalisation of solar thermal energy utilisation is an alternative solution to facilitate indoor space heating. Figure 2 illustrates the schematic of a solar-assisted radiant heating system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES. It mainly consists of evacuated tube solar collectors, a paraffin-based PCM TES unit, two pumps, an auxiliary electric heater, the terminal heat-distributing devices which are radiant floor panels in this study and the corresponding piping system. In this system, the evacuated tube solar collectors were used to generate hot water, which can then be supplied for indoor space heating directly through the radiant floor heating panels, or used to charge the PCM TES unit, or both, during the daytime. During the night-time, the indoor space heating was achieved by circulating the water between the PCM TES unit and the radiant floor heating panels to retrieve the stored heat for indoor space heating. It is worthwhile to mention that the discharging water flow directed through the PCM TES is reversed compared to the charging water flow, so as to maximise the thermal performance of the PCM TES unit. The supply water temperature for the radiant floor panels was controlled to be constant by mixing a fraction of the return water with the hot water supplied from the evacuated tube or the PCM TES unit. The auxiliary electric heater can be used to maintain the desired supply water temperature when the thermal energy generated or stored is not sufficient. The indoor heating demand was satisfied by varying the hot water flow rate through the radiant floor panels through changing the operating speed of the supply water pump.
\nSchematic of the solar-assisted radiant heating system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES.
The system performance was evaluated numerically using TRNSYS simulation studio [42]. In the system modelling, the building heating load of a typical Australian house with an air-conditioned floor area of 150 m2 [43, 44] under Sydney winter weather condition was modelled and used as the heating demand to be covered by the proposed system. This building heating load was simulated using Type 56 in TRNSYS based on the indoor air temperature setting of 20°C and the internal loads, occupancy schedule and internal adjustable shading settings required by the Australian Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) [45]. The evacuated tube solar collector, the auxiliary electric heater and the pumps employed were modelled using Type 71, Type 6 and Type 3 in TRNSYS, respectively. The radiant floor heating panels were modelled using an upgraded Type 1231 which was slightly revised by replacing the mean temperature difference with the log mean temperature difference to improve its accuracy. The PCM TES unit was a water-based tube-in-tank heat exchanger, in which the paraffin was encapsulated in the tube-side with water flowing through the cylinder-side. The PCM TES model was developed using an enhanced enthalpy method for accurate modelling of the phase change process and the finite difference method for discretisation of the energy balance equations. A similar PCM TES model can be found in Bourne and Novoselac [46]. The paraffin-based PCM used is a commercial PCM product RT69HC from Rubitherm [47], with a nominal phase change temperature of around 69°C. The key parameters used in the numerical system performance evaluation are summarised in Table 2.
\nParameter | \nRadiant heating | \nDesiccant cooling | \n
---|---|---|
Area of the evacuated tube solar collector (m2) | \n26.24 | \n59.04 | \n
Type of paraffin-based PCM | \nRt69HC [47] | \nRT69HC [47] | \n
Total amount of the paraffin-based PCM (kg) | \n632.7 | \n1476.3 | \n
Power of the pump in the solar heat collection circuit (W) | \n15 | \n38 | \n
Maximal power of the pump in the supply circuit (W) | \n35 | \n80 | \n
Supply water temperature setting (°C) | \n60 | \n64 | \n
Maximal power of the supply fan (W) | \n— | \n533.3 | \n
Maximal power of the regeneration fan (W) | \n— | \n533.3 | \n
Desiccant wheel outlet air humidity setting (g/kg) | \n— | \n8.1 | \n
Key parameters used in the performance evaluation of the solar-assisted radiant heating and desiccant cooling systems with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES.
Figure 3 presents the performance of the solar-assisted radiant heating system with the paraffin-based PCM over 3 winter days (note that the simulation results over an additional day before the 3 test days were not reported to avoid the influence from initial values). It can be seen from Figure 3a that the solar thermal energy collected and stored can fully cover the heating demand. The pumps were the only power consumers, in which the pump in the solar heat collection circuit was turned on during the daytime when the solar energy was sufficient to heat the water, while the power consumption of the pump in the supply circuit seemed to present a proportion trend to the heating load. Total power consumption was only 0.52 kWh which was much lower than the heating demand of 115.33 kWh over the 3 test days. Figure 3b illustrates the temperature variation of the inlet and outlet water of the paraffin-based PCM TES unit. When the hot water from the evacuated tube solar collector was drawn for PCM charging (highlighted with the red background), a clear thermal charging process can be observed, which presented a relatively constant outlet water temperature from the PCM TES unit. During the PCM discharging period, due to the reversed water flow through the PCM TES unit, a high outlet water temperature from the PCM TES unit was achieved. It enabled the supply of a high-temperature water for space heating, even though the return water from the radiant floor heating panels was low. Correspondingly, the thermal energy storage percentage in the paraffin-based PCM increased during the PCM charging periods rapidly and then reduced during the PCM discharging periods gradually, which varied from 48.96 to 91.54% over the 3 test winter days.
\nModelling results for the solar-assisted radiant heating system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES. (a) Power consumption and heating energy demand. (b) Inlet and outlet water temperatures of the paraffin-based PCM TES unit.
Rotary desiccant cooling systems, which combine rotary desiccant dehumidification and evaporative cooling technologies, have been recognised as an alternative to conventional vapour compression air conditioning systems [48, 49]. It offers the advantages including being free from CFCs, using low-grade thermal energy, and independent humidity and temperature control, which therefore is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional vapour compression air conditioning systems [49]. In a rotary desiccant cooling system, the coolness is generated by removing the moisture from the process air using desiccant materials, while the desiccant materials then need to be regenerated using low-grade heat, for which solar thermal energy is one of the most promising sources.
\nFigure 4 illustrates the schematic of a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES. It consists of the same solar heat collection and storage subsystem as the heating system introduced in Section 3 and a desiccant cooling subsystem including a solid desiccant wheel, a heat recovery ventilator, a water to air heat exchanger, an indirect evaporative cooler, an auxiliary electric heater, two fans and the corresponding ducting system. In this system, the solar heat collected by the evacuated tube solar collectors and/or stored in the paraffin-based PCM TES unit was used to heat the ambient air for the regeneration of the desiccant wheel, through the water to air heat exchanger. The PCM TES can also decouple the solar heat collection circuit and supply circuit, so that the retrieval of the stored thermal energy can occur by counterflow through PCM TES units during the daytime as well, if the hot water demand was higher than the hot water generated from the solar collectors. If the heat carried by the water was not sufficient for air heating, the auxiliary electric heater would be used. The desiccant wheel, together with the indirect evaporative cooler, and the heat recovery unit were used to cool the process air. In the indirect evaporative cooler, a fraction of process air was used as the secondary airflow and finally exhausted to the ambient. An ambient airflow was introduced and mixed with the return air after recovering the coolness from exhausted process air to compensate the airflow mismatch. The indoor cooling demand was satisfied by varying the airflow rate through changing the operating speed of the fans in the desiccant cooling subsystem. It is worthwhile to mention that a minimal supply airflow rate was assigned to the system operation to avoid the saturation of regeneration air after passing the desiccant wheel, and the relative humidity of the air can be further adjusted by a direct evaporative cooler before supplied to the indoor environment for space cooling.
\nSchematic of the solar-assisted radiant heating system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES.
A modelling system for this system was established using TRNSYS, in which the components for the solar heat collection and storage subsystem used were the same models as that in the heating system in Section 3. The heat exchanger, heat recovery ventilator, desiccant wheel, indirect evaporative cooler, auxiliary electric heater and fans were modelled using Type 5, Type 760, Type 716, Type 757, Type 6 and Type 111, respectively. The same typical Australian house was used to generate the building cooling load under Sydney summer weather conditions. Table 2 also summarised the key parameters used in the numerical system performance evaluation of this system.
\nFigure 5 presents the performance of this solar-assisted desiccant cooling system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES over 3 summer days. It can be seen from Figure 5a that the power consumption of the proposed system was from the operation of the pumps and fans, and no additional heat from the auxiliary heater was needed. The supply fan and process fan in the desiccant cooling subsystem consumed much more power (30.55 kWh) than that of the pumps (2.43 kWh) in the solar heat collection and storage subsystem. Even the fans were the major power consumers, the power consumption was much lower than the heat demand for the desiccant wheel regeneration, resulting in a high heat-to-power ratio reaching an average value of 16.55; and the corresponding average system COP reached 14.37. From Figure 5b, an effective charging process can be found during the PCM charging period (highlighted with the red background), while during the PCM discharging period, an outlet water temperature above 68.88°C can be achieved due to the effective thermal energy retrieval. The corresponding thermal energy storage fraction in the paraffin-based PCM fluctuated from 0.52 to 103.85% over the 3 summer test days, indicating the full utilisation of the PCM thermal energy storage capacitance.
\nModelling results for the solar-assisted desiccant cooling system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES. (a) Power consumption and heat-to-power ratio. (b) Inlet and outlet water temperatures of the PCM TES.
Paraffins, as one of the main categories of phase change materials, offer the favourable phase change temperatures for solar thermal energy storage. The application of paraffin-based PCM TES in buildings can effectively rationalise the utilisation of solar energy to overcome its intermittency. Two case studies, a solar-assisted radiant heating system and a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system with integrated paraffin-based PCM TES, were presented in this chapter. The results showed that both indoor space heating and cooling can benefit from the solar TES using paraffin-based PCMs. With the assistance of the solar thermal energy storage using the paraffin-based PCMs, the energy efficiency and the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems can be significantly improved.
\nCustomer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9362},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"7316",title:"Seepage - Steady State Flow of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db3d61cbecd04230717ab1d9e5cd4b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7316.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in China",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5642f989826772a94001c51e2030ea1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7996",title:"Wildfire in the Wildland Urban Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"caac4a94c451c97cf8b52a6dcbac746b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jason Gordon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7996.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8037",title:"Paleontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"369bbc9633ff0e0d4f62335075242d2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8037.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8113",title:"Ocean Wave Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f7eaf28497842d73eb2ce64a1415aec2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcello Di Risio, Dr. Daniele Celli and Dr. Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8481",title:"River Deltas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8dd049b4bf7f01bdeda390d40a27b0c8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8481.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"01daf31ddded5641c4ed88eca67b4284",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8556",title:"Mars Exploration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44538d785d8dfcc0d4f809e3a62b0035",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Giuseppe Pezzella and Prof. Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8568",title:"Intelligent Life Beyond Earth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f678594f3e4c852a12790aca46dbcdc2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9242",title:"Biogeoscience Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dc62d7b263bcc3b797384e73513297f9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9242.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9245",title:"Landmines and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5015fc770dfb6f6e67a5dd370f1668a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. K.T.M. Udayanga Hemapala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9245.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128187",title:"Dr.",name:"K.T.M.",surname:"Hemapala",slug:"k.t.m.-hemapala",fullName:"K.T.M. Hemapala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9248",title:"Galaxies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"364566b36a78a23c895936974dc002ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9248.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:35},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:75},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:137},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:41},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4392},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"926",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials-condensed-matter-physics",parent:{title:"Composite Materials",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:138,numberOfWosCitations:97,numberOfCrossrefCitations:135,numberOfDimensionsCitations:281,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"materials-science-composite-materials-condensed-matter-physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5153",title:"Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c358194cd9d33671b03808b346f354dc",slug:"diamond-and-carbon-composites-and-nanocomposites",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2787",title:"Composites and Their Properties",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4fab6c22940983a2749dda475921a5f4",slug:"composites-and-their-properties",bookSignature:"Ning Hu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35547",title:"Prof.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"ning-hu",fullName:"Ning Hu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"202",title:"Advances in Composite Materials",subtitle:"Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"406d0401d50df07fe2dbaf049bdd6992",slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-analysis-of-natural-and-man-made-materials",bookSignature:"Pavla Těšinova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/202.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31213",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavla",middleName:null,surname:"Tesinova",slug:"pavla-tesinova",fullName:"Pavla Tesinova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38411",doi:"10.5772/50362",title:"Comparative Review Study on Elastic Properties Modeling for Unidirectional Composite Materials",slug:"comparative-review-study-on-elastic-properties-modeling-for-unidirectional-composite-materials",totalDownloads:8702,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Rafic Younes, Ali Hallal, Farouk Fardoun and Fadi Hajj Chehade",authors:[{id:"107019",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafic",middleName:null,surname:"Younes",slug:"rafic-younes",fullName:"Rafic Younes"}]},{id:"18845",doi:"10.5772/18264",title:"Composite Materials from Natural Resources: Recent Trends and Future Potentials",slug:"composite-materials-from-natural-resources-recent-trends-and-future-potentials",totalDownloads:17232,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-analysis-of-natural-and-man-made-materials",title:"Advances in Composite Materials",fullTitle:"Advances in Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials"},signatures:"Mohini Saxena, Asokan Pappu, Anusha Sharma, Ruhi Haque and Sonal Wankhede",authors:[{id:"27516",title:"Dr.",name:"Asokan",middleName:null,surname:"Pappu",slug:"asokan-pappu",fullName:"Asokan Pappu"},{id:"30902",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohini",middleName:"-",surname:"Saxena",slug:"mohini-saxena",fullName:"Mohini Saxena"},{id:"47206",title:"Prof.",name:"Anusha",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"anusha-sharma",fullName:"Anusha Sharma"},{id:"47207",title:"MSc",name:"Ruhi",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"ruhi-haque",fullName:"Ruhi Haque"},{id:"47208",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonal",middleName:null,surname:"Wankhede",slug:"sonal-wankhede",fullName:"Sonal Wankhede"}]},{id:"38405",doi:"10.5772/48172",title:"Advanced Composite Materials by Resin Transfer Molding for Aerospace Applications",slug:"advanced-composite-materials-by-resin-transfer-molding-for-aerospace-applications",totalDownloads:14949,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Susanna Laurenzi and Mario Marchetti",authors:[{id:"20303",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Marchetti",slug:"mario-marchetti",fullName:"Mario Marchetti"},{id:"139968",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanna",middleName:null,surname:"Laurenzi",slug:"susanna-laurenzi",fullName:"Susanna Laurenzi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51064",title:"Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Reinforced Metal Matrix Bulk Composites: Manufacturing and Evaluation",slug:"carbon-nanotube-cnt-reinforced-metal-matrix-bulk-composites-manufacturing-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"diamond-and-carbon-composites-and-nanocomposites",title:"Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites",fullTitle:"Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites"},signatures:"Sebastian Suárez, Leander Reinert and Frank Mücklich",authors:[{id:"180146",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Suarez",slug:"sebastian-suarez",fullName:"Sebastian Suarez"},{id:"184293",title:"MSc.",name:"Leander",middleName:null,surname:"Reinert",slug:"leander-reinert",fullName:"Leander Reinert"},{id:"184294",title:"Prof.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Mücklich",slug:"frank-mucklich",fullName:"Frank Mücklich"}]},{id:"51244",title:"Graphene-Based Composites and Hybrids for Water Purification Applications",slug:"graphene-based-composites-and-hybrids-for-water-purification-applications",totalDownloads:1697,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"diamond-and-carbon-composites-and-nanocomposites",title:"Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites",fullTitle:"Diamond and Carbon Composites and Nanocomposites"},signatures:"Rahul Sharma and Parveen Saini",authors:[{id:"149897",title:"Dr.",name:"Parveen",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"parveen-saini",fullName:"Parveen Saini"}]},{id:"38405",title:"Advanced Composite Materials by Resin Transfer Molding for Aerospace Applications",slug:"advanced-composite-materials-by-resin-transfer-molding-for-aerospace-applications",totalDownloads:14949,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Susanna Laurenzi and Mario Marchetti",authors:[{id:"20303",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Marchetti",slug:"mario-marchetti",fullName:"Mario Marchetti"},{id:"139968",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanna",middleName:null,surname:"Laurenzi",slug:"susanna-laurenzi",fullName:"Susanna Laurenzi"}]},{id:"38411",title:"Comparative Review Study on Elastic Properties Modeling for Unidirectional Composite Materials",slug:"comparative-review-study-on-elastic-properties-modeling-for-unidirectional-composite-materials",totalDownloads:8702,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Rafic Younes, Ali Hallal, Farouk Fardoun and Fadi Hajj Chehade",authors:[{id:"107019",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafic",middleName:null,surname:"Younes",slug:"rafic-younes",fullName:"Rafic Younes"}]},{id:"38375",title:"The Chosen Aspects of Materials and Construction Influence on the Tire Safety",slug:"the-chosen-aspects-of-materials-and-construction-influence-on-the-tire-safety",totalDownloads:6136,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Pavel Koštial, Jan Krmela, Karel Frydrýšek and Ivan Ružiak",authors:[{id:"140106",title:"Dr.",name:"Karel",middleName:null,surname:"Frydrýšek",slug:"karel-frydrysek",fullName:"Karel Frydrýšek"},{id:"155544",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Kostial",slug:"pawel-kostial",fullName:"Pawel Kostial"},{id:"167571",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"(vice-Professor = Docent) Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Krmela, Ph.D., Head Of Department Of Numerical Methods And Computational",slug:"(vice-professor-docent)-jan-krmela-ph.d.-head-of-department-of-numerical-methods-and-computational",fullName:"(vice-Professor = Docent) Jan Krmela, Ph.D., Head Of Department Of Numerical Methods And Computational"}]},{id:"38407",title:"The Lightweight Composite Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Beetle Forewing",slug:"the-lightweight-composite-structure-and-mechanical-properties-of-the-beetle-forewing",totalDownloads:2056,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Jinxiang Chen, Qing-Qing Ni and Juan Xie",authors:[{id:"150719",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinxiang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jinxiang-chen",fullName:"Jinxiang Chen"}]},{id:"38415",title:"Graphene Nanocomposites",slug:"graphene-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:5177,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Mingchao Wang, Cheng Yan and Lin Ma",authors:[{id:"139494",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"cheng-yan",fullName:"Cheng Yan"}]},{id:"38387",title:"Friction and Wear of Polymer and Composites",slug:"friction-and-wear-of-polymer-and-composites",totalDownloads:9609,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman and Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"17326",title:"Dr.",name:"Asaduzzaman",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"asaduzzaman-chowdhury",fullName:"Asaduzzaman Chowdhury"},{id:"141021",title:"Prof.",name:"Dewan Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Nuruzzaman",slug:"dewan-muhammad-nuruzzaman",fullName:"Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman"}]},{id:"38409",title:"Frequency-Dependent Effective Material Parameters of Composites as a Function of Inclusion Shape",slug:"frequency-dependent-effective-material-parameters-of-composites-as-a-function-of-inclusion-shape",totalDownloads:2849,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"composites-and-their-properties",title:"Composites and Their Properties",fullTitle:"Composites and Their Properties"},signatures:"Konstantin N. Rozanov, Marina Y. Koledintseva and Eugene P. Yelsukov",authors:[{id:"16180",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Koledintseva",slug:"marina-koledintseva",fullName:"Marina Koledintseva"},{id:"149548",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"konstantin-rozanov",fullName:"Konstantin Rozanov"},{id:"149673",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Yelsukov",slug:"eugene-yelsukov",fullName:"Eugene Yelsukov"}]},{id:"18845",title:"Composite Materials from Natural Resources: Recent Trends and Future Potentials",slug:"composite-materials-from-natural-resources-recent-trends-and-future-potentials",totalDownloads:17232,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"advances-in-composite-materials-analysis-of-natural-and-man-made-materials",title:"Advances in Composite Materials",fullTitle:"Advances in Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials"},signatures:"Mohini Saxena, Asokan Pappu, Anusha Sharma, Ruhi Haque and Sonal Wankhede",authors:[{id:"27516",title:"Dr.",name:"Asokan",middleName:null,surname:"Pappu",slug:"asokan-pappu",fullName:"Asokan Pappu"},{id:"30902",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohini",middleName:"-",surname:"Saxena",slug:"mohini-saxena",fullName:"Mohini Saxena"},{id:"47206",title:"Prof.",name:"Anusha",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"anusha-sharma",fullName:"Anusha Sharma"},{id:"47207",title:"MSc",name:"Ruhi",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"ruhi-haque",fullName:"Ruhi Haque"},{id:"47208",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonal",middleName:null,surname:"Wankhede",slug:"sonal-wankhede",fullName:"Sonal Wankhede"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"materials-science-composite-materials-condensed-matter-physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/26803/kamalas-wannakong",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"26803",slug:"kamalas-wannakong"},fullPath:"/profiles/26803/kamalas-wannakong",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()