Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5072",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Catalytic Materials - Photocatalysis and Other Current Trends",title:"Advanced Catalytic Materials",subtitle:"Photocatalysis and Other Current Trends",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Todays chemical industry processes worldwide largely depend on catalytic reactions and the desirable future evolution of this industry toward more selective products, more environmentally friendly products, more energy-efficient processes, a smaller use of hazardous reagents, and a better use of raw materials also largely involves the development of better catalysts and, specifically, purposely designed catalytic materials. The careful study and development of the new-generation catalysts involve relatively large groups of specialists in universities, research centers, and industries, joining forces from different scientific and technical disciplines. This book has put together recent, state-of-the-art topics on current trends in catalytic materials and consists of 16 chapters.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2244-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5062-6",doi:"10.5772/60491",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advanced-catalytic-materials-photocatalysis-and-other-current-trends",numberOfPages:498,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9ef46740b3ee28262a1704a0499ef899",bookSignature:"Luis Enrique Norena and Jin-An Wang",publishedDate:"February 3rd 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5072.jpg",numberOfDownloads:43500,numberOfWosCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:84,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:171,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"15562",title:"Dr.",name:"Noreña",middleName:null,surname:"Luis",slug:"norena-luis",fullName:"Noreña Luis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15562/images/4975_n.jpg",biography:"Luis Enrique Noreña occupies the position of Senior Professor at the Department of Basic Sciences of the Metropolitan Autonomous University, UAM-Azcapotzalco, Mexico. From November 2007 to October 2011, he was the Head of the Department of Basic Sciences, and from May 2012 to April 2016, he was the Director of the Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering. He obtained his first degree in Chemical Engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, and his MSc. and PhD degrees from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, England. He is a member of Mexico’s National System of Researchers (SNI). His current research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and applications of porous catalytic materials and applications of polymers with electrical properties.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"511",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-physical-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"49683",title:"X-Ray Spectroscopy — The Driving Force to Understand and Develop Catalysis",doi:"10.5772/61940",slug:"x-ray-spectroscopy-the-driving-force-to-understand-and-develop-catalysis",totalDownloads:1933,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Catalysis is involved in about 90% of manmade chemicals. The development of novel or improved catalysts requires fundamental understanding of the commanding steps of a catalytic reaction. In simple terms, a catalytic transformation depends on the coupling between catalyst electronic structure and reagents’ molecular orbitals. Herein, we report a spectroscopic technique capable of determining the electronic structure of metal containing catalysts under working conditions. The technique is called photon-in photon-out X-ray spectroscopy and can be employed to characterize materials, unveil substrate adsorption parameters, and follow changes in electronic structure during catalytic reactions.",signatures:"Jakub Szlachetko and Jacinto Sá",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49683",authors:[{id:"176327",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacinto",surname:"Sa",slug:"jacinto-sa",fullName:"Jacinto Sa"},{id:"176328",title:"Dr.",name:"Jakub",surname:"Szlachetko",slug:"jakub-szlachetko",fullName:"Jakub Szlachetko"}],corrections:null},{id:"49674",title:"Iron-based Nanomaterials in the Catalysis",doi:"10.5772/61862",slug:"iron-based-nanomaterials-in-the-catalysis",totalDownloads:4415,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Available data on catalytic applications of the iron-containing nanomaterials are reviewed. Main synthesis methods of nZVI, nano-sized iron oxides and hydroxides, core-shell and alloy structures, ferrites, iron-containing supported forms, and composites are described. Supported structures include those coated and on the basis of polymers or inert inorganic materials (i.e., carbon, titania or silica). Description of catalytic processes includes the decomposition reactions (in particular photocatalytic processes), reactions of dehydrogenation, oxidation, alkylation, C–C coupling, among a series of other processes. Certain attention is paid to magnetic recovery of catalysts from reaction systems and their reuse up to several runs almost without loss of catalytic activity.",signatures:"Boris I. Kharisov, Oxana V. Kharissova, H.V. Rasika Dias, Ubaldo Ortiz\nMéndez, Idalia Gómez de la Fuente, Yolanda Peña and Alejandro\nVázquez Dimas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49674",authors:[{id:"13939",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Kharisov",slug:"boris-kharisov",fullName:"Boris Kharisov"},{id:"13941",title:"Dr.",name:"Oxana V.",surname:"Kharissova",slug:"oxana-v.-kharissova",fullName:"Oxana V. Kharissova"},{id:"13942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",surname:"Ortiz Mendez",slug:"ubaldo-ortiz-mendez",fullName:"Ubaldo Ortiz Mendez"},{id:"176321",title:"Prof.",name:"H.V. Rasika",surname:"Dias",slug:"h.v.-rasika-dias",fullName:"H.V. Rasika Dias"},{id:"179552",title:"Dr.",name:"Idalia",surname:"Gomez De La Fuente",slug:"idalia-gomez-de-la-fuente",fullName:"Idalia Gomez De La Fuente"},{id:"179553",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Vazques Dimas",slug:"alejandro-vazques-dimas",fullName:"Alejandro Vazques Dimas"},{id:"179554",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Peña Mendez",slug:"yolanda-pena-mendez",fullName:"Yolanda Peña Mendez"}],corrections:null},{id:"49671",title:"New Catalytic Systems for Fixation of Carbon Dioxide into Valuable Poly(Alkylene Carbonates)",doi:"10.5772/61969",slug:"new-catalytic-systems-for-fixation-of-carbon-dioxide-into-valuable-poly-alkylene-carbonates-",totalDownloads:4064,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fixation of carbon dioxide into valuable products is a promising method to mitigate the issues of global warming and decrease the consumption of fossil-fuel carbon sources. Poly alkylene carbonates (PACs) are environmentally friendly and low-cost polymers that are synthesized from copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides. PACs are contemplated as an alternative to commercially available non-degradable polymers in the market for a broad range of applications. However, a burden for the synthesis of this group of polymers is the chemical activation of thermodynamically stable CO2. It is, therefore, imperative to develop a catalyst with high efficiency to overcome this hurdle. In this chapter, we describe the development and recent advances in the catalytic systems that have been designed to activate CO2 for copolymerization with epoxides. In particular, we will focus on the industrial trends presented in the patents for conversion of CO2 into PACs.",signatures:"Bahareh Bahramian and Fariba Dehghani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49671",authors:[{id:"176380",title:"Prof.",name:"Fariba",surname:"Dehghani",slug:"fariba-dehghani",fullName:"Fariba Dehghani"},{id:"176429",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bahareh",surname:"Bahramian",slug:"bahareh-bahramian",fullName:"Bahareh Bahramian"}],corrections:null},{id:"49601",title:"Catalytic Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks",doi:"10.5772/61865",slug:"catalytic-applications-of-metal-organic-frameworks",totalDownloads:3874,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, metal organic frameworks (MOF) have received considerable interest due to their physicochemical properties, such as structures’ flexibility, high surface area, tunable pore size, and topologies, among others, which have lead to promising applications, particularly in the area of catalysis. In this chapter, we present the most important results of research conducted with MOF in catalytic applications; mainly in the design of its structure, synthesis, characterization, and possible limitations.",signatures:"Sandra Loera-Serna and Elba Ortiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49601",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49601",authors:[{id:"176856",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Loera-Serna",slug:"sandra-loera-serna",fullName:"Sandra Loera-Serna"},{id:"176863",title:"Dr.",name:"Elba",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"elba-ortiz",fullName:"Elba Ortiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"49657",title:"Studies on Obtaining Diglycidyl Ether from Allyl-Glycidyl Ether over the Mesoporous Ti-SBA-15 Catalyst",doi:"10.5772/61881",slug:"studies-on-obtaining-diglycidyl-ether-from-allyl-glycidyl-ether-over-the-mesoporous-ti-sba-15-cataly",totalDownloads:1364,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The work presents the studies on the epoxidation of allyl-glycidyl ether (AGE) to diglycidyl ether (DGE) over the mesoporous Ti-SBA-15 catalyst and with 60 wt% hydrogen peroxide. The influence of the following parameters was studied: the temperature 0–100°C, the molar ratio of AGE/H2O2 = 0.03:1 – 4:1, the content of Ti-SBA-15 catalyst 0.0–0.5 wt%, and the reaction time 15–240 min. The studies showed that it is possible to obtain DGE with the selectivity of 100 mol% (for reaction time below 60 min) but at low conversion of AGE – about 4 mol%. The prolongation of the reaction time decreases the selectivity of DGE because the following competitive reactions take place: (1) hydration of the epoxide ring in AGE and 3A12PD formation, (2) collapsing of the ethers by hydrolysis of the ether groups, and (3) the epoxidation and the hydration of the products of collapsing and obtaining glycerol. The explanation of the very high ineffective decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and possible ways of increasing its efficiency of conversion are also presented.",signatures:"Agnieszka Wróblewska, Edyta Makuch and Ewelina Mójta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49657",authors:[{id:"176317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Wróblewska",slug:"agnieszka-wroblewska",fullName:"Agnieszka Wróblewska"},{id:"177280",title:"MSc.",name:"Edyta",surname:"Makuch",slug:"edyta-makuch",fullName:"Edyta Makuch"},{id:"177872",title:"MSc.",name:"Ewelina",surname:"Mójta",slug:"ewelina-mojta",fullName:"Ewelina Mójta"}],corrections:null},{id:"49758",title:"Practical Design of Green Catalysts for PET Recycling and Energy Conversion",doi:"10.5772/62041",slug:"practical-design-of-green-catalysts-for-pet-recycling-and-energy-conversion",totalDownloads:2575,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The recycling of chemicals and generation of alternative energy are central topics in the efforts toward sustainable development. Among these, research on plastics recycling and fuel cells has received significant attention, with the aim of designing novel catalysts to improve yield and efficiency. We highlight our work on these areas focusing on the chemical depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to recover its constituent monomer and the development of high-performance anode catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). We demonstrate various flexible yet practical synthesis strategies (e.g. ultrasound-assisted deposition and biopolymer coating) that were used to obtain catalytic properties optimized for these applications. The effectiveness and simplicity of these methods render the catalysts to be truly green — from synthesis up to process application.",signatures:"Arvin Sangalang, Seunghwan Seok and Do Hyun Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49758",authors:[{id:"97132",title:"Prof.",name:"Do Hyun",surname:"Kim",slug:"do-hyun-kim",fullName:"Do Hyun Kim"},{id:"177578",title:"MSc.",name:"Arvin",surname:"Sangalang",slug:"arvin-sangalang",fullName:"Arvin Sangalang"},{id:"177579",title:"MSc.",name:"Seunghwan",surname:"Seok",slug:"seunghwan-seok",fullName:"Seunghwan Seok"}],corrections:null},{id:"49829",title:"Advanced Nanomatericals for Solar Photocatalysis",doi:"10.5772/62206",slug:"advanced-nanomatericals-for-solar-photocatalysis",totalDownloads:3295,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconductors and renewable solar energy has been regarded as one of the most promising processes to alleviate and even solve both the world crises of energy supply and environmental pollution. Recently, numerous semiconducting materials and its composites have been studied for their photocatalytic applications. In this chapter, we briefly summarize recent progress in the binary oxide system (including TiO2 and α-Fe2O3), ternary oxide (Bi system), and the semiconducting materials and their composites which have remarkable applications in photocatalytic degradation of toxic pollutants, hydrogen production and as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. In addition, we highlight the challenges and opportunities when we implement photocatalytic materials to help on the development of energy research and find ways to approach major problems.",signatures:"Le Li and Minqiang Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49829",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49829",authors:[{id:"176453",title:"Dr.",name:"Le",surname:"Li",slug:"le-li",fullName:"Le Li"},{id:"176454",title:"Prof.",name:"Minqiang",surname:"Wang",slug:"minqiang-wang",fullName:"Minqiang Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"49631",title:"ZnO/Sepiolite Catalysts – Characterization and Photoactivity Measurements",doi:"10.5772/61973",slug:"zno-sepiolite-catalysts-characterization-and-photoactivity-measurements",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepiolite-supported ZnO catalysts (ZnO-SEP) were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area (BET) measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) techniques. XRD analysis supplied information about the generation of ZnO nanoparticles. SEM images and elemental mapping scans revealed variations in the surface morphology of the SEP after ZnO loading. Supported catalysts possessed higher surface areas and pore volumes in comparison to unsupported catalyst (0.25 M ZnO). They also revealed suitable band-gap energies in the UV-A region. XPS analysis confirmed the build-up of ZnO nanoparticles on the SEP matrix with the form of Zn2+ oxidation state. Photocatalytic performances were evaluated in terms of methyl orange (MO) decolorization process following pseudo-first-order kinetics. The repeatability of photocatalytic activity was also tested.",signatures:"A. Neren Ökte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49631",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49631",authors:[{id:"176470",title:"Prof.",name:"A.Neren",surname:"Ökte",slug:"a.neren-okte",fullName:"A.Neren Ökte"}],corrections:null},{id:"49809",title:"Preparation of Functionalized Graphene and Gold Nanocomposites – Self-assembly and Catalytic Properties",doi:"10.5772/62166",slug:"preparation-of-functionalized-graphene-and-gold-nanocomposites-self-assembly-and-catalytic-propertie",totalDownloads:1902,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanocomposites and nanomaterials have been attracting more attention in various fields. Nanocomposites can be prepared with a variety of special physical, thermal, and other unique properties. They have better properties than conventional microscale composites and can be synthesized using simple and inexpensive techniques. A composite material consists of an assemblage of two materials of different natures completing and allowing us to obtain a material of which the set of performance characteristics is greater than that of the components taken separately. In our recent research, some functionalized nanocomposites and nanomaterials have been prepared and investigated. In addition, some of the analytical methods, theoretical treatments, and synthetic tools, which are being applied in the area of self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry, will be highlighted. In this chapter, we summarize our main research contributions in recent years in two sections: (1) preparation and catalytic properties of some functionalized graphene nanocomposites; (2) preparation and catalytic properties of some functionalized gold nanocomposites. These works not only provided important inspirations for developing graphene-hybridized materials but also opened new possibilities to improve the photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst.",signatures:"Jingxin Zhou, Tifeng Jiao, Qingrui Zhang and Jie Hu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49809",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49809",authors:[{id:"63887",title:"Prof.",name:"Tifeng",surname:"Jiao",slug:"tifeng-jiao",fullName:"Tifeng Jiao"},{id:"176236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Hu",slug:"jie-hu",fullName:"Jie Hu"},{id:"176237",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingrui",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qingrui-zhang",fullName:"Qingrui Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"49692",title:"Photochemical Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide",doi:"10.5772/61823",slug:"photochemical-decomposition-of-hydrogen-sulfide",totalDownloads:2754,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely toxic gas which is generated from both nature factors and human factors. A proper method for the efficient decomposition of hydrogen is of great importance. Using traditional Claus process, hydrogen sulfide could be decomposed into hydrogen oxide and sulfur. One drawback of this process is that the energy stored in hydrogen sulfide is partially wasted by the formation of hydrogen oxide. In fact, the energy could be utilized for the generation of hydrogen, a potential energy source in future, or other chemical products. Various methods that could possibly make better use of hydrogen sulfide have been studied in recent years, like thermal decomposition, plasma method, electrochemical method, and photochemical method. In particular, there have been high hopes in photochemical method due to the possible direct solar energy conversion into chemical energy. Unlike traditional photocatalytic water splitting, hydrogen sulfide decomposition is more accessible from the thermodynamic point of view. Photocatalytic hydrogen sulfide decomposition could occur in both gas phase and solution phase and various systems have been reported. Besides, the photoelectrochemical decomposition of hydrogen sulfide is also highlighted. In this chapter, we will simply introduce the current situation for photochemical decomposition of hydrogen sulfide.",signatures:"Shan Yu and Ying Zhou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49692",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49692",authors:[{id:"176372",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",surname:"Zhou",slug:"ying-zhou",fullName:"Ying Zhou"},{id:"176791",title:"Dr.",name:"Shan",surname:"Yu",slug:"shan-yu",fullName:"Shan Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"49640",title:"Metal/Semiconductor Hybrid Nanocrystals and Synergistic Photocatalysis Applications",doi:"10.5772/61888",slug:"metal-semiconductor-hybrid-nanocrystals-and-synergistic-photocatalysis-applications",totalDownloads:2987,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This review focuses on recent research efforts to synthesize metal/semiconductor hybrid nanocrystals, understand and control the photocatalytic applications. First, we summarize the synthesis methods and recent presented metal/seminconductor morphologies, including heterodimer, core/shell, and yolk/shell etc. The metal clusters and nanocrystals deposition on semiconductor micro/nano substrates with well-defined crystal face exposure will be clarified into heterodimer part. The outline of this synthesis part will be the large lattice mismatch directed interface, contact and morphologies evolution. For detailed instructions on each synthesis, the readers are referred to the corresponding literature. Secondly, the recent upcoming photocatalysis applications and research progress of these hybrid nanocrystals will be reviewed, including the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (water splitting), photo-reduction of CO2 and other newly emerging potential photosynthesis applications of metal/semiconductor hybrid nanocrystals. Finally, we summarize and outlook the future of this topic. From this review, we try to facilitate the understanding and further improvement of current and practical metal/semiconductor hybrid nanocrystals and photocatalysis applications.",signatures:"Jiatao Zhang, Muwei Ji, Jiajia Liu and Meng Xu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49640",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49640",authors:[{id:"176158",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiatao",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jiatao-zhang",fullName:"Jiatao Zhang"},{id:"177574",title:"Mr.",name:"Muwei",surname:"Ji",slug:"muwei-ji",fullName:"Muwei Ji"},{id:"177575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiajia",surname:"Liu",slug:"jiajia-liu",fullName:"Jiajia Liu"},{id:"177576",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",surname:"Xu",slug:"meng-xu",fullName:"Meng Xu"},{id:"177577",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesun",surname:"Zhu",slug:"hesun-zhu",fullName:"Hesun Zhu"}],corrections:null},{id:"49599",title:"Recent Advances in Visible-Light Driven Photocatalysis",doi:"10.5772/61864",slug:"recent-advances-in-visible-light-driven-photocatalysis",totalDownloads:2762,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Semiconductor photocatalysis has been considered a potentially promising approach for renewable energy and environmental remediation with abundant solar light. However, the currently available semiconductor materials are generally limited by either the harvesting of solar energy or insufficient charge separation ability. To overcome the serious drawbacks of narrow light-response range and low efficiency in most photocatalysts, many strategies have been developed in the past decades. This article reviews the recent advancements of visible-light-driven photocatalysts and attempts to provide a comprehensive update of some strategies to improve the efficiency, such as doping, coupling with graphene, precipitating with metal particles, crystal growth design, and heterostructuring. A brief introduction to photocatalysts is given first, followed by an explanation of the basic rules and mechanisms of photocatalysts. This chapter focuses on recent progress in exploring new strategies to design TiO2-based photocatalysts that aim to extend the light absorption of TiO2 from UV wavelengths into the visible region. Subsequently, some strategies are also used to endow visible-light-driven Ag3PO4 with high activity in photocatalytic reactions. Next, a novel approach, using long afterglow phosphor, has been used to associate a fluorescence-emitting support to continue the photocatalytic reaction after turning off the light. The last section proposes some challenges to design high efficiency of photocatalytic systems.",signatures:"Yuhua Wangab, Xinlong Ma, Hao Li, Bin Liu, Huihui Li, Shu Yin and\nTsugio Sato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49599",authors:[{id:"19332",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuhua",surname:"Wang",slug:"yuhua-wang",fullName:"Yuhua Wang"},{id:"177843",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinlong",surname:"Ma",slug:"xinlong-ma",fullName:"Xinlong Ma"},{id:"177844",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",surname:"Li",slug:"hao-li",fullName:"Hao Li"},{id:"177845",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",surname:"Liu",slug:"bin-liu",fullName:"Bin Liu"},{id:"177846",title:"Dr.",name:"Huihui",surname:"Li",slug:"huihui-li",fullName:"Huihui Li"},{id:"177847",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu",surname:"Yin",slug:"shu-yin",fullName:"Shu Yin"},{id:"177848",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsugio",surname:"Sato",slug:"tsugio-sato",fullName:"Tsugio Sato"}],corrections:null},{id:"49611",title:"First-Transition Metal Oxocomplex–Surface-Modified Titanium(IV) Oxide for Solar Environmental Purification",doi:"10.5772/62008",slug:"first-transition-metal-oxocomplex-surface-modified-titanium-iv-oxide-for-solar-environmental-purific",totalDownloads:1606,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ongoing global energy and environmental issues warrant the development of environmental catalysts for decomposing pollutants in water and air by utilizing solar energy named as “solar environmental catalysts.” This chapter describes the recent studies on a novel class of solar environmental catalysts consisting of TiO2 and molecular-scale first-row transition metal oxide clusters (or metal oxocomplexes) on the surface (MOs/TiO2). The TiO2 surface modification with the oxocomplexes by the chemisorption–calcination cycle (CCC) technique presents a novel band engineering for fine-tuning the band energy. The unique physicochemical and electronic properties of MOs/TiO2 give rise to the outstanding photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of organic pollutants. The combination with the rapidly growing technique for preparation of TiO2 nanostructures allows us to expect further improvement of the performances and the wide application to the solar chemical transformation for producing useful substances.",signatures:"Hiroaki Tada and Qiliang Jin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49611",authors:[{id:"167854",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Tada",slug:"hiroaki-tada",fullName:"Hiroaki Tada"}],corrections:null},{id:"49588",title:"Electrocatalytic Applications of Graphene–Metal Oxide Nanohybrid Materials",doi:"10.5772/61808",slug:"electrocatalytic-applications-of-graphene-metal-oxide-nanohybrid-materials",totalDownloads:3806,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Development of state-of-the-art electrocatalysts using commercially available precursors with low cost is an essential step in the advancement of next-generation electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems. In this regard, noble metal-free and graphene-supported nanocomposites are of particular interest. Graphene-based nanocomposite is an excellent candidate as energy-device and sensor-related electrode materials, largely due to their high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, high-speed electron/heat mobility, and reasonably good mechanical strength. Among many types of graphene-based composite materials, graphene–metal oxide nanohybrids hold great promise toward engineering efficient electrocatalysts and have attracted increasing interest in both scientific communities and industrial partners around the world. The goal of this chapter is primarily set on an overview of cutting-edge developments in graphene–metal oxide nanohybrid materials, with the recently reported results from worldwide research groups. This chapter is presented first with an introduction, followed by synthetic methods and structural characterization of nanocomposites, an emphasis on their applications in energy and sensor-related fields, and finally completed with brief conclusions and outlook.",signatures:"Arnab Halder, Minwei Zhang and Qijin Chi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49588",authors:[{id:"176168",title:"Prof.",name:"Qijin",surname:"Chi",slug:"qijin-chi",fullName:"Qijin Chi"},{id:"177663",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnab",surname:"Halder",slug:"arnab-halder",fullName:"Arnab Halder"},{id:"177664",title:"Dr.",name:"Minwei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"minwei-zhang",fullName:"Minwei Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"49748",title:"Ag–Cu Nanoalloy Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage",doi:"10.5772/62050",slug:"ag-cu-nanoalloy-electrocatalysts-for-oxygen-reduction-in-alkaline-media-for-advanced-energy-conversi",totalDownloads:2430,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silver-based nanoalloys owing to their cost, performance and stability are an attractive electrocatalyst system for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the alkaline fuel cells and metal air batteries. A systematic computational and experimental approach has been adopted to investigate their performance for ORR in alkaline environment. Firstly, genetic algorithm (GA) based calculations have been performed to look for the stable compositions and structures of these nanoalloys. Later, density functional theory (DFT) is employed to simulate the working of those stable nanoalloys in actual working conditions. Finally, the most promising nanoalloys have been synthesized by physical and chemical routes to confirm their performance in real-life conditions. It has been found that the alloying of silver with copper enhances the catalytic performance of Ag nanoparticles. The enhancement in performance can be related to the modification of the electronic and physical structure of Ag due to copper doping. The superior performance of Ag–Cu nanocatalysts in alkaline fuel cells and metal air batteries along with their modest cost and long-term stability make them a promising candidate for deployment as a catalyst for ORR in alkaline media.",signatures:"Adnan Qaseem, Fuyi Chen and Nan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49748",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49748",authors:[{id:"151028",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuyi",surname:"Chen",slug:"fuyi-chen",fullName:"Fuyi Chen"},{id:"176457",title:"Mr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Qaseem",slug:"adnan-qaseem",fullName:"Adnan Qaseem"},{id:"176460",title:"Ms.",name:"Nan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"nan-zhang",fullName:"Nan Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"49804",title:"Native and Synthetic G-quartet-based DNAzyme Systems – Artificial Enzymes for Biotechnological Applications",doi:"10.5772/62165",slug:"native-and-synthetic-g-quartet-based-dnazyme-systems-artificial-enzymes-for-biotechnological-applica",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Catalysis of chemical reactions is crucial for both chemical industry and research. However, scientists are not the first ones to use catalysts in their laboratory. In fact, they are also essential for nature which designs plenty of biocatalysts, playing a pivotal role in living systems. For a long time, it was thought that only enzymes had this property. However, since the beginning of the 1980s, it is known that ribonucleic acids (also termed RNA) can acquire this ability, making them compulsory for key reactions (e.g., for the translation of messenger RNA in the ribosome). Based on that, chemists designed several synthetic DNA catalysts (termed DNAzymes) for a large variety of reactions and applications. Among the DNA structures used, G-quadruplexes are guanine-rich noncanonical DNA structures (i.e., differing from duplex DNA) composed of native G-quartets and particularly interesting for their ability to catalyze reactions of peroxidation. This peroxidase-mimicking system found plenty of applications detailed in this chapter. Moreover, optimizations of experimental conditions are also discussed and highlight the versatility and easy-to-use characteristics of G-quadruplexes DNA. Also, synthetic G-quartets, mainly TASQ (for template-assembled synthetic G-quartets), developed by chemists showed their ability to mimic G-quadruplexes, thanks to the presence of a G-quartet. Thus, synthetic G-quartets proved their capability to catalyze peroxidase-mimicking reactions, and these new exciting nature-mimicking catalytic systems are presented in detail in this chapter.",signatures:"Stefan Loic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49804",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49804",authors:[{id:"176415",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Loic",slug:"stefan-loic",fullName:"Stefan Loic"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1772",title:"Neutron Diffraction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"56eee3a81abfd89c555eeec99bdc4227",slug:"neutron-diffraction",bookSignature:"Irisali Khidirov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113446",title:"Prof.",name:"Irisali",surname:"Khidirov",slug:"irisali-khidirov",fullName:"Irisali Khidirov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67216",slug:"corrigendum-to-open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",title:"Corrigendum to: Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67216.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67216",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67216",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67216",chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11594",leadTitle:null,title:"Melanoma - Standard of Care, Challenges, and Updates in Clinical Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPrognosis has dramatically changed for melanoma patients within the last fifteen years, after incorporating immunotherapy and targeted therapies into the treatment arsenal. Melanoma is probably the tumor that has achieved the greatest benefit from immunotherapy, considerable improving responses, and survival. These novel therapies have also been gradually added to the adjuvant setting. In addition, clinical research is assessing new treatment combinations, treatments with different mechanisms of action, and different routes of administration, being melanoma one of the most suitable diseases to test intratumoral therapies. However, some important challenges and questions remain unanswered, as to which is the best treatment sequence depending on tumor burden and molecular features, or whether any biomarker (either immunohistochemistry, gene analysis, or imaging biomarkers) may have predictive value to select the most effective treatment.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book will perform an overview on how the history of melanoma has changed and will review main treatment guidelines, focusing on main challenges we still face, to finish with a discussion regarding upcoming treatments and those which are still under clinical trials. \r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-399-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-398-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-400-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ed8a0af96af7b311ef7f9bbbde152d0f",bookSignature:"Dr. Sonia Maciá",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11594.jpg",keywords:"Epidemiology, Prognosis, Immunotherapy, Surgery, Treatment Guidelines, Treatment Selection, Targeted Therapy, Clinical Trials, NCCN, ESMO, Challenges for Intratumoral Therapies, Biomarkers",numberOfDownloads:1,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 26th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 13th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher working on clinical development to bring up new treatments to patients with. melanoma. After working as Medical Director at ICON Plc, she joined Highlight Therapeutics to work on clinical development. Dr. Maciá has submitted more than forty abstracts to international congresses, published more than thirty papers in peer-reviewed journals, and authored six book chapters.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"281982",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Maciá",slug:"sonia-macia",fullName:"Sonia Maciá",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/281982/images/system/281982.jpg",biography:"Sonia Maciá, MD, is an ESMO-certified Medical Oncologist. She obtained a master’s degree in Pharmacoeconomy in 2018 from Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona and a PhD in Lung Cancer from the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Miguel Hernández. Executive MBA by EAE/University of Barcelona.\nDr. Maciá worked as a practicing Medical Oncologist for nine years and then decided to devote her career to clinical research. In 2012 she joined Pivotal SL, a European CRO, as Medical Manager, being thereafter promoted to Medical Director. After working as mMedical Director at ICON Plc, she joined Highlight Therapeutics to work on clinical development, providing medical support to clinical trials in solid tumors.\nDr. Maciá has submitted more than forty abstracts to international congresses, published more than thirty papers in peer-reviewed journals, and authored six book chapters.",institutionString:"Highlight Therapeutics",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"82375",title:"Immunotherapy of Metastatic Melanoma",slug:"immunotherapy-of-metastatic-melanoma",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"441704",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Javor",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441704/images/20009_n.jpg",email:"ana.j@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors, and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10130",title:"Mesothelioma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a0b7726fd9f57a0bf9583a81dfed0e3",slug:"mesothelioma",bookSignature:"Sonia Maciá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10130.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"281982",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Maciá",slug:"sonia-macia",fullName:"Sonia Maciá"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16947",title:"Replication Timing: Evolution, Nuclear Organization and Relevance for Human Disease",doi:"10.5772/23081",slug:"replication-timing-evolution-nuclear-organization-and-relevance-for-human-disease",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
DNA replication in eukaryotes is multifaceted, dynamic and highly organised. In contrast to bacterial cells, which replicate from single origins of replication, complex eukaryote genomes replicate from thousands of origins of replication. Although we know that the timing of replication depends on the chromatin environment, the function and evolution of mechanisms controlling replication timing are unclear. Many studies in species ranging from yeast to humans have demonstrated how replication timing depends on proximity to certain sequences such as telomeres and centromeres (Ferguson and Fangman, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996; Heun et al., 2001), chromatin status (euchromatin and heterochromatin) and is linked to gene function and expression (housekeeping genes versus tissue specific genes and monoallelically expressed genes) (\n\t\t\t\t\tHiratani and Gilbert, 2009\n\t\t\t\t; \n\t\t\t\t\tHiratani et al., 2009\n\t\t\t\t). Replication timing has been linked to fundamental epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including genomic imprinting (Kitsberg et al., 1993; Knoll et al., 1994), X chromosome inactivation (Gilbert, 2002; Takagi et al., 1982; Wutz and Jaenisch, 2000), interchromosomal interactions (Ryba et al. 2010) and is increasingly recognised to be important in human disease (DePamphilis, 2006).
\n\t\t\t
This chapter integrates established knowledge with recent scientific breakthroughs, using genome-wide approaches linking different aspects of epigenetic control with replication timing, to provide a state-of-the-art overview and perspective for future work in this area of research. Despite detailed knowledge on replication timing in a select number of model organisms (e.g. yeast, drosophila, mouse) we are only beginning to understand how replication timing evolved in relation to other epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. genomic imprinting, X inactivation, and long-range chromatin interaction). The evolution of these epigenetic mechanisms will be presented together with novel ideas about how cytological and genome-wide approaches and methodologies can be combined to provide a comprehensive picture of spatial and temporal organization, the evolution of replication timing in eukaryotic genomes, and their relevance in human disease.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Background
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. Replication initiation
\n\t\t\t\t
The complete and accurate replication of DNA during the S-phase is of fundamental importance for all organisms. The mechanism of replication is highly conserved across evolution, whereby a cell must gather the proteins to initiate replication at specific origins of replication (OR)s, unwind the DNA, move the replication fork bi-directionally away from the OR in such a manner as to allow the replication of the new daughter strand of DNA using the old parental DNA strand, and then cease replication. However whilst the replication process is highly conserved, different eukaryotes use different proteins and forms of control over replication (Gilbert, 2010).
\n\t\t\t\t
Whilst general similarities exist in the type of machinery required to copy and create a new DNA strand across organisms, some areas of genome replication remain elusive. One such area in eukaryotes is replication initiation and timeline. Linear eukaryotic chromosomes replicate from many ORs which are spread out along their structure and are recognized by the origin recognition complex (ORC) (reviewed in Masai et al., 2010). These OR sites are where replication forks form and move bi-directionally away from the OR, replicating the DNA sequence as they move, then terminating when they meet another fork approaching from the opposite direction. The ORCs recognize almost all ORs, and will assemble at these regions in a highly conserved manner across eukaryotes. However, whilst ORCs bind specific sequence motifs in some eukaryotes, such as in budding yeast (Bell and Stillman, 1992), in other eukaryotes specificity is not well defined through sequence. Fission yeast and Drosophila have ORCs that recognize AT-rich sequences (Austin et al., 1999; Chuang and Kelly, 1999), rather than specific motifs. Moreover, human ORCs, which are chosen as initiators of replication, have also been shown to require AT-rich sequences as well as various other features, including matrix attachment region sequences, dinucleotide repeats and asymmetrical purine-pyrimidine sequences (Altman and Fanning, 2004; Debatisse et al., 2004; Paixao et al., 2004; Schaarschmidt et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2004). Other factors that may affect the initiation of replication at certain ORs also include DNA topology, transcription factors, and elements of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) (reviewed in Masai et al., 2010).
\n\t\t\t\t
During late mitosis and G1, the chromatin-bound ORCs are loaded with minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, and thus become pre-RCs, with the ability to gather the required components to start replication. The pre-RCs assemble at most of the OR regions, however only a few of these complexes start replication in their region. The cell’s choice to start replication at some ORs as opposed to others is unclear; whilst it is thought that the assembly of the pre-RCs at most ORs is used as backup in case the cell runs into trouble during replication, the choice as to whether a Pre-RC becomes an active replication initiator is not well understood (Doksani et al., 2009; Ibarra et al., 2008; Koren et al., 2010; Woodward et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\t\t
There are, however, some known factors that may contribute to a pre-RC site becoming an active OR (reviewed in Masai et al., 2010). Firstly, the selection of replication initiation sites may be controlled by both the existence of a pre-RC and its assembly in combination with events that actually cause initiation. For example, the firing of an OR appears to affect the firing of adjacent ORs, as shown in the example of budding yeast, where active ORs suppress the initiation of replication at adjacent ORs (Brewer and Fangman, 1993). In this example, the suppression of adjacent potential ORs may be caused by the disruption of pre-RC complexes at these sites by the replication process initiated at the active OR (reviewed in Masai et al., 2010). Also, read-through transcription may affect the firing of downstream ORs (Haase et al., 1994; Saha et al., 2004). Furthermore chromatin structure, which refers to the chemical characteristics of the chromatin strand, may influence the initiation of replication by affecting the pre-RC assembly. There is evidence to show that histone acetylases and deacetylases play roles in the assembly of pre-RCs by interacting with, or disturbing the loading of, pre-RC elements such as the MCM complex (Burke et al., 2001; Iizuka et al., 2006; Pappas et al., 2004; Pasero et al., 2002).
\n\t\t\t\t
Finally, distal elements, such as locus control regions (LCRs) are known to affect initiation (Hayashida et al., 2006; Kalejta et al., 1998), with the initiation of replication at regions such as the human β-globin locus being controlled by a 5’ LCR (Aladjem et al., 1995).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.2. Temporal programmes of ORs in eukaryotic chromosomes
\n\t\t\t\t
Replication of eukaryotic genomes follows a defined temporal program, whereby the firing of ORs occurs in a predetermined but tissue specific manner. Hence this process is dynamic in terms of the selection of OR activation, as the cellular environment also plays a role in the temporal regulation of replication across the genome. Experiments have shown that a reduction in cellular thymidine caused a reduction in replication fork speed. This caused more intermediate ORs to be activated in order to compensate for the reduction in replication speed (Anglana et al., 2003; Taylor, 1977), and showed that cellular environments indeed affect the dynamics of OR firing. This shows that a cell is able to change its pre-determined temporal replication program if it undergoes replication stress, with the most relevant aspect of OR activation being the genomic context and how it impacts the replication program.
\n\t\t\t\t
Factors that are involved in OR firing include chromatin loops, dormant and active pre-RC complexes and fork replication rate, and finally nuclear organisation. Firstly, there is some evidence to suggest that chromatin loops affect replication firing. Studies in Xenopus egg extracts transferred with erythrocyte nuclei showed that cells that entered into M-phase instantly after somatic transfer took longer to replicate than cells which were held in mitosis and allowed to undergo a single mitosis event. This was due to the influence of the single round of mitosis on the chromatin structure; the round of mitosis supported the formation of smaller chromatin loops which correlated with higher ORC protein recruitment and more efficient genome replication (Lemaitre et al., 2005). Another study showed that the ORs closer to regions of chromatin loop anchorage in G1 initiated replication in the following S-phase earlier than ORs located further away from anchorage regions, indicating that loop-formation was part of the control mechanism for OR firing (Courbet et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\t
Fork replication rate also appears to have a role in the temporal organization of OR firing. Genomic integrity may be aided by the presence of dormant origins of replication, as MCMs are often present in much greater amounts than those needed at pre-RCs, and the reduced presence or loss of pre-RCs result in genomic instability, S-phase arrest, and cell death (Edwards et al., 2002; Hyrien et al., 2003; Lengronne and Schwob, 2002; Shreeram et al., 2002; Tanaka and Diffley, 2002). Dormant ORs have been shown to activate when forks are stalled, with one model hypothesizing that OR activation occurs stochastically, whereby the presence of a stalled fork increases the chances of adjacent dormant ORs being activated (Blow and Ge, 2009; Ibarra et al., 2008). Other models propose that the presence of a stalled fork changes the topology of the DNA strand and the chromatin structure within the region, thus causing nearby and usually dormant ORs to activate (Ibarra et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\t
Finally, nuclear organisation has a role to play in a cell’s replication program. Distinct chromosome territories exist as separate nuclear architecture compartments in interphase cells. Within these territories, a higher order of chromatin structure exists, where domains containing specific chromosomal arms and bands have been found to be located in the nucleus in similar regions of certain cell types (Dietzel et al., 1998). It has also been proposed that these chromatin-rich chromosome territories (CTs) are separated by chromatin-poor areas called ‘interchromatin compartments’, which contain transcriptional and splicing machinery, as well as DNA replication and damage-repair machinery (reviewed in Aten and Kanaar, 2006; Cremer and Cremer, 2001; Misteli, 2001). However recent work showed extensive intermingling of CTs contradicting the existence of the interchomatin compartment (reviewed in Aten and Kanaar, 2006; Branco and Pombo, 2006; reviewed in Cremer and Cremer, 2010). Within separate chromosome territories there are many replication foci, whereby early and late replicating DNA can be found in spatially separate and distinct regions (Zink et al., 1999). Overall late replicating DNA (including the late replicating inactive X chromosome) is often located at the nuclear periphery or around the nucleolus organizing region (Sadoni et al., 1999).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Asynchronous replication
\n\t\t\t
Asynchronous replication is another variation in the eukaryotic temporal replication repertoire. Asynchronous replication occurs when the ORs present in the same regions on two homologous chromosomes, initiate replication at different times. This results in one of the alleles replicating earlier than the allele on the other homologue. Notably, the alleles of asynchronously replicating genes are also observed to locate to separate discrete foci in a nucleus. This form of replication is a feature of monoallelically expressed genes, including genes that undergo allelic exclusion, imprinted genes, and genes from the X-chromosome in female somatic cells.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Approaches to measuring asynchronous replication and its effects on genome biology and disease
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.1. Chromosome banding
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Chromosome banding techniques gave the first insights into the epigenetics behind replication, and more specifically, asynchronous replication. It is now well established that replication timing is not uniform across eukaryotic genomes, with select chromosomal regions showing early or late replication in the S-phase. This phenomenon has been observed in distinct banding regions along condensed metaphase chromosomes.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The discovery of early and late replication banding on metaphase chromosomes using the Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation technique, can be attributed to Latt (1973). Latt discovered that the differential incorporation of BrdU, a thymidine replacement, during the S-phase between early and late replicating regions of DNA, could be measured using 33258 Hoechst fluorescence. An efficiency reduction of the Hoechst dye fluorescence occurs when it is bound to the incorporated poly(dA-BrdU) compared to the poly(dA-dT). Incorporation of BrdU into either the late or early replicating DNA can be adjusted by culturing cells in BrdU for different time periods; specifically early replication stage BrdU incorporation was achieved by first culturing in BrdU with the addition of a terminal pulse of [3H]-dT, whilst late replication BrdU incorporation was achieved by culturing in medium containing thymidine to which BrdU was only added 6 hours before harvest. This allowed identification of 5-10 megabasepair regions on chromosomes replicating either early or late in the S-phase.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Latt’s early research defined a fundamental relationship between chromosome organisation and replication timing; eukaryotic chromosomes do not undergo equivalent amounts of replication both within a chromosome and across a karyotype, whereby a distinct non-equivalence of replication is represented by the presence of discrete bands for early and late replicating regions on a chromosome. Furthermore, the late-replicating inactive X chromosome in human females, which is noted to have a slightly more condensed karyotype, showed distinctly opposing fluorescence to the less-condensed active-X chromosome.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Higher-resolution replication banding has since been established in humans and numerous vertebrate species (Biederman and Lin, 1979; Costantini and Bernardi, 2008; Drets et al., 1978). Currently, there are three tiers of replication resolution: 1) low-resolution banding (e.g. De Latt’s BrdU bands, and Giemsa and Quinacrine bands); 2) higher resolution banding (GC content in grouped isochore regions); and 3) individual isochores (Costantini and Bernardi, 2008). Isochores are regions of DNA, above 300 kb (on average around 0.9 Mb in size in the human genome), that have a similar GC content, and also have similar gene content (Costantini and Bernardi, 2008; Costantini et al., 2006; Costantini et al., 2007). Specifically, there are five groups of isochores, whereby lower GC content is classed with the isochore groups L1 and L2 (less than 40% GC-content, and few genes), intermediate groups are H1 and H2 (with around 47% and 52% GC-content, and intermediate amounts of genes), and finally the highest group is H3 (with above 52% GC-content, and high amounts of genes) (Bernardi, 1995). A replicon is a genomic region around 50-400 kb in size, that replicates from a single origin of replication. It has been shown that replicons that exist within a certain isochore region, all undergo similar replication timing, with clusters of early replicating replicons being found next to each other, and clusters of late-replicating replicons being grouped as well (Watanabe et al., 2002). Through the comparisons of the three tiers of resolution, it was found that groups of early and late replicating isochores corresponded to, and approached the same size of, high-resolution replication banding regions (4-7 Mb).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The results of the highest-replication isochore banding when compared to the other banding techniques has indicated that in mammalian chromosomes there are three nested structures important to replication (Figure 1). The first structure is that of the replicon (50-450 kb), whereby individual replicons undergo dynamic firing of their ORs. These replicons however usually exist in clusters of 10 or more, and every replicon in the cluster will usually undergo replication at the same time during the S-phase. The second is that of the isochore (> 300 kb) which is a region that exists as a combination of replicons all with similar early or late replication status and GC content, which can undergo early or late replication in the cell cycle. The third structure is that of the cytogenetic bands, which indicates large regions on a chromosome undergoing early or late replication, and corresponds well to groups of all-early or all-late replicating isochores (Costantini and Bernardi, 2008). This shows that the arrangement of mitotic chromosome structure is closely related to replication timing, from the chromosome banding level, all the way through to the level of organisation of the individual replicons. This pattern is maintained in interphase, where chromosome territories in the S-phase have clusters of early and late replicating foci, which correspond to the R- and G/C bands observed in mitotic chromosomes respectively (Sadoni et al., 1999).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Replication banding techniques have allowed early and late timing replication zones to be delineated along metaphase chromosomes, where areas of similarly replicating replicons are grouped making larger replicon clusters (Watanabe et al., 2002). However, the large genomic regions that bridge the transition of an early-replicating replicon cluster to a late-replicating replicon cluster appear to lack any ORs, and rely on the continuous movement of
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 1.
The three nested structures of replication (see text for explanation).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
forks from adjacent replicon-clusters/isochore regions for replication to occur in their region (reviewed in Farkash-Amar et al., 2008; Hiratani et al., 2008; Watanabe and Maekawa, 2010). This means that the fork from the earlier firing OR will have to move across the replication transition region, until it meets another fork from the late-replicating region. This will often pause replication in these early to late transition zones, which can cause genomic instability in the form of DNA breaks and rearrangements (Raghuraman et al., 2001; Rothstein et al., 2000). Furthermore, common genomic fragile sites frequently reside in early to late replication transition regions, and also lack backup ORs (Debatisse et al., 2006; Ge et al., 2007; Ibarra et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
In addition to the increased genomic instability there is also an increase in the number of non-B-form DNA structures in replication transition regions (reviewed in Watanabe and Maekawa, 2010). Replication switch points (from early to late) are often associated with purine/pyrimidine rich areas, as these DNA regions can form structures called triplexes (H-DNA) that are known stop replication forks (Baran et al., 1991; Brinton et al., 1991; Ohno et al., 2000). The non-B-form structures however also have mutagenic properties, causing somatic recombination events (Kalish and Glazer, 2005; Knauert et al., 2006). It has thus been proposed that these replication transition regions, which correspond to the regions between R/G bands, are subject to more genomic instability due to the increased presence of non-B-DNA structures in these genomic areas (Watanabe and Maekawa, 2010).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Replication timing is affected in regions of the human genome involved in disease. Generally it has been proposed that regions of the human genome that reside in areas where replication timing switches (early to late) would be unstable and more prone to DNA damage (reviewed in Watanabe and Maekawa, 2010). Notably, these regions of replication timing transition are also associated with many human diseases, including cancer (Watanabe et al., 2009; Watanabe et al., 2002; Watanabe et al., 2004). Regions or genes associated with other diseases, such as familial Alzheimer’s, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and phenylketonuria, are also found in these replication timing transition regions. Furthermore, there are over 70 human diseases associated with non-B DNA structures, including neurological and psychiatric diseases, and many genomic disorders, indicating that the increase of these structures in replication timing transition regions may be a first step in the mutational process associated with these diseases (reviewed in Watanabe and Maekawa, 2010).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.1.2. Measuring asynchronous replication with the dot assay technique
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Molecular cytogenetic techniques like Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) and an explosion of available genomic clones and whole chromosome probes has let to huge refinement of physical maps on metaphase and interphase chromosomes. This also enabled replication timing to be investigated on the single gene level. In these experiments, DNA probes designed to hybridise to a specific gene allowed the replication status to be observed in three states in a nucleus; two signals (single-single (SS) dot) represents an unreplicated status, whilst a three signal status (single-double (SD) dot) represents a locus undergoing
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 2.
Cytogenetic FISH dot assayMammalian interphase nuclei stained with DAPI (blue). Yellow arrows point to allele copies (green FISH signals) observed in each nucleus. The SS panel has two clearly defined green signals representing the two allele copies present in the nucleus, meaning the locus has not replicated. The SD panel shows three green signals, indicating that one allele has undergone replication, whilst the other allele is lagging behind and not yet replicated. The DD panel shows 4 green signals, indicating that both the alleles have replicated, and the locus has finished replicating.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
replication, where one allele has replicated and the other is lagging, and finally a four signal status (double-double (DD) dot) represents a locus that is fully replicated (Selig et al., 1992). Asynchrony in this case is measured by the frequency of three-signal (SD dot) status observed in a cell line. However, the classification of asynchronous replication varies in the literature, with an asynchronously replicating state being assigned for loci with anywhere between 30-50% SD signal, and a non-asynchronously replicating locus generally having below 30% SD signal (Baumer et al., 2004; Wilson et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Replication timing in heteromorphic sex chromosomes
\n\t\t\t
Replication banding and FISH dot assay techniques have not only shed light on how chromosome structure can affect replication, they have also allowed new insights into how replication timing of single genes has evolved. Changes in replication banding specific to one homolog in a karyotype have been used to identify early stage cytologically “homomorphic” sex chromosomes in various vertebrates (Nishida-Umehara et al., 1999; Schempp and Schmid, 1981). Heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of autosomes by a combination of suppression of recombination and accumulation of sexual antagonist genes (Ohno, 1967). The isolation of one of the sex chromosomes in one sex (Y chromosomes in mammals and some fish, the W chromosome in birds and many non-mammal vertebrates) has led to degeneration and massive gene loss. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes has been indicated to lead to a gene dosage difference between the sexes. In mammals this has resulted in the inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in female somatic cells.
\n\t\t\t
X chromosome inactivation is a unique example where the status of chromatin can be changed from active to inactive (facultative heterochromatin) on a chromosome-wide level. In therian female mammals (marsupials and placental mammals), one of the X chromosomes in somatic cells is heterochromatic and late replicating (Holmquist, 1987; Lyon, 1961; Ohno et al., 1963; Schweizer et al., 1987; Takagi, 1974). This transcriptionally silenced and condensed X-chromosome is visible as a Barr body in somatic cells. In the third major group of mammals, the egg laying monotremes (platypuses and echidnas), it is less clear if X inactivation and late replication occurs. Earlier replication banding did not reveal obvious asynchronously replicating X chromosomes (Wrigley and Graves, 1988). More recently molecular cytological data suggests the platypus X-chromosomes display partial and gene specific forms of inactivation, but still undergo some level of asynchronous replication of X-specific genes (Deakin et al., 2008a; Ho et al., 2009). Furthermore, a wholesale shift in replication timing for the avian Z-chromosome, which shares extensive homology with the extraordinary ten sex chromosome system in monotremes, is not observed in male homogametic birds, indicating that this process is only present in therian mammals (Arnold et al., 2008; Grutzner et al., 2004; Rens et al., 2007; Veyrunes et al., 2008).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.1. Chromatin marks behind X-inactivation
\n\t\t\t\t
The X-inactivation process results in monoallelic expression of the vast majority of X-linked genes in humans and mice. Its process is dependent on critical elements which reside in the X-inactivation centre (XIC) on each X-chromosome, particularly the imprinted Xist and Tsix genes, and long-range chromatin elements (Boumil and Lee, 2001; Brockdorff et al., 1991; Brown et al., 1991; Clerc and Avner, 2003). The Tsix gene appears to regulate chromatin structure at the Xist locus, causing its expression to be upregulated. This upregulation of Xist RNA corresponds to chromatin changes in the inactive X, most of which are associated with silencing (Heard, 2005). These Xist-induced marks on the inactive X include methylation of CpG dinucleotides in gene promoters, and histone modifications such as hypomethylation of H3K4 and hypoacetylation of H3K9 and H4, also monomethylation of H4K20 and trimethylation of H3K27, and finally H2AK119 ubiquitination (reviewed in Zakharova et al., 2009). Furthermore, the chromatin from the inactivated-X chromosome is enriched for the histone variant macroH2A1, and the final epigenetic mark is the late replication status of the inactive-X during the S-phase (reviewed in Zakharova et al., 2009). This inactivated state facilitates a change in the expression potential of the inactive X, and thus provides gene dosage compensation in female therian mammals (Hellman and Chess, 2007). It has also been observed that the active human X-chromosome is hypomethylated at gene-rich areas compared to the inactive X-chromosome, which displays hypermethylation (Hellman and Chess, 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
In placental mammals X inactivation of the maternal or paternal X chromosome is random, in marsupials and mouse extra-embryonic tissues only the paternal X is inactivated (reviewed in Lee, 2003). The epigenetic marks associated with marsupial X-inactivation include the loss or reduction of active histone marks on the inactive-X including H3K4 dimethylation, H4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation marks (Koina et al., 2009; Wakefield et al., 1997). However, the absence of inactivating histone marks in marsupials, as observed on the inactive-X in placental mammals, may be due to the absence of a XIC region in marsupials (Duret et al., 2006; Hore et al., 2007; Koina et al., 2009). The evolution of the Xist non-coding RNA gene involves the pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene in the placental mammalian genome. As such, this gene is not present in marsupial and monotreme mammals, and cannot be found in the regions orthologous to the XIC in these mammalian clades. In marsupials and monotremes, the orthologous flanking genes to the placental mammal XIC region map to different ends of the X-chromosome and chromosome 6 respectively (Davidow et al., 2007; Deakin et al., 2008b; Duret et al., 2006; Hore et al., 2007; Shevchenko et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
The FISH based dot assay was utilized to measure replication timing of genes from X-specific regions within the five platypus X-chromosomes. This did not reveal a clear cut replication asynchrony on X specific regions but one of the homologous pairs, namely the X3 chromosomes, showed significantly differential condensation, indicative of wholesale chromatin silencing (Ho et al., 2009). The other four sex chromosome pairs in platypus females, however, show no significant difference in condensation between homologs indicating that the X-inactivation process in monotremes may be region specific (Ho et al., 2009). In male homogametic birds (with ZZ sex chromosomes), studies have shown that whilst the entire chicken Z-chromosome replicates synchronously, the inactivation process appears to be partial and gene-specific, with dosage-compensation occurring stochastically, and in a stage and tissue-specific manner (Arnold et al., 2008; Deakin et al., 2008a; Ho et al., 2009; Kuroda et al., 2001; Kuroiwa et al., 2002; Mank and Ellegren, 2009). Moreover, there is evidence that dosage compensation in monotreme mammals operates in a similar manner as in birds, with platypus females showing stochastic transcriptional inhibition of genes from X-chromosomes (Deakin et al., 2008a). In this case, some X-genes were shown not to be dosage compensated, whilst monoallelic expression was observed at other X-chromosome loci (Deakin et al., 2008a).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. Asynchronous replication in genes subject to genomic imprinting and allelic exclusion
\n\t\t\t
Genomic imprinting refers to the parent of origin dependent monoallelic expression of an autosomal gene, engendered by the inheritance of parental-specific methylation at an allele. To date, imprinting mechanisms have only been found in therian mammals, which rely on extensive intrauterine foetal-maternal exchange during early development. The ‘parental conflict hypothesis’ proposed that imprinting is a way of parental genomes counteracting the effects of each other during foetal development, particularly in foetal-maternal placental nutrient exchange (Moore and Haig, 1991). Monotremes, unlike therian mammals, have a brief intrauterine foetal-maternal exchange and there is no competition of the parental genomes over maternal resources. In line with the ‘parental conflict hypothesis’ to date no imprinting has been discovered in this basal mammalian lineage, suggesting that imprinting evolved after their divergence from therian mammals (Renfree et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.1. Imprinted genes
\n\t\t\t\t
Imprinted genes are asynchronously replicated (Table 1), where the replication of one allele lags behind the other in the S-phase, even though the two alleles should be controlled by similarly situated ORs. Traditionally, imprinting involves DNA methylation at only one allele of a gene (i.e. the copy from just one parent is methylated) (Delcuve et al., 2009). In most cases the imprinted allele is methylated and transcriptionally silent. The active or silenced transcriptional state of an allele appears to go hand in hand with replication timing, whereby the expressed allele is early replicated, whilst the silenced allele undergoes late replication in the S-phase (reviewed in Zakharova et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\t
Imprinting control regions (ICRs) are the elements which control the imprinting status of an allele (Bartolomei, 2009). The parentally inherited methylation status, which is established during gametogenesis, of an ICR dictates its control over an allele, meaning that maternal and paternal ICRs at a locus will interact differently with transcriptional control elements, due to their dissimilar methylation status (Bartolomei, 2009). Notably, maternally-imprinted ICRs are often found in the promoters for antisense transcripts, whilst paternally-imprinted ICRs usually reside in intergenic regions (reviewed in Edwards and Ferguson-Smith, 2007). Moreover, the formation of large imprinted gene clusters, where regions of maternally and paternally expressed genes are interspersed with non-imprinted genes, allows many imprinted genes to share regulatory elements, such as ICRs (reviewed in Bartolomei, 2009).
\n\t\t\t\t
The asynchronously replicating status of imprinted loci has been linked to DNA methylation and other epigenetic marks associated with imprinted gene silencing (Dünzinger et al., 2005). However in birds, which have no fetal-maternal exchange and display no form of genomic imprinting, there are several conserved regions of mammalian imprinted gene orthologs that are asynchronously replicated (Dünzinger et al., 2005). These asynchronously replicating regions are found on chicken macrochromosomes which, compared to their microchromosome counterparts, are hypoacetylated, hypomethylated, late replicating, and display a lower recombination rate during meiosis (Consortium, 2004; Grutzner et al., 2001; McQueen et al., 1998; Schmid et al., 1989). This indicates that asynchronous replication predates imprinting, and that the common vertebrate ancestor of mammals and birds had genomic regions with a ‘pre-imprinted’ status, whereby asynchronous replication still occurred (Dünzinger et al., 2005). It will be interesting to see whether monotreme orthologs of imprinted genes also replicate asynchronously, as observed in birds (Dünzinger et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.2. Allelic exclusion genes
\n\t\t\t\t
Allelic exclusion is a process whereby the future expression from one allele of a locus is chosen in a cell, resulting in monoallelic expression at the locus. Allelic exclusion is a feature of many multigene families, with olfactory gene clusters and immunoglobulin gene clusters being two classic groups of genes utilizing this form of epigenetic control. However there are also other groups of genes which utilize allelic exclusion, including interleukins and the p120 catenin (Gimelbrant et al., 2005; Hollander et al., 1998). Many epigenetic elements control the cell’s choice over which allele will be active, including cis and trans-acting DNA sequences, long-range interactions, and chromatin modification (reviewed in Zakharova et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
5.2.1. Olfactory genes
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Whilst some olfactory receptor (ORc) genes are dispersed in the mammalian genome, many exist in clusters (Kambere and Lane, 2007). The largest cluster in mouse consists of 244 ORc genes, whilst in human the largest cluster contains 116 genes (Godfrey et al., 2004; Malnic et al., 2004). Both species have individual ORc genes and ORc clusters spread across many different chromosomes, with a few chromosomes containing large clusters of ORcs (Glusman et al., 2001; Kambere and Lane, 2007). However, even though the eutherian genome contains around 1000 ORc genes, only a single ORc gene will be expressed in a single olfactory neuron, meaning that that neuron will only express one type of odorant receptor (Malnic et al., 1999). Furthermore in a process known as allelic inactivation, the locus that is being expressed undergoes differential epigenetic processes at each allele that cause one allele to be inactivated, and thus monoallelic expression of the gene (Chess et al., 1994).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Chromosome conformation capture (3C) assays have given an insight into the mechanisms surrounding the selection of a single ORc gene (Lomvardas et al., 2006; Serizawa et al., 2003). The recently developed 3C technique has become invaluable to studies on nuclear architecture, as it is able to detect and quantify long-range DNA interactions in vivo, at high resolution, between sequences in close nuclear proximity. The technique relies on the cross-linking of proteins using formaldehyde in intact nuclei or cells (Dekker et al., 2002). The result is that proteins are cross-linked to other proteins and to adjacent chromatin (Orlando et al., 1997). DNA regions that are actually touching at the time of fixation will be held together via the cross-linking of their DNA bound proteins. The cross-linked genomic DNA is then digested with DNA restriction enzymes and the resulting DNA segments are then ligated. Finally, PCR across these ligation sites detects long-range interacting regions at the DNA sequence level (Dekker et al., 2002).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The 3C experiments on olfactory neurons indicated that ORcs undergo an interaction with a long-range interacting region called the “H element”, located within the mouse ORc gene cluster MOR28, and perhaps do so in a competitive manner in order to become the activated ORc gene (Fuss et al., 2007; Lomvardas et al., 2006; Serizawa et al., 2003) so that only one gene will be chosen and actively expressed (Lomvardas et al., 2006; Serizawa et al., 2003). However another study showed that deletion of the H element only affected proximal genes within its MOR28 cluster, with no effect on genes outside this cluster, indicating that it cannot be the only factor involved in terms of activating ORc genes in long-range cis and trans conformations (Fuss et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
ORc genes are observed to undergo asynchronous replication (Table 1), with different clusters and individual ORc genes on the same chromosome undergoing replication at the same time in the S-phase, and the establishment of this form of replication occurring in early embryogenesis (Chess et al., 1994; Mostoslavsky et al., 2001; Singh et al., 2003). The asynchronous replication of ORc loci is believed to be controlled in part by the Polycomb group methyltransferase Eed, as ORc genes lose their asynchronously replicating status in its absence (Alexander et al., 2007). This could explain how ORc genes located on the same chromosome are observed to undergo asynchronous replication, with Eed being a requirement for asynchronous replication, regardless of position on a chromosome (Alexander et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2003).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
5.2.2. Immunoglobulin gene loci
\n\t\t\t\t\t
It has been suggested that asynchronous replication plays an important role in the selection of which parental allele will undergo V(D)J rearrangement. The allelic exclusion process in mouse occurs for the genes which do not undergo intrachromosomal recombination, and thus are silenced. The rearrangement process of the immunoglobulin genes in mouse requires crosstalk between two loci from two different chromosomes, namely the IgH locus (containing V, D and J gene segments), and Igκ locus (containing V and J segments). The de novo methylation of all the VDJ alleles occurs at the implantation stage, and this is also when asynchronous replication is established (Table 1) (Mostoslavsky et al., 2001). However, the selection of one allele at each locus to undergo early replication puts this allele down a demethylation and chromatin opening pathway, allowing it to be rearranged and to become a functional gene (Goldmit et al., 2002). The other late replicating allele however, remains methylated and cannot be rearranged, and is therefore functionally silenced (Goldmit et al., 2002). The two alleles also have different histone marks with the inactive allele binding the heterochromatin specific protein HP1, and the active allele displaying active histone marks such as di- or trimethylated H3K4, and H3 and H4 acetylation (reviewed in Zakharova et al., 2009).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Asynchronous replication and monoallelic expression are hallmarks of genes which undergo imprinting, X-inactivation, and allelic exclusion. Whilst each might come with its own epigenetic makeup, there are also similarities in the types of epigenetic marks observed to differentiate the active allele (with active histone marks) from the inactive allele (with silencing histone marks). Furthermore, the very fact that asynchronous replication occurs together with different forms of epigenetic monoallelic expression suggests that asynchronous replication may have evolved as a mechanism to control the expression of underlying genes, helping to establish the correct epigenetic marks for monoallelic expression.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
6. The CTCF protein and the interactome
\n\t\t\t
The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a renowned genome organiser, and has roles in regulating long-range chromatin interactions (both intrachromsomal and interchromosomal), but also has roles in other processes such as transcriptional insulation, activation/repression, imprinting control, and X-inactivation (Ling et al., 2006; Murrell et al., 2004; Phillips and Corces, 2009). It is also implicated to have roles in sister chromatid cohesion during DNA replication, as CTCF has been shown to interact with the STAG1
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Placentals
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Monotremes (Platypus)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Birds (Chicken)
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Gene/ Region
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
% SD
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
N
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reference
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
% SD
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
N
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reference
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
% SD
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
N
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Reference
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sex chromo-some specific regions
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tXist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
39% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
138
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Gribnau et al., 2005)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMecp2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
33% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
108
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Gribnau et al., 2005)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
NA
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSmcx\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
38% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
157
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Gribnau et al., 2005)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOGN\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
NA
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
22%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
587
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Ho et al., 2009)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAPC\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
29%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
420
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Ho et al., 2009)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Imprin-ted genes (in euthe-rians)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIgf2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
23% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
"/100
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Kitsberg et al., 1993)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
25%*
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
258
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Dünzinger et al., 2005)
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIgf2R\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
35% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
"/100
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Kitsberg et al., 1993)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
22%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
279
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Dünzinger et al., 2005)
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMest/Copg2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
25% HSA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
"/200
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Bentley et al., 2003)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
18%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
299
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Dünzinger et al., 2005)
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Allelic exclu-sion
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTCRβ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
46% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
100-300
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Mostoslavsky et al., 2001)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
NA
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB-cell receptor (κ)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
48% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
100-300
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Mostoslav-sky et al., 2001)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIL-2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
68% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
100
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Hollander et al., 1998)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOlfactory receptor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
31% Mus\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
"/ 99
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
(Simon et al., 1999)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
A subset of the asynchronous replication data that exists for genes/genomic regions which are sex chromosome specific, imprinted (in eutherians), or undergo allelic exclusion.
\n\t\t\t
subunit of cohesin and localize cohesin to specific CTCF binding sites on chromosome arms (Parelho et al., 2008; Rubio et al., 2008). Important in this context is that the CTCF protein has been shown to mediate asynchronous replication and imprinting control for the Igf2-H19 cluster (Bergstrom et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.1. The evolution of CTCF
\n\t\t\t\t
The CTCF protein is highly conserved across higher eukaryotes, and the active site shows close to 100% homology between mouse, human and chicken suggesting that the protein has a highly conserved role (Ohlsson et al., 2001). A CTCF gene duplication event is believed to have occurred in the amniote ancestor preceding the divergence of reptiles and birds, as they both have functional CTCF, but not its gene paralogue, BORIS (brother of regulator of imprinted sites) (Hore et al., 2008). BORIS has similar DNA binding capabilities to CTCF, but shows antagonistc epigenetic regulation to CTCF, as well as gonad-specific expression in placental and marsupial mammals (Hore et al., 2008). Conversely, BORIS appears to be widely expressed in monotremes and reptiles, indicating that the gene underwent a functional change after the divergence of therian mammals, which is interesting because as yet, there is no evidence that CTCF binding sites exist in the genomes of earlier diverged monotreme mammals (Hore et al., 2008; Weidman et al., 2004). However, CTCF sites have been observed in the chicken genome which is an earlier-split vertebrate than the monotreme clade, and tied with the evidence that CTCF binding occurs in therian genomes (Baniahmad et al., 1990; Lobanenkov et al., 1990), it is likely that CTCF sites exist in the montreme genome.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.2. CTCF and genome organization
\n\t\t\t\t
It is hypothesised that although chromatin fibres are subjected to random contacts, and thus will always inhabit slightly different positions in the nucleus, the characteristics of the interacting regions on chromosomes allow interactions to occur (de Laat and Grosveld, 2007). Furthermore, it has been argued that genomic regions preferentially interact with other genomic regions that have similar characteristics to their own, such as regions that share CTCF binding (de Laat and Grosveld, 2007). It has been hypothesised that regions of a chromosome which undergo similar replication timing, like asynchronously replicating genes, may be pulled into similar replication domains (Ryba et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2003). Within the mammalian cell nucleus, chromatin from separate chromosomes is organised into the aforementioned chromosome territories. Within these CTs, a higher order of chromatin structure exists, where domains containing specific chromosomal arms and bands have been found to be located in the nucleus in similar regions of certain cell types (Dietzel et al., 1998). Genes are readily transcribed when they reside on the periphery of chromosome territories, and can even loop out of the territories. Furthermore, genes that are late-replicating and inactivated are often seen to reside on the outer regions of chromosome territories near the nuclear periphery. Looping of the chromatin fibres allows genes to easily interact with the transcriptional machinery residing in the interchromatin compartments (Cremer and Cremer, 2001; Osborne et al., 2004). Imprinted and allelic exclusion genes often ‘loop out’ and undergo long-range interactions for regulatory purposes (Ling and Hoffman, 2007; Lomvardas et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\t\t
A good example of CTCF controlling some of the discussed epigenetic, replication, and transcriptional mechanisms occurs at the imprinted Igf2/H19 domain. The ICR for this imprinted cluster lies between these two genes, in the 5’ flanking sequence of H19, and the maternal allele interacts with CTCF (Kurukuti et al., 2006). CTCF regulates and insulates imprinted gene transcription for the Igf2/H19 region by controlling the intrachromosomal interactions of the maternal and paternal alleles (Murrell et al., 2004). When endogenous CTCF is knocked-down in mice, loss of Igf2 imprinting is observed, whilst deletion of the ICR leads to biallelic expression of H19 (Ling et al., 2006). In mouse, the paternal chromosome forms a DNA loop between the differentially methylated region (DMR) 2, present in the Igf2 gene, and the methylated ICR, aided by putative binding factors (Murrell et al., 2004). When the paternal Igf2 allele promoter comes into close proximity with the H19 enhancer elements, Igf2 transcription occurs (Murrell et al., 2004). The DMR1 on the maternal chromosome interacts with the unmethylated ICR, which causes the maternal Igf2 allele to be sequestered into a transcriptional silencing loop. This causes the maternal H19 allele to become proximal to its enhancers, allowing it to be expressed (Murrell et al., 2004).
\n\t\t\t\t
Conversely, CTCF also facilitates an interchromosomal interaction in mouse between the Igf2/H19 domain, and the Wsb1/Nf1 region on a different chromosome (Ling et al., 2006). Specifically, the ICR in the imprinted Igf2/H19 domain, which contains CTCF binding sites, has been found to interact with another region with CTCF binding sites between the Wsb1 (WD repeat and SOCS box-containing 1) and Nf1 (Neurofibromin 1) genes (Ling et al., 2006). Whilst the Wsb1 and Nf1 do not appear to be imprinted, as their expression is biallelic, only the paternal copy of the Wsb1/Nf1 region interacts with CTCF (Krueger and Osborne, 2006; Ling et al., 2006). As explained before, CTCF only binds the maternal copy of the ICR region (flanked by Igf2 and H19). It is consequently hypothesized that the long-range interaction observed between the ICR and Wsb1/Nf1 region occurs between the maternal and paternal copies respectively, and is mediated by the genome-organizing protein CTCF (Ling et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.3. Replication timing and CTCF
\n\t\t\t\t
The specific binding of CTCF at the maternal ICR in the mouse Igf2/H19 domain has been shown to mediate asynchronous replication in this imprinted region (Bergstrom et al., 2007). The inheritance of a mutated maternal ICR, which lacks CTCF binding, caused the usually late replicating maternal Igf2/H19 domain to become early replicating (Bergstrom et al., 2007) showing that CTCF binding is required for asynchronous replication of these loci. The mechanism by which CTCF might regulate asynchronous replication at this domain, however, is still unclear. In addition to replication CTCF is involved in other epigenetic effects, including long-range interactions (both intrachromosomal and interchromosomal), insulator activity and transcriptional activation (Kurukuti et al., 2006; Ohlsson et al., 2001; Zhao et al., 2006). Notably, it has been shown that regions which undergo greater amounts of long-range chromatin interaction are subject to late replication timing (Ryba et al., 2010).
\n\t\t\t\t
Another example of the close relationship between replication, CTCF, and methylation occurs at the differentially methylated silencer region controlling the expression of the AWT1/ WT1-AS genes (Hancock et al., 2007). The CTCF protein can only bind the late-replicating unmethylated paternal silencer region within the AWT1/WT1-AS cluster, allowing expression of the paternal alleles. The homologous early-replicating maternal region however, has a methylated silencer which does not facilitate CTCF binding and so the maternal AWT1/WT1-AS alleles are not expressed (Hancock et al., 2007). It is interesting to speculate as to whether CTCF also controls the asynchronous replication observed at the WT1 locus in human, and perhaps even in birds (Bickmore and Carothers, 1995; Dünzinger et al., 2005). It is also interesting to note that in both cases the late-replicating allele at these imprinted loci, namely in the maternal Igf2/H19 allele and the paternal AWT1/WT1-AS allele, is the allele which binds CTCF (Bergstrom et al., 2007; Bickmore and Carothers, 1995; Hancock et al., 2007). Whilst CTCF is observed to mediate asynchronous replication and imprinting at the Igf2/H19 domain in eutherian mammals, the fact that the imprinted orthologs of Igf2/H19 and AWT1/WT1-AS still asynchronously replicate could suggest that CTCF binding in these regions evolved before establishment of genomic imprinting.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.4. The role of CTCF in replication timing changes in cancer
\n\t\t\t\t
CTCF may also play a role in the progression of cancer and has many of the characteristics of a tumour suppressor gene; in the human genome it maps to a small region, 16q22.1, which characteristically undergoes loss of heterozygosity in many solid tumours (reviewed in Filippova et al., 1998). Furthermore, changes in DNA consensus sites and DNA methylation patterns in cancers are known to cause loss of CTCF binding, which could result in the loss of functional control of these regions (Filippova et al., 2002; Ohlsson et al., 2001). The regions required for zinc-finger formation, and their corresponding DNA binding sites are often mutated in tumours, changing the CTCF binding-landscape of a genome (Filippova et al., 2002). Specifically, the presence of these mutations in tumours was observed to abolish CTCF’s association with the Igf2/H19 growth regulating genes, whilst not changing its association with non-growth regulating genes (Filippova et al., 2002; Ohlsson et al., 2001). The loss of CTCF association with the Igf2/H19 region in tumours could be associated with a shift in replication asynchrony. As mentioned in the previous section, when CTCF binding is abolished in the maternal Igf2/H19 region it results in the loss of asynchronous replication at the locus (Bergstrom et al., 2007). Furthermore, omission of CTCF binding to the maternal Igf2/H19 ICR has also been observed to abrogate inter-chromosomal interactions for this region (Ling et al., 2006). These results all indicate that the loss of CTCF binding for specific genomic regions in tumours has downstream epigenetic effects, such as loss of replication asynchrony and chromatin interaction, for the genes usually involved in CTCF-interaction.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
7. Evolution of replication timing and epigenetic control
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
7.1. The evolution of replication timing
\n\t\t\t\t
At the genome level, recent work shows that asynchronous replication pre-dates the establishment of monoallelic expression and genomic imprinting (Zechner et al. 2006, Wright et al. in preparation). The bird genome, which lacks genomic imprinting, contains conserved regions of mammalian imprinted gene orthologs that are asynchronously replicated (Dünzinger et al., 2005). This indicates that asynchronous replication most likely predates imprinting, and that the common vertebrate ancestor of mammals and birds had genomic regions with a ‘pre-imprinted’ status which still underwent asynchronous replication without any form of traditional imprinting (Dünzinger et al., 2005). It is interesting to note that a recent genome-wide study has indicated that regions with conserved synteny also have conserved replication profiles among human and mouse (e.g. Ryba et al., 2010). Imprinted clusters are renowned for having conserved synteny, and it has been suggested that the selection of highly conserved arrays of imprinted gene orthologs occured during vertebrate evolution, however why these regions were selected for syntenic conservation has been difficult to explain (Dünzinger et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\t\t
At the replicon level, there has been a model proposing that spatiotemporal properties of mammalian ORs contribute to a combination of pre-determined and stochastic DNA replication (Takahashi, 1987). This mechanism is echoed in budding yeast, which also shows OR activation in a combined chronological and stochastic manner (Barberis et al., 2010; Spiesser et al., 2009). This model, combined with the finding that conserved syntenic regions in human and mouse have very similar replication profiles, indicates that there is a conservation of the temporal programme controlling replicon firing. Furthermore there appears to be a highly conserved order in which amniote imprinted genes or imprinted gene orthologs replicate; with individual imprinted genes following similar temporal patterns when entering replication in birds, monotremes, and eutherians (Wright et al. in preparation). This indicates that in closer related clades of eukaryotes, this temporal replication program may be highly conserved.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
7.2. The chromatin interactome and replication profiling
\n\t\t\t\t
Developing molecular technologies are allowing greater insights into the many interactions occurring in a genome, but also showing how spatial organisation can affect other processes in a genome, such as replication timing. Extensions of the previously discussed 3C molecular interaction technology include Associative Chromosome Trap (ACT), Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture or Chromosome Conformation Capture-on-Chip (4C), and Carbon-Copy Chromosome Conformation Capture (5C), all of which can measure more than a single to single region interaction (Dekker et al., 2002; Dostie et al., 2006; Ling et al., 2006; Simonis et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2006). In addition to these technologies, new techniques are allowing interactions to be measured across entire genomes, resulting in the mapping of an “interactome”, whereby all the long-range interactions occurring in a genome are measured (Fullwood et al., 2009; Lieberman-Aiden et al., 2009). Specifically, there are two techniques that have been developed to do this, Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) and Hi-C (which measures the three-dimensional architecture of a genome by coupling proximity-based ligation with parallel sequencing) (Fullwood et al., 2009; Lieberman-Aiden et al., 2009). These experiments, in conjunction with replication-timing profiling by microarrays, have indicated that the interactome of a genome is very closely aligned with replication timing (Ryba et al., 2010).
\n\t\t\t\t
The chromatin “interactome” is now understood to play a critical part in genome organisation; allowing complex regulatory networks of interactions to occur, each of which with functional significance, all of which highly dynamic and organised within a nucleus by proteins such as CTCF and the Estrogen-receptor alpha (Botta et al., 2010; Fullwood et al., 2009). These interactions also appear to be conserved in similar cell types across mammalian evolution, suggesting that perhaps these long-range interactions are part of an evolutionary conserved mechanism of spatial organisation (Ryba et al., 2010). Furthermore, initiation of replication appears to be an evolutionarily conserved process across eukaryotic evolution, and the overlay of entire genome replication timing profiles with interactome maps have shown that late-replicating regions are often undergoing greater amounts of long-range interaction (Ryba et al., 2010). These findings, in conjunction with asynchronous replication data, could indicate that long-range interactions which occur in abundance at imprinted and monoallelically expressed loci, are affecting asynchronous replication. Specifically, there is data supporting the argument that the allele undergoing long-range interaction could also be the allele which undergoes late-replication. Firstly, it has been observed that asynchronously replicated alleles often localize to spatially distinct regions in a nucleus (Gribnau et al., 2003; Sadoni et al., 1999). Secondly, as mentioned previously, the late-replicating maternal Igf2/H19 allele and the paternal AWT1/WT1-AS allele, are also the alleles which bind CTCF, in an imprinting dependent manner. It could be that the binding of proteins which mediate long-range chromatin interaction at these alleles is facilitating greater amounts of interaction, which is reflected in their late replicating status, and also in the asynchronous replication of these genes (Bergstrom et al., 2007; Bickmore and Carothers, 1995; Hancock et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
7.3. Measuring replication to combat cancer
\n\t\t\t\t
It has been proposed that measuring changes in replication profiles may be a way of detecting abnormalities associated with cancer, not observed through usual techniques (reviewed in Watanabe and Maekawa, 2010). Epigenetic reprogramming in diseased cells is often observed to occur with changes in replication timing patterns, with changes in replication being observed with chromosomal rearrangements in cancer cell lines (D\'Antoni et al., 2004; Gondor and Ohlsson, 2009; State et al., 2003). Better detection of prostate cancer may come in the form of measuring replication timing changes observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes undergoing aneuploidy (Dotan et al., 2004). In terms of protein detection of cancer, measuring the function of the tumour suppressor gene p53, may be a good determinant in the progression of cancer. P53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers, and is a G1/S-phase and S-phase checkpoint regulator during DNA replication. Loss of its function is observed to affect the replication timing of human colon carcinoma cells (Watanabe et al., 2007).
\n\t\t\t\t
Changes in replication timing may also be affected by altered function of CTCF in cancer. As mentioned previously, it has been observed that mutation of CTCF binding sites near growth factor genes, such as in the Igf2/H19 region, occurs in many tumours (Filippova et al., 2002). These mutations may cause a loss of CTCF binding in the region, which has been observed to abolish asynchronous replication of the Igf2 locus, and changes the replication timing of the gene (Bergstrom et al., 2007). However the mutation of CTCF binding sites would also change the interactome profile of a cell. Loss of CTCF-binding through mutation around genes like Igf2 and H19 would result in them no longer undergoing their “normal” chromatin interactions, perhaps causing different spatial organization of these loci in the nucleus of a cancerous cell.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
7.4. The chromatin interactome: controlling eukaryotic replication timing
\n\t\t\t\t
To date there is a lack of data that could provide insight about the evolution of an interactome. It has been observed that many long-range interacting regions share many of the same (but not necessarily all) epigenetic characteristics, such as asynchronous replication, monoallelic expression, differentially methylated regions and histone modifications and variants, imprinting, and CTCF binding. It is currently unknown how these epigenetic events evolved and investigating those epigenetic features in a range of vertebrate genomes could tease apart the sequence of events that has led to a complex network of epigenetic regulation.
\n\t\t\t\t
Chromatin interactions may have evolved in many genomic control processes, but it is the binding of master genome regulators, like CTCF, which dictate where these interactions can occur. The CTCF protein is highly conserved among amniotes, conserved in vertebrates, and exists in Drosophila and subsets of nematodes (Heger et al., 2009; Ohlsson et al., 2001). Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that CTCF binding and function are conserved in humans, mouse, and chicken, in genes such as β-globin, whereby CTCF binding at this locus allows cell-type specific intrachromosomal interactions to occur (Bell et al., 1999; Yusufzai et al., 2004). CTCF binding and chromatin interaction in this region suggest that CTCF spatial control of chromatin, at least in this region, was present in the common ancestor of amniotes. The evolutionary conservation of replication timing and the strikingly similar genomic interactome in similar cell types among human and mouse suggests that replication timing is intrinsically tied to long-range interaction. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that replication timing relies on the presence of long-range interactions at specific loci, with the knockdown of long-range mediator proteins causing interactions to be abolished, and also causing replication asynchrony to cease (Bergstrom et al., 2007; Fullwood et al., 2009; Ling et al., 2006). The loss of replication asynchrony in this case could be due to ectopic spatial organisation of the alleles, whereby the loss of the interaction mediator protein causes the allele of a locus to reside in an atypical subnuclear domain. This irregular replication domain would not have the correct molecular and chemical characteristics to allow the ORs of the spatially ectopic allele to fire in the normal temporal order. This could cause the erroneous firing of ORs in such a way as to abolish replication asynchrony at the locus.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
8. Conclusion
\n\t\t\t
Replication timing of DNA at S-phase is tightly regulated and affects gene activity, nuclear organisation, as well as other aspects of genome biology. Differences in replication timing have been used to identify individual chromosomes and differentiated sex chromosomes for several decades. Since then, an increasing number of proteins have been identified as important for regulating replication timing and genome-wide approaches are now used to study replication timing. A fascinating variation of the replication-timing theme is asynchronous replication, which appears to be closely aligned with other epigenetic mechanisms involved in long-range interaction, genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. Whilst previous research has stipulated that asynchronous replication and long range interactions have evolved as a result of epigenetic control of (eg. monoallelic expression), there is emerging evidence that both predate the presence of other epigenetic processes. We suggest that the interactome has played a role in the evolution of spatial nuclear organisation. In addition, mutations in sequences important for long-range interaction and replication timing, and also changes in the replication timing program itself, are important factors influencing a diverse array of human diseases, including cancer. The study of replication timing in different organisms and in human disease will reveal the full extent to which replication timing contributes to the epigenetic landscape in normal and abnormal cells.
\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
\n\t\t\t
Megan L. Wright is funded by an Australian Postgraduate Award. Frank Grutzner is an ARC Senior Research Fellow.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16947.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/16947.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16947",totalDownloads:2763,totalViews:189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:43,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 24th 2010",dateReviewed:"May 7th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 1st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16947",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16947",book:{id:"267",slug:"dna-replication-current-advances"},signatures:"Megan Lynne Wright and Frank Grützner",authors:[{id:"50470",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Grutzner",fullName:"Frank Grutzner",slug:"frank-grutzner",email:"frank.grutzner@adelaide.edu.au",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"51395",title:"BSc",name:"Megan Lynne",middleName:"Lynne",surname:"Wright",fullName:"Megan Lynne Wright",slug:"megan-lynne-wright",email:"megan.wright@adelaide.edu.au",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Background",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Replication initiation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Temporal programmes of ORs in eukaryotic chromosomes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Asynchronous replication",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1. Approaches to measuring asynchronous replication and its effects on genome biology and disease",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.1. Chromosome banding",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.1.2. Measuring asynchronous replication with the dot assay technique",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Replication timing in heteromorphic sex chromosomes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1. Chromatin marks behind X-inactivation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Asynchronous replication in genes subject to genomic imprinting and allelic exclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.1. Imprinted genes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.2. Allelic exclusion genes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"5.2.1. Olfactory genes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"5.2.2. Immunoglobulin gene loci",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16",title:"6. The CTCF protein and the interactome",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.1. The evolution of CTCF",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"6.2. CTCF and genome organization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"6.3. Replication timing and CTCF",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"6.4. The role of CTCF in replication timing changes in cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"7. Evolution of replication timing and epigenetic control",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"7.1. The evolution of replication timing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"7.2. The chromatin interactome and replication profiling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"7.3. Measuring replication to combat cancer ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"7.4. The chromatin interactome: controlling eukaryotic replication timing ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAladjem\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGroudine\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrody\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDieken\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFournier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWahl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEpner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 Participation of the human beta-globin locus control region in initiation of DNA replication. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t270\n\t\t\t\t\t815\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlexander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMlynarczyk-Evans\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoyce-Tolland\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPlocik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalantry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMagnuson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPanning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Differences between homologous alleles of olfactory receptor genes require the Polycomb Group protein Eed. J Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t179\n\t\t\t\t\t269\n\t\t\t\t\t76 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAltman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFanning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Defined sequence modules and an architectural element cooperate to promote initiation at an ectopic mammalian chromosomal replication origin. Mol Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t24\n\t\t\t\t\t4138\n\t\t\t\t\t50 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnglana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tApiou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBensimon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDebatisse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Dynamics of DNA replication in mammalian somatic cells: nucleotide pool modulates origin choice and interorigin spacing. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t114\n\t\t\t\t\t385\n\t\t\t\t\t94 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArnold\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tItoh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMelamed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 A bird’s-eye view of sex chromosome dosage compensation. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t109\n\t\t\t\t\t27 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAten\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKanaar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Chromosomal organization: mingling with the neighbors. PLoS Biol 4, e155.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAustin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOrr-Weaver\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Drosophila ORC specifically binds to ACE3, an origin of DNA replication control element. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t13\n\t\t\t\t\t2639\n\t\t\t\t\t49 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaniahmad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSteiner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKohne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRenkawitz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1990 Modular structure of a chicken lysozyme silencer: involvement of an unusual thyroid hormone receptor binding site. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t61\n\t\t\t\t\t505\n\t\t\t\t\t14 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLapidot\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tManor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Formation of DNA triplexes accounts for arrests of DNA synthesis at d(TC)n and d(GA)n tracts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\n\t\t\t\t\t88\n\t\t\t\t\t507\n\t\t\t\t\t511 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBarberis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpiesser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlipp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Replication origins and timing of temporal replication in budding yeast: how to solve the conundrum? Curr Genomics\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t199\n\t\t\t\t\t211 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBartolomei\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Genomic imprinting: employing and avoiding epigenetic processes. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t23\n\t\t\t\t\t2124\n\t\t\t\t\t33 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaumer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRiegel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchinzel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Non-random asynchronous replication at 22q11.2 favours unequal meiotic crossovers leading to the human 22q11.2 deletion. Journal of Medical Genetics\n\t\t\t\t\t41\n\t\t\t\t\t413\n\t\t\t\t\t420 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWest\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFelsenfeld\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 The Protein CTCF Is Required for the Enhancer Blocking Activity of Vertebrate Insulators. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t98\n\t\t\t\t\t387\n\t\t\t\t\t396 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStillman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 ATP-dependent recognition of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t357\n\t\t\t\t\t128\n\t\t\t\t\t34 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBentley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNakabayashi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeechey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeters\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBirjandi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKhayat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPreece\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStanier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 The imprinted region on human chromosome 7q32 extends to the carboxypeptidase A gene cluster: an imprinted candidate for Silver-Russell syndrome. J Med Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t40\n\t\t\t\t\t249\n\t\t\t\t\t56 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBergstrom\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhitehead\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKurukuti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhlsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 CTCF regulates asynchronous replication of the imprinted H19/Igf2 domain. Cell Cycle\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t450\n\t\t\t\t\t4 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernardi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 The human genome: organization and evolutionary history. Annu Rev Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t445\n\t\t\t\t\t76 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBickmore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarothers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 Factors affecting the timing and imprinting of replication on a mammalian chromosome. J Cell Sci 108 ( Pt 8), 2801-9.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiederman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1979 R-banding methods for chromosome identification using acridine orange following heat denaturation (RFA) and bromodeoxyuridine labeling (RBA). Methods in Cell Science\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t1189\n\t\t\t\t\t1192 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX. Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 A model for DNA replication showing how dormant origins safeguard against replication fork failure. EMBO Rep\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t406\n\t\t\t\t\t12 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBotta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaider\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. X. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMozziconacci\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions correlate with CTCF binding genome wide. Mol Syst Biol 6.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBoumil\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Forty years of decoding the silence in X-chromosome inactivation. Hum Mol Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t2225\n\t\t\t\t\t32 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBranco\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPombo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Intermingling of chromosome territories in interphase suggests role in translocations and transcription-dependent associations. PLoS Biol 4, e138.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrewer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFangman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Initiation at closely spaced replication origins in a yeast chromosome. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t262\n\t\t\t\t\t1728\n\t\t\t\t\t31 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrinton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCaddle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeintz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Position and orientation-dependent effects of a eukaryotic Z-triplex DNA motif on episomal DNA replication in COS-7 cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry\n\t\t\t\t\t266\n\t\t\t\t\t5153\n\t\t\t\t\t5161 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrockdorff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAshworth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCooper\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSmith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Cabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNorris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPenny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRastan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Conservation of position and exclusive expression of mouse Xist from the inactive X chromosome. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t351\n\t\t\t\t\t329\n\t\t\t\t\t31 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBallabio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRupert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLafreniere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrompe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTonlorenzi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWillard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 A gene from the region of the human X inactivation centre is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t349\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t44 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBurke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAsano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNevins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Replication factors MCM2 and ORC1 interact with the histone acetyltransferase HBO1. J Biol Chem\n\t\t\t\t\t276\n\t\t\t\t\t15397\n\t\t\t\t\t408 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChess\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCedar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAxel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Allelic inactivation regulates olfactory receptor gene expression. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t78\n\t\t\t\t\t823\n\t\t\t\t\t34 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChuang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKelly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 The fission yeast homologue of Orc4p binds to replication origin DNA via multiple AT-hooks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t96\n\t\t\t\t\t2656\n\t\t\t\t\t61 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClerc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAvner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Multiple elements within the Xic regulate random X inactivation in mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t85\n\t\t\t\t\t92 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConsortium\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. C. G. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t432\n\t\t\t\t\t695\n\t\t\t\t\t716 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCostantini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernardi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Replication timing, chromosomal bands, and isochores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t105\n\t\t\t\t\t3433\n\t\t\t\t\t7 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCostantini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAuletta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernardi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 An isochore map of human chromosomes. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t536\n\t\t\t\t\t41 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCostantini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFederico\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaccone\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAuletta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernardi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Human chromosomal bands: nested structure, high-definition map and molecular basis. Chromosoma\n\t\t\t\t\t116\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t40 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCourbet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArnoult\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWronka\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnglana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrison\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDebatisse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Replication fork movement sets chromatin loop size and origin choice in mammalian cells. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t455\n\t\t\t\t\t557\n\t\t\t\t\t60 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells. Nat Rev Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t292\n\t\t\t\t\t301 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Chromosome territories. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2, a003889.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD’Antoni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMattina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDi Mare\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFederico\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMotta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaccone\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Altered replication timing of the HIRA/Tuple1 locus in the DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes. Gene\n\t\t\t\t\t333\n\t\t\t\t\t111\n\t\t\t\t\t119 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavidow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBreen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDuke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSamollow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Carrey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 The search for a marsupial XIC reveals a break with vertebrate synteny. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t15\n\t\t\t\t\t137\n\t\t\t\t\t46 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Laat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrosveld\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Inter-chromosomal gene regulation in the mammalian cell nucleus. Curr Opin Genet Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t456\n\t\t\t\t\t64 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeakin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves. J. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008a The status of dosage compensation in the multiple X chromosomes of the platypus. PLoS Genet 4, e1000140.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeakin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaters\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDoherty\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDelbridge\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDobson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFong\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan den\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHurk. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008b Physical map of two tammar wallaby chromosomes: a strategy for mapping in non-model mammals. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t1159\n\t\t\t\t\t75 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDebatisse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEl Achkar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDutrillaux\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Common fragile sites nested at the interfaces of early and late-replicating chromosome bands: cis acting components of the G2/M checkpoint? Cell Cycle\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t578\n\t\t\t\t\t81 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDebatisse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToledo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnglana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Replication initiation in mammalian cells: changing preferences. Cell Cycle\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t19\n\t\t\t\t\t21 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDekker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRippe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDekker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKleckner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Capturing chromosome conformation. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t295\n\t\t\t\t\t1306\n\t\t\t\t\t11 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDelcuve\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRastegar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Epigenetic control. Journal of Cellular Physiology\n\t\t\t\t\t219\n\t\t\t\t\t243\n\t\t\t\t\t250 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDe Pamphilis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 DNA replication and human disease. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDietzel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJauch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKienle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoltgreve-Grez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEils\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMunkel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBittner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMeltzer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrent\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Separate and variably shaped chromosome arm domains are disclosed by chromosome arm painting in human cell nuclei. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t33 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDoksani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBermejo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFiorani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaber\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFoiani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Replicon dynamics, dormant origin firing, and terminal fork integrity after double-strand break formation. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t137\n\t\t\t\t\t247\n\t\t\t\t\t58 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B51",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDostie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. e.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRichmond\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArnaout\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSelzer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHonan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRubio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKrumm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLamb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNusbaum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C): A massively parallel solution for mapping interactions between genomic elements. Genome Research\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t1299\n\t\t\t\t\t1309 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B52",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDotan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDotan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRamon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAvivi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Altered mode of allelic replication accompanied by aneuploidy in peripheral blood lymphocytes of prostate cancer patients, 111 ed., 60\n\t\t\t\t\t66 : Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B53",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDrets\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFolle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComings\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1978 Mechanisms of chromosome banding. X. Chromosome and nuclear changes induced by photo-oxidation and their relation to R-banding with anti-C antibodies. Chromosoma\n\t\t\t\t\t69\n\t\t\t\t\t101\n\t\t\t\t\t12 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B54",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDünzinger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNanda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaaf\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZechner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Chicken orthologues of mammalian imprinted genes are clustered on macrochromosomes and replicate asynchronously. Trends in Genetics\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t488\n\t\t\t\t\t492 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B55",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDuret\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChureau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSamain\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeissenbach\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAvner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t312\n\t\t\t\t\t1653\n\t\t\t\t\t5 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B56",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdwards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerguson-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Mechanisms regulating imprinted genes in clusters. Current Opinion in Cell Biology\n\t\t\t\t\t19\n\t\t\t\t\t281\n\t\t\t\t\t289 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B57",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdwards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTutter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCvetic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProkhorova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 MCM2-7 complexes bind chromatin in a distributed pattern surrounding the origin recognition complex in Xenopus egg extracts. J Biol Chem\n\t\t\t\t\t277\n\t\t\t\t\t33049\n\t\t\t\t\t57 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B58",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFarkash-Amar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLipson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPolten\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHelmstetter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYakhini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Global organization of replication time zones of the mouse genome. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t1562\n\t\t\t\t\t70 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B59",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerguson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFangman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 A position effect on the time of replication origin activation in yeast. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t68\n\t\t\t\t\t333\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B60",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilippova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLindblom\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMeincke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlenova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeiman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCollins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDoggett\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLobanenkov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 A widely expressed transcription factor with multiple DNA sequence specificity, CTCF, is localized at chromosome segment 16q22.1 within one of the smallest regions of overlap for common deletions in breast and prostate cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t26\n\t\t\t\t\t36 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B61",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilippova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUlmer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLoukinov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPugacheva\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlenova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrundy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Tumor-associated zinc finger mutations in the CTCF transcription factor selectively alter tts DNA-binding specificity. Cancer Res\n\t\t\t\t\t62\n\t\t\t\t\t48\n\t\t\t\t\t52 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B62",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFriedman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDiller\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerguson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNyland\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrewer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFangman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996 Multiple determinants controlling activation of yeast replication origins late in S phase. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t1595\n\t\t\t\t\t607 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B63",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFullwood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tXu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMohamed\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOrlov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVelkov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMei\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 An oestrogen-receptor-[agr]-bound human chromatin interactome. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t462\n\t\t\t\t\t58\n\t\t\t\t\t64 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B64",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOmura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMombaerts\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Local and cis effects of the H element on expression of odorant receptor genes in mouse. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t130\n\t\t\t\t\t373\n\t\t\t\t\t84 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B65",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX. Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Dormant origins licensed by excess Mcm2-7 are required for human cells to survive replicative stress. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t3331\n\t\t\t\t\t41 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B66",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Replication timing and transcriptional control: beyond cause and effect. Curr Opin Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t377\n\t\t\t\t\t83 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B67",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Evaluating genome-scale approaches to eukaryotic DNA replication. Nat Rev Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t673\n\t\t\t\t\t84 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B68",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGimelbrant\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnsminger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZucker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChess\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Monoallelic expression and asynchronous replication of 120 catenin in mouse and human cells. J Biol Chem 280, 1354-9.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B69",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlusman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYanai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRubin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLancet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 The complete human olfactory subgenome. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t685\n\t\t\t\t\t702 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B70",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGodfrey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalnic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The mouse olfactory receptor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t101\n\t\t\t\t\t2156\n\t\t\t\t\t61 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B71",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldmit\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchlissel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCedar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBergman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Differential accessibility at the kappa chain locus plays a role in allelic exclusion. EMBO J\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t5255\n\t\t\t\t\t61 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B72",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGondor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhlsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Replication timing and epigenetic reprogramming of gene expression: a two-way relationship? Nat Rev Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t\t\t269\n\t\t\t\t\t276 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B73",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGribnau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHochedlinger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJaenisch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Asynchronous replication timing of imprinted loci is independent of DNA methylation, but consistent with differential subnuclear localization. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t759\n\t\t\t\t\t73 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B74",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGribnau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuikenhuis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHochedlinger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonkhorst\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJaenisch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 X chromosome choice occurs independently of asynchronous replication timing. J Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t168\n\t\t\t\t\t365\n\t\t\t\t\t73 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B75",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrutzner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsend-Ayush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEl -Mogharbel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO’Brien\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerguson-Smith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves. J. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t432\n\t\t\t\t\t913\n\t\t\t\t\t7 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B76",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrutzner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZend-Ajusch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStout\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMunsche\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNiveleau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNanda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaaf\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Chicken microchromosomes are hypermethylated and can be identified by specific painting probes. Cytogenet Cell Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t93\n\t\t\t\t\t265\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B77",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaase\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeinzel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCalos\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Transcription inhibits the replication of autonomously replicating plasmids in human cells. Mol Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t2516\n\t\t\t\t\t24 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B78",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHancock\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoorwood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolmgren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMardikar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDallosso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlenova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLoukinov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhlsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 A CTCF-binding silencer regulates the imprinted genes AWT1 and WT1-AS and exhibits sequential epigenetic defects during Wilms’ tumourigenesis. Hum Mol Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t343\n\t\t\t\t\t54 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B79",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHayashida\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhsawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYamaguchi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHosozawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLocksley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiacca\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMasai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiyatake\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Replication initiation from a novel origin identified in the Th2 cytokine cluster locus requires a distant conserved noncoding sequence. J Immunol\n\t\t\t\t\t176\n\t\t\t\t\t5446\n\t\t\t\t\t54 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B80",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Delving into the diversity of facultative heterochromatin: the epigenetics of the inactive X chromosome. Curr Opin Genet Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t15\n\t\t\t\t\t482\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B81",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchierenberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Loss of the insulator protein CTCF during nematode evolution. BMC Molecular Biology 10, 84.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B82",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHellman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChess\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t315\n\t\t\t\t\t1141\n\t\t\t\t\t3 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B83",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeun\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLaroche\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRaghuraman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGasser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 The positioning and dynamics of origins of replication in the budding yeast nucleus. J Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t152\n\t\t\t\t\t385\n\t\t\t\t\t400 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B84",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHiratani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Replication timing as an epigenetic mark. Epigenetics\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t93\n\t\t\t\t\t7 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B85",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHiratani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRyba\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tItoh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYokochi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchwaiger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLyou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTownes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchubeler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Global reorganization of replication domains during embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS Biol 6, e245.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B86",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHiratani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTakebayashi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Replication timing and transcriptional control: beyond cause and effect--part II. Curr Opin Genet Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t19\n\t\t\t\t\t142\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B87",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. K. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeakin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWright\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGr\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tützner. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Replication asynchrony and differential condensation of X chromosomes in female platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Reproduction, Fertility and Development\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t952\n\t\t\t\t\t963 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B88",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHollander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZuklys\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMizoguchi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMobisson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimpson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTerhorst\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWishart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGolan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBhan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Monoallelic expression of the interleukin-2 locus. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t279\n\t\t\t\t\t2118\n\t\t\t\t\t21 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B89",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHolmquist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987 Role of replication time in the control of tissue-specific gene expression. Am J Hum Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t40\n\t\t\t\t\t151\n\t\t\t\t\t73 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B90",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeakin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves. J. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 The evolution of epigenetic regulators CTCF and BORIS/CTCFL in amniotes. PLoS Genet 4, e1000169.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B91",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWakefield\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves. J. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 The region homologous to the X-chromosome inactivation centre has been disrupted in marsupial and monotreme mammals. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t15\n\t\t\t\t\t147\n\t\t\t\t\t61 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B92",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHyrien\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarheineke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Paradoxes of eukaryotic DNA replication: MCM proteins and the random completion problem. Bioessays\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t116\n\t\t\t\t\t25 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B93",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIbarra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchwob\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMendez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Excess MCM proteins protect human cells from replicative stress by licensing backup origins of replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t105\n\t\t\t\t\t8956\n\t\t\t\t\t61 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B94",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIizuka\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatsui\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTakisawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSmith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Regulation of replication licensing by acetyltransferase Hbo1. Mol Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t26\n\t\t\t\t\t1098\n\t\t\t\t\t108 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B95",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalejta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDijkwel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHamlin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Distal sequences, but not ori-beta/OBR-1, are essential for initiation of DNA replication in the Chinese hamster DHFR origin. Mol Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t797\n\t\t\t\t\t806 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B96",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalish\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlazer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Targeted genome modification via triple helix formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci\n\t\t\t\t\t1058\n\t\t\t\t\t151\n\t\t\t\t\t61 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B97",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKambere\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLane\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Co-regulation of a large and rapidly evolving repertoire of odorant receptor genes. BMC Neurosci 8 Suppl 3, S2.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B98",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKitsberg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSelig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrandeis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeshet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDriscoll\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNicholls\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCedar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Allele-specific replication timing of imprinted gene regions. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t364\n\t\t\t\t\t459\n\t\t\t\t\t63 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B99",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKnauert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalish\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHegan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlazer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Triplex-stimulated intermolecular recombination at a single-copy genomic target. Mol Ther\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t392\n\t\t\t\t\t400 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B100",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKnoll\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCheng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLalande\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Allele specificity of DNA replication timing in the Angelman/Prader-Willi syndrome imprinted chromosomal region. Nat Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t41\n\t\t\t\t\t6 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B101",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoina\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChaumeil\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreaves\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTremethick\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Specific patterns of histone marks accompany X chromosome inactivation in a marsupial. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t115\n\t\t\t\t\t26 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B102",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSoifer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBarkai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 MRC1-dependent scaling of the budding yeast DNA replication timing program. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t781\n\t\t\t\t\t90 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B103",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKrueger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOsborne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Raising the curtains on interchromosomal interactions. Trends in Genetics\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t637\n\t\t\t\t\t639 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B104",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKuroda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArita\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeranishi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHori\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHarata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMizuno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Absence of Z-chromosome inactivation for five genes in male chickens. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t457\n\t\t\t\t\t68 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B105",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKuroiwa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYokomine\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSasaki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsudzuki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTanaka\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNamikawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatsuda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Biallelic expression of Z-linked genes in male chickens. Cytogenet Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t99\n\t\t\t\t\t310\n\t\t\t\t\t4 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B106",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKurukuti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTiwari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTavoosidana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPugacheva\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMurrell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLobanenkov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhlsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 CTCF binding at the H19 imprinting control region mediates maternally inherited higher-order chromatin conformation to restrict enhancer access to Igf2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t103\n\t\t\t\t\t10684\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B107",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Molecular links between X-inactivation and autosomal imprinting: X-inactivation as a driving force for the evolution of imprinting? Curr Biol 13, R242\n\t\t\t\t\t54 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B108",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLemaitre\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDanis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPasero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVassetzky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMechali\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Mitotic remodeling of the replicon and chromosome structure. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t123\n\t\t\t\t\t787\n\t\t\t\t\t801 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B109",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLengronne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchwob\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 The yeast CDK inhibitor Sic1 prevents genomic instability by promoting replication origin licensing in late G(1). Mol Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t1067\n\t\t\t\t\t78 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B110",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLieberman-Aiden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan Berkum\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliams\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImakaev\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRagoczy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTelling\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAmit\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLajoie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSabo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDorschner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. O.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions reveals folding principles of the human genome. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t326\n\t\t\t\t\t289\n\t\t\t\t\t93 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B111",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLing\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoffman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Epigenetics of Long-Range Chromatin Interactions. Pediatric Research 61, 11R-16R 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31804575db.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B112",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLing\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCherry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoffman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 CTCF mediates interchromosomal colocalization between Igf2/H19 and Wsb1/Nf1. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t312\n\t\t\t\t\t269\n\t\t\t\t\t72 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B113",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLobanenkov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNicolas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAdler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaterson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlenova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPolotskaja\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoodwin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1990 A novel sequence-specific DNA binding protein which interacts with three regularly spaced direct repeats of the CCCTC-motif in the 5’-flanking sequence of the chicken c-myc gene. Oncogene\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t1743\n\t\t\t\t\t53 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B114",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLomvardas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBarnea\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPisapia\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMendelsohn\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKirkland\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAxel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Interchromosomal interactions and olfactory receptor choice. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t126\n\t\t\t\t\t403\n\t\t\t\t\t13 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B115",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLyon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1961 Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t190\n\t\t\t\t\t372\n\t\t\t\t\t3 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B116",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalnic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGodfrey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The human olfactory receptor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t101\n\t\t\t\t\t2584\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B117",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalnic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHirono\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSato\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuck\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t96\n\t\t\t\t\t713\n\t\t\t\t\t23 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B118",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMank\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEllegren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 All dosage compensation is local: gene-by-gene regulation of sex-biased expression on the chicken Z chromosome. Heredity\n\t\t\t\t\t102\n\t\t\t\t\t312\n\t\t\t\t\t320 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B119",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMasai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatsumoto\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoshizawa-Sugata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Eukaryotic chromosome DNA replication: where, when, and how? Annu Rev Biochem\n\t\t\t\t\t79\n\t\t\t\t\t89\n\t\t\t\t\t130 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B120",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Queen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSiriaco\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Chicken microchromosomes are hyperacetylated, early replicating, and gene rich. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t621\n\t\t\t\t\t30 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B121",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMisteli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Protein dynamics: implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t291\n\t\t\t\t\t843\n\t\t\t\t\t7 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B122",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoore\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Genomic imprinting in mammalian development: a parental tug-of-war. Trends in Genetics\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\t45\n\t\t\t\t\t49 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B123",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMostoslavsky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSingh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTenzen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldmit\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGabay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElizur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReubinoff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChess\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCedar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Asynchronous replication and allelic exclusion in the immune system. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t414\n\t\t\t\t\t221\n\t\t\t\t\t5 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B124",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMurrell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHeeson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Interaction between differentially methylated regions partitions the imprinted genes Igf2 and H19 into parent-specific chromatin loops. Nat Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t36\n\t\t\t\t\t889\n\t\t\t\t\t93 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B125",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNishida-Umehara\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFujiwara\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOgawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMizuno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoshida\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Differentiation of Z and W Chromosomes Revealed by Replication Banding and FISH Mapping of Sex-chromosome-linked DNA Markers in the Cassowary (Aves, Ratitae). Chromosome Research\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\t635\n\t\t\t\t\t640 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B126",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhlsson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRenkawitz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLobanenkov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 CTCF is a uniquely versatile transcription regulator linked to epigenetics and disease. Trends Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t520\n\t\t\t\t\t7 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B127",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTenzen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatanabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYamagata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKanaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIkemura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Non-B DNA structures spatially and sequence-specifically associated with individual centromeres in the human interphase nuleus. In Chromosomes Today, 13 ed. E. Olmo and C. A. Redi), 57\n\t\t\t\t\t69 . Berlin: Birkhauser.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B128",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1967 Sex Chromosomes and sex-linked genes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B129",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOhno\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJainchill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStenius\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1963 The Creeping Vole (Microtus Oregoni) as a Gonosomic Mosaic. I. The Oy/Xy Constitution of the Male. Cytogenetics\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t232\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B130",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOrlando\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStrutt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Analysis of chromatin structure by in vivo formaldehyde cross-linking. Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t205\n\t\t\t\t\t14 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B131",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOsborne\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChakalova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHorton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDebrand\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoyenechea\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMitchell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLopes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Active genes dynamically colocalize to shared sites of ongoing transcription. Nat Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t36\n\t\t\t\t\t1065\n\t\t\t\t\t71 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B132",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaixao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tColaluca\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCubells\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeverali\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDestro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiadrossi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiacca\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFalaschi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRiva\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiamonti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Modular structure of the human lamin B2 replicator. Mol Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t24\n\t\t\t\t\t2958\n\t\t\t\t\t67 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B133",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPappas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrisch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeinreich\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The NAD(+)-dependent Sir2p histone deacetylase is a negative regulator of chromosomal DNA replication. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t769\n\t\t\t\t\t81 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B134",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParelho\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHadjur\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpivakov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLeleu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSauer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGregson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJarmuz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCanzonetta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWebster\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNesterova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Cohesins functionally associate with CTCF on mammalian chromosome arms. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t132\n\t\t\t\t\t422\n\t\t\t\t\t33 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B135",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPasero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBensimon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchwob\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Single-molecule analysis reveals clustering and epigenetic regulation of replication origins at the yeast rDNA locus. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t2479\n\t\t\t\t\t84 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B136",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhillips\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorces\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 CTCF: master weaver of the genome. Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t137\n\t\t\t\t\t1194\n\t\t\t\t\t211 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B137",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRaghuraman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWinzeler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCollingwood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHunt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWodicka\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConway\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLockhart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrewer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFangman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Replication dynamics of the yeast genome. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t294\n\t\t\t\t\t115\n\t\t\t\t\t21 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B138",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRenfree\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPapenfuss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShaw\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPask\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Eggs, embryos and the evolution of imprinting: insights from the platypus genome. Reproduction, Fertility and Development\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t935\n\t\t\t\t\t942 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B139",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO’Brien\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrutzner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClarke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraphodatskaya\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTsend-Ayush\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrifonov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSkelton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWallis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnston\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 The multiple sex chromosomes of platypus and echidna are not completely identical and several share homology with the avian Z. Genome Biol 8, R243.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B140",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRothstein\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMichel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGangloff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Replication fork pausing and recombination or "gimme a break". Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t10 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B141",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRubio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReiss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWelcsh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDisteche\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilippova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaliga\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAebersold\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRanish\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKrumm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 CTCF physically links cohesin to chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t105\n\t\t\t\t\t8309\n\t\t\t\t\t14 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B142",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRyba\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHiratani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tItoh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKulik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchulz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRobins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDalton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGilbert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Evolutionarily conserved replication timing profiles predict long-range chromatin interactions and distinguish closely related cell types. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t761\n\t\t\t\t\t70 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B143",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSadoni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLanger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFauth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBernardi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTurner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZink\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Nuclear organization of mammalian genomes. Polar chromosome territories build up functionally distinct higher order compartments. J Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t146\n\t\t\t\t\t1211\n\t\t\t\t\t26 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B144",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaha\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHamlin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The promoter of the Chinese hamster ovary dihydrofolate reductase gene regulates the activity of the local origin and helps define its boundaries. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t397\n\t\t\t\t\t410 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B145",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchaarschmidt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaltin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStehle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLipps\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKnippers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 An episomal mammalian replicon: sequence-independent binding of the origin recognition complex. EMBO J\n\t\t\t\t\t23\n\t\t\t\t\t191\n\t\t\t\t\t201 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B146",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchempp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1981 Chromosome banding in Amphibia. VI. BrdU-replication patterns in anura and demonstration of XX/XY sex chromosomes in Rana esculenta. Chromosoma\n\t\t\t\t\t83\n\t\t\t\t\t697\n\t\t\t\t\t710 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B147",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnderle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchindler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchempp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 Chromosome banding and DNA replication patterns in bird karyotypes. Cytogenet Cell Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t52\n\t\t\t\t\t139\n\t\t\t\t\t46 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B148",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchweizer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLoidl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHamilton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987 Heterochromatin and the phenomenon of chromosome banding. Results Probl Cell Differ\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t235\n\t\t\t\t\t54 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B149",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSelig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOkumura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCedar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 Delineation of DNA replication time zones by fluorescence in situ hybridization. EMBO J\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t1217\n\t\t\t\t\t25 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B150",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSerizawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiyamichi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNakatani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSuzuki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaito\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoshihara\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSakano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Negative feedback regulation ensures the one receptor-one olfactory neuron rule in mouse. Science\n\t\t\t\t\t302\n\t\t\t\t\t2088\n\t\t\t\t\t94 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B151",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShevchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZakharova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElisaphenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKolesnikov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhitehead\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeidman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJirtle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaramysheva\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Genes flanking Xist in mouse and human are separated on the X chromosome in American marsupials. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t15\n\t\t\t\t\t127\n\t\t\t\t\t36 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B152",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShreeram\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSparks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLane\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Cell type-specific responses of human cells to inhibition of replication licensing. Oncogene\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t6624\n\t\t\t\t\t32 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B153",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTenzen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReubinoff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHillman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Carrey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCedar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Asynchronous replication of imprinted genes is established in the gametes and maintained during development. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t401\n\t\t\t\t\t929\n\t\t\t\t\t32 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B154",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimonis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlous\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSplinter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoshkin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWillemsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Wit\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan Steensel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Laat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Nuclear organization of active and inactive chromatin domains uncovered by chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C). Nat Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t1348\n\t\t\t\t\t54 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B155",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSingh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEbrahimi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGimelbrant\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnsminger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTackett\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGribnau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChess\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Coordination of the random asynchronous replication of autosomal loci. Nat Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t33\n\t\t\t\t\t339\n\t\t\t\t\t41 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B156",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpiesser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlipp\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBarberis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 A model for the spatiotemporal organization of DNA replication in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>. Molecular Genetics and Genomics\n\t\t\t\t\t282\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t35 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B157",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tState\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreally\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCuker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBowers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenegariu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorgan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGunel\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDi Luna\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKing\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNelson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Epigenetic abnormalities associated with a chromosome 18(q21-q22) inversion and a Gilles de la Tourette syndrome phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t100\n\t\t\t\t\t4684\n\t\t\t\t\t9 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B158",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTakagi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1974 Differentiation of X chromosomes in early female mouse embryos. Exp Cell Res\n\t\t\t\t\t86\n\t\t\t\t\t127\n\t\t\t\t\t35 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B159",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTakagi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSugawara\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSasaki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1982 Regional and temporal changes in the pattern of X-chromosome replication during the early post-implantation development of the female mouse. Chromosoma\n\t\t\t\t\t85\n\t\t\t\t\t275\n\t\t\t\t\t86 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B160",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTakahashi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1987 A model for the spatio-temporal organization of DNA replication in mammalian cells. J Theor Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t129\n\t\t\t\t\t91\n\t\t\t\t\t115 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B161",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTanaka\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDiffley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Deregulated G1-cyclin expression induces genomic instability by preventing efficient pre-RC formation. Genes Dev\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t2639\n\t\t\t\t\t49 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B162",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1977 Increase in DNA replication sites in cells held at the beginning of S phase. Chromosoma\n\t\t\t\t\t62\n\t\t\t\t\t291\n\t\t\t\t\t300 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B163",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVeyrunes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWaters\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiethke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMc Millan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlsop\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrutzner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDeakin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhittington\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchatzkamer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t965\n\t\t\t\t\t73 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B164",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWakefield\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeohane\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTurner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Histone underacetylation is an ancient component of mammalian X chromosome inactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\n\t\t\t\t\t94\n\t\t\t\t\t9665\n\t\t\t\t\t8 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B165",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrooks\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCimbora\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGroudine\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAladjem\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The human beta-globin replication initiation region consists of two modular independent replicators. Mol Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t24\n\t\t\t\t\t3373\n\t\t\t\t\t86 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B166",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatanabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAbe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIkemura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaekawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Relationships between replication timing and GC content of cancer-related genes on human chromosomes 11q and 21q. Gene\n\t\t\t\t\t433\n\t\t\t\t\t26\n\t\t\t\t\t31 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B167",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatanabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFujiyama\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIchiba\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHattori\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYada\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSakaki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIkemura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Chromosome-wide assessment of replication timing for human chromosomes 11q and 21q: disease-related genes in timing-switch regions. Hum Mol Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t13\n\t\t\t\t\t21 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B168",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatanabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIkemura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSugimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Amplicons on human chromosome 11q are located in the early/late-switch regions of replication timing. Genomics\n\t\t\t\t\t84\n\t\t\t\t\t796\n\t\t\t\t\t805 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B169",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatanabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaekawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Spatiotemporal regulation of DNA replication in the human genome and its association with genomic instability and disease. Curr Med Chem\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t222\n\t\t\t\t\t33 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B170",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWatanabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShibata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSugimura\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaekawa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\t53 change in replication timing of the human genome. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 364, 289-293.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B171",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeidman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMurphy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNolan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDietrich\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJirtle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Phylogenetic footprint analysis of IGF2 in extant mammals. Genome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t1726\n\t\t\t\t\t32 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B172",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWilson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClose\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMott\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVolpi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Replication profile of PCDH11X and PCDH11Y, a gene pair located in the non-pseudoautosomal homologous region Xq21.3/Yp11.2. Chromosome Res\n\t\t\t\t\t15\n\t\t\t\t\t485\n\t\t\t\t\t98 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B173",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWoodward\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGohler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuciani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOehlmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGartner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Excess Mcm2-7 license dormant origins of replication that can be used under conditions of replicative stress. J Cell Biol\n\t\t\t\t\t173\n\t\t\t\t\t673\n\t\t\t\t\t83 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B174",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWrigley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraves\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1988 Sex chromosome homology and incomplete, tissue-specific X-inactivation suggest that monotremes represent an intermediate stage of mammalian sex chromosome evolution. J Hered\n\t\t\t\t\t79\n\t\t\t\t\t115\n\t\t\t\t\t8 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B175",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWutz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJaenisch\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation. Mol Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t695\n\t\t\t\t\t705 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B176",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYusufzai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTagami\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNakatani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFelsenfeld\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 CTCF Tethers an Insulator to Subnuclear Sites, Suggesting Shared Insulator Mechanisms across Species. Molecular Cell\n\t\t\t\t\t13\n\t\t\t\t\t291\n\t\t\t\t\t298 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B177",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZakharova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShevchenko\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZakian\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Monoallelic gene expression in mammals. Chromosoma\n\t\t\t\t\t118\n\t\t\t\t\t279\n\t\t\t\t\t90 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B178",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZhao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTavoosidana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSjolinder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGondor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMariano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKanduri\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLezcano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSandhu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSingh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) uncovers extensive networks of epigenetically regulated intra- and interchromosomal interactions. Nat Genet\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t1341\n\t\t\t\t\t7 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B179",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZink\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBornfleth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVisser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCremer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Organization of early and late replicating DNA in human chromosome territories. Exp Cell Res\n\t\t\t\t\t247\n\t\t\t\t\t176\n\t\t\t\t\t88 .\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Megan Lynne Wright",address:"",affiliation:'
The Robinson Institute, School of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
The Robinson Institute, School of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"267",type:"book",title:"DNA Replication",subtitle:"Current Advances",fullTitle:"DNA Replication - Current Advances",slug:"dna-replication-current-advances",publishedDate:"August 1st 2011",bookSignature:"Herve Seligmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/267.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-593-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4470-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:102,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"400"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16928",type:"chapter",title:"DNA Structure: Alphabet Soup for the Cellular Soul",slug:"dna-structure-alphabet-soup-for-the-cellular-soul",totalDownloads:7691,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"P. Shing Ho and Megan Carter",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31787",title:"Prof.",name:"Pui",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Pui Ho",slug:"pui-ho"},{id:"48097",title:"Ms.",name:"Megan",middleName:null,surname:"Cater",fullName:"Megan Cater",slug:"megan-cater"}]},{id:"16929",type:"chapter",title:"Replication Demands an Amendment of the Double Helix",slug:"replication-demands-an-amendment-of-the-double-helix",totalDownloads:4201,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"You Cheng Xu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52378",title:"Dr.",name:"You Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"You Cheng Xu",slug:"you-cheng-xu"}]},{id:"16930",type:"chapter",title:"Phosphorothioation: An Unusual Post-Replicative Modification on the DNA Backbone",slug:"phosphorothioation-an-unusual-post-replicative-modification-on-the-dna-backbone",totalDownloads:2980,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Lianrong Wang, Shi Chen and Zixin Deng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47966",title:"Prof.",name:"Zixin",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",fullName:"Zixin Deng",slug:"zixin-deng"},{id:"86737",title:"Prof.",name:"Lianrong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lianrong Wang",slug:"lianrong-wang"},{id:"86739",title:"Prof.",name:"Shi",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Shi Chen",slug:"shi-chen"}]},{id:"16931",type:"chapter",title:"Mitosis and DNA Replication and Life Origination Hydrate Hypotheses: Common Physical and Chemical Grounds",slug:"mitosis-and-dna-replication-and-life-origination-hydrate-hypotheses-common-physical-and-chemical-gro",totalDownloads:2865,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ostrovskii Victor E. and Kadyshevich Elena A.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33841",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"E.",surname:"Ostrovskii",fullName:"Victor Ostrovskii",slug:"victor-ostrovskii"},{id:"48237",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:"A.",surname:"Kadyshevich",fullName:"Elena Kadyshevich",slug:"elena-kadyshevich"}]},{id:"16932",type:"chapter",title:"Strand-specific Composition Bias in Bacterial Genomes",slug:"strand-specific-composition-bias-in-bacterial-genomes",totalDownloads:2874,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Feng-Biao Guo and Lu-Wen Ning",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31838",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng-Biao",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Feng-Biao Guo",slug:"feng-biao-guo"},{id:"46846",title:"Mr.",name:"Lu-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Ning",fullName:"Lu-Wen Ning",slug:"lu-wen-ning"}]},{id:"16933",type:"chapter",title:"Mutation Patterns Due to Converging Mitochondrial Replication and Transcription Increase Lifespan, and Cause Growth Rate-Longevity Tradeoffs",slug:"mutation-patterns-due-to-converging-mitochondrial-replication-and-transcription-increase-lifespan-an",totalDownloads:2425,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Hervé Seligmann",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann"}]},{id:"16934",type:"chapter",title:"Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Health and Disease",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-replication-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:3229,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nadezda Apostolova and Juan V. Esplugues",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33886",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadezda",middleName:null,surname:"Apostolova",fullName:"Nadezda Apostolova",slug:"nadezda-apostolova"},{id:"47801",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan V.",middleName:null,surname:"Esplugues",fullName:"Juan V. Esplugues",slug:"juan-v.-esplugues"}]},{id:"16935",type:"chapter",title:"Damage and Replication Stress Responses",slug:"damage-and-replication-stress-responses",totalDownloads:3311,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Haiying Wang, Ping Shen and Wei-Guo Zhu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45763",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Guo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Wei-Guo Zhu",slug:"wei-guo-zhu"},{id:"52935",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Hai-Ying Wang",slug:"hai-ying-wang"},{id:"109243",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Ping Shen",slug:"ping-shen"}]},{id:"16936",type:"chapter",title:"Relationship between Fork Progression and Initiation of Chromosome Replication in E. coli",slug:"relationship-between-fork-progression-and-initiation-of-chromosome-replication-in-e-coli",totalDownloads:2230,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elena C. Guzmán, Israel Salguero, Carmen Mata Martín, Elena López Acedo, Estrella Guarino, Ma Antonia Sánchez-Romero, Vic Norris and Alfonso Jiménez-Sánchez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38783",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:"C.",surname:"Guzman",fullName:"Elena Guzman",slug:"elena-guzman"},{id:"50175",title:"Prof.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Salguero",fullName:"Israel Salguero",slug:"israel-salguero"},{id:"50176",title:"Prof.",name:"Estrella",middleName:null,surname:"Guarino Almeida",fullName:"Estrella Guarino Almeida",slug:"estrella-guarino-almeida"},{id:"50177",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:"López",surname:"López-Acedo",fullName:"Elena López-Acedo",slug:"elena-lopez-acedo"},{id:"50178",title:"Prof.",name:"María",middleName:"Antonia",surname:"Sánchez-Romero",fullName:"María Sánchez-Romero",slug:"maria-sanchez-romero"},{id:"50179",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Norris",fullName:"Victor Norris",slug:"victor-norris"},{id:"50180",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez-Sánchez",fullName:"Alfonso Jiménez-Sánchez",slug:"alfonso-jimenez-sanchez"},{id:"67145",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Mata Martín",fullName:"Carmen Mata Martín",slug:"carmen-mata-martin"}]},{id:"16937",type:"chapter",title:"Replication Origin Selection and Pre-Replication Complex Assembly",slug:"replication-origin-selection-and-pre-replication-complex-assembly",totalDownloads:3077,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kusic-Tisma Jelena and Stefanovic Dragana",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43279",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Kusic-Tisma",fullName:"Jelena Kusic-Tisma",slug:"jelena-kusic-tisma"},{id:"49259",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Stefanovic",fullName:"Dragana Stefanovic",slug:"dragana-stefanovic"}]},{id:"16938",type:"chapter",title:"The Coordination between DNA Replication Initiation and Other Cell Cycle Events",slug:"the-coordination-between-dna-replication-initiation-and-other-cell-cycle-events",totalDownloads:3815,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shijiao Huang and Chuanmao Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44119",title:"Prof.",name:"Chuanmao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chuanmao Zhang",slug:"chuanmao-zhang"},{id:"50637",title:"MSc.",name:"Shijiao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Shijiao Huang",slug:"shijiao-huang"}]},{id:"16939",type:"chapter",title:"The Organisation of Replisomes",slug:"the-organisation-of-replisomes",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Anna Ligasová and Karel Koberna",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31390",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ligasová",fullName:"Anna Ligasová",slug:"anna-ligasova"},{id:"31392",title:"Dr.",name:"Karel",middleName:null,surname:"Koberna",fullName:"Karel Koberna",slug:"karel-koberna"}]},{id:"16940",type:"chapter",title:"Eukaryotic Replication Barriers: How, Why and Where Forks Stall",slug:"eukaryotic-replication-barriers-how-why-and-where-forks-stall",totalDownloads:3948,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jacob Z. Dalgaard, Emma L. Godfrey and Ramsay J. MacFarlane",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37092",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramsay",middleName:null,surname:"McFarlane",fullName:"Ramsay McFarlane",slug:"ramsay-mcfarlane"},{id:"38679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",middleName:null,surname:"Dalgaard",fullName:"Jacob Dalgaard",slug:"jacob-dalgaard"}]},{id:"16941",type:"chapter",title:"Control of Telomeric DNA Replication: Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Physiology",slug:"control-of-telomeric-dna-replication-genetics-molecular-biology-and-physiology",totalDownloads:4432,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Akira Matsuura and Aiko Matsui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31831",title:"Prof.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuura",fullName:"Akira Matsuura",slug:"akira-matsuura"},{id:"46855",title:"MSc",name:"Aiko",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",fullName:"Aiko Matsui",slug:"aiko-matsui"}]},{id:"16942",type:"chapter",title:"Telomere Maintenance in Organisms without Telomerase",slug:"telomere-maintenance-in-organisms-without-telomerase",totalDownloads:3372,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"James M. Mason, Hemakumar M. Reddy and Radmila Capkova Frydrychova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34627",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Mason",fullName:"James Mason",slug:"james-mason"},{id:"47444",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemakumar",middleName:"M",surname:"Reddy",fullName:"Hemakumar Reddy",slug:"hemakumar-reddy"},{id:"47445",title:"Mr.",name:"Radmila",middleName:null,surname:"Capkova Frydrychova",fullName:"Radmila Capkova Frydrychova",slug:"radmila-capkova-frydrychova"}]},{id:"16943",type:"chapter",title:"Eukaryote DNA Replication and Recombination: an Intimate Association",slug:"eukaryote-dna-replication-and-recombination-an-intimate-association",totalDownloads:3112,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ramsay J. McFarlane, Khalid Al-Zeer and Jacob Z. Dalgaard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37092",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramsay",middleName:null,surname:"McFarlane",fullName:"Ramsay McFarlane",slug:"ramsay-mcfarlane"},{id:"38679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",middleName:null,surname:"Dalgaard",fullName:"Jacob Dalgaard",slug:"jacob-dalgaard"},{id:"50244",title:"Mr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zeer",fullName:"Khalid Al-Zeer",slug:"khalid-al-zeer"}]},{id:"16944",type:"chapter",title:"Cell Cycle Regulation of DNA Replication in S. cerevisiae",slug:"cell-cycle-regulation-of-dna-replication-in-s-cerevisiae",totalDownloads:4260,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jorrit M. Enserink",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33415",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorrit M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Enserink",fullName:"Jorrit M. Enserink",slug:"jorrit-m.-enserink"}]},{id:"16945",type:"chapter",title:"Free Histones and the Cell Cycle",slug:"free-histones-and-the-cell-cycle",totalDownloads:5377,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Douglas Maya, Macarena Morillo-Huesca, Sebastián Chávez and Mari-Cruz Muñoz-Centeno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47289",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari Cruz",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Centeno",fullName:"Mari Cruz Muñoz-Centeno",slug:"mari-cruz-munoz-centeno"},{id:"57750",title:"MSc.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Maya",fullName:"Douglas Maya",slug:"douglas-maya"},{id:"57751",title:"Dr.",name:"Macarena",middleName:null,surname:"Morillo-Huesca",fullName:"Macarena Morillo-Huesca",slug:"macarena-morillo-huesca"},{id:"57752",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez",fullName:"Sebastian Chavez",slug:"sebastian-chavez"}]},{id:"16946",type:"chapter",title:"Involvement of Linker Histones in the Regulation of Replication Timing",slug:"nvolvement-of-linker-histones-in-the-regulation-of-replication-timing",totalDownloads:2196,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Christophe Thiriet, Gwenola Auda-Boucher and Yvonnick Chéraud",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35593",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Thiriet",fullName:"Christophe Thiriet",slug:"christophe-thiriet"},{id:"62335",title:"Dr.",name:"Gwenola",middleName:null,surname:"Auda-Boucher",fullName:"Gwenola Auda-Boucher",slug:"gwenola-auda-boucher"},{id:"62336",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvonnick",middleName:null,surname:"Chéraud",fullName:"Yvonnick Chéraud",slug:"yvonnick-cheraud"}]},{id:"16947",type:"chapter",title:"Replication Timing: Evolution, Nuclear Organization and Relevance for Human Disease",slug:"replication-timing-evolution-nuclear-organization-and-relevance-for-human-disease",totalDownloads:2763,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Megan Lynne Wright and Frank Grützner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50470",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Grutzner",fullName:"Frank Grutzner",slug:"frank-grutzner"},{id:"51395",title:"BSc",name:"Megan Lynne",middleName:"Lynne",surname:"Wright",fullName:"Megan Lynne Wright",slug:"megan-lynne-wright"}]},{id:"16948",type:"chapter",title:"The Silencing Face of DNA Replication: Gene Repression Mediated by DNA Replication Factors",slug:"the-silencing-face-of-dna-replication-gene-repression-mediated-by-dna-replication-factors",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patricia Chisamore-Robert, Daniel Jeffery and Krassimir Yankulov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35323",title:"Prof.",name:"Krassimir",middleName:null,surname:"Yankulov",fullName:"Krassimir Yankulov",slug:"krassimir-yankulov"},{id:"49645",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Charles Barrie",surname:"Jeffery",fullName:"Daniel Jeffery",slug:"daniel-jeffery"},{id:"49646",title:"Ms.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Chisamore-Robert",fullName:"Patricia Chisamore-Robert",slug:"patricia-chisamore-robert"}]},{id:"16949",type:"chapter",title:"Faithful DNA Replication Requires Regulation of CDK Activity by Checkpoint Kinases",slug:"faithful-dna-replication-requires-regulation-of-cdk-activity-by-checkpoint-kinases",totalDownloads:2793,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Claus Storgaard Sørensen, Halfdan Beck, Viola Nähse-Kumpf and Randi G. Syljuåsen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32018",title:"Dr.",name:"Claus",middleName:null,surname:"Sørensen",fullName:"Claus Sørensen",slug:"claus-sorensen"},{id:"51208",title:"Mr.",name:"Halfdan",middleName:null,surname:"Beck",fullName:"Halfdan Beck",slug:"halfdan-beck"},{id:"51209",title:"Prof.",name:"Randi",middleName:"Gussgard",surname:"Syljuåsen",fullName:"Randi Syljuåsen",slug:"randi-syljuasen"},{id:"103105",title:"Mrs.",name:"Viola",middleName:null,surname:"Nähse-Kumpf",fullName:"Viola Nähse-Kumpf",slug:"viola-nahse-kumpf"}]},{id:"16950",type:"chapter",title:"Regulation of the G1/S Transition in Adult Liver: Expression and Activation of the Cyclin Dependent Kinase Cdk1 in Differentiated Hepatocytes is Controlled by Extracellular Signals and is Crucial for Commitment to DNA Replication",slug:"regulation-of-the-g1-s-transition-in-adult-liver-expression-and-activation-of-the-cyclin-dependent-k",totalDownloads:2733,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Loyer Pascal and Corlu Anne",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35638",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Corlu",fullName:"Anne Corlu",slug:"anne-corlu"},{id:"49777",title:"Mr.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Loyer",fullName:"Pascal Loyer",slug:"pascal-loyer"}]},{id:"16951",type:"chapter",title:"Binding of Human MCM-BP with MCM2-7 Proteins",slug:"binding-of-human-mcm-bp-with-mcm2-7-proteins",totalDownloads:2467,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryoko Kon, Shunsuke Kusunoki, Naohito Nozaki and Yukio Ishimi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35711",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukio",middleName:null,surname:"Ishimi",fullName:"Yukio Ishimi",slug:"yukio-ishimi"},{id:"48693",title:"Ms.",name:"Ryoko",middleName:null,surname:"Kon",fullName:"Ryoko Kon",slug:"ryoko-kon"},{id:"48695",title:"Mr.",name:"Shunsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kusunoki",fullName:"Shunsuke Kusunoki",slug:"shunsuke-kusunoki"},{id:"48696",title:"Dr.",name:"Naohito",middleName:null,surname:"Nozaki",fullName:"Naohito Nozaki",slug:"naohito-nozaki"}]},{id:"16952",type:"chapter",title:"DNA Replication in Animal Systems Lacking Thioredoxin Reductase I",slug:"dna-replication-in-animal-systems-lacking-thioredoxin-reductase-i",totalDownloads:2833,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edward E. Schmidt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46747",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",fullName:"Edward Schmidt",slug:"edward-schmidt"}]},{id:"16953",type:"chapter",title:"Prevalence of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus DNA Replication in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients",slug:"prevalence-of-reactivation-of-hepatitis-b-virus-dna-replication-in-rheumatoid-arthritis-patients",totalDownloads:3390,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yukitomo Urata, Ryoko Uesato and Dai Tanaka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41260",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukitomo",middleName:null,surname:"Urata",fullName:"Yukitomo Urata",slug:"yukitomo-urata"},{id:"50634",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryoko",middleName:null,surname:"Uesato",fullName:"Ryoko Uesato",slug:"ryoko-uesato"},{id:"50635",title:"Dr.",name:"Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Dai Tanaka",slug:"dai-tanaka"}]},{id:"16954",type:"chapter",title:"Oncogenic Aspects of HPV Infections of the Female Genital Tract",slug:"oncogenic-aspects-of-hpv-infections-of-the-female-genital-tract",totalDownloads:2956,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Josko Zekan, Maja Sirotkovic-Skerlev and Mihael Skerlev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33907",title:"Dr.",name:"Josko",middleName:null,surname:"Zekan",fullName:"Josko Zekan",slug:"josko-zekan"},{id:"48890",title:"Prof.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Sirotkovic-Skerlev",fullName:"Maja Sirotkovic-Skerlev",slug:"maja-sirotkovic-skerlev"},{id:"48891",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihael",middleName:null,surname:"Skerlev",fullName:"Mihael Skerlev",slug:"mihael-skerlev"}]},{id:"16955",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of E2 Proteins in Papillomavirus DNA Replication",slug:"the-role-of-e2-proteins-in-papillomavirus-dna-replication",totalDownloads:5996,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Reet Kurg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35560",title:"Dr.",name:"Reet",middleName:null,surname:"Kurg",fullName:"Reet Kurg",slug:"reet-kurg"}]},{id:"16956",type:"chapter",title:"Topoisomerase I and II Expression in Recurrent Colorectal Cancer Cells: A Dubious Matter",slug:"topoisomerase-i-and-ii-expression-in-recurrent-colorectal-cancer-cells-a-dubious-matter",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Panagiotis Gouveris, Elias Skopelitis and Nicolas Tsavaris",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43625",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Tsavaris",fullName:"Nicolas Tsavaris",slug:"nicolas-tsavaris"},{id:"50393",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Gouveris",fullName:"Panagiotis Gouveris",slug:"panagiotis-gouveris"},{id:"50394",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Skopelitis",fullName:"Elias Skopelitis",slug:"elias-skopelitis"}]},{id:"16957",type:"chapter",title:"Bacterial Genetics of Large Mammalian DNA Viruses: Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes as a Prerequisite for Efficiently Studying Viral DNA Replication and Functions",slug:"bacterial-genetics-of-large-mammalian-dna-viruses-bacterial-artificial-chromosomes-as-a-prerequisite",totalDownloads:2977,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Felix Wussow, Tanja Spieckermann, Anne Brunnemann, Linda Hüske, Tuna Toptan and Helmut Fickenscher",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31956",title:"Prof.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Fickenscher",fullName:"Helmut Fickenscher",slug:"helmut-fickenscher"},{id:"50263",title:"MSc.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Brunnemann",fullName:"Anne Brunnemann",slug:"anne-brunnemann"},{id:"50264",title:"MSc.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Hueske",fullName:"Linda Hueske",slug:"linda-hueske"},{id:"50265",title:"MSc.",name:"Tanja",middleName:null,surname:"Spieckermann",fullName:"Tanja Spieckermann",slug:"tanja-spieckermann"},{id:"50266",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuna",middleName:null,surname:"Toptan",fullName:"Tuna Toptan",slug:"tuna-toptan"},{id:"50267",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Wussow",fullName:"Felix Wussow",slug:"felix-wussow"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6684",title:"Mitochondrial DNA",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"326a9354db0c23d8a26659e8a0c26872",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-new-insights",bookSignature:"Hervé Seligmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"60263",title:"True Mitochondrial tRNA Punctuation and Initiation Using Overlapping Stop and Start Codons at Specific and Conserved Positions",slug:"true-mitochondrial-trna-punctuation-and-initiation-using-overlapping-stop-and-start-codons-at-specif",signatures:"Eric Faure and Roxane Barthélémy",authors:[{id:"182675",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Faure",fullName:"Eric Faure",slug:"eric-faure"},{id:"233312",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxane-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Barthélémy",fullName:"Roxane-Marie Barthélémy",slug:"roxane-marie-barthelemy"}]},{id:"62150",title:"Renaissance of the Tautomeric Hypothesis of the Spontaneous Point Mutations in DNA: New Ideas and Computational Approaches",slug:"renaissance-of-the-tautomeric-hypothesis-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-new-ideas-and-com",signatures:"Ol’ha O. Brovarets’ and Dmytro M. Hovorun",authors:[{id:"212825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmytro",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorun",fullName:"Dmytro Hovorun",slug:"dmytro-hovorun"},{id:"212839",title:"Dr.",name:"Ol\\'Ha",middleName:"Oleksandrivna",surname:"Brovarets\\'",fullName:"Ol\\'Ha Brovarets\\'",slug:"ol'ha-brovarets'"}]},{id:"63421",title:"Directed Mutations Recode Mitochondrial Genes: From Regular to Stopless Genetic Codes",slug:"directed-mutations-recode-mitochondrial-genes-from-regular-to-stopless-genetic-codes",signatures:"Hervé Seligmann",authors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann"}]},{id:"63439",title:"Swinger RNAs in the Human Mitochondrial Transcriptome",slug:"swinger-rnas-in-the-human-mitochondrial-transcriptome",signatures:"Ganesh Warthi and Hervé Seligmann",authors:[{id:"230498",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",middleName:null,surname:"Warthi",fullName:"Ganesh Warthi",slug:"ganesh-warthi"},{id:"239210",title:"Prof.",name:"Hervé",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",fullName:"Hervé Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann"}]},{id:"60669",title:"Expanding the Coding Potential of Vertebrate Mitochondrial Genomes: Lesson Learned from the Atlantic Cod",slug:"expanding-the-coding-potential-of-vertebrate-mitochondrial-genomes-lesson-learned-from-the-atlantic-",signatures:"Tor Erik Jørgensen and Steinar Daae Johansen",authors:[{id:"232959",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar Daae",middleName:null,surname:"Johansen",fullName:"Steinar Daae Johansen",slug:"steinar-daae-johansen"},{id:"245758",title:"MSc.",name:"Tor Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Jørgensen",fullName:"Tor Erik Jørgensen",slug:"tor-erik-jorgensen"}]},{id:"60897",title:"Paleogenetics of Northern Iberian from Neolithic to Chalcolithic Time",slug:"paleogenetics-of-northern-iberian-from-neolithic-to-chalcolithic-time",signatures:"Montserrat Hervella and Concepcion de-la-Rua",authors:[{id:"237324",title:"Prof.",name:"Concepcion",middleName:null,surname:"De-La-Rua",fullName:"Concepcion De-La-Rua",slug:"concepcion-de-la-rua"},{id:"249775",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Hervella",fullName:"Montserrat Hervella",slug:"montserrat-hervella"}]},{id:"61735",title:"Phylogenetic Evolution and Phylogeography of Tibetan Sheep Based on mtDNA D-Loop Sequences",slug:"phylogenetic-evolution-and-phylogeography-of-tibetan-sheep-based-on-mtdna-d-loop-sequences",signatures:"Jianbin Liu, Xuezhi Ding, Yufeng Zeng, Xian Guo, Xiaoping Sun and\nChao Yuan",authors:[{id:"236937",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Liu",middleName:null,surname:"Jianbin",fullName:"Liu Jianbin",slug:"liu-jianbin"}]},{id:"61505",title:"Mitochondrial Aging and Metabolism: The Importance of a Good Relationship in the Central Nervous System",slug:"mitochondrial-aging-and-metabolism-the-importance-of-a-good-relationship-in-the-central-nervous-syst",signatures:"Genaro Gabriel Ortiz, Mario A Mireles-Ramírez, Héctor González-\nUsigli, Miguel A Macías-Islas, Oscar K Bitzer-Quintero, Erandis Dheni\nTorres-Sánchez, Angélica L Sánchez-López, Javier Ramírez-Jirano,\nMónica Ríos-Silva and Blanca Torres-Mendoza",authors:[{id:"26109",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Genaro Ortiz",slug:"genaro-ortiz"},{id:"166325",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel A",middleName:null,surname:"Macías-Islas",fullName:"Miguel A Macías-Islas",slug:"miguel-a-macias-islas"},{id:"166328",title:"Dr.",name:"Erandis D",middleName:null,surname:"Tórres-Sánchez",fullName:"Erandis D Tórres-Sánchez",slug:"erandis-d-torres-sanchez"},{id:"173292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Angélica L.",middleName:"Lizeth",surname:"Sánchez López.",fullName:"Angélica L. Sánchez López.",slug:"angelica-l.-sanchez-lopez."},{id:"173295",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Mireles-Ramírez",fullName:"Mario Mireles-Ramírez",slug:"mario-mireles-ramirez"},{id:"178191",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor",middleName:null,surname:"González-Usigli",fullName:"Héctor González-Usigli",slug:"hector-gonzalez-usigli"},{id:"235211",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Bitzer-Quintero",fullName:"Oscar Kurt Bitzer-Quintero",slug:"oscar-kurt-bitzer-quintero"},{id:"245530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Ramírez-Jirano",fullName:"Luis Ramírez-Jirano",slug:"luis-ramirez-jirano"},{id:"245531",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Ríos-Silva",fullName:"Mónica Ríos-Silva",slug:"monica-rios-silva"},{id:"245533",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca M",middleName:null,surname:"Torres.Mendoza",fullName:"Blanca M Torres.Mendoza",slug:"blanca-m-torres.mendoza"}]},{id:"59970",title:"Long Noncoding Mitochondrial RNAs (LncmtRNAs) as Targets for Cancer Therapy",slug:"long-noncoding-mitochondrial-rnas-lncmtrnas-as-targets-for-cancer-therapy",signatures:"Jaime Villegas Olavarria, Verónica A. Burzio, Vincenzo Borgna,\nLorena Lobos-Gonzalez, Mariela Araya, Francisca Guevara, Claudio\nVillota and Luis O. Burzio",authors:[{id:"232676",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Villegas",fullName:"Jaime Villegas",slug:"jaime-villegas"},{id:"243528",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Burzio",fullName:"Verónica Burzio",slug:"veronica-burzio"},{id:"243529",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Lobos-Gonzalez",fullName:"Lorena Lobos-Gonzalez",slug:"lorena-lobos-gonzalez"},{id:"243530",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Villota",fullName:"Claudio Villota",slug:"claudio-villota"},{id:"243755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariela",middleName:null,surname:"Araya",fullName:"Mariela Araya",slug:"mariela-araya"},{id:"243756",title:"MSc.",name:"Francisca",middleName:null,surname:"Guevara",fullName:"Francisca Guevara",slug:"francisca-guevara"},{id:"243757",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Burzio",fullName:"Luis Burzio",slug:"luis-burzio"}]},{id:"60483",title:"Mitochondrial DNA Variations in Tumors: Drivers or Passengers?",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-variations-in-tumors-drivers-or-passengers-",signatures:"Edoardo Errichiello and Tiziana Venesio",authors:[{id:"237780",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Edoardo",middleName:null,surname:"Errichiello",fullName:"Edoardo Errichiello",slug:"edoardo-errichiello"},{id:"244870",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Venesio",fullName:"Tiziana Venesio",slug:"tiziana-venesio"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3141",title:"Apoptosis and Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42aa17cdb57c3b0a54443cc3dadddaaf",slug:"apoptosis-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Tobias M. Ntuli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96243",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",surname:"Ntuli",slug:"tobias-ntuli",fullName:"Tobias Ntuli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6435",title:"Gene Expression and Regulation in Mammalian Cells",subtitle:"Transcription From General Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8573c44c537def5c800a0f6d4ed844d6",slug:"gene-expression-and-regulation-in-mammalian-cells-transcription-from-general-aspects",bookSignature:"Fumiaki Uchiumi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6435.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"47235",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumiaki",surname:"Uchiumi",slug:"fumiaki-uchiumi",fullName:"Fumiaki Uchiumi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7204",title:"Gene Expression and Regulation in Mammalian Cells",subtitle:"Transcription Toward the Establishment of Novel Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10030057b2e2dee7d800ff27658c3a69",slug:"gene-expression-and-regulation-in-mammalian-cells-transcription-toward-the-establishment-of-novel-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Fumiaki Uchiumi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7204.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"47235",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumiaki",surname:"Uchiumi",slug:"fumiaki-uchiumi",fullName:"Fumiaki Uchiumi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"267",title:"DNA Replication",subtitle:"Current Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7098366ef9c3671e3699a9528f8a310c",slug:"dna-replication-current-advances",bookSignature:"Herve Seligmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/267.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"309",title:"RNA Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a9bd91e201c38a107495de18f8883b0",slug:"rna-processing",bookSignature:"Paula Grabowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62212",title:"Prof.",name:"Paula",surname:"Grabowski",slug:"paula-grabowski",fullName:"Paula Grabowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"267",title:"DNA Replication",subtitle:"Current Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7098366ef9c3671e3699a9528f8a310c",slug:"dna-replication-current-advances",bookSignature:"Herve Seligmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/267.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78957",title:"Resonant Optical Solitons in (3 + 1)-Dimensions Dominated by Kerr Law and Parabolic Law Nonlinearities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100469",slug:"resonant-optical-solitons-in-3-1-dimensions-dominated-by-kerr-law-and-parabolic-law-nonlinearities",body:'
1. Introduction
Soliton is one of the important nonlinear waves that has been under intensive investigation in the physical and natural sciences. It has been noticed that solitons play a significant role on describing the physical phenomena in various branches of science, such as optical fibers, plasma physics, nonlinear optics, and many other fields [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. For example, solitons in the field of nonlinear optics are known as optical solitons and have the capacity to transport information through optical fibers over transcontinental and transoceanic distances in a matter of a few femtoseconds [6, 7]. Moreover, it is found that the efficient physical properties of solitons may support the improvement on photonic and optoelectronic devices [8, 9]. Further to this, optical solitons can be exploited widely in optical communication and optical signal processing systems [10, 11].
The formation of solitons is essentially caused due to a delicate balance between dispersion and nonlinearity in the medium. Understanding the dynamics of solitons can be performed through focusing deeply on one model of the nonlinear Schrödinger family of equations with higher order nonlinear terms [12, 13]. Thus, various studies in literatures scrutinized the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation which is mainly the governing model that describes soliton propagation and Madelung fluids in many nonlinear media. Several integration schemes have been implemented to examine the behavior of solitons such as ansatz method, semi-inverse variational principle, simplest equation approach, first integral method, functional variable method, sine-cosine function method, (G′/G)-expansion method, trial solution approach, generalized extended tanh method, modified simple equation method, and improved extended tanh-equation method. For more details, readers are referred to references [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
The present study concentrates on the investigation of resonant optical solitons in (3 + 1)-dimensions with two types of nonlinear influences, namely, Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities. In particular, we shed light on the model of (3 + 1)-dimensional resonant nonlinear Schrödinger (3D-RNLS) equation given in the form
where the dependent variable Qxyzt is a complex-valued wave profile and the independent variables x,y and z stand for spatial coordinates while t indicates temporal coordinate. The non-zero constants η,σ, and δ account for the coefficients of the group velocity, non-Kerr nonlinearity, and resonant nonlinearity, respectively. The parameter s plays an important role on manipulating the physical properties of distinct media and consequently affecting the behaviors of constructed solitons, see [26].
Here, we will consider two specific cases for the function Fs that represent the effect of nonlinearity in the media. These two nonlinear influences include the Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities. Hence, Eq. (1) with the two laws of nonlinearity has the following forms
iQt+η∇2Q+σQ2Q+δ∇2∣Q∣∣Q∣Q=0,E2
and
iQt+η∇2Q+σQ2+ρQ4Q+δ∇2∣Q∣∣Q∣Q=0.E3
The first model given in Eq. (2) is the 3D-RNLS equation dominated by the Kerr law nonlinearity and is found to have applications in the optical fiber and water waves when the refractive index of the light is proportional to the intensity. The second model presented in Eq. (3) is the 3D-RNLS equation with the parabolic law nonlinearity which arises in the context of nonlinear fiber optics.
In literatures, there are some studies that dealt with the 3D-RNLS equation to find exact solutions. For example, Ferdous et al. [27] investigated the conformable time fractional 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr and parabolic law nonlinearities. Different structures of oblique resonant optical solitons have been obtained by using the generalized exp−Φξ-expansion method. Furthermore, Sedeeg et al. [28] studied the two models of 3D-RNLS equation given in (2) and (3) by applying the modified extended tanh method. Optical soliton solutions including dark, singular and combo solitons are extracted in addition to periodic solutions. Moreover, the exact solutions of the 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr law nonlinearity given in (2) has been examined by Hosseini et al. [29] by exploiting the new expansion methods based on the Jacobi elliptic equation. Recently, Hosseini et al. [30] studied the optical solitons and modulation instability of the models given in (2) and (3). Various forms of optical solitons are derived with the aid of the expa and hyperbolic function techniques.
The aim of current work is to derive the optical solitons of 3D-RNLS equation presented in (2) and (3). The mathematical technique applied to solve the models is based on a finite series expressed in terms of the solution of projective Riccati equations. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we analyze the idea of implementing the proposed method. In Section 3, the traveling wave reduction of (2) and (3) is extracted. Then, Section 4 displays the derivation of resonant optical solitons in (3 + 1)-dimensions. In Section 5, the main outlook of results and remarks are presented. Finally, the conclusion of work is given in Section 6.
2. Elucidation of solution method
Consider a nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE) for Qxyzt in the form
PQQtQxQyQzQxxQyyQzz…=0,E4
where P is a polynomial in its arguments.
Since we seek for exact traveling wave solutions, we introduce the wave variables
Qxt=qξ,ξ=xcosα+ycosβ+zcosγ+ct.E5
Inserting (5) into Eq. (4), one can find the following ordinary differential equation (ODE)
Hqq′q′′q′′′…=0,E6
where prime denotes the derivative with respect to ξ. Then, integrate Eq. (6), if possible, to reduce the order of differentiation.
Now, assume that the solution of Eq. (6) can be expressed in the finite series of the form
Uξ=a0+∑l=1malflξ+blglξ,E7
where a0,al,bl,l=12…m are constants to be identified. The parameter m, which is a positive integer, can be determined by balancing the highest order derivative term with the highest order nonlinear term in Eq. (6).
where A and B are arbitrary constants and ε=±1. The third equation in the system (8) represents the first integral which gives the relation between the functions fξ and gξ.
The set of Eqs. (8) is found to admit the following solutions
f1ξ=RtanhRξA+BtanhRξ,g1ξ=RsechRξA+BtanhRξ,E9
demands ε=1.
f2ξ=RcothRξA+BcothRξ,g2ξ=RcschRξA+BcothRξ,E10
implies ε=−1.
f3ξ=AAC+A2−B2ξ,g3ξ=−εA2−B2AC+A2−B2ξ,E11
provided R=0, where C is an arbitrary constant.
The substitution of (7) along with (8) into Eq. (6) generates a polynomial in fiξgjξ. Equating each coefficient of fiξgjξ in this polynomial to zero, yields a set of algebraic equations for ai,bj. Solving this system of equations, we can obtain many exact solutions of Eq. (4) according to (9)–(11).
In order to tackle the complex models of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities given in (2) and (3), we embark on analyzing their structures by using the wave transformation of the form
Similarly, we utilize the wave transformation (12) to the 3D-RNLS equation with parabolic law nonlinearity given in (3) which is decomposed to real and imaginary parts as
λη+δq′′−ω+ληκ2q+σq3+ρq5=0,E18
and
ν+2ληκq′=0.E19
From Eq. (19), we come by the expression given in (16). To seek a closed form solution, the structure of Eq. (18) has to be rearranged. Thus, we multiply Eq. (18) by q′ and integrate with respect to ξ to arrive at
λη+δq′2−ω+ληκ2q2+σ2q4+ρ3q6+2μ=0,E20
where μ is the integration constant. For convenience, we make use of the variable transformation given as
q2=V,E21
which leads to q′2=V′2/4V. Thus, Eq. (20), after manipulating, becomes
λη+δV′2+8μV−4ω+ληκ2V2+2σV3+43ρV4=0.E22
4. Optical soliton solutions of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities
Now, we aim to employ the projective Riccati equations method given in Section 2 to extract the exact resonant optical soliton solutions with Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities for 3D-RNLS equations given in (2) and (3). Basically, the proposed technique will be implemented to Eqs. (17) and (20) and then their obtained solutions will be inserted into (12) so as to derive the optical solitons of the models discussed in this work.
4.1 Oblique resonant solitons of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr law nonlinearity
According to the expansion given in (7) and the balance between the terms q′′ and q3, the solution of Eq. (17) reads
qξ=a0+a1fξ+b1gξ.E23
Substituting (23) together with Eqs. (8) into Eq. (17) gives rise to an equation having different powers of figj. Collecting all the terms with the same power of figj together and equating each coefficient to zero, yields a set of algebraic equations. Solving these equations simultaneously leads to the following results.
Set I. If ε=1, then the following cases of solutions are retrieved.
4.2 Oblique resonant solitons of 3D-RNLS equation with parabolic law nonlinearity
Based on the expansion given in (7), we consider that the solution to Eq. (22) takes the form
qξ=a0+∑l=12alflξ+blglξ.E31
Inserting (31) together with Eqs. (8) into Eq. (22) gives rise to an equation having different powers of figj. Collecting all the terms with the same power of figj together and equating each coefficient to zero, yields a set of algebraic equations. Solving these equations simultaneously leads to the following results.
Set I. If ε=1, then the following cases of solutions are obtained.
Case I1.b1=a2=b2=0, a0=−Ra1A+B, a1=±A2−B22A−3λη+δρ,
where A2>B2 and φ=κxcosα+ycosβ+zcosγ+λη+δR24−ηκ2t.
5. Results and remarks
To give a clear insight into the behavior of resonant optical solitons, the graphical representations for some of the extracted soliton solutions are presented. Besides, the obliqueness influence on the resonant solitons is examined. Thus, we display the 3D and 2D plots of the absolute of these solutions by selecting different values of the model parameters. For example, Figure 1(a)–(b) present the 3D and 2D plots of resonant soliton for the solution given in (24) of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr-law nonlinearity. It is clear from the graph that the wave profile represents bright soliton. Figure 1(c)–(d) display the 3D plot for the effect of obliquity on the resonant soliton given in (24), where Figure 1(c) shows the relation between x and α while Figure 1(d) illustrates the relation between x and γ. Figure 2(a)–(b) exhibit the 3D and 2D plots of resonant dark soliton given in the solution (29) of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr-law nonlinearity. The obliqueness influence on the solution (29) is shown in Figure 2(c)–(d). Additionally, Figure 3(a)–(b) demonstrate the 3D and 2D plots of resonant soliton given in the solution (40) of 3D-RNLS equation with parabolic-law nonlinearity, where the wave profile describes a kink-shape soliton. It can be seen that Figure 3(c)–(d) present the obliquity impact on the solution (40). Figure 4(a)–(b) depict the 3D and 2D plots of resonant singular soliton given in the solution (48) of 3D-RNLS equation with parabolic-law nonlinearity, where the effect of obliqueness on this wave is illustrated in Figure 4(c)–(d).
Figure 1.
(a)-(b) Resonant soliton and (c)-(d) obliqueness effect on resonant soliton corresponding to solution (24) with κ=0.5,η=δ=σ=1,R=A=2,B=1,α=β=γ=π/3,y=z=0,t=1.
Figure 2.
(a)-(b) Resonant soliton and (c)-(d) obliqueness effect on resonant soliton corresponding to solution (29) with the same values of parameters in Figure 1 except σ=−1.
Figure 3.
(a)-(b) Resonant soliton and (c)-(d) obliqueness effect on resonant soliton corresponding to solution (40) with the same values of parameters in Figure 1 except A=1,B=−2.
Figure 4.
(a)-(b) Resonant soliton and (c)-(d) obliqueness effect on resonant soliton corresponding to solution (48) with the same values of parameters in Figure 1.
One can obviously see from Figures 1–4 that the obliqueness influences the behavior of resonant solitons, where the structure of solitons is changed remarkably with the variation of obliqueness parameters. Further to this, it is noticed that the amplitude of the resonant solitons decreases and the width rises with the increase of obliqueness as shown in the 2D graphs.
6. Conclusions
This work scoped the behavior of optical solitons of 3D-RNLS equation. The dominant nonlinearity in the model is considered to have two forms which are Kerr law and parabolic law. The resonant solitons are derived with the aid of projective Riccati equations method. Various forms of wave structures are retrieved such as bright, dark, singular, kink, dark-singular and combined singular solitons. The influence of obliquity on resonant solitons is also examined. It is found that the change in the obliqueness parameters leads to a noticeable variation on the behavior of optical soliton waves. In addition to this, the amplitude of the resonant solitons undergoes a reduction, but their width is enhanced as the obliqueness is increased. The results obtained in this work are entirely new and it may be useful to understand the dynamics of resonant solitons affected by obliqueness in different nonlinear media such as optical fiber and Madelung fluids.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Optical solitons, 3D-RNLS equation, Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities, Projective Riccati equations method, Obliquity influence",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78957.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78957.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78957",totalDownloads:96,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"September 15th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 16th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"October 12th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This study investigates the optical solitons of of (3+1)-dimensional resonant nonlinear Schrödinger (3D-RNLS) equation with the two laws of nonlinearity. The two forms of nonlinearity are represented by Kerr law and parabolic law. Based on complex transformation, the traveling wave reduction of the governing model is derived. The projective Riccati equations technique is applied to obtain the exact solutions of 3D-RNLS equation. Various types of waves that represent different structures of optical solitons are extracted. These structures include bright, dark, singular, dark-singular and combined singular solitons. Additionally, the obliquity effect on resonant solitons is illustrated graphically and is found to cause dramatic variations in soliton behaviors.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78957",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78957",signatures:"Khalil S. Al-Ghafri",book:{id:"10959",type:"book",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nalan Antar and Prof. İlkay Bakırtaş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-979-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-978-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-980-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"281410",title:"Dr.",name:"Nalan",middleName:null,surname:"Antar",slug:"nalan-antar",fullName:"Nalan Antar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Elucidation of solution method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Traveling wave reduction for Eqs. (2) and (3)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Traveling wave reduction for Eq. (2)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Traveling wave reduction for Eq. (3)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Optical soliton solutions of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinearities",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1 Oblique resonant solitons of 3D-RNLS equation with Kerr law nonlinearity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.2 Oblique resonant solitons of 3D-RNLS equation with parabolic law nonlinearity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Results and remarks",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Lonngren KE. Soliton experiments in plasmas. Plasma Physics. 1983;25(9):943–982.'},{id:"B2",body:'Agrawal GP. Nonlinear fiber optics: quantum electronics–principles and applications. Academic Press, New York; 1995.'},{id:"B3",body:'Mollenauer LF, Gordon JP. Solitons in optical fibers: fundamentals and applications. Elsevier; 2006.'},{id:"B4",body:'Biswas A, Konar S. Introduction to non-Kerr law optical solitons. CRC Press; 2006.'},{id:"B5",body:'Bao W. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation and applications in Bose-Einstein condensation and plasma physics. Dynamics in Models of Coarsening, Coagulation, Condensation and Quantization” (IMS Lecture Notes Series, World Scientific). 2007;9:141–240.'},{id:"B6",body:'Gedalin M, Scott T, Band Y. Optical solitary waves in the higher order nonlinear schrödinger equation. Physical review letters. 1997;78(3):448.'},{id:"B7",body:'Hong WP. Optical solitary wave solutions for the higher order nonlinear schrödinger equation with cubic-quintic non-kerr terms. Optics Communications. 2001;194(1-3):217–223.'},{id:"B8",body:'Liu W, Pang L, Han H, et al. Tungsten disulphide for ultrashort pulse generation in all-fiber lasers. Nanoscale. 2017;9(18):5806–5811.'},{id:"B9",body:'Liu W, Zhu YN, Liu M, et al. Optical properties and applications for MoS 2-Sb 2 Te 3-MoS 2 heterostructure materials. Photonics Research. 2018;6(3):220–227.'},{id:"B10",body:'Singer A. Signal processing and communication with solitons [dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1996.'},{id:"B11",body:'Song Y, Shi X, Wu C, et al. Recent progress of study on optical solitons in fiber lasers. Applied Physics Reviews. 2019;6(2):021313.'},{id:"B12",body:'Porsezian K. Soliton propagation in nonlinear optics with higher-order effects. Journal of Modern Optics. 1997;44(2):387–394.'},{id:"B13",body:'Radhakrishnan R, Kundu A, Lakshmanan M. Coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with cubic-quintic nonlinearity: integrability and soliton interaction in non-kerr media. Physical Review E. 1999;60(3):3314.'},{id:"B14",body:'Triki H, Hayat T, Aldossary OM, et al. Bright and dark solitons for the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with time-dependent coefficients. Optics & Laser Technology. 2012;44(7):2223–2231.'},{id:"B15",body:'Triki H, Yildirim A, Hayat T, et al. 1-soliton solution of the generalized resonant nonlinear dispersive Schrödinger’s equation with time-dependent coefficients. Advanced Science Letters. 2012;16(1):309–312.'},{id:"B16",body:'Biswas A. Soliton solutions of the perturbed resonant nonlinear Schrodinger’s equation with full nonlinearity by semi-inverse variational principle. Quantum Phys Lett. 2012;1(2):79–89.'},{id:"B17",body:'Eslami M, Mirzazadeh M, Biswas A. Soliton solutions of the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation in optical fibers with time-dependent coefficients by simplest equation approach. Journal of Modern Optics. 2013;60(19):1627–1636.'},{id:"B18",body:'Eslami M, Mirzazadeh M, Vajargah BF, et al. Optical solitons for the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with time-dependent coefficients by the first integral method. Optik. 2014;125(13):3107–3116.'},{id:"B19",body:'Mirzazadeh M, Eslami M, Vajargah BF, et al. Optical solitons and optical rogons of generalized resonant dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with power law nonlinearity. Optik. 2014;125(16):4246–4256.'},{id:"B20",body:'Mirzazadeh M, Eslami M, Milovic D, et al. Topological solitons of resonant nonlinear Schödinger’s equation with dual-power law nonlinearity by G′/G-expansion technique. Optik. 2014;125(19):5480–5489.'},{id:"B21",body:'Mirzazadeh M, Arnous A, Mahmood M, et al. Soliton solutions to resonant nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with time-dependent coefficients by trial solution approach. Nonlinear Dynamics. 2015;81(1):277–282.'},{id:"B22",body:'Kilic B, Inc M. On optical solitons of the resonant Schrödinger’s equation in optical fibers with dual-power law nonlinearity and time-dependent coefficients. Waves in Random and Complex Media. 2015;25(3):334–341.'},{id:"B23",body:'Arnous AH, Mirzazadeh M, Zhou Q, et al. Soliton solutions to resonant nonlinear schrodinger’s equation with time-dependent coefficients by modified simple equation method. Optik. 2016;127(23):11450–11459.'},{id:"B24",body:'Mirzazadeh M, Ekici M, Zhou Q, et al. Exact solitons to generalized resonant dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with power law nonlinearity. Optik. 2017;130:178–183.'},{id:"B25",body:'Al-Ghafri KS. Different physical structures of solutions for a generalized resonant dispersive nonlinear schrödinger equation with power law nonlinearity. Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2019;2019:1–8.'},{id:"B26",body:'Pashaev OK, Lee JH. Resonance solitons as black holes in madelung fluid. Modern Physics Letters A. 2002;17(24):1601–1619.'},{id:"B27",body:'Ferdous F, Hafez MG, Biswas A, et al. Oblique resonant optical solitons with Kerr and parabolic law nonlinearities and fractional temporal evolution by generalized exp (− ϕ (ξ))-expansion. Optik. 2019;178:439–448.'},{id:"B28",body:'Sedeeg AKH, Nuruddeen R, Gomez-Aguilar J. Generalized optical soliton solutions to the (3+ 1)-dimensional resonant nonlinear schrödinger equation with kerr and parabolic law nonlinearities. Optical and Quantum Electronics. 2019;51(6):1–15.'},{id:"B29",body:'Hosseini K, Matinfar M, Mirzazadeh M. A (3+ 1)-dimensional resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its jacobi elliptic and exponential function solutions. Optik. 2020;207:164458.'},{id:"B30",body:'Hosseini K, Ansari R, Zabihi A, et al. Optical solitons and modulation instability of the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equations in (3+ 1)-dimensions. Optik. 2020;209:164584.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Khalil S. Al-Ghafri",address:"khalil.ibr@cas.edu.om",affiliation:'
University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ibri, Oman
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10959",type:"book",title:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nalan Antar and Prof. İlkay Bakırtaş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-979-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-978-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-980-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"281410",title:"Dr.",name:"Nalan",middleName:null,surname:"Antar",slug:"nalan-antar",fullName:"Nalan Antar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"24920",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Poli",email:"apoli@icb.cnr.it",fullName:"Annarita Poli",slug:"annarita-poli",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"16196",title:"Polysaccharides from Wastes of Vegetable Industrial Processing: New Opportunities for Their Eco-Friendly Re-Use",slug:"polysaccharides-from-wastes-of-vegetable-industrial-processing-new-opportunities-for-their-eco-frien",abstract:null,signatures:"Annarita Poli, Gianluca Anzelmo,\nGabriella Fiorentino, Barbara Nicolaus, Giuseppina Tommonaro and Paola Di Donato",authors:[{id:"24920",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",surname:"Poli",fullName:"Annarita Poli",slug:"annarita-poli",email:"apoli@icb.cnr.it"},{id:"34892",title:"Dr",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Anzelmo",fullName:"Gianluca Anzelmo",slug:"gianluca-anzelmo",email:"gianluca.anzelmo@uniparthenope.it"},{id:"34893",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriella",surname:"Fiorentino",fullName:"Gabriella Fiorentino",slug:"gabriella-fiorentino",email:"gabriella.fiorentino@uniparthenope.it"},{id:"34894",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Nicolaus",fullName:"Barbara Nicolaus",slug:"barbara-nicolaus",email:"bnicolaus@icb.cnr.it"},{id:"34895",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Di Donato",fullName:"Paola Di Donato",slug:"paola-di-donato",email:"paola.didonato@uniparthenope.it"},{id:"71443",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",surname:"Tommonaro",fullName:"Giuseppina Tommonaro",slug:"giuseppina-tommonaro",email:"gtommonaro@icb.cnr.it"}],book:{id:"158",title:"Biotechnology of Biopolymers",slug:"biotechnology-of-biopolymers",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12075/images/system/12075.jpg",biography:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1972. He recevied his M.Sc. Degree in Chemistry from the Cairo University, Egypt, in 1998 and his Ph.D. Degree in Biochemistry from the University of Leeds, UK, in 2005. \nProf. Elnashar was awarded several prizes, among which the Prize of the National Research Center for promoting science in the field of Biotechnology in 2010 and the Prize of the President of the National Research Centre for the best applied article in 2009. His current position is the Head of Biopolymers & Nanobiotechnology Group at the Center of Excellence, National Research Center in Egypt. \nProf. Elnashar’s fields of interest are in the production of Nano to Macro Beads, Biopolymers Grafting, Immobilized Enzymes, Drug Delivery Systems, Nano Magnetic Particles, Diagnostic Kits (Immunology) and Water Purification.",institutionString:"Curtin University",institution:{name:"Curtin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"27396",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Schulze Gronover",slug:"christian-schulze-gronover",fullName:"Christian Schulze Gronover",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"30214",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"markus-schmidt",fullName:"Markus Schmidt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"30215",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Pei",slug:"lei-pei",fullName:"Lei Pei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Organisation for International Dialogue and Conflict Management",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"34892",title:"Dr",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Anzelmo",slug:"gianluca-anzelmo",fullName:"Gianluca Anzelmo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"34893",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriella",surname:"Fiorentino",slug:"gabriella-fiorentino",fullName:"Gabriella Fiorentino",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"34894",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Nicolaus",slug:"barbara-nicolaus",fullName:"Barbara Nicolaus",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"34895",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Di Donato",slug:"paola-di-donato",fullName:"Paola Di Donato",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"67408",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wei",slug:"wei-wei",fullName:"Wei Wei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Botany",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"71443",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",surname:"Tommonaro",slug:"giuseppina-tommonaro",fullName:"Giuseppina Tommonaro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"indexing-and-abstracting",title:"Indexing and Abstracting",intro:"
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\n
IntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
BKCI is a part of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and the world’s leading citation index with multidisciplinary content from the top tier international and regional journals, conference proceedings, and books. The Book Citation Index includes over 104,500 editorially selected books, with 10,000 new books added each year. Containing more than 53.2 million cited references, coverage dates back from 2005 to present. The Book Citation Index is multidisciplinary, covering disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, BIOSIS Previews research database provides researchers with the most current sources of life sciences information, including journals, conferences, patents, books, review articles, and more. Researchers can also access multidisciplinary coverage via specialized indexing such as MeSH disease terms, CAS registry numbers, Sequence Databank Numbers and Major Concepts.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
Since 2002, Research4Life has provided researchers at more than 10,500 institutions in over 125 lower and middle-income countries with free or low-cost online access to up 151,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. There are five programs through which users can access content: Research for Health (Hinari), Research in Agriculture (AGORA), Research in the Environment (OARE), Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI) and Research for Global Justice (GOALI).
Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
MyScienceWork provides a suite of data-driven solutions for research institutions, scientific publishers and private-sector R&D companies. MyScienceWork's comprehensive database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.
CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
BKCI is a part of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and the world’s leading citation index with multidisciplinary content from the top tier international and regional journals, conference proceedings, and books. The Book Citation Index includes over 104,500 editorially selected books, with 10,000 new books added each year. Containing more than 53.2 million cited references, coverage dates back from 2005 to present. The Book Citation Index is multidisciplinary, covering disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, and arts & humanities.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, BIOSIS Previews research database provides researchers with the most current sources of life sciences information, including journals, conferences, patents, books, review articles, and more. Researchers can also access multidisciplinary coverage via specialized indexing such as MeSH disease terms, CAS registry numbers, Sequence Databank Numbers and Major Concepts.
Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
Since 2002, Research4Life has provided researchers at more than 10,500 institutions in over 125 lower and middle-income countries with free or low-cost online access to up 151,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. There are five programs through which users can access content: Research for Health (Hinari), Research in Agriculture (AGORA), Research in the Environment (OARE), Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI) and Research for Global Justice (GOALI).
Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
MyScienceWork provides a suite of data-driven solutions for research institutions, scientific publishers and private-sector R&D companies. MyScienceWork's comprehensive database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.
CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"17"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11461",title:"Advances in Nanowires Synthesis and Applications to Sensing Technologies \ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"94ce46811974b75b5efded35f161ea18",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Felix Kutsanedzie, Dr. Annavaram Viswadevarayalu, Dr. Akwasi Akomeah Agyekum and Dr. Isaac Asempah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11461.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"443651",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Kutsanedzie",slug:"felix-kutsanedzie",fullName:"Felix Kutsanedzie"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11464",title:"Carbon Nanotubes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Potential Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce526ec78ed00c4f5f08ffb4548ff388",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri and Prof. Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11464.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11754",title:"Nanozymes - Simulation, Design, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7d040dd70e3021d1c7da668be1263616",slug:null,bookSignature:"D.Sc. Rafael Vargas-Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11755",title:"Nanoclay - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b716126dd284217d47a657db8ae22ef4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walid Oueslati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11755.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176192",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",surname:"Oueslati",slug:"walid-oueslati",fullName:"Walid Oueslati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11756",title:"Quantum Dots - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Contemporary Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0dd5611c62c91569bd2819e68852002a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11757",title:"Nanorods - Synthesis, Properties, Toxicity and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fb27f444442e8f039b560beae93e6873",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tejendra Kumar Gupta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11757.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345089",title:"Prof.",name:"Tejendra Kumar",surname:"Gupta",slug:"tejendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Tejendra Kumar Gupta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12259",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f170098e663d39a3431be01f1afeece8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Suresh Sagadevan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12259.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"473599",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"Sagadevan",slug:"suresh-sagadevan",fullName:"Suresh Sagadevan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:7},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"341",title:"Olericulture",slug:"olericulture",parent:{id:"38",title:"Horticulture",slug:"horticulture"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:223,numberOfWosCitations:379,numberOfCrossrefCitations:246,numberOfDimensionsCitations:574,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"341",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11007",title:"Vegetable Crops",subtitle:"Health Benefits and Cultivation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e0e217885c8c1fd39ec4a9649445df0",slug:"vegetable-crops-health-benefits-and-cultivation",bookSignature:"Ertan Yildirim and Melek Ekinci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11007.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186639",title:"Prof.",name:"Ertan",middleName:null,surname:"Yildirim",slug:"ertan-yildirim",fullName:"Ertan Yildirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum",subtitle:"A Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:"solanum-tuberosum-a-promising-crop-for-starvation-problem",bookSignature:"Mustafa Yildiz and Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9686",title:"Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1afe175ea39b01d4e6e0c9d6427486a6",slug:"brassica-breeding-and-biotechnology",bookSignature:"A. K. M. Aminul Islam, Mohammad Anwar Hossain and A. K. M. Mominul Islam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191072",title:"Prof.",name:"A. K. M. Aminul",middleName:null,surname:"Islam",slug:"a.-k.-m.-aminul-islam",fullName:"A. K. M. Aminul Islam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10165",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Prospects, Production and Uses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ce648cbd64755df57dd7c67c9b17f18",slug:"legume-crops-prospects-production-and-uses",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6492",title:"Vegetables",subtitle:"Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9b3988b64bc40ab0eb650fe8a2b2493",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",bookSignature:"Md. Asaduzzaman and Toshiki Asao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6492.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171564",title:"Dr.",name:"Md",middleName:null,surname:"Asaduzzaman",slug:"md-asaduzzaman",fullName:"Md Asaduzzaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3226",title:"Abiotic Stress",subtitle:"Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8063f7215a8655b897424c418ed0f4bc",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Kourosh Vahdati and Charles Leslie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3226.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59106",title:"Dr.",name:"Kourosh",middleName:null,surname:"Vahdati",slug:"kourosh-vahdati",fullName:"Kourosh Vahdati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"43317",doi:"10.5772/54833",title:"Extreme Temperature Responses, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants",slug:"extreme-temperature-responses-oxidative-stress-and-antioxidant-defense-in-plants",totalDownloads:11577,totalCrossrefCites:70,totalDimensionsCites:153,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Kamrun Nahar and Masayuki Fujita",authors:[{id:"47687",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",slug:"masayuki-fujita",fullName:"Masayuki Fujita"},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"166818",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamrun",middleName:null,surname:"Nahar",slug:"kamrun-nahar",fullName:"Kamrun Nahar"}]},{id:"43341",doi:"10.5772/54859",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants and Metabolic Responses",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-and-metabolic-responses",totalDownloads:5325,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Saúl Fraire-Velázquez and Victor Emmanuel Balderas-Hernández",authors:[{id:"51144",title:"Dr.",name:"Saul",middleName:null,surname:"Fraire",slug:"saul-fraire",fullName:"Saul Fraire"},{id:"156646",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Balderas-Hernández",slug:"victor-emmanuel-balderas-hernandez",fullName:"Victor Emmanuel Balderas-Hernández"}]},{id:"43220",doi:"10.5772/52779",title:"Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants: Unraveling the Complexity of Genes and Networks to Survive",slug:"abiotic-stress-responses-in-plants-unraveling-the-complexity-of-genes-and-networks-to-survive",totalDownloads:7373,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:61,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Ana Sofia Duque, André Martinho de Almeida, Anabela Bernardes da Silva, Jorge Marques da Silva, Ana Paula Farinha, Dulce Santos, Pedro Fevereiro and Susana de Sousa Araújo",authors:[{id:"59945",title:"Dr.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"dulce-santos",fullName:"Dulce Santos"},{id:"59946",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Fevereiro",slug:"pedro-fevereiro",fullName:"Pedro Fevereiro"},{id:"156799",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Araújo",slug:"susana-araujo",fullName:"Susana Araújo"},{id:"165802",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Duque",slug:"ana-sofia-duque",fullName:"Ana Sofia Duque"},{id:"165803",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"andre-almeida",fullName:"André Almeida"},{id:"165804",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"anabela-silva",fullName:"Anabela Silva"},{id:"165805",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Marques Da Silva",slug:"jorge-marques-da-silva",fullName:"Jorge Marques Da Silva"},{id:"165806",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Farinha",slug:"ana-paula-farinha",fullName:"Ana Paula Farinha"}]},{id:"43228",doi:"10.5772/54795",title:"The Role of Transcription Factors in Wheat Under Different Abiotic Stresses",slug:"the-role-of-transcription-factors-in-wheat-under-different-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:3989,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Mahdi Rahaie, Gang-Ping Xue and Peer M. Schenk",authors:[{id:"48487",title:"Prof.",name:"Peer",middleName:null,surname:"Schenk",slug:"peer-schenk",fullName:"Peer Schenk"}]},{id:"43225",doi:"10.5772/53127",title:"Programmed Cell Death as a Response to High Light, UV and Drought Stress in Plants",slug:"programmed-cell-death-as-a-response-to-high-light-uv-and-drought-stress-in-plants",totalDownloads:4178,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Weronika Wituszyńska and Stanisław Karpiński",authors:[{id:"70286",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanislaw",middleName:null,surname:"Karpinski",slug:"stanislaw-karpinski",fullName:"Stanislaw Karpinski"},{id:"156103",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Weronika",middleName:null,surname:"Wituszyńska",slug:"weronika-wituszynska",fullName:"Weronika Wituszyńska"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59450",title:"Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables: Review from Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"health-benefits-of-fruits-and-vegetables-review-from-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:3379,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"A fruit is defined as the edible part of a plant that consists of the seeds and surrounding tissues, while vegetables are plants cultivated for their edible parts. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of micronutrients and dietary fibres and are components of a healthy diet, which help in preventing major diseases. Due to the fact that fruits and vegetables have health promoting properties, they contribute to dietary guidance. This chapter defines the basic concepts related to health benefits of fruits and vegetables, reviews the previous literature on health benefits of fruits and vegetables and enumerates the health benefits of some common fruits and vegetables. It also examined the dietary recommendation of fruits and vegetables in less developed countries as well as present situation of fruits and vegetables consumption with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa.",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Ifeoluwapo Amao",authors:[{id:"223341",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoluwapo",middleName:null,surname:"Amao",slug:"ifeoluwapo-amao",fullName:"Ifeoluwapo Amao"}]},{id:"61691",title:"Role of Vegetables in Human Nutrition and Disease Prevention",slug:"role-of-vegetables-in-human-nutrition-and-disease-prevention",totalDownloads:3272,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Vegetables are important for human health because of their vitamins, minerals, phytochemical compounds, and dietary fiber content. Especially antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E) and dietary fiber content have important roles in human health. Adequate vegetable consumption can be protective some chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, as well as improve risk factors related with these diseases. In this chapter, basic information will be given about the classification of vegetables, preparation and cooking, and their effects on food content of vegetables and effects on health and diseases (diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer).",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Taha Gökmen Ülger, Ayşe Nur Songur, Onur Çırak and Funda Pınar\nÇakıroğlu",authors:[{id:"176588",title:"Prof.",name:"Funda Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Çakıroğlu",slug:"funda-pinar-cakiroglu",fullName:"Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu"},{id:"244239",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Çırak",slug:"onur-cirak",fullName:"Onur Çırak"},{id:"251662",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşe Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Songür",slug:"ayse-nur-songur",fullName:"Ayşe Nur Songür"},{id:"251663",title:"MSc.",name:"Taha Gökmen",middleName:null,surname:"Ülger",slug:"taha-gokmen-ulger",fullName:"Taha Gökmen Ülger"}]},{id:"62292",title:"Introductory Chapter: Quality Vegetable Production and Human Health Benefits",slug:"introductory-chapter-quality-vegetable-production-and-human-health-benefits",totalDownloads:1759,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Md Asaduzzaman and Toshiki Asao",authors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"},{id:"171564",title:"Dr.",name:"Md",middleName:null,surname:"Asaduzzaman",slug:"md-asaduzzaman",fullName:"Md Asaduzzaman"}]},{id:"58552",title:"Hydroponic Production Systems: Impact on Nutritional Status and Bioactive Compounds of Fresh Vegetables",slug:"hydroponic-production-systems-impact-on-nutritional-status-and-bioactive-compounds-of-fresh-vegetabl",totalDownloads:2320,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Hydroponic systems for vegetable production are nowadays essential to maximize productions and increase yields. Although the technical issues concerning the production are well explored and discussed, less information is available about the impact of hydroponic methods in the nutritional status of fresh vegetables and in particularly in their levels of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the aim of the current chapter is to provide accurate and updated information about their effects on compositional and bioactive properties of vegetables, comparing with conventional production mode. This chapter will be divided as the following sections: (1) introduction (introduction to the theme), (2) hydroponics and quality of vegetable produces, and (3) conclusion. With this chapter, we hope to present an updated and credible discussion, compare hydroponic versus conventional vegetables production mode, and present new consumers and producer trends.",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Alfredo Aires",authors:[{id:"175895",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Aires",slug:"alfredo-aires",fullName:"Alfredo Aires"}]},{id:"72106",title:"Bioactive Components of Magical Velvet Beans",slug:"bioactive-components-of-magical-velvet-beans",totalDownloads:711,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The plant Mucuna is an annual climbing shrub with long vines that can reach over fifteen meters in length. About 100–150 Mucuna species are found in the tropic and subtropic regions of both hemispheres of the earth. The genus Mucuna belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is commonly known as Kewanch, velvet bean, cowhage and kappikachhu and is found widely in India as a hardy, herbaceous, vigorous, twining annual plant. The size and dimension of the Mucuna seeds, pods, platelets and leaves change from species to species. The hair present on pods is anthelmintic, which causes itching. People are seeking great attention towards Mucuna due to its several medicinal properties, including L-DOPA (L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) along with supplementary antioxidants that are used for treating Parkinson’s disease and many neurodegenerative diseases. Thus it is being used in about 200 medicinal formulations. The current chapter outlines the work that determines the influence of different nutritional, anti-nutritional and medicinal values and bioactive agents from different parts of the Mucuna species present in India and its importance in medicine.",book:{id:"10165",slug:"legume-crops-prospects-production-and-uses",title:"Legume Crops",fullTitle:"Legume Crops - Prospects, Production and Uses"},signatures:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi, Prajakta P. Kamble, Vishwas A. Bapat and Jyoti P. Jadhav",authors:[{id:"307840",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajakta P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Kamble",slug:"prajakta-p.-kamble",fullName:"Prajakta P. Kamble"},{id:"308178",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Suryawanshi",slug:"suresh-s.-suryawanshi",fullName:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi"},{id:"317797",title:"Prof.",name:"Viawas A.",middleName:null,surname:"Bapat",slug:"viawas-a.-bapat",fullName:"Viawas A. Bapat"},{id:"317798",title:"Prof.",name:"Jyoti P.",middleName:null,surname:"Jadhav",slug:"jyoti-p.-jadhav",fullName:"Jyoti P. Jadhav"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"341",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation"},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Environmental Sciences",id:"25"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/24920",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24920"},fullPath:"/profiles/24920",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()