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Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"348",title:"Tribology",subtitle:"Lubricants and Lubrication",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99f0c3f13199c7af7553aed189cb0aa0",slug:"tribology-lubricants-and-lubrication",bookSignature:"Chang-Hung Kuo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62803",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang-Hung",surname:"Kuo",slug:"chang-hung-kuo",fullName:"Chang-Hung Kuo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78205",title:"Bearing Capacity of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99650",slug:"bearing-capacity-of-concrete-filled-steel-tube-columns",body:'Concrete filled steel tubes columns (CFST) are composite structures. They feature a variety of advantages. CFST have significant constructive, technological, economic advantages and at the same time an architecturally expressive appearance [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Such obvious CFST advantages as decreased labor consumption of their production due to lack of forms and reinforcement cages and high speed of building erection are quite attractive for construction specialists. Besides, mechanical features of a steel shell and a concrete core combine quite rationally in these columns. The strong steel shell serves as a reliable frame for the concrete core ensuring good volumetric load conditions for it. Due to this, concrete strength of columns with circular cross-section increases 1.8÷2.5 times in average. Concrete, in its turn, protects the walls of the steel shell from loss of stability and corrosion from inside. As a result, concrete and steel mutually increase load-carrying ability of each other and that of the whole element.
In case of emergency (explosions, earthquakes, etc.), another important feature of such columns, high survivability, comes to the fore. It is ensured by high deformability of the concrete core, which, together with its high strength, ensures absorption of large amounts of energy during strength resistance of the construction. Therefore, CFST of circular cross-section are increasingly used in construction practice.
The high strength and deformability of the concrete core ensure its main advantages, especially for short centrally loaded circular cross-section concrete-filled tubular elements. Due to the complicated nature of CFST load resistance, regulations of the Europe, Australia, Brazil, India, Canada, China, the USA, Japan, and a number of other countries recommend using empirical formulas to calculate their bearing capacity.
Despite the large number of the experiments serving as a base for these formulas they do not always allow to obtain valid results [6, 7]. They have significant limitations in the field of application. They were obtained either from the results of specific laboratory sample testing, or due to statistical processing of the relevant data. First, these formulas are valid only for normal concrete. They give unreliable results for the columns from other types of concrete (for example, fine-grained ones). Secondly, these methods, as a rule, do not allow the calculations of eccentrically compressed concrete filled steel tube elements, which have any differences from a “classical” design, for example, the presence of a high-strength rod [8, 9] and (or) spiral reinforcement [10, 11, 12], the application of various types of concrete [13], the effect of preliminary lateral reduction in a concrete core [14], etc.
According to the results of researches carried out by many scientists, the most reliable calculations of the strength of CFST columns can be performed based on the recommendations of the EN 1992-1-1 standard. Moreover, a simplified method is often used in the calculations. But it is based on empirical formulas and is very limited in scope. It is proposed to consider the general case of calculation as well. For its implementation, the following assumptions are made:
internal forces are determined by elasto-plastic analysis;
plane sections may be assumed to remain plane;
contact strength between steel and concrete components must be maintained up to column failure;
the tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
Design of column structural stability should take into account second-order effects including residual stresses, yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement, local instability, cracking of concrete, creep and shrinkage of concrete, geometrical imperfections.
However, there are no specific methods for practical implementation of such a calculation.
The purpose of this monograph is to propose the method of deformation calculation of the bearing capacity of compressed CFST under short-term load action based on the phenomenological approach.
Initially, the diameter
where
For monolithic columns, the possibility of loss of stability of the tube wall at the stage of installation of the supporting structures of the frame should be taken into account. The steel tube can be used as a supporting structure for several overlying floors even before it is filled with concrete, which significantly speeds up the process of constructing a building. In this case, local buckling is impossible when
If condition (2) is not met, it is necessary to check the stability of the tube walls under the action of corresponding loads. For this purpose, for example, the recommendations of European norm procedure (EN 1993-1-1 Steel Design) can be used.
For a short centrally loaded CFST column, the cross-sectional strength is usually determined. Most researchers use a fairly simple formula for this
where
Thus, in order to calculate the CFST strength, it is necessary to know the values of the strength of the volumetrically loaded concrete core and the compression in the steel shell. Various approaches and relationships for determining
Compression strength is a very important mechanical attribute of CFST concrete core. In the limiting state centrally loaded circular section column, concrete is in the conditions of three-axis compression by axial direction strain
A quite simple relationship, being in fact the Mohr-Coulomb strength condition, is most often used in calculations for such conditions
where
Considering experiments, the value of the
Though the Eq. (4) was recommended by American researches F. Richard, A. Brandtzæg and R. Brown as far back as in 1929, it is currently used by many researches, including for designing columns with different types of confinement reinforcement. The relationships to determine the volumetrically loaded concrete recommended by regulations in many countries have been obtained based on this very formula. However, the gained new experimental materials evidence that the Eq. (4) does not always allow to get a valid result.
This is caused by many reasons. One of them is inaccuracies in determination of lateral strain
in which
where
A similar dependence was proposed in [15].
Regarding such approach as conceptually correct, it is worth mentioning a quite limited range of CFST cross section diameters, where usage of relationships (6) allows to obtain a result acceptable for practical purposes. According to this formula, first,
Considering the results of the research [16], the coefficient
where
This formula does not need any limitations in a quite wide range of
Another reason of the results obtained by the Eq. (4) not always corresponding to experimental data is the value of the coefficient of lateral pressure
Some of researches recommend considering this point. For example, in the research [18] it was correctly mentioned that, other factors being equal, the value of the coefficient of lateral pressure decreases while this pressure increases. A formula is recommended for its determination
However, recently a formula of J. Mander has been used more frequently than others [19].
This formula was received based on the results of statistical processing of a large amount of experimental data and is usable for not only medium- but also high-strength concrete with
However, two main disadvantages of the Eq. (9) should be mentioned. First, lateral pressure
Processing of a number of experimental data evidences the existence of a stable relationship between
The appropriate formulas are used in Chinese Technical Code for CFST structures (GB50936–2014).
Two methods to assess state of stress in a steel shell are known. The first one hypothesizes that a steel tube acts only transversely in limit state. In this case, the axial direction compression in the steel shell
In the limiting state, the stress intensity in the steel shell reaches the yield point. During the central compression of a short CFST element, the steel shell experiences a compression-tension-compression stress state. Radial compressive stresses in the wall of steel tubes with
where
Then the stress
Let us mention that the Eq. (12) is correct for thin-shell tubes when d/δ ≥ 40. These very tubes are generally used as steel shells for CFST.
The hoop stresses averaged by thickness in the steel shell for thin-shell tubes can be expressed through the lateral pressure by the following relationship with accuracy sufficient for practical calculations
Consequently, the axial direction compression in the steel shell depend on its yield stress
The literature review shows that obtaining a reliable formula for determining the strength of volumetric compressed concrete of CFST elements is not an easy task. Most often, empirical formulas, which have significant limitations depending on the conditions of carried out experiment, are used. In case of structural changes or the use of new types of concrete and steel grades, other formulas will be needed. In this case, it is necessary to correctly determine the lateral pressure of a steel tube
In this regard, it is important to obtain theoretically based, universal formulas for determining
where
The average values of strength of normal concrete, calculated with a reliability of 50%, correspond to the coefficients
The analysis of relationship (14) shows that with high levels of sidework (with
Inserting the Eq. (14) into the Eq. (5) and performing some transformations, we will obtain:
where
Using the relationship (12) and performing some little manipulations, we can write the Eq. (12) as follows
The formula for
It is obvious that the total axial force received by concrete and steel with standard cross-section depends only on relative lateral pressure
Diagrams of changes of relative compressive forces received by concrete (1) and the steel shell (2) and their sum (3) depending on
Figure 1 shows that the graph of the total force change has a maximum point. The maximum compressive force can be found from the equation
As a result of solving Eq. (19), the following formula was obtained
Thus, the necessary formulas to calculate the strength of a short centrally loaded CFST have been received.
The construction of CFST columns can be improved by placing spiral reinforcement in the concrete core (Figure 2). This will have a positive effect on the strength and survivability of columns. A spiral, installed at some distance from the inner surface of the steel tube, can also increase the fire resistance of columns. Experimental studies [10, 11, 20] confirm the high efficiency of such structures.
Reinforce concrete filled steel tube column construction.
The widespread practical use of reinforced CFST columns is constrained by the lack of reliable methods for determining their strength. In work [12], a numerical finite element analysis of the load resistance of compressed CFST elements with spiral reinforcement was carried out. But empirical formulas were used here to determine the strength of concrete and lateral pressure on concrete in the limiting state.
The strength of short centrally compressed reinforced CFST column can be determined by formula:
where
Under the action of axial compressive force
First, the load resistance of a spirally reinforced concrete element that does not have an external steel tube is considered. As a result, the strength of concrete with confinement reinforcement
To determine the strength of the concrete core
The value of relative lateral pressure
where
where
The following formula for calculating the value
in which,
The value
where
The values of coefficients of transverse deformations
Then the strength of spirally reinforced concrete core
The lateral pressure on the concrete from the steel tube acts outside the diameter of the spiral
Depending on
In order to simplify the calculations it is offered to use the averaged design compressive strength of concrete core
where
The stress
in which
The compressive stress in the longitudinal reinforcement
In a number of earlier published works it is shown that the most reliable calculations of the bearing capacity of CFST columns, taking into account their design features, can be carried out on the basis of nonlinear deformation model. The calculation sequence of similar designs for deformation model is in detail stated in [16].
The calculations are based on the assumptions specified in the EN 1992-1-1 standard. They are listed in the introduction. While processing the experimental data the values of random eccentricity are taken three times less than the values recommended by standards for design purposes. Thus, the centering of the samples along the physical axis is taken into account.
The calculation is based on the relationships between stresses and strains for the concrete core
Tension of steel tube and concrete core of the central compressed CFST column: a – scheme of loading; b – at low loading levels; c – at high loading levels.
At the first stage, the deformation diagrams of the concrete core and the steel tube are constructed for the axial direction of the element. For this purpose, the load resistance of a short centrally compressed CFST element is considered. Load is imposed quickly. The concrete core is considered as a transversely isotropic body. The steel tube is considered to be an isotropic body. In the tube the stresses arise in the axial, circumferential and radial directions –
Curvilinear deformation diagrams are accepted for the concrete core. The coordinates of vertex of each diagram depend on the lateral pressure on the concrete from the steel tube. It is assumed that with an increase of the compressive force
Branch of concrete deformation charts at step-by-step strengthening of axial deformations: 1 - uniaxial compression, 2,3 - volume compression at the intermediate stages of deformation; 4 - volume compression in a limit state.
The coordinates of vertex of each diagram determine the strength of the concrete core (uniaxially compressed
There are many proposals for determining the strain
Let’s show how one can get the corresponding formula based on the phenomenological approach.
Figure 5 shows the stress–strain diagram of compressed concrete, corresponding to the maximum reached stress and compare it with the uniaxial compressed concrete diagram. It follows from the above that the initial modulus of elasticity
The graphs of deformation for uniaxial compressed (1) and volume-compressed (2,3) concrete.
The strain
Elastic strain
Plastic strain
where
The parameter
Thus, the total deformation of the volume-compressed concrete at the maximum stress is determined by the formula
The performed statistical analysis showed that the best match with the results of the experiments corresponds to a value of
where
According to the recommendations of [21] the ultimate strain of a volume-compressed concrete is determined by the formula
where
When coordinates of parametric points of the deformation charts of volumetrically compressed concrete are known, it is possible to calculate the bearing capacity of CFST columns based on the deformation model analysis.
To construct the diagrams
The analytical relationship between strains and stresses for any point of the concrete core is written in the form of a system of equations:
The elastic–plastic properties of concrete are taken into account by the coefficients of elasticity
The values of the intensity of stresses and strains are calculated using the well-known formulas of solid mechanics. Using the coefficients of elasticity
The stress state of a steel tube obeys the hypothesis of a uniform curve [22]. In accordance with this hypothesis, the dependence
The initial diagram
Generalized calculation diagram of steel, operating under conditions of complex stress state.
Parameter of diagram | Steel classes according to the set of rules Russia - SP 16.13330.2018 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S245, S255 | S285 | S345, S345К, S375 | S390 | S440 | S590, S590К | |
0,80 | 0,80 | 0,80 | 0,90 | 0,90 | 0,90 | |
0,92 | 0,92 | 0,92 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | |
1,70 | 1,70 | 1,70 | 1,70 | 1,70 | 1,70 | |
1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | |
14,0 | 15,0 | 16,0 | 17,0 | 17,0 | 18,0 |
Coordinates of characteristic points of the generalized steel deformation diagram, constructed in the axes
Communication between strains and stresses for any point of an external steel shell in elastic and elasto-plastic stages can be presented the following equations system:
Here
The stresses and strains acting on the principal planes are used in Eqs. (37) and (38). Experiments show [16] that in the stage of yield Chernov-Luders lines appear on the surface of the steel tube. These lines are angled 45° to the longitudinal axis of the CFST. Therefore, shear stresses and shear strains are equal to zero here.
The stress–strain states of the concrete core and steel tube largely depend on the values of the coefficients of transverse strain and the coefficients of elasticity of the materials. Therefore, their reliable determination is very important when calculating the strength of CFST columns. Formulas for calculating these coefficients are given in work [16].
The solution of the Eqs. (37) and (38), taking into account the joint deformation of concrete and steel tube, allows obtaining the formula for calculating the lateral pressure
in which
When the strain
After that we compare the last value of strain
Upon termination of calculations we receive arrays of numerical data for deformation charting of concrete core
At the second stage, the bearing capacity of the eccentrically loaded CFST element is calculated. The design scheme of the normal section of element is shown in Figure 7.
Design model of the normal section of the CFST element deformations of the normal cross section is designed, corresponding to the equilibrium condition of the calculated element. In order to develop such a diagram it is required to find the corresponding value of the strain of the least compressed (stretched).
In the calculation process, the deformation of the most compressed fiber of the concrete core
The normal section of the calculated element is conditionally divided into small sections with areas of concrete
The origin of coordinates is aligned with the geometric center of the element’s cross section. If the Bernoulli hypothesis is observed, there is a strain in the center of each section of concrete and steel tube. With known strains, the corresponding stresses are determined according to the results of the first stage of the calculation. The stresses are assumed to be evenly distributed within each section of concrete and steel tube. After each step of strain
in which
When both equilibrium conditions are met, the value of the compressive force
The problem of determining the strength reduces to finding the value of the strain of the most compressed fiber
The proposed method makes it possible to limit the axial strains of the columns. It is known from experiments that the strain of compressed CFST elements can reach 5 ÷ 10% [16]. With such strains, the operation of the columns of the buildings becomes impossible. Thus, excessive strain can determine the ultimate limit state of the CFST column. The maximum permissible values of these strains can be set by a structural engineer, depending on a specific design situation for a designed building or a structure.
Due to the complex nature of load resistance of CFST columns, in design practice, as a rule, the simplified methods of calculation of their bearing capacity are used. At that, flexibility is usually taken into account by the coefficient of longitudinal bending, determined according to empirical relationships. In the monograph we consider the deformation calculation of CFST column bearing capacity.
A rod of a circular cross-section with a constant length, loaded by a compressive force N applied to the ends with the same initial eccentricity
The scheme of a compressed rod deformation.
According to the known positions of structural mechanics, if we apply force N along the axis that coincides with the physical gravity center of an elastic rod cross-section, the rod will remain a rectilinear one until the force reaches the value of the critical load Nu corresponding to the moment of stability loss. Only after that the middle part of the rod will receive the corresponding deflection
A bending moment
where
With the increase of the bending moment, the strength of a compressed rod normal section decreases, which must be taken into account during the calculation. On the other hand, the axial load increase to a critical value in the columns of great flexibility can lead to a very significant increase of transverse deformations - the loss of stability of the second kind. With a certain transverse deflection, the compressive load reaches a maximum value, after which its decrease is observed with a further deflection increase (Figure 9). At the same time, the strength properties of materials from which the column is made will not be implemented fully.
The dependence of compressive force on deflection
The main assumptions that are directly relevant to this study are the following ones:
the calculation is based on the theory of small displacements;
the shear deformations are neglected in comparison with the bending deformations of the rod axis;
the distribution of deformations along a cross section corresponds to the hypothesis of plane cross sections.
The flexibility of the column is determined for the reduced cross-section. For the base case under consideration, this flexibility can be approximated by the following formula:in which
It is recommended to calculate the stiffness
where
Flexibility can have a significant effect on the load capacity of compressed elements when the condition
where
The compressive stress in the longitudinal reinforcement
The calculation is based on the step-iteration method. During the second stage, an eccentrically loaded compressed element is divided along its length into n equal segments, at that
The design scheme of a flexible pipe-concrete column: a - the decomposition of the compressed rod along the length; b - distribution diagrams of concrete relative deformations in Section 2 and 3.
The area of one rod of longitudinal reinforcement is
At each step, the relative deformation of the least compressed (stretched) fiber
where N is the longitudinal compressive force corresponding to the accepted deformation diagram;
Cross-section stiffnesses
The effect of longitudinal bending is taken into account via the eccentricity of the longitudinal force increase by the amount of rod deflection
where
An improved deflection value
The numerical solution of the problem of calculating the deflection [16] with the number of partitions n = 6 allows us to obtain the following formula
where
The problem under consideration is solved as follows. The deviations y of the longitudinal axis of the compressed rod from the vertical are calculated in the sections at the boundaries of each segment into which an element is divided with the deflection found in the first approximation according to the formula
Then the distribution of the relative deformations is established for these cross-sections, using the Eqs. (49) and (50) and by the replacement of
the equilibrium of the normal section, i.e. the observance of equalities by the Eqs. (49) and (50);
the constancy of the longitudinal force value, which is assumed to be the same as for the mean most stressed section.
Let’s note that the stiffness characteristics
After the determination of
They record the value of the compressive longitudinal force
According to the proposed method, the algorithm for estimate the stress–strain state and calculate the load-bearing capacity of compressed concrete filled steel tube elements was developed and this algorithm was implemented in the computer program. The results of the calculations are compared with the experiment data of CFST samples made of normal concrete. These data were obtained by many researchers for 569 experiments with short centrally compressed columns, 512 flexible centrally compressed columns and 292 eccentrically compressed elements.
Experimental data was taken from research works [16, 23, 24].
In order to obtain more objective information, the experimental data of samples were analyzed with a large range of geometric and structural parameter variation:
an outer diameter of an outer steel shell −
the thickness of an outer steel shell wall −
the yield point of a shell steel −
the prismatic strength of the initial concrete −
various concretes (normal, ultrahigh-strength, pre-stressing);
length to diameter ratio
the relative eccentricity of the longitudinal force
The results of the comparison show a completely satisfactory coincidence of experimental destructive loads with theoretical values (Table 2).
Type of tested elements | No of tests | Average Test/Calculate | Stand. Deviation Test/Calculate |
---|---|---|---|
Short No Moment | 569 | 1.04 | 0.068 |
Long No Moment | 512 | 1.08 | 0.077 |
Long and Short with Moment | 292 | 1.06 | 0.072 |
The overall | 1373 | 1.07 | 0.073 |
Summary of Comparison of Calculated Bearing Capacity with Experimental Data.
The data in Table 2 show a good agreement between theory and practice.
According to the results of the data of work [23], the calculations according to Eurocode 4 (EN 1994-1-1: 2004) have a slightly worse accuracy. However, the main advantage of the proposed calculation method is its versatility. In particular, when using this method, one can take into account the presence of a high-strength rod and (or) spiral reinforcement, the effect of preliminary lateral compression of the concrete core [16]. The research work [13] verified the acceptability of the EN 1994-1-1: 2004 method for calculating the strength of compressed CFST made of various types of concrete: normal, ultrahigh-strength, self-compacting, light-weight concretes and engineered cementitious composite. It is concluded that the calculation accuracy is satisfactory only for normal concrete. The proposed method makes it possible, with an appropriate selection of the material coefficients
Based on the results of the carried out analysis, the following values of the coefficients of materials for various types of concrete can be recommended:
for fine grained and for ultrahigh-strength concrete –
for self-compacting concrete –
for lightweight concrete and for engineered cementitious composite –
Given recommendations are preliminary and need to be clarified, since they have been obtained on the basis of processing a very limited amount of experiments.
The analysis of the results of the carried out researches shows that there are very significant advantages of the nonlinear deformation model in comparison with the currently used methods for calculating the bearing capacity of CFST columns. The proposed calculation method takes into account the complex stress state of the concrete core and steel tube, which is constantly changing with increasing load, and the physical and geometric nonlinearity of the structure. In the course of the calculation, it is possible to obtain a clear picture of the stress–strain state of the structure at various stages of loading.
The main dependences for finding the strength and strain characteristics of a concrete core and a steel tube are obtained phenomenologically. They correspond to the basic principles of solids mechanics. The resulting formulas are more universal than empirical dependencies. For example, they are true for different types of concrete. In principle, the developed method is applicable for calculating the bearing capacity of composite columns with various cross-sectional shapes and various variants of reinforcement of a concrete core. Differences in designs are easily taken into account when developing calculation algorithms for specific tasks.
The use of a multi-point method for constructing the diagrams of concrete deformation allows improving the accuracy of calculations. Previously, these diagrams were accepted either for uniaxially compressed concrete, or for volumetrically compressed concrete at the stage of ultimate equilibrium of the structure. In the first case the value of the bearing capacity turned out to be underestimated, and in the second case - overestimated.
The proposed criterion for achieving the bearing capacity of CFST columns is important for practical calculations. The use of this criterion makes it possible to identify the cases when the strength properties of a concrete core cannot be fully used. Calculation by the method of limiting efforts does not always reflect the physical essence of the process and can lead to significant errors.
From the point of view of modern concepts of solid mechanics, steel-reinforced concrete structures refer to nonlinear and non-equilibrium deformable systems. The feature of such system calculation is the need to refine the values of the existing forces and displacements consistently, since the internal forces and the rigidity of the structures are interdependent.
The proposed method of CFST load capacity calculation allows to take into account these features. Considering flexibility the higher stiffness of the compressed rod is taken into account at the sites located closer to its supports. In this regard, it is obvious that the correct implementation of this method in practice will allow to obtain more reliable calculation results in comparison with the currently used semi-empirical approach.
Besides, this method makes it possible to perform the calculations of normal cross section and stability strength from a unified point of view. During the calculation, it is possible to track (in terms of longitudinal deformation value) the completeness of concrete and steel strength property use. If the material deformations reach the maximum permissible values, it can be concluded that the strength of the structures is lost. If this is not observed in the loss of the load-bearing capacity of the structure, a conclusion can be made about the loss of stability of the second kind.
It is especially important, that the proposed method with an appropriate refinement can be used for calculating the compressed structures made of various constructional materials.
One more important circumstance should be noted. It is known that in CFST columns, even before the onset of complete loss of bearing capacity, axial deformations can reach excessively large values at which the operation of real structures becomes impossible. In these cases, the limiting deformation can become dominant, determining ULS. In this regard, during the calculation of bearing capacity the axial deformations of the compressed CFST elements should be limited. This approach can be implemented only when calculating with the use of a nonlinear deformation model of reinforced concrete.
The proposed method can be effectively used to calculate long-term load columns [25].
A new technique to determine the strength of compressed CFST was proposed. Based on the known principles of deformation calculation, it takes into account the specific features of CFST adequately. The methodology uses new dependencies to determine the strength and the ultimate deformation of a concrete core, as well as the way of concrete deformation diagram development. It allows to perform the combined calculation of CFST strength, taking into account their flexibility and the calculation of possible stability loss. There is no need for an empirical formula to determine the critical force proposed by modern design standards for composite structural steel structures in the practical application of the method.
The versatility of this method should be emphasized separately. The method is acceptable for CFST columns made of various types of concrete using various technologies.
The practical use of the proposed method gives a reliable estimate of the stress–strain state and the strength of concrete filled steel tube columns.
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',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
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\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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This problematic is particularly relevant with medical imaging data, where linear techniques are frequently unsuitable for capturing variations in anatomical structures. In many cases, there is enough structure in the data (CT, MRI, ultrasound) so a lower dimensional object can describe the degrees of freedom, such as in a manifold structure. Still, complex, multivariate distributions tend to demonstrate highly variable structural topologies that are impossible to capture with a single manifold learning algorithm. This chapter will present recent techniques developed in manifold theory for medical imaging analysis, to allow for statistical organ shape modeling, image segmentation and registration from the concept of navigation of manifolds, classification, as well as disease prediction models based on discriminant manifolds. We will present the theoretical basis of these works, with illustrative results on their applications from various organs and pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and spinal deformities.",book:{id:"7342",slug:"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications",title:"Manifolds II",fullTitle:"Manifolds II - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Samuel Kadoury",authors:null},{id:"52886",doi:"10.5772/65903",title:"Head Pose Estimation via Manifold Learning",slug:"head-pose-estimation-via-manifold-learning",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"For the last decades, manifold learning has shown its advantage of efficient non-linear dimensionality reduction in data analysis. Based on the assumption that informative and discriminative representation of the data lies on a low-dimensional smooth manifold which implicitly embedded in the original high-dimensional space, manifold learning aims to learn the low-dimensional representation following some geometrical protocols, such as preserving piecewise local structure of the original data. Manifold learning also plays an important role in the applications of computer vision, i.e., face image analysis. According to the observations that many face-related research is benefitted by the head pose estimation, and the continuous variation of head pose can be modelled and interpreted as a low-dimensional smooth manifold, we will focus on the head pose estimation via manifold learning in this chapter. Generally, head pose is hard to directly explore from the high-dimensional space interpreted as face images, which is, however, can be efficiently represented in low-dimensional manifold. Therefore, in this chapter, classical manifold learning algorithms are introduced and the corresponding application on head pose estimation are elaborated. Several extensions of manifold learning algorithms which are developed especially for head pose estimation are also discussed and compared.",book:{id:"5488",slug:"manifolds-current-research-areas",title:"Manifolds",fullTitle:"Manifolds - Current Research Areas"},signatures:"Chao Wang, Yuanhao Guo and Xubo Song",authors:[{id:"190308",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"chao-wang",fullName:"Chao Wang"},{id:"190461",title:"Prof.",name:"Xubo",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"xubo-song",fullName:"Xubo Song"},{id:"191562",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuanhao",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",slug:"yuanhao-guo",fullName:"Yuanhao Guo"}]},{id:"62804",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79383",title:"Recent Advances of Manifold Regularization",slug:"recent-advances-of-manifold-regularization",totalDownloads:1070,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Semi-supervised learning (SSL) that can make use of a small number of labeled data with a large number of unlabeled data to produce significant improvement in learning performance has been received considerable attention. Manifold regularization is one of the most popular works that exploits the geometry of the probability distribution that generates the data and incorporates them as regularization terms. There are many representative works of manifold regularization including Laplacian regularization (LapR), Hessian regularization (HesR) and p-Laplacian regularization (pLapR). Based on the manifold regularization framework, many extensions and applications have been reported. In the chapter, we review the LapR and HesR, and we introduce an approximation algorithm of graph p-Laplacian. We study several extensions of this framework for pairwise constraint, p-Laplacian learning, hypergraph learning, etc.",book:{id:"7342",slug:"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications",title:"Manifolds II",fullTitle:"Manifolds II - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Xueqi Ma and Weifeng Liu",authors:null},{id:"53713",doi:"10.5772/67008",title:"An Intrinsic Characterization of Bonnet Surfaces Based on a Closed Differential Ideal",slug:"an-intrinsic-characterization-of-bonnet-surfaces-based-on-a-closed-differential-ideal",totalDownloads:1459,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The structure equations for a two‐dimensional manifold are introduced and two results based on the Codazzi equations pertinent to the study of isometric surfaces are obtained from them. Important theorems pertaining to isometric surfaces are stated and a theorem due to Bonnet is obtained. A transformation for the connection forms is developed. It is proved that the angle of deformation must be harmonic, and that the differentials of many of the important variables generate a closed differential ideal. This implies that a coordinate system exists in which many of the variables satisfy particular ordinary differential equations, and these results can be used to characterize Bonnet surfaces.",book:{id:"5488",slug:"manifolds-current-research-areas",title:"Manifolds",fullTitle:"Manifolds - Current Research Areas"},signatures:"Paul Bracken",authors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}]},{id:"72257",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92441",title:"Quasiconformal Reflections across Polygonal Lines",slug:"quasiconformal-reflections-across-polygonal-lines",totalDownloads:419,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"An important open problem in geometric complex analysis is to establish algorithms for explicit determination of the basic curvelinear and analytic functionals intrinsically connected with conformal and quasiconformal maps, such as their Teichmüller and Grunsky norms, Fredholm eigenvalues and the quasireflection coefficient. This has not been solved even for convex polygons. This case has intrinsic interest in view of the connection of polygons with the geometry of the universal Teichmüller space and approximation theory. This survey extends our previous survey of 2005 and presents the new approaches and recent essential progress in this field of geometric complex analysis, having various important applications. Another new topic concerns quasireflections across finite collections of quasiintervals.",book:{id:"8760",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",fullTitle:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry"},signatures:"Samuel L. 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Clifford algebra unifies and generalizes real number, complex, quaternion, and vector algebra and converts complicated relations and operations into intuitive matrix algebra independent of coordinate systems. By localizing the basis or frame of space-time and introducing differential and connection operators, Clifford algebra also contains Riemann geometry. Clifford algebra provides a unified, standard, elegant, and open language and tools for numerous complicated mathematical and physical theories. Clifford algebra calculus is an arithmetic-like operation that can be well understood by everyone. This feature is very useful for teaching purposes, and popularizing Clifford algebra in high schools and universities will greatly improve the efficiency of students to learn fundamental knowledge of mathematics and physics. So, Clifford algebra can be expected to complete a new big synthesis of scientific knowledge.",book:{id:"8760",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",fullTitle:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry"},signatures:"Ying-Qiu Gu",authors:[{id:"314607",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Qiu",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",slug:"ying-qiu-gu",fullName:"Ying-Qiu Gu"}]},{id:"52596",title:"Symplectic Manifolds: Gromov-Witten Invariants on Symplectic and Almost Contact Metric Manifolds",slug:"symplectic-manifolds-gromov-witten-invariants-on-symplectic-and-almost-contact-metric-manifolds",totalDownloads:1496,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce Gromov-Witten invariant, quantum cohomology, Gromov-Witten potential, and Floer cohomology on symplectic manifolds, and in connection with these, we describe Gromov-Witten type invariant, quantum type cohomology, Gromov-Witten type potential and Floer type cohomology on almost contact metric manifolds. On the product of a symplectic manifold and an almost contact metric manifold, we induce some relations between Gromov-Witten type invariant and quantum cohomology and quantum type invariant. We show that the quantum type cohomology is isomorphic to the Floer type cohomology.",book:{id:"5488",slug:"manifolds-current-research-areas",title:"Manifolds",fullTitle:"Manifolds - Current Research Areas"},signatures:"Yong Seung Cho",authors:[{id:"62522",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong Seung",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",slug:"yong-seung-cho",fullName:"Yong Seung Cho"}]},{id:"62804",title:"Recent Advances of Manifold Regularization",slug:"recent-advances-of-manifold-regularization",totalDownloads:1070,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Semi-supervised learning (SSL) that can make use of a small number of labeled data with a large number of unlabeled data to produce significant improvement in learning performance has been received considerable attention. Manifold regularization is one of the most popular works that exploits the geometry of the probability distribution that generates the data and incorporates them as regularization terms. There are many representative works of manifold regularization including Laplacian regularization (LapR), Hessian regularization (HesR) and p-Laplacian regularization (pLapR). Based on the manifold regularization framework, many extensions and applications have been reported. In the chapter, we review the LapR and HesR, and we introduce an approximation algorithm of graph p-Laplacian. We study several extensions of this framework for pairwise constraint, p-Laplacian learning, hypergraph learning, etc.",book:{id:"7342",slug:"manifolds-ii-theory-and-applications",title:"Manifolds II",fullTitle:"Manifolds II - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Xueqi Ma and Weifeng Liu",authors:null},{id:"53552",title:"Sub-Manifolds of a Riemannian Manifold",slug:"sub-manifolds-of-a-riemannian-manifold",totalDownloads:1734,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce the theory of sub-manifolds of a Riemannian manifold. The fundamental notations are given. The theory of sub-manifolds of an almost Riemannian product manifold is one of the most interesting topics in differential geometry. According to the behaviour of the tangent bundle of a sub-manifold, with respect to the action of almost Riemannian product structure of the ambient manifolds, we have three typical classes of sub-manifolds such as invariant sub-manifolds, anti-invariant sub-manifolds and semi-invariant sub-manifolds. In addition, slant, semi-slant and pseudo-slant sub-manifolds are introduced by many geometers.",book:{id:"5488",slug:"manifolds-current-research-areas",title:"Manifolds",fullTitle:"Manifolds - Current Research Areas"},signatures:"Mehmet Atçeken, Ümit Yıldırım and Süleyman Dirik",authors:[{id:"191326",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Atceken",slug:"mehmet-atceken",fullName:"Mehmet Atceken"},{id:"196148",title:"Dr.",name:"Umit",middleName:null,surname:"Yildirim",slug:"umit-yildirim",fullName:"Umit Yildirim"}]},{id:"52886",title:"Head Pose Estimation via Manifold Learning",slug:"head-pose-estimation-via-manifold-learning",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"For the last decades, manifold learning has shown its advantage of efficient non-linear dimensionality reduction in data analysis. Based on the assumption that informative and discriminative representation of the data lies on a low-dimensional smooth manifold which implicitly embedded in the original high-dimensional space, manifold learning aims to learn the low-dimensional representation following some geometrical protocols, such as preserving piecewise local structure of the original data. Manifold learning also plays an important role in the applications of computer vision, i.e., face image analysis. According to the observations that many face-related research is benefitted by the head pose estimation, and the continuous variation of head pose can be modelled and interpreted as a low-dimensional smooth manifold, we will focus on the head pose estimation via manifold learning in this chapter. Generally, head pose is hard to directly explore from the high-dimensional space interpreted as face images, which is, however, can be efficiently represented in low-dimensional manifold. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/266187",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"266187"},fullPath:"/profiles/266187",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()