Recapitulation of the results.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5500",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity",title:"Genetic Diversity",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Genetic diversity is the entire amount of genes and genotypes in a group of organisms and is of vital importance for their adaptation to different living conditions. If, for example, all humans were identical, the extinction of the entire kind could happen very fast. Let us care and nourish differences! The goal of this book is to present some of the contemporary thoughts on understandings of the genetic diversity patterns and their altering in a changing world. The book is aimed to the ones inspired to study and contemplate genetic diversity and to the audience beyond any frames.",isbn:"978-953-51-2950-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2949-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5470-9",doi:"10.5772/63174",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"genetic-diversity",numberOfPages:150,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"ce1bd13553d444bb950f6c4462f98584",bookSignature:"Lidija Bitz",publishedDate:"March 1st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5500.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6944,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:35,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 2nd 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 23rd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 27th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 25th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"153375",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidija",middleName:null,surname:"Bitz",slug:"lidija-bitz",fullName:"Lidija Bitz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/153375/images/3846_n.jpg",biography:"Lidija Bitz is a principle research scientist of plant genomics at the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). She has a decade of working experience and research exchange from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Lidija obtained a MSc degree and defended a PhD thesis at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. During those times she was very active in inventory, collection and genetic diversity evaluations within different germplasm. She is active in the dissemination of achieved results through the authorship and editing of monographs, scientific papers, book chapters and professional articles. She has also been successful in implementing international and regional scientific and developmental projects, starting from her student days.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Natural Resources Institute Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"419",title:"Microbial Genetics",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-microbial-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"53510",title:"Diversity of Plant Virus Populations: A Valuable Tool for Epidemiological Studies",doi:"10.5772/66820",slug:"diversity-of-plant-virus-populations-a-valuable-tool-for-epidemiological-studies",totalDownloads:1433,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Fernando Escriu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53510",authors:[{id:"191603",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Escriu",slug:"fernando-escriu",fullName:"Fernando Escriu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53974",title:"Local Scale Genetic Diversity and its Role in Coping with Changing Climate",doi:"10.5772/67166",slug:"local-scale-genetic-diversity-and-its-role-in-coping-with-changing-climate",totalDownloads:1095,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Andrés J. Cortés",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53974",authors:[{id:"190729",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",surname:"Cortés",slug:"andres-cortes",fullName:"Andrés Cortés"}],corrections:null},{id:"53953",title:"Genetic Diversity within Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) for Better Understanding of AIDS",doi:"10.5772/67256",slug:"genetic-diversity-within-chemokine-receptor-5-ccr5-for-better-understanding-of-aids",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ali A. Al-Jabri and Sidgi S. Hasson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53953",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53953",authors:[{id:"34571",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Jabri",slug:"ali-al-jabri",fullName:"Ali Al-Jabri"}],corrections:null},{id:"53724",title:"From the Gene Sequence to the Phylogeography through the Population Structure: The Cases of Yersinia ruckeri and Vibrio tapetis",doi:"10.5772/67182",slug:"from-the-gene-sequence-to-the-phylogeography-through-the-population-structure-the-cases-of-yersinia-",totalDownloads:663,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Asmine Bastardo, Sabela Balboa and Jesús L. Romalde",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53724",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53724",authors:[{id:"192422",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Romalde",slug:"jesus-romalde",fullName:"Jesus Romalde"},{id:"194373",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmine",surname:"Bastardo",slug:"asmine-bastardo",fullName:"Asmine Bastardo"},{id:"194374",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabela",surname:"Balboa",slug:"sabela-balboa",fullName:"Sabela Balboa"}],corrections:null},{id:"53527",title:"Biodiversity Studies in Key Species from the African Mopane and Miombo Woodlands",doi:"10.5772/66845",slug:"biodiversity-studies-in-key-species-from-the-african-mopane-and-miombo-woodlands",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Isabel Moura, Ivete Maquia, Alfan A. Rija, Natasha Ribeiro and\nAna Isabel Ribeiro-Barros",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53527",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53527",authors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Ribeiro De Barros",slug:"ana-ribeiro-de-barros",fullName:"Ana Ribeiro De Barros"}],corrections:null},{id:"53443",title:"National and International Conservation of Biological Diversity in Terms of Administrative Law “Sample of Turkey”",doi:"10.5772/66846",slug:"national-and-international-conservation-of-biological-diversity-in-terms-of-administrative-law-sampl",totalDownloads:1180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Yavuz Guloglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53443",authors:[{id:"184806",title:"Dr.",name:"Yavuz",surname:"Guloglu",slug:"yavuz-guloglu",fullName:"Yavuz Guloglu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1446",title:"Senescence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7aa2772cf0b5653b6c599dba90f4c709",slug:"senescence",bookSignature:"Tetsuji Nagata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",surname:"Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1406",title:"Antimicrobial Agents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"716194563847e4c8e0f4a7c07ff858ed",slug:"antimicrobial-agents",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90574",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",surname:"Bobbarala",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3509",title:"Gene Therapy",subtitle:"Tools and Potential Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fd8b4898c201b4a9f8e597cbcf4d968",slug:"gene-therapy-tools-and-potential-applications",bookSignature:"Francisco Martin Molina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3509.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32294",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Martin",slug:"francisco-martin",fullName:"Francisco Martin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"364",title:"Gene Duplication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79e1de88c46f703c92c157b80d886221",slug:"gene-duplication",bookSignature:"Felix Friedberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62782",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",surname:"Friedberg",slug:"felix-friedberg",fullName:"Felix Friedberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5090",title:"RNA Interference",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9edcfa43c752e926f9e51ecb610e34db",slug:"rna-interference",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3429",title:"Senescence and Senescence-Related Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2dc962eff773b82b389299073279b4c8",slug:"senescence-and-senescence-related-disorders",bookSignature:"Zhiwei Wang and Hiroyuki Inuzuka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164282",title:"Dr.",name:"Wang",surname:"Zhiwei",slug:"wang-zhiwei",fullName:"Wang Zhiwei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4558",title:"Advances in DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"768283d24cc5f9e965ce14d737aa0313",slug:"advances-in-dna-repair",bookSignature:"Clark C. Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",surname:"Chen",slug:"clark-chen",fullName:"Clark Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3428",title:"Meiosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5be852a0afc01de31a5dd7164bcd025e",slug:"meiosis",bookSignature:"Carol Bernstein and Harris Bernstein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5944",title:"Applications of RNA-Seq and Omics Strategies",subtitle:"From Microorganisms to Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3be741447e351b9cb9dc96a133302c6b",slug:"applications-of-rna-seq-and-omics-strategies-from-microorganisms-to-human-health",bookSignature:"Fabio A. Marchi, Priscila D.R. Cirillo and Elvis C. Mateo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5944.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206664",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Marchi",slug:"fabio-marchi",fullName:"Fabio Marchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5354",title:"Microsatellite Markers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a53f044725f885fbb6a4f36bde2c9d65",slug:"microsatellite-markers",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65667",slug:"erratum-the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",title:"Erratum - The Roll of the Entrepreneur in the Establishment of Economic Equilibria",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65667.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65667",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65667",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65667",chapter:{id:"57461",slug:"the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",signatures:"Er’el Granot",dateSubmitted:"April 7th 2017",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"January 24th 2018",book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",middleName:null,surname:"Granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",email:"erelgranot@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"57461",slug:"the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",signatures:"Er’el Granot",dateSubmitted:"April 7th 2017",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"January 24th 2018",book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",middleName:null,surname:"Granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",email:"erelgranot@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]},book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9878",leadTitle:null,title:"Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tElectromagnetic imaging is an emerging biomedical imaging modality, which when matured, might present an effective supplement to current imaging technologies for non-invasive assessment of functional and pathological conditions of tissues. This book aims to provide a state-of-art for the most relevant advancements in the development of electromagnetic sensing and imaging for non-invasive detection, by covering all aspects related to the design, modeling, and experimentation. The authors are welcome to submit original research and review articles reporting recent advances in the application of electromagnetic waves technologies in industry and bioengineering.
\r\n\r\n\tThe scope of this book will be the collection of new and/or review results exploring the use of electromagnetic waves for industrial and biomedical applications with particular focus on inclusion detection and medical treatment as well as a diagnostic tool for disease detection. Potential topics include but are not limited to the following: Electromagnetic sensing and imaging for industry applications, Electromagnetic sensing and imaging for biomedical applications, Microwave sensing and imaging , Non-invasive electromagnetic diagnostic tools, Usage of electromagnetic waves for probing organs and advanced MRI techniques, Theoretical modeling of electromagnetic wave propagation, Application of electromagnetic waves in advanced MRI techniques, RF sensors and coils, Biomaterials for wearable sensors, In vitro and in vivo testing.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-582-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-581-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-583-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e57ef4b5bada0d966637cd303d76278f",bookSignature:"Distinguished Prof. Lulu Wang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9878.jpg",keywords:"Electromagnetic Sensing, Imaging, Biomedical Applications, Electromagnetic Measurements, Conductivity, Electromagnetic Induction Tomography, Electric Impedance Imaging, Microwave Imaging, Biomaterials, RF Coils, Electromagnetic Scattering Problems, Integral Equations",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 26th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"With an M.E. (Hons.) and a Ph.D. degree from the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, Dr. Wang is the first author of over 60 peer-reviewed publications, received multiple national and international awards from various professional societies and organizations she is a member of (ASME, IEEE, AAAS, PSNZ, and IPENZ ).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257388/images/system/257388.jpg",biography:"Lulu Wang is a Full Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Shenzhen Technology University in China. She received the M.E. (First class Hons.) and Ph.D. degrees from the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. From 2013 to 2015, she was a Research Fellow with the Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. In 2015, Dr. Wang became an Associate Professor of biomedical engineering with the Hefei University of Technology. In 2019, she became a Full Professor of biomedical engineering with the College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University. Her research interests include medical devices, electromagnetic sensing and imaging, and computational mechanics. Over the past five years, Dr. Wang is the first author of 60 peer-reviewed publications, 2 ASME books, 7 book chapters, and 12 innovation patents. She has edited three books and two special issues of international journals. Dr. Wang is a member of ASME, IEEE, AAAS, PSNZ, and IPENZ. She has been an active scientific reviewer for numerous journals and international conferences. She received multiple National and International Awards from various professional societies and organizations.",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6835",title:"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19f08ef15d97900c94dc8fb04f9afb5f",slug:"computer-methods-and-programs-in-biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6835.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8347",title:"Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d7024a8d7d8afed093c9c79ec31f15a",slug:"computer-architecture-in-industrial-biomechanical-and-biomedical-engineering",bookSignature:"Lulu Wang and Liandong Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61310",title:"Study of the PIFA Antenna for RFID Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76564",slug:"study-of-the-pifa-antenna-for-rfid-applications",body:'Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology used mainly to identify tagged items or to track their locations. The identification technology by radio frequency (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information; passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader’s interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. The first secure system identifying the friend and the foe (IFF) was the first form of RFID’s technology. In 1948, Stockman (Stockman, 1948) proposed the identification from distance. He defended that it is possible to vary the amount of reflected power (also called load modulation antenna) by the alternation of the load of the tag antenna and consequently it has a modulation. Identification by radio frequency, known as RFID, is a smart technology that is very performed, flexible, and more suitable to automatic operations. RFID is an automatic identification method using radio waves to read the data contained in the devices called tag RFID. RFID technology is used to monitor, identify, and track objects, animals, and people away. The RFID system has two key features: RFID tag (label) and RFID reader. Today, this technology finds use in access controls, vehicle safety, animal tracking and patients in hospitals, and other applications [1].
The purpose of this chapter is the design and simulation of a PIFA with a T-shaped slot. We studied the effect of changing the type of feed supply, the type of substrate, and thus the position of the connecting line between the ground plane and the radiating element. The PIFA consist of a radiating element of length equal to the quarter wave and of a short circuit of several types: plane, tongue, or wire. This structure has advantages over a traditional patch antenna: cost and ease of manufacture, reduced size, thin profile, and bandwidth.
RFID is part of automatic identification technologies; this technology makes it possible to identify an object or a person, to follow the path and to know the characteristics at a distance thanks to label emitting radio waves, attached to or incorporated into the object or person. RFID technology allows reading of labels even without direct line of sight and can cross thin layers of materials [2, 3].
RFID includes labels, readers, encoders, and middleware which allow integrating the flow of data in the information system of the company.
One of the most used identification methods is to house a serial number or a sequence of data in a chip and connect it to a small antenna. This couple (chip + antenna) is then encapsulated in a support. These “tags” can then be incorporated in objects or be glued on products, Figure 1. The format of the data on the labels is standardized at the initiative of electronic product code (EPC) Global.
Tag antenna.
The reader/recorder is constituted of a circuit that emits electromagnetic energy through an antenna and an electronics that receives and decodes the information sent by the transponder and sends them to the data collection device. Not content to read RFID tags, he is able to write their content. The RFID reader is the element responsible for reading radiofrequency labels and transmitting the information they contain (EPC code or other, status information, cryptographic key, etc.) to the next level of the system (middleware). This communication between the reader and the label takes place in four stages:
The reader transmits by radio the energy necessary for the activation of the tag.
It launches a query querying the tags nearby.
It listens to answers and eliminates duplicates or collisions between answers.
Finally, it transmits the results obtained to the applications concerned.
To exploit the information contained in these labels, it is imperative to have the appropriate reader. This one emits radio waves toward the capsule which allows to supply it with energy (electromagnetic induction feed); in other words to activate it, these chips are not able to perform dynamic treatments but only to return static data (Figure 2).
The different geometries of the inverted antennas.
Without any external power supply, they depend on the electromagnetic effect of receiving a signal emitted by the reader. It is this current that allows them to power their microcircuits. They are inexpensive to produce and are generally reserved for volume productions. They are the ones we find especially in logistics and transport. They use different radio frequency bands according to their capacity to transmit remotely more or less important and through different substances (air, water, metal). The reading distance is less than 1 m. Low and high frequencies are standardized worldwide. These chips are stuck on the products for a follow-up. They are disposable or reusable depending on the case.
These tags are similar to passive ID cards. They use similar technologies but with some important differences. They also have a small battery which works constantly, which frees the antenna for other tasks, in particular the reception of return signals. These tags are more robust and faster in reading and transmission than passive tags, but they are also more expensive.
Active tags are the most expensive because they are more complex to produce and provide transmission functions, functions of capture or processing of the captured information, and either or both. Thereby, they need an onboard power supply you have to know that these labels prove particularly well adapted to certain functions, including the creation of authentication systems, security, anti-theft, etc.
Short, they are ideal for triggering an alert or alarm. They can emit several hundred meters.
RFID systems generate and reflect electromagnetic waves. In particular, RFID systems must be careful not to disrupt the operation of other radio systems. We cannot, in principle, use only the frequency ranges specifically reserved for industrial, scientific, or medical applications. These frequency ranges are called industrial-scientific-medical (ISM). The main frequency ranges used by RFID systems are the low frequencies (125 and 134.5 kHz) and ISM frequencies: 6.78, 13.56, 27.125, 40.68, 433.92, 869.0, 915.0 MHz (not in Europe), 2.45, 5.8, and 24.125 GHz.
The advantages of radio frequency labels over the barcode are
The ability to update the content
Unlike bar code for which data are frozen once printed or marked, the content of the data stored in a radio frequency tag will be able to be modified, increased, or decreased by authorized stakeholders (read and write tags).
Greater content capacity
Certainly bar codes that can store important content data appeared these last years, two-dimensional or matrix barcodes. However their use in industrial or logistic worlds remains problematic; they require conditions printing and reading. The commonly used barcodes are limited to data contents of less than fifty characters and in these extreme cases require an A4 or A5 size label. In a radio frequency tag, a capacity of 1000 characters is easily storable on 1 and 2 mm and can easily reach 10,000 characters in a logistics label affixed to a pallet.
The marking speed
The barcode in a logistic context most often requires the printing of a paper medium. Handling and labeling are manual or mechanical operations. The radio frequency labels can be included in the handling support or in the packaging from the outset. Data concerning objects contained or transported are written in a split second at the time of the constitution of the logistics or transport unit, without further manipulation.
Security of access to the content
Like any digital medium, the radio frequency tag can be protected by password in writing or reading.
The data can be encrypted. In the same label, a part of the information can be freely accessible and the other protected. This faculty makes the RF tag, a tool adapted to the fight against theft and counterfeiting.
Longer life
In applications where the same object can be used multiple times, as the identification of handling supports, or the consignment of the container, a radio frequency tag can be reused 1,000,000 times.
Greater positioning flexibility
To enable the automation of the reading of the logistic barcode labels, standardization bodies like EAN, have defined positioning rules on logistics units. With the radio frequency tag, it is possible to abstract constraints related to optical reading; she does not need to be seen. It is enough for him to enter the field of the reader so that his presence is detected.
Better protection against environmental conditions
RFID tags do not need to be positioned outside the object to be identified. They can therefore be better protected from attacks related to storage, to the handling or transport. In addition, their operating principle does not make them susceptible to soiling or various spots that interfere with the use of the barcode.
Disturbance by the physical environment
The reading of radio frequency tags is disturbed by the presence, for example, of metals in their immediate environment. Solutions must be studied case by case to minimize these disturbances.
Disturbances induced by the labels between them
In many applications, several radio frequency tags may occur at the same time in the reader’s field voluntarily or involuntarily. This can be wanted in store, at the time of checkout or between anti-theft doors.
In this last case just detect a stolen object, a label not inhibited by the box. Technology allows it today. More complex is the need to identify and read the contents of several labels in a field without forgetting; to do this the readers use algorithms or anti-collision techniques, etc.
Sensitivity to parasitic magnetic waves
In certain circumstances, RFID reading systems are sensitive to spurious electromagnetic waves issued by computer equipment (computer screens) or lighting systems more generally by electrical equipment. Their use must be tested taking into account the environment.
The regulatory constraints related to the impact on health
This question has been debated for a few years, in particular concerning the anti-theft gates and cell phones. Passive tags themselves present no risk whatever their number is since they are active only when they are in the field of a reader. The studies therefore focus on readers and aim to define the regulatory criteria of their emission power to prevent them from creating disruptions.
RFID tag applications are already very numerous; we give some examples of the possibilities offered by this technology:
Tracking and sorting luggage
The airlines are currently studying the replacement of RFID tags.
The automatic toll
Many management companies’ toll motorways have already put in place systems subscription based on RFID tags and microwave, placed in vehicles. Subscribers benefit in special way of crossing toll gates. Payment is made without stopping the vehicle, by simply reading his identification.
Access control
RFID tags are already used for access control of buildings or car parks.
Animal tracking
More and more applications of animal traceability are growing, whether it’s ear tags on farm animals or the subcutaneous labels for horses or pets. In all cases, it’s about ensuring animal traceability for the purpose of sanitary control or the quality of herds.
Cleaning clothes
For the cleaning of work clothes, companies are putting in place systems uniform identification based on RFID tag with a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 2.5 mm, the frequency 13.56 MHz read/write at 20 m.
These labels are attached to the garment; they resist washing operations. They allow a follow-up of the washing operations and easy identification of the wearer of the uniform.
Waste collection
In Europe as well as in Japan and the United States, household or industrial waste collection companies are concerned with improving the load distribution of garbage collection and treatment. The principle is to equip each bin or container of an RFID tag and the collection trucks for readers and weighing system, so that each operation can automatically identify the “producer” and measure the weight of the collected material.
Supply chain management
In logistics, four levels of applications can be distinguished:
Delivery
Home
In transit
Local
At the time of shipment, labels can facilitate the collection of products and the constitution of pallets, sorted by destination and loading control. The label may contain, in addition to the product identification, or the contents of a pallet, that of the manufacturing lot number, consignee identification, order number, handling details, etc. This information collected at the time of loading can be stored in the RFID tag container or means of transport to facilitate checks during transit, customs, access, or exit authorization. Similarly, upon receipt of the goods, the data can be collected to automatically perform audits and update the inventory and make reconciliations with commercial documents or EDI messages. In transit, the label is used to trace the product at each point of loading and unloading or simply passing. Thus, the sender can be informed at any time transport stream. Locally, labels allow product inventory but also media management handling and equipment (gas bottles, etc.).
There are several types of antennas for RFID applications; among these antennas we mention that antennas of the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) type are the most used in portable devices for GSM, Wi-Fi, RFID applications, etc. due to their low manufacturing cost and their compactness, as it has very small dimensions compared to a half-wave antenna. The PIFA is obtained by placing the short circuit (plane, wired, or tongue-like) between the half-wave resonator and the ground plane, at the precise point where the electric field vanishes for the fundamental mode. This makes it possible to overcome one half of the resonator and thus have an X/4 resonance. This type of antenna has the advantage of presenting a desired quasi-isotropic radiation in RFID applications, since the relative orientation of the tag relative to the reader is uncertain.
The PIFA is the result of the transformation of the inverted-F antenna (IFA) from a horizontal wire element to a planar structure to compensate for his loss of maladjustment and improve its radiation characteristics. The planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is a quarter wave antenna integrated and miniaturized by comparing it with monopole antennas. Also, it has good advantages over a traditional patch antenna (cost and ease of manufacture, small size, and bandwidth). The inverted plane antenna F is a rectangular microstrip antenna powered by a coaxial probe. It is called an inverted-F antenna because the side view of this antenna resembles the letter F with its face down [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
The ILA consists of a short vertical monopole with the addition of a long horizontal arm at the top. Its input impedance is almost equivalent to that of the short monopole with the addition of the reactance caused by the horizontal wire above the ground plane. In general, it is difficult to match the impedance to a power supply line since its input impedance consists of low resistance and high reactance. Adding the additional inverted-L element adjusts the input impedance of the antenna. The impedance bandwidth of the IFA antenna is less than 2% on the center frequency. One way to increase the bandwidth of the IFA antenna is to replace the upper horizontal arm with a plate oriented parallel to the ground plane to form the inverted plane antenna F (PIFA). More generally called planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) in the scientific literature, they have the advantage of being compact with a wide bandwidth. Figure 3 shows the different elements of the PIFA [4].
The PIFA.
Figure 4 shows the side view of the PIFA.
The PIFA (side view).
More generally called planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) in the scientific literature, they have the advantage of being compact with a large bandwidth; it is mainly characterized by the presence of a plate that plays the role of a short circuit between the radiating patch and the ground plane as shown in Figure 5 where h is the height of the short circuit, W its width, and D the distance between the short circuit and the feed point of the patch antenna.
PIFA.
The resonance frequency of a PIFA is approximated by equation (Eq. (1)).
With
The antenna proposed is an antenna consisting of a rectangular patch with a width W = 20 mm and a length L = 18 mm placed on a substrate with a width W = 30 mm and a length L = 30 mm using FR4_epoxy, characterized by a relative permittivity of 4.4, a relative permeability of 1, tgδ of the dielectric losses = 0.02, and a thickness e = 0.7 mm. The antenna is connected to the ground plane through a rod with a height h = 10 mm and a width of 10 mm, Figure 6.
The structure of the PIFA on HFSS.
In contrary to a conventional PIFA, the short circuit is not realized over the entire width of the antenna but through a flat short circuit which is a metal tongue of width W. A T-slot with a width of 0.5 mm in the metal radiating element ensures a good match between the impedance of the chip and the input impedance of the PIFA. The geometry of this antenna is shown in Figure 7.
The structure of the PIFA with T-slot on HFSS. (a) side view and (b) top view.
The Ansoft high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) logger is a very high-performance microwave simulator that models and simulates 3D global fields radiated by microwave structures (antennas, filters, guides, connectors, PCBs, etc.). Characteristics for antennas such as (Gain, SAR, VSWR, Sij, etc.). It is based on the finite element model which consists in solving the equations of the field in discrete points defined in an orderly way in the complete domain of the structure. It directly solves the Maxwell equations in their differential form by replacing the differential operators by difference operators, thus realizing a discretization approximation.
The results of the both PIFA antennas with and without slot at 5.8 GHz are:
Figure 8 shows the return loss of the PIFA, S11 = −21 dB with a bandwidth equal to 200 MHz.
Return loss of the PIFA.
Figure 9 shows the reflection coefficient of the PIFA,
Reflection coefficient of the PIFA.
Figure 9 shows that our antenna is well adapted.
Another essential character for knowing the parameters of the antenna is the SWR of the antenna PIFA.
Figure 10 shows the SWR of the antenna PIFA SWR = 1.09 < 2.
The SWR of the PIFA.
The SWR parameter of the PIFA fitted with a T-slot is less than 2 (Figures 11–13).
The SWR of the antenna with T-slot.
The 3D radiation pattern of the PIFA.
The 3D radiation pattern of the PIFA with T-slot.
The appearance of Figure 14 shows the gain of the PIFA without slot equal to 2.4 dB around the resonance frequency 5.8 GHz.
Gain of the PIFA.
The appearance of Figure 15 shows the gain of the PIFA is equal to 3.4 dB around the resonance frequency 5.8 GHz (Table 1).
Gain of PIFA with slot.
PIFA without T-slot | PIFA with T-slot | |
---|---|---|
–21 dB | −33 dB | |
Gain | 2.4 dB | 3.4 dB |
SWR | 1.09 | 1.01 |
Recapitulation of the results.
From the results obtained, we notice that the T-slot has a positive effect on our PIFA: a decrease in return loss and an increase in gain.
Changing the substrate has a major effect on the antenna especially on the return loss and the resonance frequency. In this work we studied the effect of substrate change; we used three types of substrate: FR4 epoxy with a permittivity equal to 4.4, Rogers RT/Duroid 6006 with a permittivity equal to 6.15, and Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 with a permittivity equal to 2.2.
Figures 16–18 show the reflection coefficient of the PIFA for the three substrates used:
Return loss (epoxy FR4).
Return loss (Rogers RT/Duroid 6006).
Return loss (Rogers RT/Duroid 5880).
The change of substrate has a major effect on the antenna especially on the reflection coefficient and the resonant frequency used in this work. To achieve the resonance frequency 5.8 GHz, it is necessary to modify the dimensions of the radiating element, which automatically influences the reflection coefficient.
The following table summarizes the results of the three simulations:
From Figures 16–18 and Table 2, we noted that for the substrate FR4 epoxy (εr = 4.4), the antenna resonates at (5.8 GHz) with a return loss is equal to −33 dB.
RO5880 | FR4 epoxy | RO6006 | |
---|---|---|---|
Width | 32 mm | 30 mm | 29 mm |
Length | 26 mm | 26 mm | 26 mm |
5.8 GHz | 5.8 GHz | 5.78 GHz | |
−17 dB | −33 dB | −27 dB |
Recapitulation of the results.
For RO6006 (
The connecting line between the substrate and the radiating element of the PIFA can take several positions, either at the end or at the center of the radiating element.
In this study we compared the results of simulations of the PIFA with three different positions of the connection line.
Figures 19–21 present the return loss of the antenna PIFA for the three positions.
Return loss (Position 1).
Return loss (Position 2).
Return loss (Position 3).
From Figures 19–21 and Table 3, we noted that for = 10 mm the antenna resonates at (5.8 GHz) with a return loss is equal to −33 dB. For
Position | |||
---|---|---|---|
−33 dB | −20 dB | −17 dB |
Recapitulation of the results.
Based on the results we deduced that as one moves away from the end of the radiating element the return loss becomes greater.
Microstrip feed line and the coaxial cable feed are easy to implement; nevertheless this type of power supply generates of parasitic radiation, which affects the radiation pattern. In this study we chose to feed our antenna via a coaxial cable and secondly via a microstrip line. We will compare the results obtained for these two feeding modes. To use these power modes, the microstrip line or the coaxial cable is adapted. For printed antennas this is parameter
In this work, we chose to feed our antenna via a microstrip line and secondly via a coaxial cable. We will compare the results obtained for these two modes of feeding. To use these power modes, it is necessary that the microstrip line or the coaxial cable is adapted. For printed antennas it is the parameter S11 that reflects the adaptation of the antenna. Otherwise, an antenna is considered suitable and isolated when the parameter
Return loss of the antenna supplied via microstrip line.
Return loss of the antenna supplied via coaxial cable.
From Figures 22 and 23, we notice that the reflection coefficient PIFA powered by coaxial cable is equal to −33 and −22 dB for the antenna powered by a microstrip line. So feeding via a coaxial cable is the best technique to power a PIFA.
In this chapter, in the first part, we did an introduction to automatic identification technology, to define the different components of this system, then the frequencies of utilization for this application, and finally the advantages and disadvantages of this technology. In the second part, we presented the design and simulation of a PIFA adapted by a T-slot and powered by a coaxial cable. We studied the effect of changing the type of feed and the substrate type and thus the position of the connecting line between the ground plane and the radiating element. We chose as the resonance frequency of the antenna for RFID applications the frequency 5.8 GHz. We compared the results of simulations obtained by the Ansoft HFSS software. The results obtained are in perfect harmony for RFID applications, either in terms of frequency or bandwidth. Similarly, the significant maxima have been obtained for parameters S11, Gain, SWR, and radiation pattern.
Syndromic craniosynostosis is a condition which involves premature fusion of multiple skull sutures and may be associated with extracranial deformities such as limb, cardiac and tracheal malformations [1, 2]. Therefore, this syndrome usually comes with related issues such as increased intracranial pressure which can cause visual impairment (increased intraocular pressure), sleep impairment and eating difficulties due to midface hypoplasia, and even risk of impairment of mental development [3]. There are about 150 syndromes associated with craniosynostosis namely Crouzon, Pfeiffer and Apert syndrome.
Therefore, corrective surgery in syndromic craniosynostosis were developed in relation to its deformities and functional issues. Conventional craniofacial surgical techniques, such as strip craniectomy, fronto-orbital advancement, and Le Fort III procedures proved to be reliable to treat symptomatic syndromic craniosynostosis. However, limitations were observed in severe conditions where large segmental advancement were required, difficulty to close the gap primarily as well as inadequate stability secondary to soft tissue restriction and unstable bone segment fixation. These limitations thus causing relapse and creating less than an ideal long-term outcome [4]. Hence distraction osteogenesis (DO) were introduced to provide a reliable surgical alternative in achieving superior segmental advancement compared with conventional techniques in treating functional issues in syndromic craniosynostosis.
Syndromic craniosynostosis patients usually presented with multiple major functional disturbances which requires multi-disciplinary management including maxillofacial surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery and ENT among others. As such, the indication for each major surgery in paediatric patients with this condition should be discussed by the craniofacial team members as the procedure carries substantial mortality and morbidity risks [5].
Craniosynostosis was first known as craniostenosis that was introduced by German pathologist, Virchow in 1851. It was then changed to craniosynostosis and widely accepted ever since [6]. Craniosynostosis is a condition whereby the process of early or premature fusion of the skull sutures happens that leads to the unwanted growth pattern of the skull. The skull will not be able to grow perpendicular to the fused suture but instead will grow in parallel direction to the fused suture. The brain will use the space available to grow and cause an abnormal head shape and facial features [7]. In cases whereby the skull does not have any spaces due to fused sutures, the brain will continue to grow thus causing increased in intracranial pressure hence patient will develop visual disturbances, sleeping impairment due to airway disruption, eating difficulties because of unusual jaw growth and reduction in mental development.
Most known craniosynostosis cases are nonsyndromic and can occur as an isolated event or associated with other skeletal and developmental anomalies in specific clinical features for recognized syndromes. Patients who have been diagnosed with syndromic craniosynostosis are much more complex and require a multidisciplinary approach to effectively manage all the problems faced. Most of the syndromic craniosynostosis cases are due to genetic defect that may present as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked patterns of inheritance. The molecular genetic protocol for the diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis such Crouzon syndrome includes first-line tests of FGFR2 exons IgIIIa and IgIIIc followed by second-line tests of FGFR2 exons 3, 5, 11, and 14 to 17 and FGFR3 Pro250Arg and Ala391Glu as proposed by Wilkie et al. [7]. There are multiple types of syndromic craniosynostosis cases but almost all of the them shared the same craniomaxillofacial features such as exophthalmos, midface hypoplasia, cranial base anomalies as well as abnormal face with the additional limb anomalies [8, 9]. Syndromic craniosynostosis occurs in 1:8750 newborns [10, 11, 12, 13]. The most common syndromic craniosynostosis cases identified and managed are Crouzon, Apert, and Pfeiffer syndromes. These syndromes may be presented with identical craniomaxillofacial features. Therefore, it is prudent to differentiate to achieve an accurate diagnosis by relating to other features such digital or limb anomalies.
Clinically, patients may present with brachycephaly, small or shallow orbits with exophthalmos, midface hypoplasia and occlusal anterior open bite. However, there are no recorded cases that anomalies involving limbs are present. It is an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern that showed mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR-2) and occurred in 1 in 25,000 live births thus the most common syndromic craniosynostosis identified. Patients who have been diagnosed often have normal intelligence. Several cases identified as higher risk of increased intracranial pressure compared to other syndromic craniosynostosis cases [8, 14, 15]. The most common synostosis pattern observed is bicoronal synostosis which leads to brachycephalic shape, others such as scaphocephaly, trigonocephaly and cloverleaf skull have been diagnosed. Early fusion of cranial sutures resulted in shallow orbits and eye proptosis, small & high arched palate and anterior open bite. Eye proptosis or exorbitism can cause exposure conjunctivitis, keratitis, visual acuity problems and herniation of the globe. The synostosis will lead to midface hypoplasia as well and with normal development of mandible, class III skeletal profile & malocclusion formed. There are also other conditions reported such conductive hearing deficit, strabismus and hydrocephalus.
Often patients will present with turribrachycephaly, midface hypoplasia, symmetrical syndactyly of both hands and feet. It is also an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with mutations in FGFR-2 occurring in 1 in 100,000 births with cases seen are sporadic new mutations. Bicoronal synostosis with large anterior fontanelle, bitemporal widening and occipital flattening is common presentation in most patients. In this syndrome, the midface hypoplasia is more severe than others with concavity of the face, very shallow orbits, mild hypertelorism and downslanting palpebral fissure, eye proptosis, cleft palate, anterior open bite. It will have the characteristic depressed nasal bridge and downward tip resulting in parrot beak deformity. The severe hypoplastic midface in Class III skeletal features will result in a small airway that causes airway compromise needing a tracheostomy to secure the airway.
Pathognomonic syndrome will be the hand syndactyly which often involve fusion of the second, third and fourth fingers that lead to middigital hand mass with the first and fifth fingers may also join. In certain cases, if the thumb is free, it is broad and deviates radially. In the feet, syndactyly will involve the second, third and fourth toes. Patients will suffer loss of function and referral to a hand surgeon is essential. Many patients have normal intelligence despite of some cases delayed mental development identified. Marruci et al. published the Great Ormond Street Hospital data on the expectant management of their patients in raised ICP in Apert syndrome. Their protocol is to offer cranial vault expansion only in the setting of confirmed elevation of ICP. Raised ICP developed in 83% of patients, 50% in the first year of life with the average age at onset was at 18 months. 35% of those treated successfully for their first episode however, went on to develop a second episode on average 3 years 4 months later [16].
Characterized by features of craniofacial anomalies from mild to severe condition. It includes turribrachycephaly, midface hypoplasia, exorbitism and the pathognomonic features of broad thumbs and great toes with variable soft tissue syndactyly. Other associated features include hypertelorism, strabismus, downslanting palpebral fissures, class III malocclusion and beaked nasal deformity. Again, the majority of cases involve FGFR-2 mutations, 5% of patients express an FGFR-1 mutation and demonstrate less severe phenotype [17, 18]. It is an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with the incidence of 1 in 100,000 births. A classification system proposed that patients are categorized into three types based upon clinical findings and severity. Type 1 is the classic Pfeiffer syndrome clinical pattern. Type 2 is more severe and associated with the cloverleaf skull and type 3 Pfeiffer syndrome is the most severely affected. In one institution, a review of 28 patients has been conducted and the Cohen subtypes dissemination is 61% type 1, 25% type 2 and 14% type 3 [19]. All patients have undergone numerous corrective surgery. This study recommends aggressive treatment and monitoring on patients’ functional conditions to prevent further damage to the vital organ that leads to permanent loss of function.
Therefore, syndromic craniosynostosis is a condition of multiple associated clinical problems with the same pattern of treatment strategies, expected difficulties and pathologic identifications. Profound knowledge of the disease process, pathognomonic findings and clinical situations of each syndrome is essential. Therefore, multidisciplinary approach in total management of the clinical problems is important and must be detected and treated earlier to improve patient’s functional conditions and quality of life.
In syndromic craniosynostosis, surgical intervention is often functionally indicated with the primary aim is to treat the pressing functional discrepancy or to salvage vital structures such as the brain and eyes [4, 20]. The three main functional issues secondary to the severe skull deformity are increased intracranial pressure, severe exopthalmos and obliterated nasopharyngeal airway. As such, comprehensive assessment to the brain, eyes and upper airway is paramount to determine the specific problem prior to any surgical decision.
Taking the multiple functional issues into consideration, multi-disciplinary approach has become the trend in syndromic craniosynostosis management. A craniofacial centre or unit may consist of various specialties such as neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, and oculoplastic, among others.
Patient growth progress and development should be assessed and properly documented as it provides valuable baseline and comparative data before and after surgery. This includes objective data such as head circumference, height, weight, gross and fine motor, as well as speech development, among others. These parameters are important as it may determine whether any corrective surgery should be indicated as early as possible or performed at a later stage [21].
Specifically on the craniofacial region, assessment can be focused on patient’s initial head shape, the degree of exopthalmos, ability for eyelid closure, nasal airflow, midfacial projection, jaw relationship and intraoral condition. Clinical picture documentation is very useful as it can be used for serial comparison.
Imaging modalities provide valuable input in identifying a specific functional issue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scan may indicate any anomaly in the brain region and the condition of skull bone, respectively. Thinning of bone or copper beaten appearance is an indication to raised intracranial pressure necessitating corrective surgery to improve the intracranial volume via procedures such as posterior vault expansion or fronto-orbital advancement as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Thinning of the skull bone noted from the reconstructed 3D CT scan.
Surgical simulation on the monobloc advancement of the frontofacial segment.
Specific ophthalmological assessment such as retinal camera or fundoscopy provides information of the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, vasculature, optic disc and macula. Pale disc may be an indication of increased intracranial pressure. Tonometry can be performed to measure the intraocular pressure. Assessment of the volume of eye sockets is also important and can be conducted via the analysis of CT scan.
For the airway, endoscopic examination is often performed to determine the cause of airway obliteration. The cause can either be due to soft tissue or hard tissue or both. Specific recognition of the anatomical restriction allows the surgical team to decide on the most ideal corrective surgical intervention such as shown in Figure 3. As most syndromic craniosynostosis patients are classically presented with midface hypoplasia, polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Airway assessment using software and CT scan.
Other pre-surgical preparation includes patient optimization prior to surgery via comprehensive in ward assessment by paediatric respiratory physician and anaesthetist.
Patient’s CT image can be used for surgical simulation using surgical software and utilized for 3D model fabrication to optimize the corrective surgery outcomes as shown in Figure 4. The technology provides precision and significantly reduces the operating hours thus minimizing the potential complication such as intra-operative bleeding [21, 22, 23, 24]. All patients in the authors’ center had their 3D skull bio-model fabricated to allow surgical simulation and vector determination to optimize the outcome of surgery. The pre-bending of the distractor footplates for the internal device and presurgical simulation proved critical because it contributed to the precision of device fixation and correct segmental movement to ensure a favorable final outcome and decrease operating time.
Simulation of the surgical procedures using reconstructed 3D STL model from the CT scan.
The selection of devices is based on device suitability and functional indications. Increased ICP was assessed by history, presence of signs or symptoms, imaging analysis, and ophthalmologic assessment. For the eye, the patients’ ability to achieve eyelid closure was assessed and documented and supplemented with eye examinations that included optic disc condition and cup-to-disc ratio through funduscopy. Airway function was assessed by polysomnography and digital airway assessment.
Intra-operative complications should be anticipated thus preparation should include paediatric intensive care unit booking, blood cross-matched and reserve for transfusion as well as appropriate drug prescription.
When certain corrective surgery has been agreed by the multi-disciplinary team, consent should be clear and comprehensive with consideration of various complications ranging from mild to severe degree, at intra-operative and post-operative phase.
Following comprehensive assessment from the craniofacial team, the choice of surgery basically depends on the aim, condition of the patient, skill of the surgeons and the facility. Hariri et al. [25] proposed for a protocol to indicate the type of intervention based on the aim of the functional rehabilitation. The protocol explained on the extend of surgical treatment depending on the patient’s severity, age as well as whether it can be done in stages or in combination to address the issues.
In multiple aims for rehabilitation in very young patient for example, increased ICP with hydrocephalus would necessitate less extensive surgical intervention such as ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting, while severe orbital proptosis might indicate temporary tarsorraphy, and respiratory difficulty would necessitate a continuous airway pressure device, a nasal stent, or a tracheostomy depending on the severity and the specific anatomic obstruction. More extensive surgical procedures are usually deferred up to certain age to reduce possibility of complications.
Posterior cranial vault expansion is usually indicated in increased in ICP cases without other functional issues when the patient’s age is more suitable [26, 27]. The aim is to increase the cranial volume to accommodate for the brain growth whilst reducing the intra cranial pressure.
Increased ICP with orbital proptosis might require fronto-orbital advancement with or without cranioplasty, and increased ICP in the presence of orbital proptosis and hypoplastic maxilla might require a monobloc as practiced in the authors’ center. Surgery can be performed conventionally or combined with distraction osteogenesis (DO) technique, which is indicated for superior structural expansion and achieving simultaneous new histogenesis compared with conventional surgical procedures [28]. The application of DO in treating craniofacial deformity was first reported in 1992 [29]. Since then, the benefits of this technique in treating syndromic craniosynostosis as reported in the literature are similar to those in the present study, which include marked improvements in functional parameters involving eye protection, preventing the increase of ICP, and treating airway deficiency [30, 31, 32, 33, 34].
Le Fort III advancement is aimed on improving the proptotic condition as well as opening the space for the upper airway. Syndromic craniosynostosis patients may presented with restricted upper airway thus causing obstructive sleep apnoea and shallow orbital floor. This allows the floor of the orbit to be advanced while opening the upper airway region on the nasal and maxillary region. This technique can be performed via conventional advancement or via DO depending on the amount of advancement and the experience of the team.
This is usually indicated in a later stage when the patient is more stable in growth to correct skeletal discrepancies such as retruded maxilla thus causing OSA. Therefore, the maxilla is advanced to gain space for airway. This procedure may be combined with other soft tissues surgery to gain optimum results in opening the airway such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
Craniofacial surgery is one of the established multidisciplinary specialty to produce safe surgery and good surgical outcome whilst minimizing the complications following surgical intervention for syndromic craniofacial patients. Although the results can be satisfying and there is general agreement on surgical indications, the potential remains for unwanted complications. The craniofacial surgery is unique because it involves exploration of the areas that allow very little margin of error. An inadequate knowledge of the anatomy, lack of training and surgical expertise can lead to not only disastrous results but even to the death of the patient. Any team that cares for craniofacial patients must take steps to avoid potential complications and be ready to deal with postoperative complications. Development of craniofacial surgery pioneered by Paul Tessier was a crucial step towards the paradigm shift in treating major craniofacial syndromic deformities [35].
The complications are the events that occurs during the management of craniofacial syndromes patients and may associated with any permanent deleterious effect on the patient. However, unfavourable outcomes generally are unexpected by the patients or surgeons [36].
The platinum rule to avoid any unwanted complications in any performed surgical procedures is to follow the dictum “Primum Non Nocere”.
Many authors attempted to classify the complications of craniofacial surgery that arise during intraoperative and postoperative, but these complications might differ with different craniofacial syndromes. Intraoperative and post-operative complications pertaining to cranial vault surgery was described and classified into early, immediate post-operative and late postoperative complications [37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. Given the uniqueness presentation of patients with craniofacial syndromes, each patient presented with their own problems and complications following surgical intervention might be different from each other thus the need for comprehensive classification systems.
One of the easiest way to classify the complications following surgical intervention are by Sharma et al. 2013 [41] which was divided into four types:
Type 1: Minor events without any damaging effects on the patient. They include minor wound infections, poorly placed scars, minor cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and seromas/hematomas. Most of the time, this classification refers to less serious and minor complications following craniofacial surgery that consists of:
Epiphora
This is most of the time seen after hypertelorism correction but the reported incidence is quite low which is about 0.6% [42]. This is due to any procedure that involves dissection around the medial and inferomedial orbital floor may potentially damage the lacrimal drainage system.
Lateral canthal ligament dystopia
Extensive stripping of periorbita may lead to reattachment of periorbita at low level eventually resulting in enhanced antimongoloid slant. This is most frequently seen on syndromic rather than nonsyndromic craniofacial syndrome [22].
Hardware issues
Hardware can be considered as a foreign body thus occasionally can be infected, exposed or even palpable postoperatively. Infection and exposure of fixation material are rare in paediatric cranial vault surgery [42]. Metal fixation carry a possibility of intracranial fixation due to appositional cranial growth. Some reported translocation of hardware into calvarial bone in 14% and 6.6% with intracranial translocation and commonly occur in younger and syndromic patients [28]. Therefore, usage of resorbable hardware has now become more popular due to concerns about constriction of growth by metal fixation and the possibility of implant translocation [29, 30, 31, 32].
Bone graft donor morbidity
Pneumothorax incidence of 3% after rib harvesting in their experience but emphasized that the rates vary from 5–30% in other series [33].
Type 2: Moderate-to-severe events that compromise the results and might need another surgical intervention for a successful outcome. They include exposure keratitis, diplopia, contour deformities, warping, non/malunion, and exposed hardware.
Strabismus and temporary ptosis are frequently seen after cranial vault procedures that involve periorbita stripping [37]. McCarthy et al. noted preoperative strabismus in hypertelorism cases, which often worsened after surgery then stabilized approximately 6 months after surgery [38].
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak following craniofacial surgery and sequalae of neurosurgical infection is common. Obvious risk for infection with CSF was noted but also associated with impairment of wound healing. Predisposing factor that might lead to easy tear of dura are due to scar from previous surgery or abnormal bony contour with dural adhesion [36, 37, 38, 39]. Some tears may go unnoticed, and CSF may manifest postoperatively either as rhinorrhoea or leakage through the scalp wounds or within the drain itself.
Transient hyponatremia is one of the reported complications caused by secretion of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (diabetes insipidus) has been reported [27, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. Researchers believe that it results from traction on the frontal lobes.
Unexpected airway issues are other complications following craniofacial surgery, in which emergency reintubation or even prolonged ventilation is needed due to severe upper airway oedema. Decision for steroid covers for upper airway oedema is most of the time anecdotal but some reported beneficial in preventing facial oedema postoperatively [45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50].
Type 3: Serious events with unfavourable result which can or cannot be successfully managed. They include nerve palsies and infection leading to bone loss and partial loss of vision.
Infection is the most common complication in the form of osteitis/osteomyelitis, meningitis, or an intracranial abscess, occurring in 6.2% of transcranial cases [25]. Overall reported infection rates ranging from 1–14% in large centre series [27, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51].
Permanent neurological deficit is another complication in craniofacial surgery that fall into type III classification. Majority of craniofacial surgery confined to extradural showed lower incidence of neurologic impairment. Several reports from major craniofacial centers has shown very low or no permanent neurologic deficits directly attributable to surgery [27, 30, 37, 50, 51, 52]. Blindness for example, is an unwanted complication in craniofacial surgery that post a real risk of blindness following surgery. Munro and Sabatier noted four cases of permanent blindness in 1092 procedures [54].
Type 4: Serious events that may even lead to death. They include postoperative infection, perioperative bleeding, respiratory compromise, or other serious anesthesia-related events.
Since 1970’s to 1988, rate of mortality in craniofacial surgery were reported ranging from 1 to 2% all over the world [47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. However, with development of the technology, deeper understanding of the craniofacial surgery and its risks with emphasis on multidisciplinary approach, the numbers of mortality have dropped to 0.1–0.8% in some centers [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29].
With the recent medical and technology advancement, patient management was more promising and in a well-controlled manner. The surgical management of craniosynostosis patient resurfaces again in the mid-20th century as a completely stand-alone surgical specialty. A more well defined surgical procedure, better anaesthetic protocols, together with the help of advanced technology, this group of patients now enjoy a safer surgical outcome [52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57].
Surgical procedures advocated in this group of patients are aim to make sure normal growth of the brain and skull, and near to normal development to their adulthood. Controversy still on-going with the best timing of surgical intervention in this group of patients between early versus late surgical intervention. Early surgical intervention is always aiming for better corneal protection and to create spaces for constricted brain. Late surgical intervention conversely aiming for more stable bony correction and less likely for subsequent surgical intervention [50]. However, our center practice on more indication and need-based approach, surgical intervention at the best possible timing for patients in term of growing stage, the indication need for the surgery and patient’s general health condition [4].
Surgical procedures evolved from strip craniectomy, monobloc osteotomy, fronto orbital advancement and recently, posterior vault expansion. All these procedures are indicated to release the fused cranial suture, re-create more spaces for brain development and to make sure the bilateral eye globe is well protected as shown in Figures 5 and 6. The current treatment can be summarized in Table 1.
Posterior vault distraction distraction osteogenesis indicated for only increased ICP with no other symptoms.
Le Fort III advancement indicated for management of ICP, airway and orbital globe.
Issues to manage | Treatment proposed |
---|---|
Only increase in ICP | Posterior cranial vault distraction |
Increase in ICP and shallow orbit | Fronto orbital advancement |
Reduced airway and shallow orbit | Le Fort III advancement |
Reduced airway, shallow orbit and increased ICP | Monobloc advancement |
Treatment proposed for management of syndromic craniosynostosis issues.
Different surgeon will advocate different surgical technique at different timing, either with direct osteotomy and surgical plating or through distraction osteogenesis procedure [2, 4, 9, 49, 50, 58, 59]. There is no uniform surgical algorithm internationally, but more on surgeon or surgical center preferences. Obviously, these surgeries need collaboration of neurosurgeon, oral maxillofacial surgeon and otorhinolaryngologists.
The ultimate goals for craniosynostosis treatment is mainly to restore function, improve facial aesthetic and ensure a healthy psychological development. More research is needed in this syndromic craniosynostosis in term of treatment algorithm, utilisation of latest and advancement of computer planning, computer navigation, 3-dimensional printing and usage of the cheaper, user friendly and effective surgical device in making the surgery more safer and more predictable outcome. The treatment focus not only on the fused suture of the skull, but also make an effort to address issue like intracranial pressure, strabismus, abnormally positioned orbit and dentofacial deformities [60, 61, 62]. Another area of future development will be in the molecular genetic testing in the field of genetic counselling.
Corrective surgery in syndromic craniosynostosis was formerly regarded as formidable however currently performed as a routine by major craniofacial center in the world due to advancement of technology and multidisciplinary approaches. Certain types of deformity, particularly those patients with Crouzon’s or Apert’s syndrome, require more than one functional intervention to achieve maximum correction.
In general, the surgical indication for paediatric CMF deformities can be classified into intermediate and definitive intervention. The intermediate intervention is performed at an early phase of patient’s life and aimed to salvage vital tissue or organ function such as the brain, eye, airway or feeding which are essential for the child’s development. The protocol of the management for syndromic craniosynostosis patients is summarized in Figure 7. These procedures include ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, tarsorrhaphy, adenotonsillectomy and tracheostomy.
Summary of indications for intervention in craniofacial syndromes.
Therefore, these interventions in craniofacial syndromes is associated with multiple morbidities. It is important to understand the need and risks of these interventions prior making decision of treatment for each patient. Craniofacial teams should be cognizant to audit data on morbidity and mortality as well as surgical outcomes to monitor complication rates.
Surgical risk stratification involving the severity of patient’s functional issues, age, co-morbidities, logistics, the timing and type of surgery and anticipated post-operative issues are in practiced to guide decision making consensus and serve as the index of precaution prior to any surgery [63]. This is in line with the recommendation of other centers which placed greater focus on protocols for airway management, blood salvage and replacement, age-appropriate deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis and timing of sub cranial midfacial advancements which might result in further reductions in craniofacial mortality rates.
We would like to thank everyone who were involved direct and indirectly in the making of this chapter, craniofacial team members, staff and patients in UMMC, HKL, and SASMEC@IIUM, Malaysia.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1683},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"qngrRaqGuveqFgrcChoyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1306",title:"Machine Intelligence",slug:"machine-intelligence",parent:{title:"Robotic Surgery",slug:"robotic-surgery"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"machine-intelligence",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3709",title:"Robot Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-surgery",bookSignature:"Seung Hyuk Baik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3709.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6560",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung Hyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Baik",slug:"seung-hyuk-baik",fullName:"Seung Hyuk Baik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"6510",doi:"10.5772/6893",title:"Classification, Design and Evaluation of Endoscope Robots",slug:"classification-design-and-evaluation-of-endoscope-robots",totalDownloads:4096,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Kazuhiro Taniguchi, Atsushi Nishikawa, Mitsugu Sekimoto, Takeharu Kobayashi, Kouhei Kazuhara, Takaharu Ichihara, Naoto Kurashita, Shuji Takiguchi, Yuichiro Doki, Masaki Mori, and Fumio Miyazaki",authors:null},{id:"6511",doi:"10.5772/6894",title:"Extreme Telesurgery",slug:"extreme-telesurgery",totalDownloads:4662,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Tamás Haidegger and Zoltán Benyó",authors:null},{id:"6519",doi:"10.5772/6902",title:"Robotic Surgery in Ophthalmology",slug:"robotic-surgery-in-ophthalmology",totalDownloads:4568,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Irena Tsui, Angelo Tsirbas, Charles W. Mango, Steven D. Schwartz and Jean-Pierre Hubschman",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"6511",title:"Extreme Telesurgery",slug:"extreme-telesurgery",totalDownloads:4662,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Tamás Haidegger and Zoltán Benyó",authors:null},{id:"6519",title:"Robotic Surgery in Ophthalmology",slug:"robotic-surgery-in-ophthalmology",totalDownloads:4568,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Irena Tsui, Angelo Tsirbas, Charles W. Mango, Steven D. Schwartz and Jean-Pierre Hubschman",authors:null},{id:"6513",title:"Simulation Model for the Dynamics Analysis of a Surgical Assistance Robot",slug:"simulation-model-for-the-dynamics-analysis-of-a-surgical-assistance-robot",totalDownloads:3003,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Hans-Christian Schneider and Juergen Wahrburg",authors:null},{id:"6520",title:"Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Central Pancreatectomy with Pancreaticogastrostomy (Transgastric Approach)",slug:"robot-assisted-laparoscopic-central-pancreatectomy-with-pancreaticogastrostomy-transgastric-approach",totalDownloads:3449,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Chang Moo Kang and M.D.",authors:null},{id:"6517",title:"Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Hysterectomy",slug:"robotic-assisted-laparoscopic-hysterectomy",totalDownloads:9236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Khaled Sakhel",authors:null},{id:"6515",title:"Robotic Surgery of the Colon: The Peoria Experience",slug:"robotic-surgery-of-the-colon-the-peoria-experience",totalDownloads:2889,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Steven S Tsoraides, M.D., M.P.H., Franziska Huettner, M.D., P.h.D., Arthur L Rawlings M.D., M.Div. and David L Crawford, M.D.",authors:null},{id:"6516",title:"Robotic Sacrocolpopexy and Sacrocervicopexy for the Correction of Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"robotic-sacrocolpopexy-and-sacrocervicopexy-for-the-correction-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:3833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"James C Brien, Michael D Fabrizio and James C Lukban",authors:null},{id:"6518",title:"Robotic Surgery for Lung Cancer",slug:"robotic-surgery-for-lung-cancer",totalDownloads:3183,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Joao-Carlos Das-Neves-Pereira, Marc Riquet, Françoise Le-Pimpec-Barthes, Paulo-Manuel Pego-Fernandes and Fabio Biscegli Jatene",authors:null},{id:"6510",title:"Classification, Design and Evaluation of Endoscope Robots",slug:"classification-design-and-evaluation-of-endoscope-robots",totalDownloads:4096,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Kazuhiro Taniguchi, Atsushi Nishikawa, Mitsugu Sekimoto, Takeharu Kobayashi, Kouhei Kazuhara, Takaharu Ichihara, Naoto Kurashita, Shuji Takiguchi, Yuichiro Doki, Masaki Mori, and Fumio Miyazaki",authors:null},{id:"6514",title:"Robotic Assisted Colorectal Surgery",slug:"robotic-assisted-colorectal-surgery",totalDownloads:4285,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"robot-surgery",title:"Robot Surgery",fullTitle:"Robot Surgery"},signatures:"Seung Hyuk Baik and M.D.",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"machine-intelligence",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/2360/gholamreza-rouhi",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"2360",slug:"gholamreza-rouhi"},fullPath:"/profiles/2360/gholamreza-rouhi",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()