\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1562",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Ionizing Radiation Research",title:"Current Topics in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Since the discovery of X rays by Roentgen in 1895, the ionizing radiation has been extensively utilized in a variety of medical and industrial applications. However people have shortly recognized its harmful aspects through inadvertent uses. Subsequently people experienced nuclear power plant accidents in Chernobyl and Fukushima, which taught us that the risk of ionizing radiation is closely and seriously involved in the modern society. In this circumstance, it becomes increasingly important that more scientists, engineers and students get familiar with ionizing radiation research regardless of the research field they are working. Based on this idea, the book "Current Topics in Ionizing Radiation Research" was designed to overview the recent achievements in ionizing radiation research including biological effects, medical uses and principles of radiation measurement.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0196-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4330-7",doi:"10.5772/2027",price:169,priceEur:185,priceUsd:219,slug:"current-topics-in-ionizing-radiation-research",numberOfPages:856,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"b1443bb4589a4088326076be6ff30f13",bookSignature:"Mitsuru Nenoi",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1562.jpg",numberOfDownloads:116197,numberOfWosCitations:132,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:108,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:271,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 13th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 12th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",middleName:null,surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35416/images/2328_n.jpg",biography:"Mitsuru Nenoi graduated from Kyoto University, Graduate School of Sciences, Japan in 1983, and started his career as a scientist at National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Japan. He received a Ph.D from Kyoto University in 1992 for the study on induced accumulation of polyubiquitin gene transcripts after exposure to ultraviolet light and treatment with 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. In 1991, he stayed at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA as a visiting scientist, and was involved in the study of mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of small heat shock genes of Drosophila. Dr. Nenoi is now a Director, Radiation Risk Reduction Research Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection of NIRS. His research interest is radiation biology, especially on the mechanism for gene regulation after exposure to ionizing radiation.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"National Institute of Radiological Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1213",title:"Radiobiology",slug:"radiobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"32084",title:"Measurement of H2AX Phosphorylation as a Marker of Ionizing Radiation Induced Cell Damage",doi:"10.5772/33257",slug:"measurement-of-h2ax-phosphorylation-as-a-marker-of-ionizing-radiation-induced-cell-damage",totalDownloads:8965,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aida Muslimovic, Pegah Johansson and Ola Hammarsten",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32084",authors:[{id:"94660",title:"Dr.",name:"Ola",surname:"Hammarsten",slug:"ola-hammarsten",fullName:"Ola Hammarsten"},{id:"106943",title:"Dr.",name:"Aida",surname:"Muslimovic",slug:"aida-muslimovic",fullName:"Aida Muslimovic"},{id:"108167",title:"Dr.",name:"Pegah",surname:"Johansson",slug:"pegah-johansson",fullName:"Pegah Johansson"}],corrections:null},{id:"32085",title:"Suitability of the γ-H2AX Assay for Human Radiation Biodosimetry",doi:"10.5772/36561",slug:"suitability-of-the-gamma-h2ax-assay-for-human-radiation-biodosimetry",totalDownloads:3209,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre, Marco Valente, Philippe Voisin and Joan-Francesc Barquinero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32085",authors:[{id:"105483",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Voisin",slug:"philippe-voisin",fullName:"Philippe Voisin"},{id:"108826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",surname:"Roch-Lefèvre",slug:"sandrine-roch-lefevre",fullName:"Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre"},{id:"135999",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Valente",slug:"marco-valente",fullName:"Marco Valente"},{id:"136000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan-Francesc",surname:"Barquinero",slug:"joan-francesc-barquinero",fullName:"Joan-Francesc Barquinero"}],corrections:null},{id:"32086",title:"Biological Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation",doi:"10.5772/35688",slug:"biological-dosimetry-of-ionizing-radiation",totalDownloads:4264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aurélie Vaurijoux, Gaëtan Gruel, Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre and Philippe Voisin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32086",authors:[{id:"105483",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Voisin",slug:"philippe-voisin",fullName:"Philippe Voisin"},{id:"105473",title:"Ms.",name:"Aurelie",surname:"Vaurijoux",slug:"aurelie-vaurijoux",fullName:"Aurelie Vaurijoux"},{id:"105482",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaetan",surname:"Gruel",slug:"gaetan-gruel",fullName:"Gaetan Gruel"}],corrections:null},{id:"32087",title:"Limited Repair of Critical DNA Damage in Cells Exposed to Low Dose Radiation",doi:"10.5772/33611",slug:"limited-repair-of-critical-dna-damage-in-cells-exposed-by-low-doses-of-radiation-",totalDownloads:2396,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Azhub Gaziev and Gadzhi Shaikhaev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32087",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32087",authors:[{id:"96336",title:"Prof.",name:"Azhub",surname:"Gaziev",slug:"azhub-gaziev",fullName:"Azhub Gaziev"}],corrections:null},{id:"32088",title:"Genome Integrity and Organization in the Context of Radiobiology",doi:"10.5772/32488",slug:"genome-integrity-and-organization-in-the-context-of-radiobiology",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vladan Ondřej",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32088",authors:[{id:"91707",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladan",surname:"Ondrej",slug:"vladan-ondrej",fullName:"Vladan Ondrej"}],corrections:null},{id:"32089",title:"Mealybug as a Model for Studying Responses to High Doses of Ionizing Radiation",doi:"10.5772/33657",slug:"mealybug-as-a-model-for-studying-responses-to-high-doses-of-ionizing-radiation-",totalDownloads:2467,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kommu Naga Mohan, Jun Ge and Jayarama S. 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Traditional RF signal processing techniques may have difficulty separating and processing these multisource signals.
The instantaneous frequency function of an FMRF signal can be approximately modeled by low-order polynomials. Chirplet transforms and polynomial chirplet transforms have been investigated to process multisource FMRF signals [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. These approaches separate and process multisource cochannel FMRF signals effectively; however, their implementations are expensive due to high dimensional transforms.
With a first-order polynomial approximation of the phase function of an FMRF signal, the short-time Fourier transform approach provides a simple and low-cost implementation for instantaneous frequency estimation. Unlike chirplet and polynomial chirplet transforms which need to perform transforms from time to high dimensional frequency and chirp spaces, the short-time Fourier transform approach creates spectrograms and only needs to perform time to frequency transforms. Using fast Fourier transforms, the short-time Fourier transform for a local window with size
Spectrograms are created by a fixed window size Fourier transform. For a low-frequency component, it needs a large window to capture enough changes for this low-frequency component. However, for a high-frequency component, it needs a small window to have a high time resolution. The constant window size for spectrogram cannot satisfy these conflict requirements. To address this issue, a natural extension is to perform Fourier transforms with changeable window sizes. For high-frequency components, small window sizes are used to perform transforms while large window sizes are used for low-frequency transforms. This extension leads to the wavelet transforming with constant weights in the window, creating a scalogram. The weight functions could also be other functions that lead to different wavelet transforms. For instance, choosing a Gaussian function creates Gabor or Morlet wavelet transform.
Spectrograms or scalograms provide the time-frequency representation of a multisource FMRF signal. Separating this multisource FMRF signal into each independent source component needs further processing. The ridge points of spectrograms or scalograms over some thresholds generate the points for instantaneous frequency functions. In this chapter, a connected graph will be introduced to extract instantaneous frequency functions when they are not crossed with each other. When the instantaneous frequency functions are crossed with each other, a projection-pursuit approach is described to separate and extract these instantaneous frequency functions.
In this section, an FMRF signal model with a single source is introduced, and a
A single component FMRF signal is described by the following model,
where
Another function to describe an RF signal is its instantaneous frequency function
It is shown in Eq. (2) that the frequency function
The instantaneous frequency function
An FMRF signal (left) and its time-frequency manifold (right).
Since the time-frequency manifold of an FMRF signal is the representation of this FMRF signal, we can use time-frequency manifolds to classify or recognize RF signals. Also, the time-frequency manifolds of an FMRF signal provide an estimation of its instantaneous frequencies.
The time-frequency image or spectrogram of an FMRF signal
where
Expanding
where
Under the linear approximation of a phase function, the time-frequency image or spectrogram of
Thus, we have approximated the spectrogram of an FMRF signal
Eq. (5) shows that when noises
The spectrogram of the FMRF signal in Figure 1 is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows the
An FMRF signal and its time-frequency image (spectrogram).
The multisource and co-channel FMRF signals received by a receiver is modeled as
where,
Similar to (4), a linear approximation in a local window is used to approximate the phases for the multisource FMRF signal,
where
An equation to compute the spectrogram for the multisource FMRF signal is derived by substituting (7) into (6),
where,
A multisource and cochannel FMRF signal is shown in Figure 3. The right side of Figure 3 shows the spectrogram of this FMRF signal where the
A multisource and cochannel FMRF signal and its spectrogram. The left is the FMRF signal, the middle is its instantaneous frequency function, and the right is its spectrogram.
It is shown in Section 2 that the spectrogram of an FMRF signal created by short-time Fourier transform (STFT) demonstrates
Define a rectangle window function
For a window size W, we have
With the help of the window function
The computation of spectrograms in (11) is the same as that in (3). They both give the same STFT for spectrogram computations by a uniform distributed weight function
When the window size
where
Eq. (12) is a wavelet transform with a mother wavelet
To distinguish scalogram from spectrogram, we change
(11) and (13) show the close relationship between STFT and the wavelet transform. The scale in the wavelet transform is inversely proportional to the frequency while the scale STFT is fixed. In other words, the wavelet transform can be treated as an adaptive STFT where the window size of the STFT (referred to as scale in the wavelet transform) adapts to the frequency change of the STFT. When the frequency is high, the window size is small so as to catch the high resolution in time. When the frequency is low, the window size is large so as to obtain a high resolution in frequency. In this sense, a wavelet transform usually creates a higher performance than an STFT due to the wavelet’s adaptive properties.
Similar to the derivation of the spectrogram calculation by summation in (3), the scalogram calculation can also be derived using wavelet transforms. Writing (13) into a summation format creates the following expression,
The scalogram calculated by (13) is further simplified by substituting the FMRF signal of (4) into (14),
The
If noise term
Eq. (17) shows that similar to the spectrogram
The comparison between spectrogram and scalogram is shown in Figure 4. In Figure 4, the frequency of the FMRF signal is chosen as 10 kHz in the local window. For the spectrogram, the window size is chosen as 20. For the scalogram, the window size is selected to change from 18 to 22. At the center frequency 10 kHz, the mask size of the scalogram is the same as the window size for spectrogram 20. Figure 4 shows that the
The
Similar to the computation of a single source FMRF signal, the scalogram computation of a multisource FMRF signal is given by replacing the fixed-size window summation in (8) with the frequency-dependent window summation,
Eq. (18) shows that the scalogram of each component of a multisource FMRF signal is a
Both spectrogram and scalogram are two-dimensional images and both have similar
By binarizing a spectrogram, we can create a sparse cloud point representation (a binary image) of this spectrogram and call it the sparse time-frequency map. Thresholding and local maximum in the frequency direction can be used to create this sparse time-frequency map
An FMRF signal, its spectrogram, and its sparse time-frequency map is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows that the nonzero points in the sparse time-frequency map created from the spectrogram of an FMRF signal form the time-frequency manifold that represents this FMRF signal. Since the nonzero pixels are a very small portion of the entire image of pixels and the connected graph approach, we are using only performs on these nonzero pixels, this connected graph approach has a very low computational cost.
An FMRF signal, and its spectrogram and sparse time-frequency map.
We have discussed the spectrogram and sparse time-frequency map with no noises as shown in Figure 5. The spectrogram and its sparse time-frequency map for a noisy FMRF signal is shown in Figure 6.
Spectrogram and sparse time-frequency map of an FMRF signal with different noise levels: the top is for signal to noise ratio (SNR) = 6DB, and the bottom for SNR = 0 DB.
Figure 6 shows that the spectrograms and time-frequency maps for very noisy FMRF signals are similar to those without noises in Figure 5. The difference is that the time-frequency maps for noisy signals add some extra noise pixels. These noise pixels will be removed by the connected graph approach, however.
Figures 5 and 6 show that the sparse time-frequency map of an RF signal includes the points on the time-frequency manifold of this RF signal. A connected graph approach is used to extract this time-frequency manifold.
The graph to represent the sparse time-frequency map consists of nodes and edges. Each node
Two nodes are connected if they are neighbors. For the node
Each node is connected to its neighbors but disconnected to non-neighbor points. With this graph, the connected components can be found. Obviously, some connected graphs are the time-frequency manifolds as the FMRF signal, while others could be noises. Usually, small connected graphs are noises and can be removed.
The time-frequency manifolds for a two-source FMRF signal are extracted and shown in Figure 7, where two connected graphs are displayed for the time-frequency manifolds (red and blue) for two FMRF signals components.
A two-source mixed FMRF signal and its time-frequency manifolds. These time-frequency manifolds are extracted by the connected graph approach from the sparse time-frequency map shown in the bottom right of
Figure 7 shows that each individual component (red and blue) of the two-source cochannel and co-duration FMRF signals can be extracted using the connected graph approach.
If the two components in a two-source FMRF signal are not connected to each other in their sparse time-frequency map, the connected graph approach is capable of extracting, separating, and classifying them, as is shown in Figure 7. However, when two or multiple components are connected to each other, as shown in Figure 8, the connected graph approach may not work well.
A time-frequency manifold connected two source co-channel and co-duration FMRF signal, its time-frequency manifolds, spectrogram, and extracted manifolds.
Figure 8 shows a two-source FMRF signal, its time-frequency manifold, spectrogram, and the time-frequency manifolds extracted by the graph approach. One of these two source signals is a linear frequency modulation signal with a negative sweep rate (frequency decrease), and the other one is a nonlinear frequency modulation signal with a positive sweep rate (frequency increase). These two source FMRF signals are overlapped in both time and spectral space and form pulse-in-pulse signals. As is demonstrated in Figure 8, the connected graph approach cannot separate these two connected time-frequency manifolds. This inseparable problem causes serious issues for classifications and other RF signal processing. In the next section, a projection pursuit approach will be discussed to address this issue.
When the time-frequency manifolds of two FMRF components are crossed with each other, the spatial distance-based neighbor point definition has problems. These problems and their possible solutions are shown in Figure 9.
Spatial neighbors and string neighbors. Spatial neighbors are defined by spatial distances and string neighbors are defined by both spatial distances and strings.
In Figure 9, the left figure defines the neighbor points in the graph approach by spatial distances. We call these neighbor points the spatial distance neighbor points. In this definition, the two manifolds are inseparable. Different from the spatial neighbor approach, a string neighbor point approach is used to build time-frequency manifolds. Two points are neighbors if these two points are spatial neighbors and if they are on the same string. The string neighbor approach is shown on the right side of Figure 9. Figure 9 shows that the two manifolds are separable with the string neighbor approach even though they are inseparable from the spatial neighbor approach.
The projection pursuit approach is used to create string neighbor points. This approach is implemented in the following two steps:
Step 1. Create a graph for the time-frequency map by the spatial distance approach.
For each nonzero pixel, create a node
Step 2. Refine the neighbor points of each node
At the location of each node
The above two steps are used to create string neighbor nodes. After the string neighbor nodes of the graph are created, the same connected graph approach discussed in Section 4 is used to create connected graphs and build the time-frequency manifolds for the FMRF signals.
The test results for the projection pursuits approach are shown in Figure 10. The right side of Figure 10 shows two-time-frequency manifolds extracted by the projection pursuits approach. The red line is the down sweep linear frequency modulation component of this two-source FMRF signal while the white curve is the time-frequency manifold of the down sweep nonlinear frequency modulation component. It is shown from these test results that the projection pursuit approach is capable to separate and extract the time-frequency manifolds of complicated multisource FMRF signals (Figure 10).
A two-source mixed FMRF signal and its time-frequency manifolds extracted by graph and projection pursuits.
Both spectrogram and scalogram approaches involve three components to perform their FMRF signal processing: transformation from an FMRF signal to a two-dimensional image, binarization of the image, and graph projection pursuit for creating the manifold of the FMRF signal.
Assume that the length of the signal to process is N. For the spectrogram approach, the transform from the FMRF signal to the spectrogram takes 0(NlogW) operations for a wind size W. The image size is W*(N/W) = N. Thus, the binarization takes 0(N) operations. Since the projection pursuits approach only processes a small fractional number of points in the image, its computational cost is much lower than 0(N). Putting the implementation of these three components together leads to the computational complexity 0(NlogW) for the spectrogram approach. Thus, the computation cost for the binarization and graph pursuits approach could be ignored when compared to the transform to create the spectrogram.
For the scalogram approach, since the transform from the FMRF signal to its scalogram image has a higher computational cost than the spectrogram approach and the same methods as the spectrogram approach are used for the binarization and graph projection pursuit, the computational complexity for the scalogram approach is the same as the computational complexity of the scalogram generation from the FMRF signal.
In this chapter, we introduce the spectrogram generation of an FMRF signal by using short-time Fourier transforms. Then, the spectrogram computation approach is extended to the scalogram computation by replacing the fixed size masks with frequency dependent masks.
Both spectrograms and scalograms are images, and a projection pursuits approach is introduced to process these images for separating and processing multisource cochannel and co-site FMRF signals.
It is shown that the projection pursuits method is very efficient, and its computational cost can be ignored when compared to the spectrogram or scalogram generation. Also, the projection pursuits approach is robust. It can separate and extract both non-connected and connected time-frequency manifolds for FMRF signal processing.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Motyka",authors:[{id:"101690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Motyka",slug:"maciej-motyka",fullName:"Maciej Motyka"},{id:"109232",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Sieniawski",slug:"jan-sieniawski",fullName:"Jan Sieniawski"}]},{id:"46882",doi:"10.5772/58534",title:"Additive Manufacturing of Al Alloys and Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMCs)",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-al-alloys-and-aluminium-matrix-composites-amcs-",totalDownloads:10093,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:117,abstract:null,book:{id:"3844",slug:"light-metal-alloys-applications",title:"Light Metal Alloys Applications",fullTitle:"Light Metal Alloys Applications"},signatures:"Diego Manfredi, Flaviana Calignano, Manickavasagam Krishnan,\nRiccardo Canali, Elisa Paola Ambrosio, Sara Biamino, Daniele Ugues,\nMatteo Pavese and Paolo Fino",authors:[{id:"16648",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Manfredi",slug:"diego-manfredi",fullName:"Diego Manfredi"},{id:"18978",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Pavese",slug:"matteo-pavese",fullName:"Matteo Pavese"},{id:"19187",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Biamino",slug:"sara-biamino",fullName:"Sara Biamino"},{id:"19188",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrosio",slug:"elisa-ambrosio",fullName:"Elisa Ambrosio"},{id:"19189",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Fino",slug:"paolo-fino",fullName:"Paolo Fino"},{id:"170227",title:"Dr.",name:"Flaviana",middleName:null,surname:"Calignano",slug:"flaviana-calignano",fullName:"Flaviana Calignano"},{id:"170228",title:"MSc.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Canali",slug:"riccardo-canali",fullName:"Riccardo Canali"},{id:"170229",title:"MSc.",name:"Manickavasagam",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",slug:"manickavasagam-krishnan",fullName:"Manickavasagam Krishnan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:2538,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16114,totalCrossrefCites:178,totalDimensionsCites:384,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]},{id:"59905",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:6825,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Nanoparticles of noble metals, especially the silver nanoparticles, have been widely used in different fields of science. Their unique properties, which can be incorporated into biosensor materials, composite fibers, cosmetic products, antimicrobial applications, conducting materials and electronic components, make them a very important subject to be studied by chemistry, biology, healthcare, electronic and other related branches. These unique properties depend upon size and shape of the silver nanoparticles. Different preparation methods have been reported for the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, chemical reduction, biological artificial methods, photochemical methods and microwave processing. This chapter aims to inform the synthesis methods of the silver nanoparticles.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]},{id:"71326",title:"Stability of Metal Complexes",slug:"stability-of-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:2314,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The stability of coordination complex is an important factor that decides the stability and reactivity of a metal complex. The stability of metal complex is governed by two different aspects such as thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. The correlation between stability and reactivity of coordination compounds has been described in this chapter. This chapter also enlists the factors influencing the stability of metal complexes such as the nature of metal ions, ligands, bonding between metal ions and ligands, etc. In addition, the methods available for the determination of stability constants are given in detail.",book:{id:"9190",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",fullTitle:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds"},signatures:"Senthilkumar Muthaiah, Anita Bhatia and Muthukumar Kannan",authors:null},{id:"60518",title:"Synthetic Methods for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Review",slug:"synthetic-methods-for-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-a-review",totalDownloads:5208,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:53,abstract:"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor nanoparticles are one kind of important and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis because of their unique optical and electronic properties. Their properties, which are determined by the preparation method, are very crucial in photocatalysis. In this chapter, an overview was carried out on the different methods that are used or have been used to prepare titanium dioxide nanoparticles. There are various methods that can be used to synthesize TiO2 and the most commonly used methods include sol-gel process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal method among others. This review will focus on selected preparation methods of titanium dioxide photocatalyst.",book:{id:"6426",slug:"titanium-dioxide-material-for-a-sustainable-environment",title:"Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Titanium Dioxide - Material for a Sustainable Environment"},signatures:"Pardon Nyamukamba, Omobola Okoh, Henry Mungondori,\nRaymond Taziwa and Simcelile Zinya",authors:[{id:"196100",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Taziwa",slug:"raymond-taziwa",fullName:"Raymond Taziwa"},{id:"219920",title:"Prof.",name:"Omobola",middleName:null,surname:"Okoh",slug:"omobola-okoh",fullName:"Omobola Okoh"},{id:"226567",title:"Dr.",name:"Pardon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyamukamba",slug:"pardon-nyamukamba",fullName:"Pardon Nyamukamba"},{id:"239758",title:"Mr.",name:"Simcelile",middleName:null,surname:"Zinya",slug:"simcelile-zinya",fullName:"Simcelile Zinya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"158",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81781",title:"Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of AZ91 Magnesium Hybrid Composite Materials",slug:"experimental-investigation-of-mechanical-and-wear-behaviour-of-az91-magnesium-hybrid-composite-mater",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104703",abstract:"In recent years, emerging requisite for advanced materials gave a path for hybrid composites. Magnesium metal matrix composites are gaining more interest and a better substitute for heavier steel, aluminium, titanium and even for plastic based materials. At present the AZ91 magnesium alloy is most widely in transport vehicle industry. However, the application of AZ91 magnesium alloys are limited due to several negative effects such as poor creep resistance, wear resistance and inferior corrosion resistance when it is exposed to atmospheric conditions. Future to improve the strength, better corrosion resistance and wear resistance are important for their extend applications of exciting alloy AZ91. The main objective of the present investigation is to achieve above mentioned properties. The AZ91 alloy was reinforced with titanium dioxide/0.5% graphene and with titanium/0.5% graphene in varying weight percentage (1%, 2%) by stir casting technique. These combinations are called hybrid metal matrix composite of materials such as AZ91 + 1%Ti +0.5% Gr (A1), AZ91 + 2%Ti +0.5% Gr (A2), AZ91 + 1%TiO2 + 0.5% Gr (B1) and AZ91 + 2%TiO2 + 0.5% Gr (B2) alloys. The following experiments such as tensile, compressive, hardness and wear tests have been carried out to find all the properties from the newly developed hybrid metal matrix composite of materials and compared with AZ91. Wear tests have been carried out by pin on disc tribometer for both dry and wet sliding condition under 20 N,40 N,60 N, and 80 N. The results indicated the AZ91–1%TiO2–0.5%Gr having high wear resistance compared to other three combinations as well as AZ91. The present experimental investigations of hybrid metal matrix composite of materials have wear resistance in the order of B1 > A2 > A1 > B2 > AZ91 and AZ91–2%TiO2–0.5% Gr showed good tensile strength and hardness. The enhanced these properties were discussed in this paper.",book:{id:"11208",title:"Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11208.jpg"},signatures:"Palanivel Mathiazhagan and S. Jayabharathy"},{id:"81709",title:"New-Age Al-Cu-Mn-Zr (ACMZ) Alloy for High Temperature-High Strength Applications: A Review",slug:"new-age-al-cu-mn-zr-acmz-alloy-for-high-temperature-high-strength-applications-a-review",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104533",abstract:"One of the prime challenges with age hardened Al-Cu alloys is the strength degradation at high temperatures (above ∼250°C) due to the coarsening of strengthening θ′ precipitates and associated metastable θ′ → stable θ phase transformation. A recent discovery suggests that micro-alloying with Manganese (Mn) and Zirconium (Zr) can synergistically restrict θ′ precipitate coarsening, thereby rendering an excellent high temperature stability for Al-Cu-Mn-Zr (ACMZ) alloys. The θ′ precipitates are stabilized primarily from the reduction of interfacial energy by preferential solute segregation (Mn & Zr) at θ′ precipitate/α-Al matrix interfaces. The Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys thereby exhibit excellent high temperature hardness and tensile properties (yield and ultimate tensile strength) in addition to superior fatigue life and creep resistance. This newly developed Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys also showed excellent hot tearing resistance compared to the conventional cast Al-Cu alloys so much so that it meets the industrial standards as well. These alloys also have promising manufacturing possibility by additive route. Overall, Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys offer great potential for the automotive industry because of their unprecedented high temperature performance which should enable engineers to build light weight passenger vehicles leading to a safer and greener environment.",book:{id:"10847",title:"Aluminium Alloys - Design and Development of Innovative Alloys, Manufacturing Processes and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10847.jpg"},signatures:"Samarendra Roy and Shibayan Roy"},{id:"81342",title:"Magnesium Borates: The Relationship between the Characteristics, Properties, and Novel Technologies",slug:"magnesium-borates-the-relationship-between-the-characteristics-properties-and-novel-technologies",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104487",abstract:"Magnesium borates are compounds including mainly magnesium (Mg), boron (B) oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H). Magnesium borates are traditionally famous for their strong thermoluminescence, mechanical and thermal features due to their high elasticity coefficient, corrosion, and heat resistance. Because of being beneficial, especially in the applications such as thermoluminescence and X-ray screening, and ease of synthesis, magnesium borates are produced by using different experimental procedures exhibiting different characteristics. Main traditional synthesis techniques can be classified as liquid state and solid-state synthesis methods. With the help of novelties in synthesis technology, new techniques are beginning to emerge in magnesium borate syntheses such as hybrid synthesis, ultrasound, microwave, and capping agent addition. The strengthened characteristics of the compounds would lead to new applications such as stomach cancer chemotherapy and wastewater treatment. In this chapter, it is aimed to make a comparison between the characteristics of synthesized magnesium borates and their properties. In addition, new types of magnesium borates obtained by various synthetic techniques are expected to be useful for industrial applications such as space technology, radiation dosimetry, X-ray screening, ion batteries, and hydrocarbon reaction catalysis. Such classification of properties and the synthesis techniques will enlighten the relationship between the characteristics and novel applications of magnesium borates.",book:{id:"11208",title:"Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11208.jpg"},signatures:"Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli"},{id:"81125",title:"Magnesium Alloys for Sustainable Weight-Saving Approach: A Brief Market Overview, New Trends, and Perspectives",slug:"magnesium-alloys-for-sustainable-weight-saving-approach-a-brief-market-overview-new-trends-and-persp",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102777",abstract:"In the transportation sector, weight-saving strategies emphasize greenhouse gas reductions by improving fuel efficiency. Furthermore, it is a fact that consumers appreciate less-consuming vehicles. Lighter battery electric vehicles (BEV) mean higher travel distance covered with the same battery charge. Still, the fuel range of BEV is today not a secondary issue for choosing an e-vehicle as a unique family vehicle. Weight-saving strategies are also a priority for hydrogen gas-fuelled vehicles. Until hydrogen fuel for the transport sector is not produced at affordable costs in fully renewable pathways, increased fuel efficiency is critical for the product appeal. Magnesium is an environmentally compatible and biodegradable material with a similar density to structural plastics. On the contrary, plastics are responsible for nonbiodegradable microplastics in deep-marine environments when not recycled or correctly treated at their end of life. Due to the costly usage of lightweight materials, priority is given to activities to reduce costs by developing new materials and increasing the affordability of manufacturing costs. In this chapter, magnesium is presented from much perspective point of view: we will base it on comprehension of the past, considering the present, but with some ambition to propel hearts over today’s obstacles.",book:{id:"11208",title:"Current Trends in Magnesium (Mg) Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11208.jpg"},signatures:"Fabrizio D’Errico, Martin Tauber and Michael Just"},{id:"80372",title:"Application of the Aluminothermic Reduction Process for Magnesium Removal in Aluminum Scrap",slug:"application-of-the-aluminothermic-reduction-process-for-magnesium-removal-in-aluminum-scrap",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102407",abstract:"Magnesium is considered as impurity element in aluminum recycled for obtaining some cast alloys, with low concentration Mg, because at 0.1 wt% results in fragility, fractures, and defects. This research applies the aluminothermic reduction process to decrease magnesium content in aluminum cans by adding ZnO, to produce reaction products solid-state (Al2O3, MgO and MgAl2O4), and there is a possibility to obtain Al-Zn alloy. The conditions of the process were, melting temperature (750, 800, 850°C) and stirring velocity (200, 250, 300 rpm). The Mg and Zn contents were measured for chemical analysis and scrap generated from every process was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The results show how the aluminothermic reduction decreased Mg from 0.93 to 0.06 wt% and increased zinc up to 5.52wt % in the molten metal. Therefore, this process can be used to remove Mg and can also prevent the generation of polluting gases into the environment.",book:{id:"10847",title:"Aluminium Alloys - Design and Development of Innovative Alloys, Manufacturing Processes and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10847.jpg"},signatures:"Rocio Maricela Ochoa Palacios, Citlaly Castillo Rodriguez, Jesus Torres Torres, Perla Janet Resendiz Hernandez and Alfredo Flores Valdes"},{id:"80920",title:"Drilling of 7075 Aluminum Alloys",slug:"drilling-of-7075-aluminum-alloys",totalDownloads:51,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102864",abstract:"Aluminum alloy (Al 7075) has been increasingly used as structural components in automotive and aerospace industry due to their low density, high strength and good corrosion resistance compared with other metals. To manufacture and assemble the components, drilling operations are often conducted. However, Al 7075 is ductile and soft, which causes difficulty in drilling, resulting in material adhesion, high tool wear, short tool life and poor hole quality. As a result of the poor hole quality, there is a high percentage of part rejection, which can increase the manufacturing time and cost. This chapter discusses challenges and techniques to drill Al 7075 in terms of the cutting parameters and drilling conditions to prolong the tool life and achieve good hole quality. Drilling experiments on Al 7075-T6 (heat-treated) were conducted using carbide cutting tools at various cutting parameters. Reducing cutting speed and increasing feed rate resulted in reducing tool wear, whereas a reduction in surface roughness, hence improved machined surface finish, was found when both cutting speed and feed rate were reduced in drilling Al 7075-T6. Producing good hole quality is vital during the drilling process to ensure a good assembly and product service performance.",book:{id:"10847",title:"Aluminium Alloys - Design and Development of Innovative Alloys, Manufacturing Processes and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10847.jpg"},signatures:"Aishah Najiah Dahnel, Mohamad Noor Ikhwan Naiman, Muhammad Azim Mirza Mohd Farid, Ahmad Faris Abdul Rahman and Nur Munirah Meera Mydin"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:13},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"