Students’ responses to questions in both diagnostic test and post-test.
\r\n\tThis necessitated a need to understand control theoretical concepts and system analysis in a discrete time domain, which gave rise to the area of discrete time control systems. This has helped control engineers and designers to theoretically ascertain the possibilities and limitations of a control system design implemented in a digital framework, whereas continuous time designs suffer from the essential mismatch in the nature of the underlying independent time variable in theoretical studies and practical implementation. Also, many practical systems are inherently discrete time in nature, sensors and transducers sample data only at fixed time intervals, and computers calculate the control input only in some finite time.
\r\n\tTraditionally, fundamental concepts of discrete time control systems are derived from the continuous time counterpart upon time discretization of the latter and subsequent formal analysis. This gave rise to discrete time counterparts of system models and controllers in z-domain as well as in state space form. However, discrete time control system design and analysis matured as a discipline in itself with the advent of optimal and adaptive techniques solely based on discrete time approach. Robust nonlinear discrete time controllers were also developed utilizing the ideas of sliding modes, model predictive control, etc.
\r\n\tThe techniques for parameter estimation and system identification are largely dominated by discrete time methods. Well-established Kalman filter and extended Kalman filters are developed in discrete time. Many discrete time stochastic filters are utilized in control systems to reduce the impact of noise and disturbance during practical implementation.
\r\n\tDespite the developments in discrete time control designs and their usefulness in control system implementation, there are a few challenges like discretization effect on systems stability, communication loss, etc. which are also areas of serious research. With all its usefulness and limitations, discrete time control systems have found vast areas of application from process control and automation, robotics, network control systems and internet of things, control of networks and multi-agent systems, etc.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with an overview of detailed control system design methodologies in discrete time which are well-established in literature. Emerging areas of interest in discrete time systems catering to new and existing challenges are also welcomed.
This chapter presents theoretically and empirically how the integration of mathematics dictionary during mathematics instruction needs to be made a reality. The emphasis of the chapter is to demystify the myth that dictionaries are for language lessons. Hence, it is for all mathematics teachers to integrate mathematics dictionaries into their lessons. At a deeper level, the chapter highlights how to integrate mathematics dictionary into the instruction of geometry to promote critical thinking and the skill of information seeking.
However, there is an existing research on the benefits of integrating mathematics dictionary into mathematics instruction [1, 2]; however, most teachers do not bother themselves integrating the dictionary into their lessons. Most teachers stick to the same traditional methods of teaching where no resources are used to enhance students’ geometrical understanding that promotes critical thinking [3].
There is an increase concern that most students underperform in geometry due to vocabulary and terminology that are not well established, but teachers still give it little attention [4].
One of the most important highlights in research is that dictionaries develop in students the use of vocabulary and terminology with their true or multiple meanings [2]. The chapter uses both theoretical and empirical evidence to demonstrate how mathematics dictionary can influence students’ understanding of geometrical vocabulary and terminology which is a challenge in geometry mostly. Research shows that the reason why most students fail geometry is due to lack of well-grounded knowledge on geometrical vocabulary and terminology and its abstractness [5]. Misunderstandings and alternative conceptions which are a result of lack of proper geometrical terminology are addressed when mathematics dictionary is integrated into the lesson. However, with the integration of mathematics dictionary in the lesson students are made to be focussed, this leads to enrichment and enhancement of the mathematical success of students now and in the future [2]. Students become focused since they get empowered with mathematical vocabulary and terminology which are the essential elements for understanding geometrical concepts. The integration of mathematics dictionary into the lesson also promotes the skill of information seeking which enhances self-dependent learning.
Research has noted that one of the factors that act as a barrier to learning of mathematics by deaf or hard-of-hearing students is difficulties with language [6]. On the other hand, [7, 8, 9] argue that mathematics language and vocabulary also pose challenges to all students. The challenges are different from ordinary reading situations for the reason that they are more of mathematical terminological challenges. In support of the recent statement [10], a research study found out that the highest percentage of errors students committed emanated from the use of technical words in mathematics. According to [11, 12, 13], the improvement of mathematical vocabulary enhances students’ mathematical proficiency.
However, research reveals that mathematical proficiency rests on a constant growth and balance of sophisticated components of critical element skills such as concepts, procedures, algorithms, computation, problem solving and language [14].
In order to explore the influence of mathematics dictionary on students’ learning of geometry, the study was underpinned by [15] a model of geometric thinking. The model is described as follows:
Level 0 of geometry thinking: visualisation. At this level, polygons are judged according to their visual characteristics where students may, for example, judge a square as not being a parallelogram.
Level 1 of geometry thinking: analysis. At this level, students through reflection and testing of geometric shapes’ characteristics gradually develop and then they use the identified characteristics to define the given shapes.
Level 2 of geometry thinking: abstraction. At this level, the learner has an ability to order figures and interpret them one from another using properties that are arranged chronologically.
Level 3 of geometry thinking: formal deduction. At this level a learner is considered to be at an advanced level of making meaning out of the given figures. For instance, the learner can prove situations with valid reasons.
Level 4 of geometry thinking: rigour. At this level, students have the ability to compare systems based on diverse axioms and can study geometric concepts abstractly (p. 311).
Clements and Battista [16] suggest that beyond the levels of van Hiele, there is a pre-recognition level (level 0) of geometry thinking. The argument is that students who cannot differentiate a shape from a cluster of shapes should be considered not yet operating at the visual level of van Hiele’s theory but to be considered at the pre-recognition level [16]. This contribution adds up the levels of geometric thinking to five.
Van Hiele [15] proposes that to allow the sequential transition of students’ ability of geometric thinking from one level to the next, teaching and learning must be guided by the five-phase structure, namely:
Phase 1: Inquiry phase. In this phase, resources lead students to discover and realise definite features of geometric figures.
Phase 2: Direct orientation. In this phase, activities are presented in such a way that their features appear steadily to the students, i.e., through brainteasers that disclose symmetrical sections.
Phase 3: Explication. The terms are introduced, and students are encouraged to use them in their discussion and written geometry exercises.
Phase 4: Free orientation. The teacher presents a variety of activities to be done using different approaches, and this instils in students capabilities to become more skilled in what they already know.
Phase 5: Integration. Students are given opportunities to summarise what they have acquired during instruction, possibly by creating their personal activities.
The main research study was informed by the mixed method paradigm defined by [17] as the unification of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The mixed method approach has been utilised for the following reasons:
To ensure that the outcomes are instructive, comprehensive, composed and convectional [18]
For triangulation which is aimed at validation, deepening and widening the understanding of the viewpoint being studied [19]
The emphasis is that the mixed method approach gives a wide range of opportunities to analyse the collected data.
The cohorts of 56 eighth grade volunteers wrote the diagnostic test with an aim:
To find more on students’ alternative conceptions and misunderstandings regarding geometric concepts
To capture and explore the students’ conceptual understanding of geometry before employing the intervention
To help in designing appropriate intervention strategy that focuses on addressing the identified alternative conceptions among eighth grade students in learning geometry
Both the diagnostic and post-test questions 1.1–1.5 each with its three sub-questions were aligned to different levels of the van Hiele theory of geometric thinking as presented below.
Seven questions, 1.1(i), 1.2(i), 1.3(i) and (iii), 1.4(i) and (iii) and 1.5(i), were aligned to level 0 visualisation of the van Hiele theory. The questions at level 0 visualisation provided students with opportunities to use visual skills to determine the properties of triangles and also allowed them to recognise various triangles based on their unique properties.
Question 1.3(ii) considered to be at level 1 analysis of the van Hiele theory of geometric thinking focused on students’ ability to identify a geometric shape’s properties given all the symbols to describe it.
Six questions, 1.1(ii) and (iii), 1.2(ii) and (iii) and 1.4 (ii) and 1.5(ii) pitched at level 2 abstraction of the van Hiele theory of geometric thinking, required students to solve problems where properties of figures and interrelationships were significant [20].
Question 1.5(iii) was set at level 3 formal deduction of the van Hiele theory for students to think logically in order to provide the properties of the given triangle. The question at this level was set to assess whether how well the learner could give sufficient conditions of a triangle without the use of polygon pieces and mathematics dictionary. For details of the diagnostic and post-test content, refer to Appendix 1.
After the diagnostic test was marked, purposeful sampling of nine students was employed according to individual students’ performance: three with a high percentage, three with an average percentage and three with a below average percentage. Purposeful sampling was done to target a small number of individuals in order to maximise opportunities for eliciting more in-depth data [21] about the influence of mathematics dictionary in the teaching and learning of geometry, which was the spectacle under study [22]. Figure 1 below presents how the selected nine students performed in both tests (diagnostic and post-test).
The comparison of diagnostic test and the post-tests results. DT, diagnostic test; PT, post-test; L, learner.
Figure 1 shows that in the diagnostic test, all nine students involved in the research scored marks that were below 50%. However, after being engaged in the intervention activities that made use mathematics dictionary, all the students scored above 60% in the post-test.
The results of the diagnostic test helped in the designing of the nine intervention tasks which were aimed at addressing the alternative conceptions and misunderstandings that students demonstrated in geometry. In each of the planned intervention activities, students were supposed to answer each one of the questions after measuring and comparing angles and sides of the given triangles using cut polygon pieces of the same triangle.
However, to be engaged in the activities, students were to use A4 paper where triangle ABC was drawn; alongside the A4 paper, the two copies of triangles ABC were provided to every learner. Figure 2 clarifies how the process of using the original triangle and its copies was done.
The process of how the learners cut out polygon pieces during the intervention process.
In order to do the intervention activities as planned, students were supposed to answer each and every question after measuring and comparing angles and sides of the given triangles using the cutout polygon pieces. Mathematics dictionary was made available for the students to use during the process to support with vocabulary, spellings and terminology. After the intervention activities, all the nine students had to write a post-test. Table 1 shows how students improved their responses in the post-test as compared to the diagnostic test.
Table 1 shows how the use of mathematics dictionary enhanced students’ comprehension of geometric concepts in the post-test as compared to the diagnostic test responses. To cite few examples, L1 and L7 when responding to questions 1.4(i) in a diagnostic test incorrectly answered, equal triangle, but after being engaged in the intervention activities that integrated mathematics dictionary the response was now correct, equilateral triangle.
Learner code | Question number | Diagnostic test students’ responses | Post-test students’ responses |
---|---|---|---|
L1 | 1.1(ii) | AB, parallel; AC, horizontal; BC, horizontal | The lines are not equal |
L1 | 1.4(i) | Equal triangle | Equilateral triangle |
L2 | 1.3(iii) | The name of a triangle is DEF | Isosceles triangle |
L2 | 1.4(iii) | XY is bigger than YZ and XZ is bigger than XY | XY is equal to YZ and XZ |
L3 | 1.1(ii) | It is small side and A bigger side AC small bigger from A to another A deduce about size | |
L4 | 1.1(iii) | A and B are equal and C is less than A and B | It is a scalene triangle |
L4 | 1.2(iii) | Triangular prism | It is a scalene triangle |
L4 | 1.5(i) | It is an equilateral triangle because all sides are equal | Isosceles triangle |
L5 | 1.1(i) | A is bigger than C | |
L5 | 1.2(iii) | 2 dimensional shapes | Scalene triangle |
L5 | 1.3(iii) | 2 dimensional shapes | It is a scalene triangle |
L5 | 1.4(i) | 2D shape | Equilateral triangle |
L5 | 1.5(i) | 2D shape | Isosceles triangle |
L5 | 1.5(ii) | They were not equal, and they are used to make a shape | They are equal in size |
L6 | 1.1(iii) | AB are associated, AC are the convection and BC are associated | It is the scalene triangle |
L6 | 1.4(i) | It is triangular | It is the equilateral triangle |
L7 | 14(i) | It is an equal triangle | Equilateral triangle |
L8 | 1.4(i) | Triangular | Equilateral triangle |
L9 | 1.3(iii) | D is 4 cm and F is 3 cm | Two angles are equal |
L9 | 1.4(i) | Rectangle | Equilateral ∆ |
Students’ responses to questions in both diagnostic test and post-test.
After the intervention activities, all nine students were involved in a semi-structure interview just to find out their views on the use of mathematics dictionary in learning geometry; below are some few direct quotations:
L3: I like the programme that made use of mathematics dictionary because it helped me to understand mathematics concepts that I did not understand before.
L4: Yes, sir, I got a clear picture because now I clearly understand the concepts of triangles and their properties.
L7: I have learnt that: in a scalene triangle all side are not equal, in an isosceles two opposite side are equal and there are two angles equal, an equilateral, all the angles are equal in size the same as the sides, they are equal in length and also how to spell correctly the names of triangles.
L8: I did not understand the properties of an obtuse angled triangle. Even the slashes that are used to show that two opposite sides of an isosceles triangle are equal. I did not know the meaning of such slashes, but now after your programme it is clear to me, the dictionary and shape cutting helped me a lot.
The four students cited above echo the sentiments that the use of mathematics dictionary in the learning of geometry has empowered them to understand some of the concepts that were a problem to them as they moved throughout the grades. They have emphasised that the definitions, symbols and properties of different triangles were also addressed in the process of engaging with the dictionary, issues that were identified by [10] as challenges for deaf students only.
The citation by L8 shows how the integration of mathematics dictionary and polygon piece into their learning helped them to experience hands-on learning and visualisation of geometric concepts before the answer was established. However, it is apparent that students gained other skills in the process of using dictionary and cutting polygon pieces, for example, the skills of looking up for a word in the dictionary, observation skills, psychomotor skills (established as they were cutting the angles and line segments) and measurement skills (as they were comparing one angle to another and one line segment to another). The intervention activities students engaged in made them to realise that learning is about active participation. In the process students gained the knowledge of how to use mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces to learn about geometry, which is a component of metacognition. However, students came to realise that properties of triangles are established through hands-on and self-dependent learning mediated by mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces.
A summarised version of students’ results per question is presented in Table 2.
Question number in both DT and PT | van Hiele’s levels of geometric thinking for each of the questions | Students’ codes | Did students achieve questions in the DT at a given van Hiele level of geometric thinking? | Did students achieve questions in the PT at a given van Hiele level of geometric thinking? |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 (i) (ii) (iii) | Level 0 | L: 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 | No | Yes |
Level 2 | L: 1, 3, 6, 7 and 9 | No | Yes | |
Level 2 | L: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 | No | Yes | |
1.2 (i) (ii) (iii) | Level 0 | L: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 | No | Yes |
Level 2 | L: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 | No | Yes | |
Level 2 | L: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 | No | Yes | |
1.3(i) (ii) (iii) | Levels 0 and 3 | L: 2, 5, 8 and 9 | No | Yes |
Level 1 | L: 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 | No | Yes | |
Level 0 | L: 1, 3, 5, 6 and 9 | No | Yes | |
1.4(i) (ii) (iii) | Level 0 | L: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 | No | Yes |
Levels 2 and 3 | L: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9 | No | Yes | |
Level 0 | L: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9 | No | Yes | |
1.5(i) (ii) (iii) | Level 0 | L: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 | No | Yes |
Level 2 | L: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 9 | No | Yes | |
Levels 0 and 3 | L: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 | No | Yes |
A summary of the students’ responses to diagnostic test and post-test.
Table 2 presented shows how each of the students managed to achieve questions at various levels of van Hiele theory of geometric thinking after utilising mathematics dictionary in their learning. The questions were set to test students’ geometrical proficiency which includes geometric vocabulary, terminology and conceptual understanding. As shown in Table 2, no learner managed to perform at the set level in the diagnostic test; these results are in agreement with those of [13] who found out that the comprehension of mathematical language enhances mathematical proficiency in students. This implies that if a learner’s geometrical vocabulary is not clear, he/she cannot be able to perform well in geometry.
To improve students’ understanding of geometry, it calls for teachers to integrate mathematics dictionary into teaching and learning. The integration of dictionary into the teaching and learning of geometry can help to deal with the five common problem areas identified by [10] as prevalent cases in deaf students: “words with multiple meanings, technical vocabulary, words with specialized importance in mathematics, varied but related forms; and abbreviations and specialized symbols” (p. 419). Yet, in reality the challenges are also dominant in all other students.
This chapter has given an empirical and theoretical account of and the reasons for the need to integrate mathematics dictionary into the teaching and learning of geometry. The study has established that students’ independent learning and understanding of geometrical vocabulary and terminology were heavily influenced by the use of mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces mentioned in Figure 2. The integration of the two, mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces, into teaching and learning helped students to modify their way of learning geometrical vocabulary and terminology unlike in a traditional classroom where no hands-on learning tasks are executed. However, the availability of the dictionary in the lesson made students aware that once they were stuck with understanding of geometric vocabulary and terminology, mathematics dictionary had the answers. During the lesson students would make use of mathematics dictionary without being told what to do with it.
As highlighted in Figure 2, the use of polygon pieces also promoted independent learning in students in the sense that they were engaged in the cutting of line segments and angles of a particular triangle in order to establish its properties. The cutting and measuring of line segments and angles promote independent learning for the reason that no student was told how an isosceles or a scalene triangle looks like. No student was told how to do the cutting of polygon pieces; each one independently devised a way of cutting line segments, so that they were not half-way cut. Half-way cut line segment could not give students opportunity to execute the task of finding properties of triangles in terms of line dimensions. Each and every response was established through practical investigation and solution written down; hence, this promoted independent learning.
How the use of mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces nurtured the students’ independent learning is reflected in how most students responded to the post-test. Figure 2 attests to this. The errors that students committed in the diagnostics test, for example, spellings and failing to name triangles properly, after they were engaged in the use of the mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces were corrected in the post-test (refer to Table 1). This chapter contributes additional evidence that suggested how the dictionary and polygon pieces can be integrated into teaching and learning to promote independent learning. However, I highly recommend that mathematics teachers integrate the use of mathematics dictionary and polygon pieces into their lessons.
My sincere gratitude should go to the following for helping me to make it during the main research study:
My supervisor Prof. N.N. Feza for the guidance during the main research study.
My research site principal, HOD for mathematics, staff, school governing board and the parents for granting me permission to conduct the research at their school.
The research participants (students) who sacrificed and committed their time to attend to my programme after school for 2 weeks.
The UNISA for granting me with an opportunity to study and for the bursary that I received to support my studies.
I declare that no financial or personal relationships have inappropriately influenced me in writing this book chapter.
Instructions
Answer all the questions.
Write neatly.
Provide your answers on the spaces provided under each question.
Question 1.
Study the 2D figures below and then answer the questions that.
follow:
What can you deduce about the sizes of
What are the properties of triangle ABC in terms of
According to answers in 1.1. (i) and (ii), what specific name is given to a shape with the properties mentioned above?
What are the properties of the triangle GHI in terms of
Determine the properties of triangle GHI in terms of
What name is given to a triangle with such properties?
Write down the size of each of the following angles
Determine the length of
What name is given to triangle DEF?
What type of a triangle is drawn above?
Determine the size of
Write down the length of
What name is given to triangle PQR?
What is the relationship between
What can you conclude about the properties of triangle PQR?
This chapter was prepared by Dr. S.M. Chiphambo who has the capacity as a researcher. The views expressed in the submitted chapter are solely the author’s findings of the research conducted and do not reflect official views or position of any academic institution or funder.
IntechOpen Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines. Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues or broader topics on the research subject.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen Compacts",metaDescription:"IntechOpen Compacts present a mid-length publishing format which bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs and covers content across all scientific disciplines.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/compacts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\\n\\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
\n\nCOMPACTS-SHORT FORM MONOGRAPH
\n\nCOST
\n\n4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\nThe final price will depend on the volume of the publication and includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applicable in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister company, Ulatus – one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work seamlessly to readers from across the globe in their own language. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. With a high degree of linguistic and subject expertise, Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book to deliver a superior quality of translation.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation work. For more information or a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview and description of the steps involved in the publishing process here.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5318},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4830},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1469},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9372},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108346},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Social Work Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bala Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Edward R Rhodes and Dr. Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8694",title:"Novel Aspects on Encephalomyelitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"253dc5b6fd0ca3b3fd4820ac8d538792",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez-Valdés and Prof. Humberto Foyaca Sibat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8694.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35158",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes de Fátima",surname:"Ibañez-Valdés",slug:"lourdes-de-fatima-ibanez-valdes",fullName:"Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez-Valdés"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9126",title:"Respiratory Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e57374d11c8da9e7c70631881dcf55fa",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ketevan Nemsadze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9126.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"149748",title:"Dr.",name:"Ketevan",surname:"Nemsadze",slug:"ketevan-nemsadze",fullName:"Ketevan Nemsadze"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9307",title:"Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Silicon",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d551f2f31d76d6620b9175331c32e326",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. M. Taha Demirkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9307.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"270288",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Taha",surname:"Demirkan",slug:"m.-taha-demirkan",fullName:"M. Taha Demirkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9080",title:"Bovine Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e07da77d0439523980177f4d3534567",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rita Payan-Carreira and Dr. Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9464",title:"Health Benefits of Tea (Camellia sinensis)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8945b63ec8437f5589e4168ff682e2d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kula Kamal Senapati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9464.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"234221",title:"Dr.",name:"Kula Kamal",surname:"Senapati",slug:"kula-kamal-senapati",fullName:"Kula Kamal Senapati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7996",title:"Wildfire in the Wildland Urban Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"caac4a94c451c97cf8b52a6dcbac746b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jason Gordon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7996.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9056",title:"Multiple Chronic Conditions - Overview and Management of Chronic Disease Clusters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c842c2f3339a6a9290603393ab741253",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sevgi Akarsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9056.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182444",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevgi",surname:"Akarsu",slug:"sevgi-akarsu",fullName:"Sevgi Akarsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9224",title:"Distributed Computing - Principles and Practices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19d48e221488c1a086945120776441f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Thummuru Gunasekhar and Dr. Komati Thirupathi Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9224.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"298899",title:"Dr.",name:"Thummuru",surname:"Gunasekhar",slug:"thummuru-gunasekhar",fullName:"Thummuru Gunasekhar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9297",title:"Smart Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"139621c1c59461cc2dd2fa3632449513",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Prasanta Ghosh, Dr. Arti Rushi and Dr. Kunal Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9297.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"294687",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanta",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"prasanta-ghosh",fullName:"Prasanta Ghosh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8556",title:"Mars Exploration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44538d785d8dfcc0d4f809e3a62b0035",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Giuseppe Pezzella and Prof. Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:35},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:33},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:136},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Insectology",value:39,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Genesiology",value:300,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:521,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:500},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam El-Din",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-el-din-saleh",fullName:"Hosam El-Din Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7612",title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",middleName:null,surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7404",title:"Hysteresis of Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8540fa2378dbb92e50411cfebfb853a6",slug:"hysteresis-of-composites",bookSignature:"Li Longbiao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7404.jpg",editors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Longbiao",slug:"li-longbiao",fullName:"Li Longbiao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4406},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam El-Din",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-el-din-saleh",fullName:"Hosam El-Din Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7612",title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",middleName:null,surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7698",title:"Educational Psychology",subtitle:"Between Certitudes and Uncertainties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"740943e2d029253e777150e98ebe2f0d",slug:"educational-psychology-between-certitudes-and-uncertainties",bookSignature:"Victori?a Trif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Victorița",middleName:null,surname:"Trif",slug:"victorita-trif",fullName:"Victorița Trif"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8747",title:"Asphalt and Asphalt Mixtures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6083f7c9881029f1e033a1e512af7e20",slug:"asphalt-and-asphalt-mixtures",bookSignature:"Haitao Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8747.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260604",title:"Prof.",name:"Haitao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haitao-zhang",fullName:"Haitao Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8516",title:"Metacognition in Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fa6eaad7b509b8b7ec5124d79e5f605",slug:"metacognition-in-learning",bookSignature:"Nosisi Feza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261665",title:"Prof.",name:"Nosisi",middleName:"N.",surname:"Feza",slug:"nosisi-feza",fullName:"Nosisi Feza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7000",title:"Legume Crops",subtitle:"Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d0f73bf883bbb984cc2feef1259a9a7",slug:"legume-crops-characterization-and-breeding-for-improved-food-security",bookSignature:"Mohamed Ahmed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8323",title:"Traditional and Complementary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60eadb1783d9bba245687adf284d4871",slug:"traditional-and-complementary-medicine",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8347",title:"Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d7024a8d7d8afed093c9c79ec31f15a",slug:"computer-architecture-in-industrial-biomechanical-and-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang and Liandong Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Dr.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",slug:"malaria",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7093",title:"Pneumothorax",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",slug:"pneumothorax",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"161",title:"Algebra",slug:"algebra",parent:{title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:37,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"algebra",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8599",title:"Polynomials",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c36cace7f309250a777c0f404a2d79f",slug:"polynomials-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",middleName:null,surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6526",title:"Matrix Theory",subtitle:"Applications and Theorems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"007221e88f11abf3c1bee9ba865c51b3",slug:"matrix-theory-applications-and-theorems",bookSignature:"Hassan A. Yasser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6526.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68107",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Abid",surname:"Yasser",slug:"hassan-yasser",fullName:"Hassan Yasser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5134",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2aeb0040a0135ad33564d0f5f19d6103",slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2738",title:"Linear Algebra",subtitle:"Theorems and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d4a676338d6da7a444a01743804f93a",slug:"linear-algebra-theorems-and-applications",bookSignature:"Hassan Abid Yasser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2738.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68107",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Abid",surname:"Yasser",slug:"hassan-yasser",fullName:"Hassan Yasser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37780",doi:"10.5772/46482",title:"Algebraic Theory of Appell Polynomials with Application to General Linear Interpolation Problem",slug:"algebraic-theory-of-appell-polynomials-with-application-to-general-linear-interpolation-problem",totalDownloads:2183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"linear-algebra-theorems-and-applications",title:"Linear Algebra",fullTitle:"Linear Algebra - Theorems and Applications"},signatures:"Francesco Aldo Costabile and Elisabetta Longo",authors:[{id:"143684",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco A.",middleName:null,surname:"Costabile",slug:"francesco-a.-costabile",fullName:"Francesco A. Costabile"},{id:"145195",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Longo",slug:"elisabetta-longo",fullName:"Elisabetta Longo"}]},{id:"37785",doi:"10.5772/48198",title:"Partition-Matrix Theory Applied to the Computation of Generalized-Inverses for MIMO Systems in Rayleigh Fading Channels",slug:"partition-matrix-theory-applied-to-the-computation-of-generalized-inverses-for-mimo-systems-in-rayle",totalDownloads:2515,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"linear-algebra-theorems-and-applications",title:"Linear Algebra",fullTitle:"Linear Algebra - Theorems and Applications"},signatures:"P. Cervantes, L.F. González, F.J. Ortiz and A.D. García",authors:[{id:"140284",title:"Mr.",name:"Pedro C.",middleName:null,surname:"Lozano",slug:"pedro-c.-lozano",fullName:"Pedro C. Lozano"},{id:"154942",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"luis-gonzalez",fullName:"Luis Gonzalez"}]},{id:"60350",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74105",title:"Cramer’s Rules for the System of Two-Sided Matrix Equations and of Its Special Cases",slug:"cramer-s-rules-for-the-system-of-two-sided-matrix-equations-and-of-its-special-cases",totalDownloads:270,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"matrix-theory-applications-and-theorems",title:"Matrix Theory",fullTitle:"Matrix Theory - Applications and Theorems"},signatures:"Ivan I. Kyrchei",authors:[{id:"226980",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Kyrchei",slug:"ivan-kyrchei",fullName:"Ivan Kyrchei"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50239",title:"Matrices, Moments and Quadrature: Applications to Time- Dependent Partial Differential Equations",slug:"matrices-moments-and-quadrature-applications-to-time-dependent-partial-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1834,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",fullTitle:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action"},signatures:"James V. Lambers, Alexandru Cibotarica and Elisabeth M. Palchak",authors:[{id:"178867",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Lambers",slug:"james-lambers",fullName:"James Lambers"},{id:"184082",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandru",middleName:null,surname:"Cibotarica",slug:"alexandru-cibotarica",fullName:"Alexandru Cibotarica"},{id:"184083",title:"MSc.",name:"Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Palchak",slug:"elisabeth-palchak",fullName:"Elisabeth Palchak"}]},{id:"50163",title:"Structured Approaches to General Inverse Eigenvalue Problems",slug:"structured-approaches-to-general-inverse-eigenvalue-problems",totalDownloads:1704,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",fullTitle:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action"},signatures:"Patrick Dumond and Natalie Baddour",authors:[{id:"62384",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalie",middleName:null,surname:"Baddour",slug:"natalie-baddour",fullName:"Natalie Baddour"},{id:"178920",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Dumond",slug:"patrick-dumond",fullName:"Patrick Dumond"}]},{id:"37782",title:"Gauge Theory, Combinatorics, and Matrix Models",slug:"gauge-theory-combinatorics-and-matrix-models",totalDownloads:2059,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"linear-algebra-theorems-and-applications",title:"Linear Algebra",fullTitle:"Linear Algebra - Theorems and Applications"},signatures:"Taro Kimura",authors:[{id:"140579",title:"Dr.",name:"Taro",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"taro-kimura",fullName:"Taro Kimura"}]},{id:"66332",title:"Polynomials with Symmetric Zeros",slug:"polynomials-with-symmetric-zeros",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polynomials-theory-and-application",title:"Polynomials",fullTitle:"Polynomials - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Ricardo Vieira",authors:null},{id:"50675",title:"Eigenvalue Problems",slug:"eigenvalue-problems",totalDownloads:1324,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",fullTitle:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action"},signatures:"Aleksandra Kostić",authors:[{id:"178893",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Kostić",slug:"aleksandra-kostic",fullName:"Aleksandra Kostić"}]},{id:"50709",title:"Likelihood Ratio Tests in Multivariate Linear Model",slug:"likelihood-ratio-tests-in-multivariate-linear-model",totalDownloads:1074,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",fullTitle:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action"},signatures:"Yasunori Fujikoshi",authors:[{id:"178988",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasunori",middleName:null,surname:"Fujikoshi",slug:"yasunori-fujikoshi",fullName:"Yasunori Fujikoshi"}]},{id:"65150",title:"The Orthogonal Expansion in Time-Domain Method for Solving Maxwell Equations Using Paralleling-in-Order Scheme",slug:"the-orthogonal-expansion-in-time-domain-method-for-solving-maxwell-equations-using-paralleling-in-or",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polynomials-theory-and-application",title:"Polynomials",fullTitle:"Polynomials - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Zheng-Yu Huang, Zheng Sun and Wei He",authors:null},{id:"37786",title:"A Linear System of Both Equations and Inequalities in Max-Algebra",slug:"a-linear-system-of-both-equations-and-inequalities-in-max-algebra",totalDownloads:1834,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"linear-algebra-theorems-and-applications",title:"Linear Algebra",fullTitle:"Linear Algebra - Theorems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulhadi Aminu",authors:[{id:"140280",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulhadi",middleName:null,surname:"Aminu",slug:"abdulhadi-aminu",fullName:"Abdulhadi Aminu"}]},{id:"50312",title:"Nonnegative Inverse Elementary Divisors Problem",slug:"nonnegative-inverse-elementary-divisors-problem",totalDownloads:845,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"applied-linear-algebra-in-action",title:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action",fullTitle:"Applied Linear Algebra in Action"},signatures:"Ricardo L. Soto",authors:[{id:"141560",title:"PhD.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Soto",slug:"ricardo-soto",fullName:"Ricardo Soto"}]},{id:"64679",title:"Obtaining Explicit Formulas and Identities for Polynomials Defined by Generating Functions of the Form F(t)x ⋅ G(t)α",slug:"obtaining-explicit-formulas-and-identities-for-polynomials-defined-by-generating-functions-of-the-fo",totalDownloads:190,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polynomials-theory-and-application",title:"Polynomials",fullTitle:"Polynomials - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Dmitry Kruchinin, Vladimir Kruchinin and Yuriy Shablya",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"algebra",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea97962e99b3e0ebc9b46b48ba5bea14",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8771",title:"Raman Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1354b3097eaa5b27d9d4bd29d3150b27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samir Kumar and Dr. Prabhat Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics-Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mojtaba Kahrizi and Ms. Parsoua Abedini Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9284",title:"Computational Aeroacoustics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7019c5e5985faef7dc384c87dca5c8ef",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ramesh K. Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9284.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/23644/jingjie-zhang",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"23644",slug:"jingjie-zhang"},fullPath:"/profiles/23644/jingjie-zhang",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()