Summary of quality of included studies.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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In recent years, the advanced biorefinery idea has received a lot of interest as a model of decentralised production of advanced biodiesels, especially in rural regions. Such decentralised, small-to-medium scale biorefineries seem to have the most promise for expanding biodiesel production and hastening rural economic revival. Acquiring fresh scientific information and quickly integrating new knowledge and experience into plans and activities are critical in the renewable energy sector's dynamics. It is vital to equip experts, policymakers, and the general public with relevant and timely information so that they may make educated choices.
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His research interests stem from the PhD in the combustion of renewable fuels he completed at the University of New South Wales in 2019, where he focused on the reduction of emissions (particularly PM/soot) from diesel combustion. Dr IMR Fattah was named one of the Top 2% of Scientists in the World in 2021 by Elsevier BV and Stanford University. He was also featured as one of the 'Research Rising Stars' (Top 40 researchers who are less than 10 years into their careers) for his outstanding achievements in a September 2019 Special Report by 'The Australian'. He is actively engaged in the field by publishing over 80 articles and gaining over 5900 citations of his works. He is serving as an 'Associate Editor' at 'Frontiers in Energy Research' and as an editorial board member at ''Energies (MDPI)', ''Highlights of Sustainability (Highlights of Science)’ and ‘Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research (LIDSEN Publishing)’. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"18474",title:"Role of Plant Transcription Factors in Abiotic Stress Tolerance",doi:"10.5772/23172",slug:"role-of-plant-transcription-factors-in-abiotic-stress-tolerance",body:'Plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses such as drought, high salt, heat and extremes of temperature. Growth constraints due to these abiotic stresses result in reduced productivity and significant crop losses globally. Drought and salinity affect more than 10% of arable land, which results in more than 50% decline in the average yields of important crops worldwide (Bray et al., 2000). Tolerance or susceptibility to these stresses is also a very intricate event as stress may affect multiple stages of plant development and often several stresses concurrently affect the plants (Chinnusamy et al., 2004). Therefore, the basic mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance and adaptation have been the area of comprehensive research.
Plants counter adverse environmental conditions in a complex, integrated way depending on the timing and length that allows them to respond and adapt to the existing constraints present at a given time. Plant stress tolerance involves changes at whole-plant, tissue, cellular, physiological and molecular levels. Exhibition of a distinct or a combination of intrinsic changes ascertains the capacity of a plant to sustain itself under unfavorable environmental conditions (Farooq et al., 2009). This comprises a range of physiological and biochemical adjustments in plants including leaf wilting, leaf area reduction, leaf abscission, root growth stimulation, alterations in relative water content (RWC), electrolytic leakage (EL), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of free radicals which disturb cellular homeostasis ensuing lipid peroxidation, membrane damage, and inactivation of enzymes thus influencing cell viability (Bartels and Sunkar, 2005). Other than these, abscissa acid (ABA), a plant stress hormone, induces leaf stomata closure, thus reducing transpirational water loss and photosynthetic rate which improves the water-use efficiency (WUE) of the plant. Molecular responses to abiotic stress on the other hand include perception, signal transduction, gene expression and ultimately metabolic changes in the plant thus providing stress tolerance (Agarwal et al., 2006).
Several genes are activated in response to abiotic stresses at the transcriptional level, and their products are contemplated to provide stress tolerance by the production of vital metabolic proteins and also in regulating the downstream genes (Kavar et al., 2007). Transcript profiling can be a significant tool for the characterization of stress-responsive genes. Extensive transcriptome analyses have divulged that these gene products can largely be classified into two groups (Bohnert et al., 2001; Seki et al., 2002; Fowler and Thomashow, 2002). First group comprises of genes that encode for proteins that defend the cells from the effects of water-deficit. These genes mainly include those that regulate the accumulation of compatible solutes (enzymes for osmolyte biosynthesis like proline, betaine, sugars, etc.); passive and active transport systems across membranes (water channel proteins and membrane transporters); and protection and stabilization of cell structures from damage by ROS (the detoxification enzymes such as glutathione
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that act together with other transcriptional regulators, including chromatin remodeling/modifying proteins, to employ or obstruct RNA polymerases to the DNA template (Udvardi et al., 2007). Plant genomes assign approximately 7% of their coding sequence to TFs, which proves the complexity of transcriptional regulation (Udvardi et al., 2007). The TFs interact with
The phytohormone ABA is the central regulator of abiotic stress particularly drought resistance in plants, and coordinates a complex gene regulatory network enabling plants to cope with decreased water availability (Cutler et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2010). ABA-dependent signaling systems have been illustrated as pathways that mediate stress adaptation by induction of atleast two separate regulons (a group of genes controlled by a certain TF): (1) the AREB/ABF (ABA-responsive element-binding protein/ ABA-binding factor) regulon; and (2) the MYC (myelocytomatosis oncogene)/MYB (myeloblastosis oncogene) regulon (Abe et al., 1997; Busk and Pagés, 1998; Saibo et al., 2009). While ABA-independent regulons are: (1) the CBF/DREB regulon; and (2) the NAC (NAM, ATAF and CUC) and ZF-HD (zinc-finger homeodomain) regulon (Nakashima et al. 2009; Saibo et al., 2009). However in addition, several studies have identified the existence of both ABA-dependent and –independent pathways of stress response that function through AP2/EREBP (ERF) family members (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1994; Kizis and Pagés, 2002). In addition to these well-known regulons, a large number of other TFs are also involved in abiotic stress responses, thereby playing a crucial role in imparting stress endurance to plants. Although
A schematic representation of transcriptional regulatory networks of
these different stress responsive TFs usually function independently, it is undoubtedly possible that some level of cross-talk exists between them.
This chapter focuses on these TFs and their role in regulating abiotic stress responses in plants (Table 1) as well as their utility in engineering stress tolerance for crop improvement programs (Table 2).
Response of transcription factors to various stresses.
Stress response of overexpressing transcription factors in transgenic plants.
A conserved
The AREB or ABFs are bZIP (basic leucine zipper) TFs that bind to the ABRE motif and activate ABA-dependent gene expression were first isolated in a yeast one-hybrid screening (Choi et al., 2000; Uno et al., 2000). It was reported that in the ABA-deficient
AREB/ABF genes are mostly redundant in tissue-specific expression either in vegetative tissues or seeds (Choi et al., 2000; Uno et al., 2000).
Overexpression of
The MYC/MYB families of proteins are universally found in both plants and animals and known to have varied functions. Both MYC/MYB TFs participate in the ABA-dependent pathway of stress signaling for the upregulation of the abiotic stress responsive genes. The first MYB gene identified was the v-MYB gene of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) (Klempnauer et al., 1982). The first plant MYB gene, C1, was identified in
MYB TFs play important roles in many physiological processes under normal or unfavorable growth conditions (Jin and Martin, 1999; Chen et al., 2006; Yanhui et al., 2006) and also in secondary metabolism (Paz-Ares et al., 1987), cell morphogenesis (Higginson et al., 2003), meristem formation and floral and seed development (Kirik et al., 1998), cell cycle control (Araki et al., 2004), defense and stress responses (Abe et al., 2003), and hormone signaling (Newman et al., 2004). MYC and MYB TFs accumulate only after ABA accumulation.
Overexpression of
The dehydration responsive element binding proteins (DREBs) are important AP2/ERF plant TFs that induce a set of abiotic stress-related genes, thus imparting stress tolerance to plants. These play an important role in the ABA-independent pathways that activates stress responsive genes. The first isolated cDNAs encoding DRE binding proteins, CBF1 (CRT binding factor1), DREB1A and DREB2A were identified through yeast one-hybrid screening from
The DREB TFs contain an extremely conserved AP2/ERF DNA-binding domain throughout plant kingdom. The domain consists of a three-stranded β-sheet and one α -helix running almost parallel to it that contacts DNA via Arg and Trp residues located in the β-sheet (Magnani et al., 2004). Two conserved functional amino acids (valine and glutamic acid) at 14th and 19th residues respectively, exist in the DNA binding domain, which are crucial sites for the binding of DREBs and DRE core sequences (Liu et al., 1998). An alkaline N-terminal amino acid region that serve as a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a conserved Ser/Thr-rich region responsible for phosphorylation near the AP2/ERF DNA binding domain are also mostly present (Liu et al., 1998; Agarwal et al., 2006).The proteins contain an acidic C-terminal region which might be functional in
The activation of these transcripts is organ-specific and comparative to the extent of the stress given. When exposed to salt stress,
Transgenic
These studies indicate that the DREB proteins are important TFs in regulating abiotic stress-related genes and play a critical role in imparting stress endurance to plants.
The NAC family of plant-specific TFs is one of the largest in the plant genome, with 106 and 149 members in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively (Gong et al., 2004, Xiong et al., 2005). NAC family TFs contains a highly conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a diversified C-terminal domain (Hu et al., 2008). NAC was derived from the names of the first three described TFs containing NAC domain, namely NAM (no apical meristem), ATAF1-2 and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon) (Souer et al., 1996; Aida et al., 1997). The
Numerous studies have examined the involvement of several types of NAC TFs in plant developmental programs (Sablowski and Meyerowitz 1998; Xie et al. 2000; Weir et al. 2004), and disease resistance (Collinge and Boller, 2001; Oh et al., 2005; Nakashima et al., 2007). A few
Several target genes of the ANAC019, ANAC055, and ANAC072 transcriptional activators were identified in the Arabidopsis transgenic plants using cDNA microarray. These transgenic plants also exhibited improved drought tolerance (Tran et al., 2004). The
There are a number of TFs which are involved in abiotic stress responses other than the TFs belonging to the well known regulons described above. A new class of homeodomain TF known as HIGHER EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE 9 (HOS 9) and a R2R3-type MYB protein HOS 10 have been identified recently which are found to be associated with cold stress (Zhu et al., 2004, 2005).
WRKYs are another important class of plant TFs which have shown to possess multiple functions in plants including abiotic stress responses.
Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) are one of the important TFs found abundantly in plants and animals. They contain sequence motifs in which cysteines and/or histidines coordinate zinc atom(s) forming local peptide structures required for their specific functions (Singh et al., 2010). Cys2/His2 (C2H2)-type ZFPs containing the EAR transcriptional repressor domain, play a key role in regulating the defense responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stress conditions (Singh et al., 2010). Over-expression of
In response to abiotic stresses such as, drought, salinity, heat, cold and mechanical wounding many genes are regulated, and their gene products function in providing stress tolerance to plants. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant responses to abiotic stresses is very important as it facilitates in exploiting them to improve stress tolerance and productivity. This review summarizes the role of important plant TFs namely; ABRE, MYC/MYB, CBF/DREBs and NAC that regulate various stress responsive gene expression. They play a crucial role in providing tolerance to multiple stresses generally in both ABA-dependent and -independent manner and through respective
This study was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhi and core grant from the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR). Ms Charu Lata acknowledges the award of SRF from the UGC, New Delhi. We are thankful to Prof. A. K. Tyagi (Director, NIPGR) for support and encouragement.
Physical activity (PA) is one of the most accessible interventions for anxiety disorders for the public, whereas few systematic research has been done to examine its efficacy. PA is defined as a movement that causes an increase in energy expenditure in the movement of people [1], including walking, running, doing housework, jogging, or other sports that are defined as PA behaviour [2, 3]. Dollman et al. (2015) have classified PA intensity with metabolic equivalent (MET) as light PA (MET: 0–2.99), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MET:3–5.99), and vigorous PA (MET: ≥6) through a scale of energy expenditure [4, 5, 6]. PA intervention aims to promote the health of people through exercise training, sports and habit of PA [7, 8]. A PA intervention study should specify the processing target (e.g., children, adolescents, or some clinic population), PA type (e.g., aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or yoga), PA intensity (e.g., light, moderator, moderator-to-vigorous), PA frequency (e.g., three sessions per week, 60 minutes per session), PA duration (e.g., three months, 1 years), and outcome measurement [9]. The PA intervention research is easier to quantify and more accessible to the generalised population. It is also found to benefit mental health. Therefore, research is also focused on the effect of PA intervention on panic disorder.
For example, Ensari, Petruzzello [10] conducted an RCT experiment to deliver a 40-minute yoga programme for eighteen participants with high-anxious. The result suggested a significant main effect of the task on panic and respiratory measures (p < .05). When collapsed over inhibition task and condition, there was a small reduction in cognitive anxiety from baseline to immediately post and 1-h post-condition (p < .05) [10]. Similarly, Naderi, Naderi [11] investigated the effect of physical exercise on anxiety among victims of child abuse and reported a significant reduction in anxiety (p < .001). Accordingly, the author argued that such improvement is comparable to empirically supported treatments for panic and GAD. However, such effects of PA intervention on panic disorder used a variety of PA types, intensity levels, or frequency and, therefore, produced isolated effects. The effect of PA could vary regarding individual differences, such as age and gender [12]. A most recent systematic review in 2022 tended to examine the effect of regular exercise interventions on the panic disorder in adults. They only retrieved eight studies in this field and demonstrated no clear evidence suggesting whether regular exercise programs (at least two 20-minute sessions per week for at least six weeks) reduce panic-related symptoms. The study argued for more RCT studies to support more robust and clear evidence for better understanding [11].
Moreover, there were even fewer studies focused on the effect of PA intervention on the panic disorder or general anxiety disorder (GAD) in children and adolescents, respectively. This may be because it is difficult to categorise different anxiety disorders among children. Furthermore, there is a lack of tools to measure child panic in laboratory settings. For example, there is the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder, revised children’s manifest anxiety scale and social anxiety scale for children to measure anxiety disorder in children and adolescents [9, 13, 14], whereas the panic disorder is measured based on the sensitivity of anxiety scales in children and adolescents [15]. These unclear concepts may increase the research difficulty, which supports the evidence for PA intervention on panic disorder in children and adolescents. Therefore, this chapter aims to carry out a quantitative review to clarify and explore the evidence in this area. Moreover, the secondary objective is to investigate the effect of PA intervention on anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.
The previous Machado, Telles [11] review obtained a similar outcome measurement to examine the effect of PA on anxiety disorder. Their target sample did not limit the population age, which means there is no evidence that physical activities affect panic and anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Consequently, the current analysis aims 1) to summarise and explain the potential impact of PA interventions on panic symptoms and critically comment on the research that exists and 2) to analyse the effect of PA intervention on panic and anxiety symptoms in children, adolescents and early adulthood, through meta-analysis, which provides reference evidence for further research.
The study is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022334054).
The forest plot of the effect size of physical activity on panic in children, adolescents and early adulthood.
Search is conducted on 22nd April 2022, which follow databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SPORTDiscus. Search terms based on the PICO format (participants/population, intervention/exposure, comparison, outcome) were divided, and adjusted according to the respective databases’ Thesaurus and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms (Bramer et al., 2018) through Ovid. Articles must be available in English, there will be no restriction on the publication period. The full list of search terms is provided in Supplementary Material 1.
The inclusion criteria of the current analysis were: 1) Population: studies included participants who primarily exhibited panic or anxiety symptoms or were diagnosed with panic or anxiety disorders in children, adolescents (5–19 years) and early adulthoods (19–22 years). Participants may present secondary comorbid other illnesses, such as diabetes; 2) Intervention: studies applied regular PA intervention (i.e. walk, jog, aerobic, strength, or multimodal training), which is prescribed to reduce panic disorder or GAD, social anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia. PA interventions can be combined with other treatment procedures were also included; 3) Comparators: studies included a control group as a comparator, which is not received the PA intervention delivery; 4) Outcomes: studies that took panic symptoms or panic disorder as the primary outcome. And the second outcome was anxiety symptoms, GAD, social anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or agoraphobia; 5) Study Design: studies carried out in randomised trials (RCT) comparing an intervention(s) encompassing PA with a group(s) without PA intervention or encompassing PA at the baseline with post PA intervention.
The exclusion criteria were: 1) studies reported in non-English language; 2) studies reported insufficient information to estimate effect size or other essential data.
Study selection: Data will be formatted in RIS format and will be managed using the endnote software. PRISMA 2020 guidelines will be applied for reporting the screening process [16]. Two researchers will undertake the removal process through an independent screen. Firstly, all duplicate articles will be removed before reviewing titles and abstracts. Those not fitting the inclusion criteria will be removed. Then, full-text versions will be collected when the articles meet the screening criteria. Discussions with a third reviewer will resolve discrepancies between the two independent reviewers.
Data extraction: Two independent reviewers will extract the following four data dimensions. Including fundamental characteristics (e.g., author, public year, country, population, sample, age, sex, weight status), intervention characteristics (e.g., PA intensity/frequency/duration, intervention program), methodology (e.g., data analysis method), and effect size.
Two reviewers will independently score the studies according to the National Institutes of Health study quality assessment tool for Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools). The quality assessment focused on the specification of eligibility criteria, generalisability, intervention description, outcome assessment and incomplete data [17]. There were 14 items assessed in the quality assessment, as shown in Appendix S1. The tool does not assign numeric values or definite judgements of the quality of the studies, although it has good, fair, and poor results. Good quality studies have less bias risk and are more valid. A fair study is prone to some bias but insufficient to invalidate its findings. A poor study has a high-risk of bias and is considered invalid [18]. The results of quality assessment are presented in Table 1.
Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenis-Coskun et al., 2022 | Y | Y | Y | NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Good |
Tanksale et al., 2021 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | NR | NA | Y | Fair |
Nazari et al., 2020 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Fair |
Romero-Pérez et al., 2020 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Fair |
Yu et al., 2020 | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Fair |
Mucke et al., 2020 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NA | Y | Good |
Akko et al., 2020 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Good |
Luna et al., 2019 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Fair |
Naderi et al., 2019 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Fair |
Ensari et al., 2019 | Y | N | N | NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Fair |
Polis et al., 2017 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | NR | NA | Y | Fair |
Smits et al., 2009 | Y | N | NR | NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Fair |
Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008 | Y | N | NR | NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Fair |
Lindwall et al., 2005 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | NA | Y | NR | Y | Y | Poor |
Crew et al., 2004 | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | NA | Y | Fair |
Summary of quality of included studies.
The studies we aimed to include in the current analysis were RCTs with both between-subject, within-subject and mixed designs. Consequently, a combined effect size of standard mean difference (Cohen’s d) was calculated for each study to produce a pooled effect size based on the improved method provided in Morris [19]. Firstly, the effect size of studies reported only median and interquartile range was estimated based on the improved formula [20, 21], where d refers to Cohen’s d; q1 refers to the first quartile; q3 refers to the third quartile:
Moreover, studies reported pre-calculated Cohen’s d without providing the mean or standard deviation was estimated standard error using the 95% confidence interval for meta-analysis weighting [22], where SE refers to standard error, CLup and CLlow refer to the upper and the lower bound of the confidence interval, respectively:
The effect sizes were from between-subject design, within-subject design and mixed design studies were extracted, converted and matched to Cohen’s d with an online converter tool ‘Psychometrica’ (https://www.psychometrica.de/effect_size.html), which follows the method proposed in Morris [19] and Lakens [23].
The statistical analysis was carried out in STATA v.17. The estimated effect sizes of adolescent panic and anxiety were pooled in a quantitative meta-analysis in a random effect model and Cohen’s d to determine the overall effect among the studies. A significant result of this analysis indicates that there was a significant effect of physical activities/exercise on adolescent panic or anxiety across the studies. The effect size is considered small when SMD is between 0.2 and 0.5, medium when it is between 0.5 and 0.8, and large when it is above 0.8 [24].
Then, a heterogeneity test of the available data was carried out with the random effect model. A non-significant result in the heterogeneity test would mean that the effect sizes were homogenous and measured a consistent effect on the same side. The heterogeneity I2 is considered moderate when I2 > 50%, and it is considered high when I2 > 75% [21]. Egger’s regression-based tests were then used to assess the publication bias. A significant result in this test would suggest potential publication bias in the current analysis.
Finally, exploratory meta-regression analyses were performed on the available characteristic data, including age, gender and intervention duration, to determine potential predictors of the current effect. The research method would be entered into subgroup analysis to determine whether the study design made a difference in the overall effect.
As shown in Appendix 2, keywords searching in MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SportDiscus resulted in 1691 articles. After reviewing, based on inclusion criteria, twelve studies were identified, and four studies were excluded based on exclusion criteria, leaving eight studies for the meta-analysis. The included 11 studies were all RCTs in different designs (within-subject, between-subject and mixed design).
As shown in Table 2, 15 RCT studies with sufficient data were included. Among these studies, 14 obtained anxiety measurements, including social anxiety disorder [14, 25, 26] and GAD [10, 13, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32], and 4 studies obtained panic measurements [10, 31, 32, 33]. There were 994 participants included in total, and 478 and 354 participants were allocated in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The mean age of the participants was 13.21 ± 4.16 years old, ranging from 8 to 24 years old. Physical activity intervention duration was from a minimum of 2 weeks to 8 months, and frequency was 2 or 3 sessions per week, with two studies performing a one-session intervention [10, 34]. Two studies also provided discussion and reflection sessions after the physical activity sessions [34, 35] and two studies were conducted on the school campus [14, 28].
Study | Overall sample | IG sample Pre-I (Post-I) | CG sample Pre-I (Post-I) | Overall age (SD) | Female sample | IG content | CG content | Frequency (Duration) | Panic and anxiety measurement | Study Design | Intensity measurement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenis-Coskun et al., 2022 | 28 | 14 (14) | 14 (14) | 9.90 (1.91) | 20 | Multiple rehabilitation exercises repeated 10 times each: Corner Pectoral Stretch; Scapular Retraction with External Rotation; Triceps Brachii Strengthening; Biceps Strengthening Exercise; Biceps Strengthening Exercise; Lateral Abdominal Muscle Strengthening Exercise; Push Up; Back Extensors Strengthening. | NR | 3 s/w (12 weeks) | RCADS | Mixed | NA |
Tanksale et al., 2021 | 61 | 31 (31) | 30 (30) | 9.44 (1.35) | 22 | The lead researcher delivered the Yoga program face-to-face to all participants on the university campus within a group of less than 5 parent–child dyads. | Participants were randomly allocated to a waiting list without receiving intervention | 1 s/w (6 weeks) | ASC-ASD | Between-subject | NA |
Nazari et al., 2020 | 40 | 20 (20) | 20 (20) | 11.11 (2.29) | NR | 20 mins of Pilates exercises & 20 mins of body weight-bearing exercise & 20 mins aerobic exercises (V-forward, V-back & march) | NR | 3 s/w (16 weeks) | RCMAS | Mixed | Heart rate |
Romero-Pérez et al., 2020 | 105 | 54 (54) | 51 (51) | 9.88 (0.83) | 60 | 5-min warm-up, a 40-min aerobic exercise | The CG participants continued with their usual activities at the end of the classes | 2 s/w (20 weeks) | RCMAS | Mixed | NA |
Yu et al., 2020 | 188 | 106 (99) | 82 (72) | 9.8 (0.7) | 35 | 20-min class recess in the morning and one extra gym class (40 min) after school in the afternoon, including Jogging 20 min in the morning break every weekday; Rope skipping 40 min on Monday and Thursday; Playing badminton 40 min on Wednesday and Friday; 200-m relay race 40 min on Tuesday. | Children in the control school followed their usual practice with no extra intervention | (weekday daily) 5 s/w (8 months) | SAQ-C24 | Mixed | NA |
Mucke et al., 2020 | 60 | 30 (NA) | 30 (NA) | 17.9 (1.24) | 0 | The exercise group performed an exercise session at moderate intensity on a bicycle ergometer (30 mins) | During the next 30 mins, the control group read an article from a magazine of their choice | One session | STAI | Between-subject | Heart Rate |
Akko et al., 2020 | 44 | 23 (23) | 21 (21) | 9.35 (0.6) | 39 | 45 min after school running and running-based games of moderate-intensity | preadolescent children participated in assisted homework sessions to prevent attention bias and to control for retest effects | 3 s/w (10 weeks) | STAI | Mixed | NA |
Luna et al., 2019 | 113 | 69 (69) | 44 (44) | 13.82 (0.79) | 49 | 55-minute sessions volleyball sessions, including warming-up, training and friendly matches and regular stage competition; Meetings for comprehension and reflection with the intervention of the responsibility roles | Traditional collective sport (basketball) with a conventional teaching style in which the teachers directed all tasks without students’ participation | 2–3 s/w (6 weeks) | SAS-A | Mixed | NA |
Naderi et al., 2019 | 22 | 11 (11) | 11 (11) | 8 to 11 | 22 | Aerobic dancing: Warming up (10–15 min); Basic movements (35–40 min); Cooling down (10 min) | Not receiving any intervention | 3 s/w(8 weeks) | STAI | Mixed | NA |
Ensari et al., 2019 | 18 | 9 (9) | 9 (9) | 22.1 (5.0) | 18 | 40 min Yoga session, which was designed based on published recommendations under the guidance of an instructor with the specific order of poses | Stretching exercises | One session | API & SAI | Mixed | Heart Rate |
Polis et al., 2017 | 23 | 12 (5) | 11 (8) | 11 to 18 | NR | Evening yoga session led by yoga instructor | NR | 2 s/w (6 weeks) | STAI | Mixed | NA |
Smits et al., 2009 | 92 | 48 (48) | 44 (44) | 19.43 (1.31) | 51 | 20 min treadmill exercise on a computer-controlled treadmill, maintaining 70% of max heart rate | 20-min resting period | One session | API | Mixed | Heart Rate |
Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008 | 24 | 12 (12) | 12 (12) | 19.04 (1.90) | 19 | 20 min aerobic exercise: treadmill running | Report to the lab at the same time but no exercise | 3 s/w (2 weeks) | ASI-R | Mixed | Heart Rate |
Lindwall et al., 2005 | 110 | 56 (27) | 54 (35) | 16.35 (1.56) | 110 | Preferred multiple aerobics exercises (45 min) and discussion (15 min), including water aerobics, step-up, badminton, kickboxing, spinning dancing, climbing, bowling, karate, jujitsu, yoga and different ballgames | Control group were put on a waiting list with no forms of alternative activities organised | 2 s/w (24 weeks) | SPAS | Mixed | NA |
Crew et al., 2004 | 66 | 66 (66) | NA | NR (Grade 4) | 33 | The aerobic group exercised by means of stationary cycling, track running, and jumping on a minitrampoline. The physical activity group engaged in a variety of physical activities such as shooting baskets for skill improvement, playing a common children’s game called foursquare, and walking | NA | 3 s/w (6 weeks) | STAI | Within-subject | Heart Rate |
Overall | 994 | 561 (488) | 433 (371) | 13.21 (4.16) | 478 (51.3%) |
Characteristics of included studies.
IG = intervention group; CG = control group; Pre-I: pre-intervention; Post-I: post-intervention; s/w = sessions per week; NR = not reported; NA = not applicable; ASC-ASD: Anxiety Scale for Children–Autism Spectrum Disorder RCMAS = Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale; SAQ-C24 = Social Anxiety Scale for Children; SAS-A = Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents; STAI = State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; SAI = State Anxiety Inventory; SPAS = Social Physique Anxiety Scale; RCADS = Anxiety and Depression Scale in Children-Revised; API = Acute Panic Inventory; ASI-R = Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised. The sports type are labelled in bold.
NA: not applicable, NR: not reported, CD: cannot determine, overall of Good: more than 10Y (NA = Y), Fair 8 to 10Y, Poor: Below 8.
Overall, three reports showed good quality, whereas most studies were fair. We can find that in terms of random methods, most of the studies do not report the process of random sampling and there are basically no studies that apply computer random sampling methods. In addition, the information reported on the sample power is relatively lacking.
Funnel plot of the effect size estimates of physical activity on the panic symptoms in children and adolescents.
Predictor | Coefficient B | SE | 95% CI | z | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −.03 | .03 | [−.11 .04] | −.99 | .325 |
Gender Ratio (Female) | −.06 | .66 | [−1.35 1.23] | 0.09 | .927 |
Meta-regression analysis on age and gender predicting pooled effect sizes of PA intervention reducing panic disorder.
The forest plot of the effect size of physical activity on anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.
Funnel plot of the effect size estimates of physical activity on anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.
The research method (mixed-design vs. between-subject & within-subject design) was entered into subgroup analysis to determine whether the main effect changed between the two interactive groups. No significant group difference in homogeneity was identified in either research method, Qb(1) = 1.26,
The current chapter carried out a meta-analysis on 15 reports to investigate the pooled effect sizes of PA intervention on panic and anxiety symptoms among children, adolescents and early adulthood. Compared to the controls, we reported a small effect of PA on reducing panic symptoms and a middle effect on reducing anxiety symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to summarise the effect of PA on panic and anxiety symptoms in children, adolescents and early adulthood with meta-analysis.
The primary finding of the current meta-analysis is that the pooled effect sizes from 4 reports yielded a significant small effect (
However, it is very important to bear in mind that this result is very primal and exploratory because it was summarised from four reports with limited sample sizes, of which one study targeted children (N = 28) [33], two studies targeted adolescents (N = 92; N = 24, respectively) [31, 32] and one study targeted early adulthoods (N = 18; age mean = 22.1) [10]. There is, to date, indeed a shortage of evidence in this field. A most recent 2022 systematic review only identified eight studies testing PA intervention’s effect on panic disorder among adults [11] and argued for more evidence. On the one hand, it is difficult to recruit children with panic symptoms or diagnosed with panic disorder and deliver interventions for them. Unlike general anxiety symptoms, panic disorder is often clinically diagnosed and needs to be treated with extra caution. On the other hand, the tool to measure panic symptoms are limited among children. The experiments included in the current analysis used measurements, including API, RCAD and ASI-R [10, 31, 32, 33]. Among these scales, RCAD and ASI-R are developed for anxiety and only address panic symptoms in their subscales, which were not specifically developed for panic disorder. API was developed for panic symptoms but not aimed at children. It is important to evaluate the assessment tool because the panic among children and adolescents could differ between ages [42]. In comparison, another scale developed after 2014 to measure panic symptoms, namely the Panic Disorder Severity Scale for Children, adapted for adolescents from 11 to 17 years old [43], and used in some studies testing the effect of CBT on panic disorder. Future studies could consider testing the effect of PA on children’s panic with suitable assessments.
The secondary finding of the current analysis is that PA intervention had a middle effect (
Knowing that PA intervention reduces panic and anxiety symptoms across the empirical evidence, the next question is what type of exercise produces an optimal effect. The current meta-analysis could not perform the proper subgroup analysis to determine the best PA type due to insufficient data inclusion. Among the 15 studies, three studies applied resistance training, including push up [33], weight-lifting [13] and treadmill exercises [31], whereas others applied aerobic exercise in groups or individually. Among which, the push up and weight-lifting seems to produced the large and significant effect sizes reducing anxiety symptoms (d = −1.72, p < .001; d = −1.07, p = .002, respectively) [13, 33]. The effect of resistance training seemed somewhat contradictive to the mechanism in which the high lactate level could induce panic and anxiety symptoms when such anaerobic exercise produces lactate. There are two possible reasons to explain this. One possible reason is that only lactate in the brain induces the change in brain acidosis that leads to panic and anxiety symptoms [44], whereas muscle lactate produced by anaerobic exercise is independent of that in the brain [45]. It is the blood lactate which influences brain acidosis. The second reason is that the participants were measured almost immediately after the PA intervention cooled down, where the blood lactate level remained still. Hiscock, Dawson [46] tested 4 different types of weight-lifting technic to investigate the difference in muscle activation and blood lactate. The blood lactate was measured immediately after the exercise and no change in blood lactate was detected with a significant difference in muscle activation. Consequently, blood lactate was not influenced by different exercise intensities if measured immdiately after the intervention. Hypothetically, it is the regulation of CO2 during PA that potentially attenuates panic and anxiety symptoms. Future studies could compare, first, the effect of breathing practice from CBT and PA intervention with controlled blood lactate levels. Second, future studies could investigate the long-term effect of resistance training on blood lactate and panic & anxiety symptoms.
The last point to make is that the current meta-regression analysis did not suggest evidence of whether individual differences predicted the pooled effect sizes. Although it was argued in other literature that gender or age could moderate the effect of PA [12]. Previous literature reported gender differences in PA index as age grows [47], and more mature adolescents have more autonomy in PA than children [48], such that they can initiate behaviours that enhance the positive effects of PA on anxiety. As a result, the benefits of PA on depression and anxiety may increase with age. However, the current meta-regression analysis failed to demonstrate such effects on gender or age. One possible reason is that there were only 15 experiments identified in this study, which obtained limited power to detect any individual difference. Thirteen studies reported their gender ratio, and 12 reported the distribution of age. More studies are required to investigate individual differences’ role in the effect of PA intervention on anxiety and panic symptoms.
This meta-analysis has several limitations. Firstly, we used Cohen’s d rather than Hedges’ g to estimate the SMD, which the results might be biased in small sample studies. The reason to pick Cohen’s d was that some studies already reported pre-calculated Cohen’s d and did not provide sufficient information (N, mean, SD) to carry out transformation or bias correction. With limited numbers of the study identified, it would be impossible to exclude them from the analysis, and this could only be solved by including more studies with sufficient data. Secondly, the current study did not control the comorbidity among children and adolescents, which could affect the outcome of physical activities on panic and anxiety symptoms. As a result, the current results were very primal and exploratory, which should be considered cautiously.
Conclusion(s).
The current meta-analysis reported a small effect of PA intervention on reducing panic symptoms and a middle effect on reducing anxiety symptoms in children, adolescents and early adulthood. Meta-regression analysis did not support age or gender predictors of the pooled effect size. More studies in this field are required to produce a more solid conclusion.
We thank all of the staff who contributed their time to our research.
China Scholarship Council and University of Exeter PhD Scholarship.
Appendix 1 Search strategy of systematic review.
Appendix 2 Flow chart of studies retrieved and screened according to the PRISMA.
Appendix 3 Characteristics of included studies.docx.
Appendix 4 Summary of quality of included studies.
Appendix 5 Meta-analysis of raw data.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abílio Afonso",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-afonso-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Afonso Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27687,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",abstract:"Universities are the main actors that deliver community service in Ethiopia. Community service is among the three pillars of the university’s business along with teaching and research tasks. Employing a qualitative case study design, this research inspects the practices of community services against the ascribed principles and identifes the pitfalls of community service in Debre Markos University. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected through key informants interviews, semistructured interviews, and non-participant observation. Thirteen participants, five through key informant interview and eight through a semistructured interview were addressed. Participants were purposively selected from both the university and the nearby community. Lecturers, vice-presidents, and directors have participated in the interview. Articles, books, different reports, newspapers, and magazines were reviewed and used as sources of secondary data. Thematic data analysis technique was employed to analyze the primary data, and document analysis was used to analyze the data gained from secondary sources. The results show that, though community service is rendered since 2006 at Debre Markos University, there are still limitations in adhering to the principles of community service. These include shortage of budget, low level of University-Industry Linkage (UIL), less commitment of the staff, and the low level of monitoring and evaluation.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Mengist"},{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",abstract:"This article presents the results of an analysis of apology strategies in native and non-native French in Canadian context. The data used were obtained through a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire that was completed by a group of native French speakers (FL1) and a group of learners of French as a second language (FL2). The goal was to identify and compare pragmatic and linguistic choices made by both groups when apologizing in three different situations. Several differences and similarities emerged between the two groups regarding the use of exclamations to introduce apologies, direct apologies, indirect apologies, and supportive acts. For instance, it was found that the FL1 speakers used “expressions of regret”, “offers of apology” 15 and “requests for forgiveness” to apologize directly, while the FL2 speaking informants used 16 only “expressions of regret” and “offers of apology”. While the respondents of both groups 17 mostly chose “offers of repair” to apologize indirectly, they displayed divergent preferences 18 regarding the use of other indirect apology strategies. Differences were also documented 19 with respect to the use of intensification devices in direct apologies and the use of supportive acts. Implications of the findings for L2 French pedagogy were also discussed.",book:{id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"},{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"},{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"83014",title:"Culture: A Pillar of Organizational Sustainability",slug:"culture-a-pillar-of-organizational-sustainability",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106523",abstract:"Sustainability is a concern that permeates all levels of society and is premised on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. More recently, policies and research have emerged that guide organizations to align their activities with the broader sustainable development agendas, including cultural issues, not just economic, social, and environmental ones. Culture is the material and immaterial attribute of society. It incorporates social organizations, literature, religion, myths, beliefs, behaviors and entrepreneurial practices of the productive segment, use of technology, and expressive art forms on which future generations depend. Thus, cultural sustainability is a fundamental issue and is configured as the fourth pillar of sustainability, equal to social, economic, and environmental issues, which has to do with the ability to sustain or continue with cultural beliefs and practices, preserve cultural heritage as its entity, and try to answer whether any culture will exist in the future. The importance of cultural sustainability lies in its power to influence people. Their beliefs are in the decisions made by society. Thus, there can be no sustainable development without including culture.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Clea Beatriz Macagnan and Rosane Maria Seibert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:282},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. 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Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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