Commercially pure (CP) titanium is the gold standard material used to produce dental implants over more than 30 years [1], showing a high success rate in different clinical scenarios [2–4].
\nNevertheless, titanium implants may present some esthetic issues: the gray color of titanium implant may be visible in the presence of thin peri-implant tissue, leading to esthetic concern, especially in the anterior area [5]. This aspect can get dramatically worse In case of peri-implant mucosa recedes over time. The availability of a “white” implant may be crucial in those clinical cases in which esthetic result is mandatory.
\nFurthermore, titanium particles due to wear and corrosion products may be released in tissues close to implants, and they were found in regional lymph nodes [6]. In some cases, this may lead to host reaction or sensitization [7]. Some cases of allergic reaction to titanium are documented, even if rare [8, 9]. So, using some nonmetallic material as an alternative to the titanium implant may be useful and, in some cases, critical. Last but not least, always more patients request completely metal-free prosthetic reconstructions.
\nCeramic implants were introduced to overwhelm some esthetic and biological problems that can arise from titanium. The first ceramic dental implant was made from alumina (i.e., aluminum oxide, Al2O3) between 1960s and 1970s, and that was the only ceramic material used until recently. However, alumina presented some biomechanical problems (like low fracture toughness), and it was then completely abandoned and replaced with zirconia that is nowadays the only alternative ceramic material to titanium for dental implants (Figure 1) [5].
\nThe aim of this chapter is to review the existing literature regarding zirconia dental implants, highlighting the strong points and stressing the so far unclear aspects.
\nA one-piece zirconia implant (courtesy of Prof. Andrea Enrico Borgonovo, University of Milan).
Zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO2) is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. It is polymorphic in nature, transforming its crystalline reticule from monoclinic (at room temperature) to tetragonal to cubic at increasing temperatures. By adding some oxides to zirconia, it is possible to stabilize the tetragonal and/or cubic phases. The so-called partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) consists mainly of a cubic phase, with monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia as minor phases. By adding 2–3% of yttria (yttrium oxide, Y2O3), it is possible to obtain a completely tetragonal zirconia, the so-called yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP). The Y-TZP is the most performing zirconia from a mechanical point of view and the most used in dentistry to produce implants, implant abutments and frameworks for crowns and bridges.
\nIts interesting and in some cases unique mechanical properties are the reasons why zirconia is often called “ceramic steel”: a high corrosion and wear resistance, high Young’s modulus (200 GPa), a very high flexural strength (up to 1200 MPa), a high fracture toughness and a polymorphic behavior [10]. The latter is probably the most interesting aspect: zirconia may adapt the three-dimensional disposition of the structure when some energy is provided, that is what happens in a crack initiation. In proximity of the crack, the energy changes the phase locally, turning the reticule from tetragonal to monoclinic. This phase transformation happens with an increase in volume (3–4%): the expansion of the crystals opposes to crack propagation and prevents macroscopic failure, enhancing fracture toughness. This mechanism is known as transformation toughening [11, 12].
\nSuch a phenomenal mechanism of action against crack propagation has been questioned because of the so-called low-temperature degradation process, a sort of aging of zirconia. It seems that in the presence of water, the yttrium ions can be leached, and their stabilizing effect can be lost [13]. In that case, a spontaneous irreversible transformation from the metastable tetragonal phase to the stable monoclinic phase can occur on the surface of zirconia. Such a stabilized monoclinic phase does not have the capacity anymore to rearrange the crystalline reticule and so to oppose to an incoming fracture. However, the impact of this issue on the long-term clinical behavior of zirconia prosthetic components and implants is still unclear [5].
\nThe biocompatibility of zirconia is well established from both in vitro and in vivo studies [14]. In-vitro tests were conducted on various cellular lines, such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, showing no cytotoxic effects. In vivo tests also showed no cytotoxicity in soft (connective) or hard (bone) tissues [12]. For this reason, its use as a biomedical implant (e.g., in orthopedic surgery) is widespread [15].
\nConsidering the difficulty of analyzing the mechanical outcome of implants in clinical scenarios, preclinical studies are fundamental to accomplish this issue. Different in vitro studies evaluated the biomechanical behavior of zirconia implants with prosthetic reconstructions. The fracture strength of zirconia crowns on zirconia implants was compared to that of metal-ceramic crowns on titanium implants, in an upper central incisor model. No difference was found between implants, with and without cyclic loading before fracture test [16]. The same authors also showed that preparation of zirconia implants to receive prosthetic crown may negatively affect the fracture strength, even if it was still in an acceptable clinical range [17]. Another in vitro study evaluated the fracture strength of zirconia implants in comparison with that of titanium implants under a 130° angled load, simulating that of an upper central incisor. Despite the high dispersion of fracture loads (typical of ceramic materials), the mean fracture strength ranged within the limits of clinical acceptance [18].
\nWith caution, it is possible to affirm that from experimental preclinical studies, the biomechanical behavior of zirconia implants does not differ from that of titanium implants. So, no biomechanical contraindications are present for clinical use of zirconia implants [12].
\nThe majority of clinical studies focused on achieving and maintaining osseointegration in time. In these studies, the main cause of failure is represented by marginal bone loss and/or the loss of osseointegration (see below). However, one clinical study considered just implant fracture as cause of failure: the survival rate was 92.5% after about 5 years, the loss of osseointegration has not been taken into account [19].
\nThe capacity to achieve osseointegration is the most investigated aspect regarding zirconia implants. To evaluate implant osseointegration, the following parameters are widely used:\n
bone-to-implant contact (BIC) value;
torque removal force;
crestal bone loss (CBL).
The BIC value is usually studied using histomorphometry on histological sections. The torque removal force is considered a biomechanical measure of osseointegration: the greater the force is required to remove implants, the greater the strength of osseointegration. CBL is a clinical parameter related to the maintenance of osseointegration in time, and so it is related to survival and success rate of implant therapy (see Section 5).
\nOne of the first animal studies investigating the osseointegration of zirconia implants was conducted in a rabbit model [20]. After 1 month from the insertion, the histological analysis showed newly formed bone close to the implant surface, affirming the osteoconductive property of zirconia. Titanium and zirconia implants were inserted in monkeys and after 3 months were functionally loaded for 5 months. The histological analysis performed later revealed no difference in osseointegration [21]. Titanium, machined zirconia, and surface-modified zirconia implants were inserted into rabbit. No difference in the removal torque was found between titanium and surface-modified zirconia, but machined surface zirconia implants performed badly. Such results seem to suggest that a modification of the zirconia surface is recommended to increase the bone tissue response [22]. Titanium, machined zirconia, and sandblasted (rough) zirconia were inserted into the maxillae of miniature pigs, and then removed. The removal torque test revealed that rough zirconia implants can achieve a higher stability than machined implants [23]. A detailed analysis performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [24] and histomorphometry [25] revealed no difference of osseointegration between titanium and zirconia implants inserted into minipigs. A study compared the osseointegration of zirconia and titanium implants in dogs, indicating no difference in BIC values between the two types of implants [26]. Another study performed a similar analysis in pigs. After 4 weeks from the insertion, no difference in terms of BIC was found between zirconia and titanium implants (Figure 2) [27]. Another histomorphometric study conducted on dogs found no difference in osseointegration and tissue response between titanium, and coated and noncoated zirconia implants [28]. Different implants (titanium and zirconia) used in pigs showed no significance difference in BIC values [29]. Calvo-Guirado et al. [30] found no difference in BIC values between zirconia and titanium implants in an animal model, and they concluded that both implant types produce good osseointegration.
\nHistological section of zirconia implants inserted into a minipig. 1: neo-osteogenesis; 2: osteoblasts on the implant surface (courtesy of Dr. Mai, University of Dresden).
From the totality of animal studies, it is possible to conclude that zirconia is an osseoconductive material [14], and therefore it can be utilized as a material for dental implants [31].
\nAs zirconia implants have been used over relatively few years, a few clinical studies with limited follow-up are available. Furthermore, the results are not easy to compare. It is important to keep this statement in mind analyzing the following studies and the consistent conclusions. The largest prospective clinical study (831 implants in 378 patients) reported a success rate of 95% after 5 years [32]. The success rate of the acid-etched implants was slightly higher than that of coated and noncoated implants. A 1-year follow-up case series analyzed 56 implants (12 in upper jaws and 44 in mandibles) inserted into 28 patients. A survival rate of 98.2% was found, with an average marginal bone loss of almost 2 mm, which appears quite high, lowering the success rate to 60% [33]. A prospective study with a very small number of cases found a success rate of 100%, with a minimal bone loss after 4 years (0.6 mm) [34]. An in vivo study found a greater bone loss around zirconia implants in respect to titanium implants after 12 months of function. However, no difference in the survival rate was recorded [35]. A recent systematic review of 13 studies (maximum follow-up of 4 years) concluded that the survival rate of zirconia implants ranges from 67.6 to 100% [36].
\nThe radiographic control of prosthetic crown cemented on a zirconia implant (courtesy of Prof. Andrea Enrico Borgonovo, University of Milan).
In conclusion, from the available data the osseointegration of zirconia implants seems not to be a problem (Figure 3) [37]. Nevertheless, survival and success rates of zirconia implants are inferior to those of titanium ones [13]. For this reason, the majority of authors [12] remain cautious and agree that further follow-ups are needed to evaluate the long-term success rates, before a routine use of zirconia implants can be recommend widely.
\nThe experimental validation of numeric model of a zirconia implant (from Mobilio 2013).
As the stiffness of zirconia is twice that of titanium, an excessive stress on the trabecular bone around the implant may be expected. Various mathematical studies were performed to analyze the biomechanical behavior of the surrounding bone. One of the first studies in this field compared the response of surrounding bone around titanium and zirconia root-shape implants. No difference emerged from finite element analysis (FEA) [38]. A three-dimensional FEA found no difference in the stress distribution of bone between two versions of the same implant: one made of titanium and the other one made of zirconia [39]. A numeric stress analysis was performed to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bone around zirconia and titanium implants [40]. The numeric model was also validated from the experimental point of view (Figure 4). The results showed that stress states generated in the bone by the two implant types were very similar; therefore, from a mechanical point of view, zirconia is found to be a feasible substitute for titanium. But more interestingly, results showed that the two implants moved differently: titanium implants generate higher stress on the cortical bone, whereas zirconia implants produce stress mainly in the trabecular bone. This different behavior is directly related to different Young’s modulus values of the two materials: while titanium leans against the cortical bone and its exterior part is more prone to bending under load, zirconia is too stiff to bend and transmits stresses along its axis down to the trabecular bone, thus moving more as a rigid body (Figure 5). This difference in motion between the two implants is important considering crestal bone loss. Bone resorption around implants is a common phenomenon that begins at the cervical level and can progress in the apical direction. No conclusive data are available on contributing factors involved in such a bone loss, but concentration of stresses around the neck of the implant due to functional and nonfunctional loads may be one such factor. In this view, it can be speculated that decreasing the stress concentration at the cervical level may reduce the effect of mechanical factors on crestal bone loss.
\nOther FEA studies found similar results. The model of a maxillary overdenture on four implants with ball attachments revealed no difference in the stress and strain values in peri-implant bone, using titanium or zirconia [41]. A three-dimensional FEA model found no difference between titanium and titanium-zirconium alloy implants, neither for early nor conventional functional loading [42]. A study found difference in bone behavior depending on the macrogeometry of the zirconia fixture [43].
\nDeformed shape of the titanium (on right) and zirconia implants (30× magnification): the titanium implant shows a higher head displacement in the x-direction (from Mobilio 2013).
Zirconia is advocated to have high biocompatibility and to have no adverse effect on the surrounding tissues (Figures 6 and 7) [44]. Many studies evaluated tissue response to zirconia, concluding that zirconia has the ability to interact with peri-implant soft tissues (Figure 8) [14]. The low bacterial colonization typical of the zirconia surface maybe plays a role in this high biocompatibility [12]. In a randomized-controlled trial (RCT), both titanium and zirconia one-piece implants supporting overdentures were evaluated [35]. Even if the crestal bone level changed greatly, no difference in clinical parameters (probing depth, bleeding index, plaque index, etc.) was found around the two types of implants after 12 months of function.
\nClinical aspect of the abutment part of zirconia implant before cementation of crown (courtesy of Prof. Andrea Enrico Borgonovo, University of Milan).
Clinical aspect after finalization (courtesy of Prof. Andrea Enrico Borgonovo, University of Milan).
Histological section of zirconia implant inserted into a minipig. The tight connection of the soft tissue to the implant surface is shown (courtesy of Dr. Mai, University of Dresden).
Product | \nManufactory | \nWeb site | \n
---|---|---|
WhiteSky | \nBredent Medical & Co | \nhttp://www.bredent-medical.com/en/medical/product-informations/2002/14/ | \n
Ceraroot | \nOral Iceberg L.L.C. | \nhttp://www.ceraroot.com/professionals/products/implants | \n
Axis | \nAxis Biodental | \nhttp://www.axis-biodental.ch/biodentalnew.php?id_structure=7&portail=2&langue=en | \n
Y-TZP BIO-HIP Sigma® | \nIncermed | \nhttp://www.incermed.ch | \n
Z-Look3 | \nZirkolith | \nhttp://zsystems.com/en/doctors/products-z5-zirkolithr-ceramic-implants/z5m-lblc-zirkolithr-implant.html | \n
Zit-Z | \nZiterion | \nhttp://www.ziterion.com | \n
Many zirconia implants are commercially available. The most famous products are listed in Table 1. Even if all available implants are constituted by Y-TZP, the surface characterization (regarding in particular some parameters such as carbon contamination and phase transformation) is far to be the same for all products [45], and few independent data are available on this issue. Contrary to CP titanium, the name “Y-TZP” is often insufficient to characterize the material, and the clinician must pay attention to the details of the selected product.
\nCeramic implants were introduced to solve some esthetic and biologic problems related to traditional titanium implants. Y-TZP has the biomechanical properties suitable to produce dental implants. To date, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown good results from a mechanical point of view. Furthermore, zirconia is an osteoconductive material, so achieving osseointegration is not a problem, and the simulation of stress distribution into the bone did not find essential difference from titanium. Unfortunately, long-term follow-ups are missing, so no solid clinical evidence is currently available to recommend routine use of zirconia implants or to replace titanium implants, which is still found to be the gold standard for dental implantology. So, even if zirconia implants are a good option from theoretical and experimental point of view, the clinical long-term response is not yet available. Almost all the authors agree to be cautious for proposing zirconia implants as substitutes of titanium implants for replacing teeth. Long-term, well-designed perspective clinical studies are needed to address the missing aspects of this undoubtful promising alternative.
\nThe authors thank Prof. Andrea Enrico Borgonovo, University of Milan, for the clinical and radiographic documentation of zirconia implants, and Dr. Mai, University of Dresden for the histological documentation
\nAmong gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer, a molecularly heterogeneous condition associated with poorest prognosis. The highest mortality rates are associated with ovarian cancer, reflecting the third most prevalent cancer in female carcinomas of the gynecologic system. While it accounts for just 3% of all female cancers, the worldwide annual prevalence of ovarian cancer is 220,000, with 21,750 reported new cases and 13,940 estimated deaths annually [1]. Specific diagnosis in more than 70% of OC cases is a potent factor for high fatality rates at an advanced disease stage and carries a poor prognosis with current therapies. In ovarian cancer, the median age of disease diagnosis is 60 years and its lifetime incidence is one in seventy with estimated lifetime mortality of one in ninety-five [2, 3]. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% of all types of OC cases distinguished at histopathological, clinical, and molecular levels by heterogeneity. The precise cause of the malignancy of the ovaries is still unclear. Significant risk factors associated with OC have been identified as a strong family history of either ovarian or breast cancer. More than one-fifth (approximately 23%) of ovarian carcinomas have inherited susceptibility and have BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene mutations [4].
Rapid growth, unspecific clinical symptoms at the early stage of the disease, and the absence of earlier diagnosis methods make it challenging to diagnose promptly due to lack of effective screening. As a result, when the tumor has spread beyond the pelvis and is unlikely to be entirely removed by surgery, EOC is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage (FIGO III/IV). Long-term survival rates are poor (10–30 percent for women with disseminated malignancies. However, an ovarian cancer diagnosis at the localized level is considerable curable (over 95 percent five-year survival rate; [5]). Therefore, it is needed to explore cost effective and sensitive screening program for early detections and biomarkers to predict disease behaviors and responses to therapies. In identifying promising biomarkers of clinical utility for early diagnosis of OC, a better understanding of the EOC genome portrait would benefit.
Altered epigenetic states are closely associated with tumorigenesis of the ovaries. Epigenetics is characterized as a heritable alteration in gene expression without the DNA sequence itself being altered and involves DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome repositioning, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) posttranscriptional gene regulation [6, 7]. Cancer vulnerability is inherited, but most of this inheritability remains unknown. Epigenetic changes in the parental germ line that do not require transmission of genetic variants from parent to offspring may mediate such missing heritability. DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl moiety to the cytosine-5 location within the sense of a CpG dinucleotide, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), is the most studied epigenetic shift [6]. While most CpG sites are methylated in the human genome, CpG-dense regions known as CpG islands (often gene-associated) are usually unmethylated in normal tissue. Also, histone proteins associated with DNA are subject to extensive modifications that mediate the assembly of chromatin that is transcriptionally permissive or restrictive (i.e., open or closed). DNA methylation and histone modifications are now recognized to be closely related [6]. The complete epigenetic state corresponding to a particular cell phenotype (e.g., DNA methylation, histone modification, and miRNA expression) is now referred to as the epigenome [8]. Though repressive epigenetic changes (including DNA methylation) control genes in normal tissues (e.g., imprinted genes and inactivation of female X-chromosomes), they are dramatically altered in cancer [6, 9]. Global DNA hypomethylation and localized hypermethylation of promoter-associated CpG islands occur primarily in cancer cells, with the latter acting as a replacement for point mutations or deletions to induce transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes [6].
The substantial shortcomings of the therapies examined above in the treatment of ovarian cancer have set the stage for the use, either alone or in combination with other therapies, of novel epigenetic therapies to treat this disease. By adding a methyl group to stimulate regions of DNA to silence gene expression, the epigenetic alteration of DNA methylation controls gene expression. This mechanism is critical during sensitive cellular processes, such as embryonic development, inactivation of X-chromosomes, and genomic imprinting. The organ’s normal development and maturation are determined by a precise balance of active and silenced genes [10]. On the other hand, cancer promotes global hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with promoters, which are typically unmethylated in normal tissue, silencing genes essential for cellular homeostases, such as genes suppress tumors. To promote tumorigenesis, aberrant DNA methylation and structural chromatin changes will alter gene expression [11]. A repressive and tightly woven chromatin structure is caused by DNA methylation, which can minimize gene expression in DNA repair, apoptosis, differentiation, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In cancer, gene promoters’ hypermethylation causes the genes involved in cell cycle control, including BRCA1, CDKN2A, RASSF1A, LOTI, DAPK, ICAM-l, PALB2, RAD51C, and BRIP1 to be downregulated. Therefore, substantial loss of CpG hypermethylation in ovarian cancer is correlated with cancer cell growth inhibition [12].
In ovarian cancers, hypermethylation of particular gene promoters has been established. Compared to non-neoplastic tissues, promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressors BRCA1 and RASSF1A were significantly higher in ovarian cancers [13]. This hypermethylation silences expression to suppress BRCA1 activity, driving genomic instability in ovarian cancers, analogous to the mutations in BRCA1 discussed earlier. RASSF1A encodes a protein controlling the cell cycle; silencing this gene promotes cell-cycle progression and unregulated cell development. Compared to benign cases, tissues from patients with serous and non-serous EOC display significantly higher RASSF1A promoter methylation. [14]. In clear-cell ovarian cancer, hypermethylation is also observed. 22 separate CpG loci associated with nine genes (VWA1, FOXP1, FGFRL1, LINC00340, KCNH2, ANK1, ATXN2, NDRG21 and SLC16A11) were hypermethylated. Inversely associated with tumor gene expression, multiple loci methylation, most notably KCNH22 (HERG, a potassium channel). Loss of KCNH2 (HERG) expression by methylation may be a good prognostic marker, provided that overexpression of the Eag family members of the potassium channel promotes increased proliferation and results in poor prognosis [15]. However, superficial cell carcinomas also suppress methylation of the gene encoding the HNF1B transcription factor, while this gene is methylated in high-grade serous ovarian cancers [16]. In invasive carcinomas, Makarla et al. found hypermethylation of eight cancer-related genes (p16, RARβ, E-cadherin, H-cadherin, APC, GSTP1, MGMT, and RASSF1A) was significantly higher compared to non-invasive cancers and benign cystadenomas [17].
Chromatin modifying enzymes are altered in ovarian cancers beyond DNA methylation. High levels of H3K9 methyltransferase G9a, which adds histone methyl groups (H3K9) to promote the compact structure of chromatin and silence genes, have been associated with late-stage high-grade and serous ovarian cancer, as well as shorter survival in patients with ovarian cancer [18]. Genes marked by the chromatin modifications of activating H3K4me3 and silencing H3K27me3 are identified as “poised” or bivalent; these are not transcribed into embryonic stem cells but resolved as differentiated stem cells into active and transcribed (H3K4me3) or silenced and not transcribed (H3K27me3). In 499 high-grade serous ovarian cancers, compared to eight normal fallopian tube samples, these bivalent chromatin loci were silenced and included genes in the PI3K and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Stem-like cells of ovarian cancer and chemo-resistant cells of ovarian cancer have demonstrated increased silencing of these genes [19]. As previously mentioned, the gene encoding the ARID1A chromatin remodeler is mutated in over 50 percent of ovarian clear cell carcinomas. In a mouse model of ovarian cancer, Bitler et al. showed inhibiting EZH2 methyltransferase, which adds the H3K27me3 mark to silence gene expression, induced regression of ARID1A-mutated tumors. This occurred via PIK3IPI upregulation, an ARID1A and EZH2 target increased by EZH2 inhibition and inhibits PI3K/Akt oncogenic signaling [20].
The most recently discovered epigenetic miRNAs represent ovarian tumors have recently become a phenomenon, and it was found to substantially up-regulate miR-199a, miR-200a, miR-200a, miR-214, and down-regulate miR-100 and, precisely, miR-100 and miR-214 to target the tumor suppressor, miR-214 was shown to PTEN and is associated with resistance to platinum [21, 22]. Let-7 miRNA family as one of the regulator of the MYCN pathway that linking to the platinum-resistant trait. It was recently discovered that miRNA let-7i was a tumor substantially down-regulated suppressor in platinum-resistant ovarian tumors, and restored let-7i gain-of-function chemoresistant ovarian cancer drug sensitivity cells, thus representing a biomarker and therapeutic candidate goal [23]. MiR-429, miR-200a, and miR-200b, respectively a single primary transcript was found to be clustered on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-regulated (EMT, a metastatic phenotype) ZEB1/SIP1 repressor, with negative regulation of miR-200a and miR-200b ZEB1/SIP1 and the development of a loop of double-negative feedback [24]. In another study, 27 miRNAs were substantially correlated with chemotherapy response, indicating a chemotherapy response miRNA (similar to DNA methylation) represent potential biomarkers for ovarian prognosis and diagnosis [25]. Regarding the regulation of miRNA genes, a group of six chromosomes, 19 miRNAs clustered on chromosome 19, and seven clusters were up-regulated on chromosome 14, DNMT-inhibitor decitabine inhibitor, showing that miRNAs can be controlled by DNA methylation [26]. What’s more, an overall, collective tumor—MiRNAs’ suppressive effect has been suggested by Drosha and Dicer down-regulation, involving two enzymes in the processing of miRNA, being significantly connected with an early stage of ovarian cancer and poor prognosis [27, 28].
As mentioned above, the development of ovarian cancer is well characterized by a range of combinatorial epigenetic aberrations distinct from this malignancy, including but not limited to RASSF1A, DAPK, H-Sulf-1, BRCA1, and HOXA10 DNA methylation. As a result, these methylated DNA sequences represent potential diagnostic, staging, prognostic, and therapy response monitoring (predictive biomarkers) biomarkers [29]. DNA methylation biomarkers have several advantages over other types of biomarkers, such as proteins, gene expression, and DNA mutations, including their stability, ability to amplify (thus greatly enhancing detection sensitivity), relatively low cost of the assessment, and restriction to small DNA regions (CpG islands) [30]. It also acts as a biomarker to predict response to platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and the poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). In the future, DNA methylation tests of resected ovarian tumors are highly likely to be used to customize care individually, similar to the recently discovered predictive markers of non-small cell lung cancer in stage I [31]. While single-gene methylation evaluation lacks adequate specificity for ovarian cancer diagnosis, it is believed that multiple methylation biomarker panels will achieve the precision needed for widespread population screening [30, 32]. To that end, a panel of 112 methylated DNA markers was found to correlate progression-free survival with ovarian cancer [33].
DNA methylation inhibitor and HDAC inhibitor are cancer therapeutics, begins primarily as a treatment for hematological disorders in the early 2000s. The FDA approved 5-Azacytidine (AZA) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in 2004 and 2006, while the HDAC suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibitor was approved in 2006 for the treatment of persistent or cutaneous T cell lymphoma [34]. Epigenetic therapy was initially performed in a clinical trial. It was setting either alone or with the standard in combination care to resensitize either the tumor to anticancer treatment or avoid therapy resistance production. Ultimately, these medications have been tested against resilient OC tumors, like both SAHA and AZA clinical trials, ovarian cancer, which is platinum-resistant. Although there are no antitumors, the behavior was detected after SAHA treatment, and AZA demonstrated the partial reaction. Still, it was correlated with significant adverse effects such as tiredness and myelosuppression [35]. The HDAC inhibitor, in a related analysis Belinostat, was given to platinum-resistant patients with ovarian tumors. Still, they have similarly caused significant adverse reaction events such as thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and vomiting, leading to the end of the analysis with no clinical advantage over conventional therapy [34]. Similarly, in a phase I study, the vorinostat pan-HDACi carboplatin or gemcitabine was administered despite the extreme hematological toxicities caused and caused observed partial response, leading to the termination of the study [36].
Exponential advancement in DNA methylation-based biomarker growth has been observed over the last decade. A variety of cfDNA and tissue-dependent screening assays have paved their way into clinics due to the consistency of DNA and methylation patterns. Several tests for early detection of colon, lung, and prostate cancer are commercial success based on DNA methylation biomarkers. New technologies that enable the rapid identification of methylation signatures directly from the blood can promote sample-to-respond solutions, allowing molecular diagnostics for the next-generation point of care. Besides, ongoing work on liquid biopsies together with the latest advanced technologies such as digital PCR, bisulfite sequencing, methyl immune precipitation coupled with next-generation sequencing, and methylation arrays together with advanced statistical data analysis will mitigate the complicated problems of non-invasive system creation by overcoming the existing challenges to precision medicine.
Ovarian cancer causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Owing to unspecific signs at the early stage of the disease, their appearance at an advanced stage, and poor survival, the difficulty of promptly diagnosing ovarian cancer at its early stage remains difficult. Improved methods of detection are, therefore, urgently needed. This chapter identifies the possible clinical usefulness of epigenetic signatures such as DNA methylation, modifications of histones, and microRNA dysregulation, which play an essential role in ovarian carcinogenesis and its use in the development of diagnosis, prognosis, and biomarkers for prediction. New treatment options separate from conventional treatment options chemotherapy that benefits from developments in the understanding of ovarian cancer pathophysiology to enhance performance, they are required. Recent work has shown that mutations in epigenetic regulator-encoding genes are mutated in ovarian cancer, driving tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Several of these modifiers of epigenetics for ovarian cancer treatment have emerged as promising drug targets.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:202},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"292",title:"Material Science",slug:"technology-material-science",parent:{title:"Technology",slug:"technology"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:88,numberOfWosCitations:44,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:61,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"technology-material-science",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10045",title:"Fillers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aac44d6491e740af99bec2f62aa05883",slug:"fillers",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Flores Huicochea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206705",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Huicochea",slug:"emmanuel-flores-huicochea",fullName:"Emmanuel Flores Huicochea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8188",title:"Ion Beam Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f212072e7141ba20788b6fe79d28370",slug:"ion-beam-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ishaq Ahmad and Tingkai Zhao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ishaq",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"ishaq-ahmad",fullName:"Ishaq Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6737",title:"Powder Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65211e3ea1db91e795908df350115d1f",slug:"powder-technology",bookSignature:"Alberto Adriano Cavalheiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201848",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:"Adriano",surname:"Cavalheiro",slug:"alberto-cavalheiro",fullName:"Alberto Cavalheiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e08cc35cef3caf389096ca4b999742f",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5759",title:"Lamination",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a4f81291f9d75ed83b1f4f5e0b56f36",slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Charles A. Osheku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5759.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148660",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Attah",surname:"Osheku",slug:"charles-osheku",fullName:"Charles Osheku"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3683",title:"Engineering the Future",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"engineering-the-future",bookSignature:"Laszlo Dudas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135546",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",middleName:null,surname:"Dudas",slug:"laszlo-dudas",fullName:"Laszlo Dudas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"12376",doi:"10.5772/10380",title:"Digital Factory – Theory and Practice",slug:"digital-factory-theory-and-practice",totalDownloads:6635,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"engineering-the-future",title:"Engineering the Future",fullTitle:"Engineering the Future"},signatures:"Milan Gregor and Stefan Medvecky",authors:null},{id:"59094",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72973",title:"Structure and Properties of the Bulk Standard Samples and Cellular Energy Absorbers",slug:"structure-and-properties-of-the-bulk-standard-samples-and-cellular-energy-absorbers",totalDownloads:484,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Pavel Kuznetcov, Anton Zhukov, Artem Deev, Vitaliy Bobyr and\nMikhail Staritcyn",authors:[{id:"223064",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Kuznetcov",slug:"pavel-kuznetcov",fullName:"Pavel Kuznetcov"},{id:"227212",title:"Mr.",name:"Artem",middleName:null,surname:"Deev",slug:"artem-deev",fullName:"Artem Deev"},{id:"227213",title:"Mr.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Bobyr",slug:"vitaliy-bobyr",fullName:"Vitaliy Bobyr"},{id:"227215",title:"Mr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",slug:"anton-zhukov",fullName:"Anton Zhukov"},{id:"227216",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Staritcyn",slug:"mikhail-staritcyn",fullName:"Mikhail Staritcyn"}]},{id:"60707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75832",title:"Processing Parameters for Selective Laser Sintering or Melting of Oxide Ceramics",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc"},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60707",title:"Processing Parameters for Selective Laser Sintering or Melting of Oxide Ceramics",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc"},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang"}]},{id:"71979",title:"Fillers in Wood Adhesives",slug:"fillers-in-wood-adhesives",totalDownloads:61,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"fillers",title:"Fillers",fullTitle:"Fillers"},signatures:"Abbas Hasan Faris",authors:[{id:"225720",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbas Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Faris",slug:"abbas-hasan-faris",fullName:"Abbas Hasan Faris"}]},{id:"61155",title:"Powder Process with Photoresist for Ceramic Electronic Components",slug:"powder-process-with-photoresist-for-ceramic-electronic-components",totalDownloads:392,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"powder-technology",title:"Powder Technology",fullTitle:"Powder Technology"},signatures:"Minami Kaneko, Ken Saito and Fumio Uchikoba",authors:[{id:"157327",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",slug:"ken-saito",fullName:"Ken Saito"},{id:"157328",title:"Dr.",name:"Minami",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",slug:"minami-kaneko",fullName:"Minami Kaneko"},{id:"157330",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Uchikoba",slug:"fumio-uchikoba",fullName:"Fumio Uchikoba"}]},{id:"61394",title:"Introductory Chapter: Genome of Material for Combinatorial Design and Prototyping of Alloys",slug:"introductory-chapter-genome-of-material-for-combinatorial-design-and-prototyping-of-alloys",totalDownloads:501,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Igor Shishkovsky",authors:[{id:"174257",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}]},{id:"71582",title:"Towards Traditional Carbon Fillers: Biochar-Based Reinforced Plastic",slug:"towards-traditional-carbon-fillers-biochar-based-reinforced-plastic",totalDownloads:219,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"fillers",title:"Fillers",fullTitle:"Fillers"},signatures:"Mattia Bartoli, Mauro Giorcelli, Pravin Jagdale and Massimo Rovere",authors:[{id:"39628",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Giorcelli",slug:"mauro-giorcelli",fullName:"Mauro Giorcelli"},{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"},{id:"319032",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Jagdale",slug:"pravin-jagdale",fullName:"Pravin Jagdale"},{id:"319033",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Rovere",slug:"massimo-rovere",fullName:"Massimo Rovere"}]},{id:"67918",title:"Ion Beam Experiments to Emulate Nuclear Fusion Environment on Structural Materials at CMAM",slug:"ion-beam-experiments-to-emulate-nuclear-fusion-environment-on-structural-materials-at-cmam",totalDownloads:426,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"ion-beam-techniques-and-applications",title:"Ion Beam Techniques and Applications",fullTitle:"Ion Beam Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Marcelo Roldán, Patricia Galán, Fernando José Sánchez, Isabel García-Cortés, David Jiménez-Rey and Pilar Fernández",authors:null},{id:"70033",title:"Focused Ion Beam Tomography",slug:"focused-ion-beam-tomography",totalDownloads:308,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"ion-beam-techniques-and-applications",title:"Ion Beam Techniques and Applications",fullTitle:"Ion Beam Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Dilawar Hassan, Sidra Amin, Amber Rehana Solangi and Saima Q. Memon",authors:null},{id:"56424",title:"Bending of Laminated Composite Plates in Layerwise Theory",slug:"bending-of-laminated-composite-plates-in-layerwise-theory",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Marina Rakočević",authors:[{id:"205043",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Rakocevic",slug:"marina-rakocevic",fullName:"Marina Rakocevic"}]},{id:"59643",title:"Introductory Chapter: Laminations - Theory and Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-laminations-theory-and-applications",totalDownloads:756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Charles Attah Osheku",authors:[{id:"148660",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Attah",surname:"Osheku",slug:"charles-osheku",fullName:"Charles Osheku"}]},{id:"71217",title:"Wood Adhesive Fillers Used during the Manufacture of Wood Panel Products",slug:"wood-adhesive-fillers-used-during-the-manufacture-of-wood-panel-products",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"fillers",title:"Fillers",fullTitle:"Fillers"},signatures:"Long Cao, Xiaojian Zhou and Guanben Du",authors:[{id:"289729",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"xiaojian-zhou",fullName:"Xiaojian Zhou"},{id:"291315",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"},{id:"315365",title:"Dr.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"long-cao",fullName:"Long Cao"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"technology-material-science",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/233519/olzhas-turar",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"233519",slug:"olzhas-turar"},fullPath:"/profiles/233519/olzhas-turar",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()