TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging of gallbladder carcinoma [4].
\r\n\tIndeed for this, the various mathematical models and methods applicable to different systems and processes are invited.
\r\n\r\n\tThe content is structured by the topics: General Mathematical Propositions for Forecasting and Solving the Problems of Analysis, Optimization and Extracting Effects (1), Risk Analysis. Effective Use of Opportunities and Reliable Counteractions against Threats and Damages (for Industrial Systems, Natural Hazards and Events, Transport and Cosmic Systems) (2), Forecasting for Information Systems, Processes, and Artificial Intelligence. Making Decisions and Knowledge Management (3), Monitoring, Control and Rationale of Preventive Actions by Forecasting (4), Forecasting for Social Processes (5).
\r\n\r\n\tThe book is planned for systems analysts which can be customers, designers, developers, users, experts, as well as for staff of quality, risk, safety, and security management, and, of course, for scientists, researchers, and students. It is expected the proposed models and methods will be applicable in the system life cycle to study system operation, explain and optimize system requirements, rationale technical decisions, predict and analyze quality, risks, and effects, compare different processes, adjust technological parameters of systems, including embedded “real-time” forecasting, etc.
\r\n\tThe examples of purposeful essential improvement of quality, safety, effectiveness, and mitigation of risks, and decrease expenses for created and operating systems are expected.
\r\n\tThe book should be focused also on education in system analysis and modeling. The specializations «System engineering», «Operations research», "Enterprise management", «Project management», «Risk management», «Quality of systems», "Safety and security", “Smart systems”, “System of systems” are expected to be covered.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-655-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-654-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-656-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"fdf4fb5aa59d75cdda88fd4143f0387b",bookSignature:"Dr. Andrey Kostogryzov and Dr. Nikolay Andreevich Makhutov",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11200.jpg",keywords:"Risk, Analysis, Counteraction Measures, Industrial System, Transport System, Cosmic System, Monitoring, Control, Rationale, Preventive Action, Forecasting, Social Process",numberOfDownloads:26,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 1st 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 8th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 27th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 26th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Russian Academy of Informatization in Education, an author of more than 100 mathematical models for analyzing and optimizing quality and risks, and more than 210 scientific works, including 20 books. Dr. Kostogryzov is the winner of the Research Award from the Russian President for Scientific School in system quality and safety (2004-2005) and the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Field of Science and Engineering (2015).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Prof. Makhutov has been a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1987, awarded Laureate of the State, and three Government Prizes of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology, and author of more than 600 scientific publications (journal articles, reports) and 40 monographs in Russian and foreign publications.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148322/images/system/148322.jpeg",biography:"Andrey Kostogryzov (1957.05.16) – Chief Researcher of the Federal Research Center 'Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia), Director and Scientific Leader of the Research Institute of Applied Mathematics and Certification. \nHonored Science Worker of the Russian Federation, Dr. of Engineering Science, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Rockets and Artillery Sciences. The Winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Field of Science and Engineering. \nDeputy Chairman of the Committee \"Business Sequrity \" and Chairman of SC 'Information Technologies” of the Committee \"Industrial Safety” of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. \nDeputy Chairman of the National TC 'Information Technologies”, Chairman of SC 'System and Software Engineering”. \nThe mamber of the Commission on Technogenic Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences. \nCertified Expert of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, PJSC Gazprom. \nThe author of more than 100 mathematical models for analyzing and optimizing quality and risks and more than 210 scientific works, including 20 books",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"231237",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:"Andreevich",surname:"Makhutov",slug:"nikolay-makhutov",fullName:"Nikolay Makhutov",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRQRmQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-02-21T14:23:22.PNG",biography:"Dr., Prof. Nikolay Makhutov (born in 1937) is Chief Researcher of the Institute of the A.A. Blagonravov Institute for Machine Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia). Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1987), Laureate of the State, and three Government Prizes of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology. Specialist in the field of strength and safety of complex technical systems (nuclear, thermal, and hydraulic power, rocket-space, and transport complexes). Author of more than 600 scientific publications (journal articles, reports) and 40 monographs in Russian and foreign publications.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:[{id:"81130",title:"Change Detection by Monitoring Residuals from Time Series Models",slug:"change-detection-by-monitoring-residuals-from-time-series-models",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81361",title:"Methods of Conditionally Optimal Forecasting for Stochastic Synergetic CALS Technologies",slug:"methods-of-conditionally-optimal-forecasting-for-stochastic-synergetic-cals-technologies",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6584",title:"Probabilistic Modeling in System Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b2dfbad4b959562bf4f4239f6b34cba",slug:"probabilistic-modeling-in-system-engineering",bookSignature:"Andrey Kostogryzov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8656",title:"Probability, Combinatorics and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9993ec9b59bcb38d206f2e31125028b7",slug:"probability-combinatorics-and-control",bookSignature:"Andrey Kostogryzov and Victor Korolev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148322",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Kostogryzov",slug:"andrey-kostogryzov",fullName:"Andrey Kostogryzov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Of these, cholelithiasis is the most common pathology that affects 10–15% of the adult population. Other conditions such as gallbladder polyp are found in about 5% of the global population, while the estimated incidence of gallbladder cancer is approximately two cases per 100,000 population worldwide [1, 2].
\nThe diseases of gallbladder are generally diagnosed by several different imaging methods in the clinic. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was introduced in 1980 and has developed considerably in the past 30 years. EUS has recently played an increasing role in the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases [1, 3]. Clinical situations in which EUS can be used for evaluation of gallbladder disease include investigation of suspected cholelithiasis or biliary sludge, imaging of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder, and diagnosis and staging of gallbladder cancer. This diagnostic procedure provides high‐resolution images that can improve the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases [1, 4].
\nIt is noteworthy that EUS is an accurate modality for imaging gallbladder structures because of the close proximity of the duodenum to the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tree. EUS can differentiate the double‐layered structure of the gallbladder wall and provide higher resolution for imaging small polypoid lesions (<2 cm) with sensitivity to up to 91.7% and specificity to up to 87.7 [1, 4]. Finally, EUS‐guided gallbladder drainage (EUS‐GBD) is recently gaining favor as an attractive alternative for managing acute cholecystitis in high‐risk patients. The advantages of EUS‐GBD are the avoidance of external drainage (unlike percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage) and the potential for no risk of post‐ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) pancreatitis or cholangitis (unlike transpapillary drainage) [5, 6].
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) constitute a significant health problem in developed societies, affecting 10–15% of the adult population. Microlithiasis is defined as small stones (radiological invisibility stones less than 5 mm in diameter and/or stones less than 3 mm in diameter) in the gallbladder and is also referred to as sludge, biliary sand, biliary sediment, microcrystalline disease, pseudolithiasis, and reversible choledocholithiasis [7–9].
\nTransabdominal US is considered the gold standard for evaluation of gallbladder stones that have been shown to have a high sensitivity (about 98%) for the detection of cholecystolithiasis. However, in some patients, this procedure may miss gallstones, particularly those with small gallstones, and a high level of clinical suspicion for cholelithiasis may make additional studies warranted. Detection of the gallbladder microlithiasis because of their small size may be difficult [4, 8]. Microlithiasis in the gallbladder may be undetected by transabdominal ultrasound and rarely detected on other imaging modalities including multidetector computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In some patients with microlithiasis, biliary sludge and/or gallstones can be detected by EUS, with its high spatial resolution [9–11].
\nIt is noteworthy that idiopathic pancreatitis is diagnosed in 10–30% of acute pancreatitis episodes. Recent studies have suggested that microlithiasis is a cause of unexplained pancreatitis in up to 75% of patients with an intact gallbladder [11, 12]. Given the high incidence of microlithiasis and/or biliary sludge as a cause of idiopathic pancreatitis and high accuracy of EUS for recognizing these diagnoses, EUS should be considered as a minimally invasive highly accurate diagnostic tool for idiopathic pancreatitis after conventional radiography fails (Figure 1).
EUS revealed microlithiasis of gallbladder.
Overall, the diagnostic yield of EUS in recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis (RIP) varies from 32 to 88%. Chronic pancreatitis, identified by EUS, is emerging as an important and potential cause of RIP, although EUS may be lack of specificity in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis if secretin stimulation testing is used as the gold standard. Preliminary observations indicate that EUS may decrease the need for ERCP through the identification of microlithiasis and chronic pancreatitis [11, 13].
The gallbladder polypoid lesions are relatively common, with a reported prevalence of approximately 3–7% in patients who undergo transabdominal ultrasonography (US).
\nOn US, these masses have an image with similar echogenicity as that of the gallbladder wall, the lesion projects into the lumen, are fixed, and lack an acoustic shadow. Gallbladder polyps are classified as benign or malignant [4, 14]. Cholesterol polyps are most common benign polypoid gallbladder lesions (62.8%), which appear as pedunculated lesions with a granular surface and an internal echo pattern of a tiny echogenic spot or spots, sometimes with echopenic areas. Other polypoid lesions include adenomyomatosis, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma. The poor prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma patients means it is important to differentiate between benign polyps and malignant or premalignant polyps [14, 15].
\nThe development and refinement of diagnostic imaging modalities such as EUS and their widespread application have led to an increase in the coincidental diagnosis of gallbladder polyps. Current recommendations for the management of gallbladder polyps are based largely on polyp size. Gallbladder polyps larger than 10 mm in diameter, particularly among patients more than 50 years of age, are generally indications for cholecystectomy because of the risk of malignancy [4, 14, 16].
\nTransabdominal ultrasonography (US) has made the detection of gallbladder polyps easier, but the differential diagnosis of polyps less than 20 mm remains difficult. EUS can be helpful to further distinguish benign from malignant or potentially malignant gallbladder polyps, and is superior to transabdominal US for this purpose. Overall, EUS markedly improves the accuracy of the differential diagnosis of gallbladder polyps and is thought to play an important role in determining the treatment strategy for gallbladder polyps [4, 14, 17].
\nAdenomyomatosis is a non‐inflammatory gallbladder alteration that occurs in middle age patients and the incidence increases with age. Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder (GA) remains a common entity among benign gallbladder masses, diagnosed in 2–8% of all cholecystectomies in recent studies. The differentiation of GA from gallbladder cancer is still required because of the similarity in the appearance between gallbladder adenomyomatosis and gallbladder cancer, although many studies have reported imaging findings of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder using US, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and EUS [15, 18, 19].
\nEUS is a minimally invasive imaging method that can provide high quality images of the gallbladder. EUS has been reported to identify gallbladder adenomyomatosis lesions that were missed by routine abdominal ultrasound. However, this procedure may mistakenly misdiagnose gallbladder cancer as adenomyomatosis. This inaccuracy may occur because of the sole presence of multiple microcysts that can also be seen in gallbladder cancer. In addition to this, EUS provides an additional valuable function, which is the ability to perform EUS fine‐needle aspiration of local lymph nodes, although a resectable gallbladder mass suspicious for cancer should not undergo biopsy due to the risk of seeding. Due to the high cost of performing EUS (its relative invasiveness) and the advanced training it requires, ultrasound remains the primary screening method. So, EUS may be unnecessary in patients in whom ultrasonography produces characteristic findings of adenomyomatosis [18–20].
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the fifth most common gastrointestinal malignancy and the most common biliary tract cancer, accounting for 3% of all tumors. Detection and diagnosis of the gallbladder carcinoma in its early stages is hard because it usually has very slight symptoms or is asymptomatic (Figure 2). But once the diagnosis is confirmed, most of these patients often have metastasis and invasion. In addition to this, gallbladder carcinoma is not sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. All of these characteristics make gallbladder carcinoma as a highly lethal tumor with a five‐year survival rate of less than 5% [16, 21]. Many of the signs and symptoms of gallbladder carcinoma are nonspecific, so it is more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage in patients and is associated with a high mortality rate. It is important the accurate preoperative staging (Table 1) of gallbladder carcinoma, because staging is essential to determine the operative approach, and depth of invasion (T stage) closely correlates with prognosis [4, 15].
Gallbladder carcinoma in EUS: thickness and irregularity in the wall of gallbladder with invasion to duodenal wall.
Primary tumor (T) |
TX, primary tumor cannot be assessed |
T0, no evidence of primary tumor |
Tis, carcinoma in situ |
T1, tumor invades lamina propria or muscle layer |
T1a, tumor invades lamina propria |
T1b, tumor invades muscle layer |
T2, tumor invades perimuscular connective tissue; no extension beyond serosa or into liver |
T3, tumor perforates the serosa (visceral peritoneum) and/or directly invades the liver and/or one other adjacent organ or structure |
T4, tumor invades main portal vein or hepatic artery or invades two or more extrahepatic organs or structures |
NX, regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed |
N0, no regional lymph node metastasis |
N1, metastases to nodes along the cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatic artery, and/or portal vein |
N2, metastases to periaortic, pericaval, superior mesenteric artery, and/or celiac artery lymph nodes |
M0, no distant metastasis |
M1, distant metastasis |
TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging of gallbladder carcinoma [4].
Considering that survival after simple cholecystectomy for T1 disease is reported to be near 100%. It becomes increasingly necessary for early diagnosis and identifying patients at high risk of gallbladder carcinoma. As mentioned earlier, EUS can be helpful to distinguish benign from malignant or potentially malignant gallbladder polyps (Figure 3).
Mass of gallbladder.
In addition, there has been interest in using EUS for preoperative staging of gallbladder carcinoma because of this procedure allow detailed visualization of the layers of the gallbladder wall [4, 16]. This procedure is more sensitive than transabdominal US and has the added benefit of determining depth of invasion, extent of local disease, and nodal disease. Moreover, diagnostic accuracy of EUS has been shown for T‐stage: Tis‐stage 100%, T1‐stage 75.6%, T2‐stage 85.3%, and T3,4‐stage 92.7%. EUS also adds the possibility of fine needle aspiration (FNA) for tissue diagnosis of the primary as well as lymph nodes, where diagnostic accuracy approaches 100% [16, 21].
\nFinally, a scoring system to predict malignant gallbladder polyps has been presented. The total EUS score on the basis of coefficient of multivariate analysis has been shown as follows: (maximum diameter in mm) + (internal echo pattern score; where heterogeneous = 4, homogeneous = 0) + (hyperechoic spot score; where presence = − 5, absence = 0). According to EUS scoring system, the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy for the risk of malignant gallbladder polyps with scores of 12 or higher were reported for 83, 78, and 83%, respectively [4, 15]. Proposed algorithm for management of gallbladder polyps is shown in Figure 4.
Proposed algorithm for management of gallbladder polyps. EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; CECT, contrast‐enhanced computer tomography; FDG PET, fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography [
Postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) is a common manifestation in patients with cholecystectomy. Choledocholithiasis, biliary dyskinesia, and dilation of cystic duct remnants are common causes of these symptoms. Cystic duct or gallbladder remnant with or without stones is one of the important causes of postcholecystectomy syndrome [22, 23]. Usually, a cystic duct remnant measuring 1–2 cm in length is left, although remnants can be seen up to 6 cm in length. Stones in the gallbladder remnant after cholecystectomy are difficult to identify [23, 24].
\nRecent progress in radiological imaging has greatly improved diagnostic accuracy in detecting the causes of persistence of symptoms in postcholecystectomy patients. Noninvasive methods of imaging such as US, CT scan, MRCP, and ERCP have been used effectively for diagnosis of gallbladder remnant with or without stones in patients complaining of symptoms suggestive of postcholecystectomy syndrome. Nevertheless, diagnosis of residual gallbladder with gallstones remains difficult. EUS is an excellent diagnostic modality in this situation. EUS procedure is indicated in the presence of strong clinical suspicion with a negative finding on abdominal US. Furthermore, EUS has proven feasibility in diagnosing liver and biliary pathologies with sensitivity and specificity of 96.2 and 88.9%, respectively, and has also been shown to be cost effective in preventing a number of ERCPs [24–26].
Mirizzi syndrome is the extrinsic compression of the bile duct by a gallstone at the level of the gallbladder neck or at the cystic duct level. Pablo Luis Mirizzi first described the syndrome in 1948 [27, 28]. Mirizzi syndrome occurs in 0.7–2.8% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy. The syndrome represents a diagnostic challenge because standard imaging may fail to demonstrate external compression of the bile duct, and no findings are pathognomonic for Mirizzi syndrome. However, awareness and diagnosis of this syndrome are essential for safe operative intervention due to the high risk of injury to the bile duct during surgical procedures [28, 29].
\nERCP is considered as a procedure of choice for diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome. The radiological manifestations of the syndrome may be misinterpreted as a tumor of the gallbladder or the cystic duct, metastatic disease of the hilum or acute cholecystitis
The gallbladder is affected by a large number of congenital anomalies, which may affect its location, number, size, or form. Congenital abnormalities of the gallbladder and biliary system result from embryonic maldevelopment and are most interesting for the surgeon attempting to identify biliary anatomy at cholecystectomy. Some of gallbladder malformations are very rare and may lead to misdiagnosis. Being difficult to diagnose during routine preoperative studies, these anomalies can provide surgeons with an unusual surprise during laparoscopic surgery [31–33].
\nPreoperative imaging of patients with anomalies of the gallbladder and biliary tract includes US, CT, MRI, EUS, and ERCP. Anomalies of the number of gallbladder include its agenesis and duplication, which may be difficult to diagnose with the use of ultrasound. Agenesis of the gallbladder is very rare, having a prevalence of 0.007–0.13%. Abdominal CT exposes patients to radiation and might not able to provide detailed anatomy of the gallbladder anomalies compared to magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Studies have shown that intraoperative ultrasound and postoperative MRCP or EUS can help in the diagnosis of agenesis or ectopic gallbladder. Overall, it is thought that ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality for gallbladder anomalies with CT, MRI being even more helpful, and the MRCP or EUS providing a more thorough visualization of the biliary tract [31, 34, 35].
Parasitic infections of the biliary tract are a major concern in the tropical and subtropical countries with significant morbidity and mortality. These infections occur most commonly with
Ultrasonography, CT, and MRI are not only important in the diagnosis of parasitic biliary diseases but also in the follow‐up and surveillance. Furthermore, ERCP is a highly sensitive procedure to demonstrate the presence of parasites in the biliary tree [39, 40]. This procedure is also used in the therapy of biliary parasitic infestations and carries less morbidity and mortality than the surgical approach. It is noteworthy that EUS may also be helpful in the detection of a mobile worm in the extrahepatic bile duct. This diagnostic method can also be a sensitive imaging modality for the extrahepatic bile duct in real time and may be useful for the diagnosis of biliary fascioliasis. Overall, several studies have shown that EUS may be helpful in the diagnosis of parasites in the biliary tract including
Acute cholecystitis is defined as an acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall, regardless of the cause. It results from obstruction to the cystic duct secondary to multiple causes, of which cholelithiasis is the most common followed by benign or malignant biliary strictures. The first line management of acute cholecystitis remains cholecystectomy for patients with good operative candidates. However, early surgical management in elderly patients, those with multiple comorbidities, and those with severe cholecystitis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality [43–45].
\nPercutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) has been considered the preferred method for several decades in patients with high surgical risk. Although PTGBD has a technical success of nearly 97%, clinical response rates range from 56 to 100% and is also associated with adverse events as high as 14%. PTGBD may be inappropriate for patients with uncorrectable coagulopathy or massive ascites. Moreover, patient discomfort and postprocedure pain have been associated with the percutaneous drainage catheters [46, 47].
\nEndoscopic gallbladder drainage (GBD) technique includes transpapillary gallbladder stenting, transpapillary gallbladder drainage with nasobiliary drainage (ENGBD), and EUS‐guided gallbladder drainage (EUS‐GBD). EUS‐GBD is recently gaining favor as an attractive alternative approach for management of acute cholecystitis in high‐risk surgical patients [5, 46]. EUS‐GBD has been performed by using plastic stents, nasobiliary catheters, covered self‐expandable metal stents, and, most recently, lumen‐apposing metal stents (LAMSs). Self‐expandable metal stents have an advantage over plastic stents because of their ability to seal the gap between the stent and the gallbladder wall, theoretically reducing bile leaks. The perceived advantages of EUS‐GBD are the avoidance of external drainage, internalization of bile, less postprocedure pain (unlike PTGBD), and the potential for no risk of ERCP pancreatitis or cholangitis (unlike transpapillary drainage) [6, 48].
EUS is an important new modality for the evaluation of gallbladder disease. This procedure can effectively identify patients with cholelithiasis and gallbladder microlithiasis. Furthermore, studies have shown that EUS can help in the diagnosis of remnant cystic duct, gallbladder anomalies, Mirizzi syndrome, and gallbladder parasites. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder can be accurately classified by EUS, which can also be safely used to perform FNA to provide a histologic diagnosis. EUS staging of gallbladder carcinoma can help guide therapy and predict prognosis. Recently, EUS‐GBD has become an attractive alternative procedure for management of acute cholecystitis in high‐risk surgical patients.
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\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
\n\nIntechOpen books retail price range is:
\n\n100 - 159 GBP ex. VAT (available in USD and EUR)
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About 70% of ovarian cancer patients present with disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. The standard of care remains a combination of debulking surgery and platinum‐ and taxanes‐based cytotoxic chemotherapy. Even though metastasis is the leading cause of ovarian cancer related fatalities, our understanding of the process remains limited. Ovarian cancer has a unique pattern of metastasis where the hematogenous spread is less common. Ovarian cancer cells mainly metastasize within the peritoneal cavity, which involves exfoliation from the primary tumor, survival, and transport in the peritoneal fluid followed by metastatic colonization of the organs within the peritoneal cavity. A key step for successful metastasis is their attachment and productive interactions with the mesothelial cells covering the metastatic organs for the establishment of metastatic tumors. This chapter provides an overview of ovarian cancer metastasis highlighting the unique dissemination and the underlying mechanisms of regulation of the steps involved. The role of the microenvironment in the process of metastasis will also be reviewed.",book:{id:"5267",slug:"tumor-metastasis",title:"Tumor Metastasis",fullTitle:"Tumor Metastasis"},signatures:"Anirban K. Mitra",authors:[{id:"185152",title:"Dr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Mitra",slug:"anirban-mitra",fullName:"Anirban Mitra"}]},{id:"52345",doi:"10.5772/64573",title:"Oxidative Stress in Invertebrate Systems",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-invertebrate-systems",totalDownloads:2408,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Invertebrates have been valuable research models in the discovery of many scientific principles owing to the numerous advantages they provide. Throughout the life cycle, many of them thrive in pathogen-rich environments, manage harsh weathers, exposed to a number of allochemicals, and adapt well to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Their remarkable ability to cope up with the enormous oxidative stress generated in all these circumstances, make them attractive models in this field of research. Endocrine control of oxidative stress in insects is recently emerging. Adipokinetic hormone, glucagon, ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone have been implicated in antioxidative protective role in insects. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have provided the largest body of evidence addressing the free radical theory of ageing. Oxidative stress is also induced by pesticides/insecticides. In mollusks, pesticides exert their biological effects via generation of ROS. Oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with exposure to several organophosphorous compounds and different classes of pyrethroids. Malathion is a potential hazard to the environment. Adverse effects induced by malathion in earthworms and insects have been reported. Information is now available in great detail on the role of ROS in modulating insect immunity during parasite invasion and bacterial infection. In Drosophila melanogaster ROS are actively produced in the midgut at a basal level in the presence of commensal microbiota and highly generated upon bacterial challenge. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mosquito immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium was investigated in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The concentration of ROS increased in sand fly midguts after they fed on the insect pathogen Serratia marcescens. Elevated oxidative stress was previously reported for a mosquito line experimentally infected with Wolbachia, indicating that oxidative stress may be important for Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection. In a nutshell, this chapter highlights the current advances of oxidative stress in invertebrate model systems and its implications.",book:{id:"5121",slug:"free-radicals-and-diseases",title:"Free Radicals and Diseases",fullTitle:"Free Radicals and Diseases"},signatures:"R.K. Chaitanya, K. Shashank and P. Sridevi",authors:[{id:"178087",title:"Dr.",name:"Rk",middleName:null,surname:"Chaitanya",slug:"rk-chaitanya",fullName:"Rk Chaitanya"}]},{id:"51903",doi:"10.5772/64787",title:"Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Cancer Development and Treatment",slug:"role-of-oxygen-free-radicals-in-cancer-development-and-treatment",totalDownloads:3571,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"It is well known that species derived from oxygen are cytotoxic and are involved in the etiology of cancer. Several carcinogens during metabolism exert their effect by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the consequences of oxidative damage to cellular DNA is mutated. It plays a vital role in the process of carcinogenesis (especially in the initiation and progression). The alters, including rearrangement of DNA sequence, base modification, DNA miscoding lesions, gene amplification, and the activation of oncogenes, could be implicated in the initiation stage of several cancers. Mitochondrial changes in the cancer cells are well known and as a result are respiratory injured. Mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to a low coupling efficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC), raising electron leakage and increased ROS formation. It has been documented that by reducing and inactivation of antioxidant system, the oxidative stress (OS) in cancer cells is higher. Cancer cells exhibit a higher oxidative stress level compared to normal cells, rendering tumor cells more vulnerable to raise ROS levels. Therefore, increasing ROS levels through redox modulation can be a strategy to selectively kill cancer cells but not normal cells. A promising anti-cancer method named “oxidation therapy” has been developed by causing cytotoxic oxidative stress for cancer therapy. In this chapter, we described the role of ROS as a double-edged sword in cancer development and treatment.",book:{id:"5121",slug:"free-radicals-and-diseases",title:"Free Radicals and Diseases",fullTitle:"Free Radicals and Diseases"},signatures:"Jalal Pourahmad, Ahmad Salimi and Enaytollah Seydi",authors:[{id:"172672",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",middleName:null,surname:"Pourahmad",slug:"jalal-pourahmad",fullName:"Jalal Pourahmad"}]},{id:"44689",doi:"10.5772/55415",title:"Drug Resistance and Molecular Cancer Therapy: Apoptosis Versus Autophagy",slug:"drug-resistance-and-molecular-cancer-therapy-apoptosis-versus-autophagy",totalDownloads:3850,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2857",slug:"apoptosis",title:"Apoptosis",fullTitle:"Apoptosis"},signatures:"Rebecca T. Marquez, Bryan W. Tsao, Nicholas F. Faust and Liang Xu",authors:[{id:"19713",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"liang-xu",fullName:"Liang Xu"},{id:"149902",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebecca",middleName:null,surname:"Marquez",slug:"rebecca-marquez",fullName:"Rebecca Marquez"}]},{id:"51890",doi:"10.5772/64569",title:"Oxidative Stress and Autophagy",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-autophagy",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Free radical production related with many stress factors including radiation, drugs, ageing and trauma plays a key role in cell death. Notwithstanding, free radicals can cause pathology in a variety of diseases through oxidative stress: Under oxidative stress, excessive production of free radicals can trigger cell death by primarily DNA and all cellular macromolecule damages. Also, excessive free radicals have a role in early inducers of autophagy cell death upon nutrient deprivation. Autophagy is physiologic process of eukaryotic systems, which have significant role in adaptation to oxidative stress by degradation of metalloproteins and oxidatively damaged macromolecules. By oxidizing, membrane injuries allow the leakage of enzymes and contribute to cell damage. However, recent publications demonstrate the protecting role of lysosome system during excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the elimination of damaged proteins or organelles. Activation of autophagic or lysosomal system can eliminate the oxidizing components of cell in oxidative stress response. This chapter aims to provide the novel insight data for oxidative damage-mediated autophagy as well as their metabolic networks.",book:{id:"5121",slug:"free-radicals-and-diseases",title:"Free Radicals and Diseases",fullTitle:"Free Radicals and Diseases"},signatures:"Adem Kara, Semin Gedikli, Emin Sengul, Volkan Gelen and Seckin\nOzkanlar",authors:[{id:"177953",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adem",middleName:null,surname:"Kara",slug:"adem-kara",fullName:"Adem Kara"},{id:"178363",title:"Dr.",name:"Emin",middleName:null,surname:"Sengul",slug:"emin-sengul",fullName:"Emin Sengul"},{id:"178365",title:"Dr.",name:"Semin",middleName:null,surname:"Gedikli",slug:"semin-gedikli",fullName:"Semin Gedikli"},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen"},{id:"178367",title:"Dr.",name:"Seckin",middleName:null,surname:"Ozkanlar",slug:"seckin-ozkanlar",fullName:"Seckin Ozkanlar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44699",title:"Apoptosis and Activation-Induced Cell Death",slug:"apoptosis-and-activation-induced-cell-death",totalDownloads:2893,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2857",slug:"apoptosis",title:"Apoptosis",fullTitle:"Apoptosis"},signatures:"Joaquín H. Patarroyo S. and Marlene I. Vargas V",authors:[{id:"141183",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquín",middleName:null,surname:"Patarroyo",slug:"joaquin-patarroyo",fullName:"Joaquín Patarroyo"},{id:"146188",title:"Prof.",name:"Marlene",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas",slug:"marlene-vargas",fullName:"Marlene Vargas"}]},{id:"44689",title:"Drug Resistance and Molecular Cancer Therapy: Apoptosis Versus Autophagy",slug:"drug-resistance-and-molecular-cancer-therapy-apoptosis-versus-autophagy",totalDownloads:3855,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2857",slug:"apoptosis",title:"Apoptosis",fullTitle:"Apoptosis"},signatures:"Rebecca T. Marquez, Bryan W. Tsao, Nicholas F. Faust and Liang Xu",authors:[{id:"19713",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"liang-xu",fullName:"Liang Xu"},{id:"149902",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebecca",middleName:null,surname:"Marquez",slug:"rebecca-marquez",fullName:"Rebecca Marquez"}]},{id:"51334",title:"Free Radicals and Biomarkers Related to the Diagnosis of Cardiorenal Syndrome",slug:"free-radicals-and-biomarkers-related-to-the-diagnosis-of-cardiorenal-syndrome",totalDownloads:3724,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group has postulated the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) as an interaction between the kidneys and the cardiovascular system in which therapy to relieve congestive heart failure (HF) symptoms is limited by the further worsening renal function. CRS is classified from type I to V, taking into account the progression of the symptoms in terms of mechanisms, clinical conditions, and biomarkers. Experimental and clinical studies have shown the kidney as both a trigger and a target to sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overactivity. Renal damage and ischemia, activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), and dysfunction of nitric oxide (NO) system are associated with kidney adrenergic activation. Indeed, the imbalances of RAAS and/or SNS share an important common process in CRS: the activation and production of free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present chapter addresses connections of the free radicals as potential biomarkers as the imbalances in the RAAS and the SNS are developed. Understanding the involvement of free radicals in CRS may bring knowledge to design studies in order to develop accurate pharmacological interventions.",book:{id:"5121",slug:"free-radicals-and-diseases",title:"Free Radicals and Diseases",fullTitle:"Free Radicals and Diseases"},signatures:"Carolina B.A. Restini, Bruna F.M. Pereira and Tufik M. Geleilete",authors:[{id:"178144",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Baraldi A. Restini",slug:"carolina-baraldi-a.-restini",fullName:"Carolina Baraldi A. Restini"},{id:"178387",title:"Ms.",name:"Bruna",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"bruna-pereira",fullName:"Bruna Pereira"},{id:"184159",title:"Dr.",name:"Tufik",middleName:null,surname:"Geleilete",slug:"tufik-geleilete",fullName:"Tufik Geleilete"}]},{id:"52345",title:"Oxidative Stress in Invertebrate Systems",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-invertebrate-systems",totalDownloads:2409,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Invertebrates have been valuable research models in the discovery of many scientific principles owing to the numerous advantages they provide. Throughout the life cycle, many of them thrive in pathogen-rich environments, manage harsh weathers, exposed to a number of allochemicals, and adapt well to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Their remarkable ability to cope up with the enormous oxidative stress generated in all these circumstances, make them attractive models in this field of research. Endocrine control of oxidative stress in insects is recently emerging. Adipokinetic hormone, glucagon, ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone have been implicated in antioxidative protective role in insects. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have provided the largest body of evidence addressing the free radical theory of ageing. Oxidative stress is also induced by pesticides/insecticides. In mollusks, pesticides exert their biological effects via generation of ROS. Oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with exposure to several organophosphorous compounds and different classes of pyrethroids. Malathion is a potential hazard to the environment. Adverse effects induced by malathion in earthworms and insects have been reported. Information is now available in great detail on the role of ROS in modulating insect immunity during parasite invasion and bacterial infection. In Drosophila melanogaster ROS are actively produced in the midgut at a basal level in the presence of commensal microbiota and highly generated upon bacterial challenge. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mosquito immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium was investigated in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The concentration of ROS increased in sand fly midguts after they fed on the insect pathogen Serratia marcescens. Elevated oxidative stress was previously reported for a mosquito line experimentally infected with Wolbachia, indicating that oxidative stress may be important for Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection. In a nutshell, this chapter highlights the current advances of oxidative stress in invertebrate model systems and its implications.",book:{id:"5121",slug:"free-radicals-and-diseases",title:"Free Radicals and Diseases",fullTitle:"Free Radicals and Diseases"},signatures:"R.K. Chaitanya, K. Shashank and P. Sridevi",authors:[{id:"178087",title:"Dr.",name:"Rk",middleName:null,surname:"Chaitanya",slug:"rk-chaitanya",fullName:"Rk Chaitanya"}]},{id:"51782",title:"Is Extracellular Matrix a Castle Against to Invasion of Cancer Cells?",slug:"is-extracellular-matrix-a-castle-against-to-invasion-of-cancer-cells-",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Metastasis is a complicated course that involves the spread of a neoplasm to distant parts of the body from its original site. A cancer cell must complete a series of steps before it becomes a clinically detectable lesion for successful colonization in the body. These are separation from the primary tumor, invasion and penetration of their basement membranes, entry into the blood vessels and survival within blood, and entry into lymphatics. A major challenge in extracellular matrix (ECM) biology is to understand the roles of the ECM and how disruption of ECM dynamics may contribute to cancer. A noteworthy area of forthcoming cancer research will be to determine whether abnormal ECM could be an effective cancer therapeutic target. We should understand how ECM composition and organization are normally maintained and how they may be deregulated in cancer. So the aims of this chapter were to focus on extracellular matrix. 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He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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