Psychometrics of key variables; N = 406 for all variables.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5295",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Autophagy in Current Trends in Cellular Physiology and Pathology",title:"Autophagy in Current Trends in Cellular Physiology and Pathology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Autophagy in Current Trends in Cellular Physiology and Pathology is addressed to one of the fundamental molecular mechanisms - autophagy- evolutionarily adopted by cells for processing of unnecessary or malfunctioned constituents and shaping intracellular structures, adjusting them to environmental conditions, aging, disease, neoplasia, and damages over their life period. Particular attention is paid to autophagy-mediated barrier processes of selective sequestration and recycling of impaired organelles and degradation of invading microorganisms, that is, the processes sustaining intrinsic resistance to stress, tissue degeneration, toxic exposures, and infections. The presented topics encompass personal experience and visions of the chapter contributors and the editors; the book chapters include a broad analysis of literature on biology of autophagy.",isbn:"978-953-51-2727-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2726-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4152-5",doi:"10.5772/61911",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"autophagy-in-current-trends-in-cellular-physiology-and-pathology",numberOfPages:526,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"e16382542f283b73017bdb366aff66ad",bookSignature:"Nikolai V. Gorbunov and Marion Schneider",publishedDate:"November 10th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5295.jpg",numberOfDownloads:41605,numberOfWosCitations:33,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:87,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 16th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 7th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 26th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 24th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 24th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"180960",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180960/images/system/180960.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nikolai V. Gorbunov received a Ph.D. in Biology from the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was granted a postdoctoral research award by the NRC Research Associateship Programs, after which he joined the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Maryland, USA, to pursue postdoctoral training and research on biophysics and molecular and cellular pathology of blast-related polytrauma. Dr. Gorbunov completed a DoE-sponsored training in radiation sciences and radiation health at the University of Pittsburgh and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, USA (www.emsl.pnl.gov/emslweb). His translational research areas include redox homeostasis, cellular mechanisms of barrier functions in conjunction with the biology of blast polytrauma, and acute radiation illness. In this framework, he investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to vascular dysfunction and impairment of tissue barriers in the pathogenesis of radiation-combined injury with a focus on the development of new remedies for the management of the diseases. He conducted this research at WRAIR and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Maryland, USA (https://www.usuhs.edu).",institutionString:"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Henry M. Jackson Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"200898",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabeth Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Schneider",slug:"elisabeth-marion-schneider",fullName:"Elisabeth Marion Schneider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200898/images/4957_n.jpg",biography:"Marion Schneider studied biology and medicine at Bonn University, Germany. Her postdoctoral fellowship was on T-cell deficiencies and stem cell transplantation at the University of Tubingen and HIV1 infection in macrophages and myeloid cells at the Institut Pasteur in Paris (1981–1985), where for the first time she got interested in vacuolization and prolonged viability as well as persistence of macrophages even under conditions of virus infections. Her next topics were hemophagocytic diseases (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HLH) and macrophage activation syndromes (MAS) related to immune dysfunction and chronic virus infections as well as severe sepsis and septic shock. When taking the professorship for Experimental Anesthesiology at Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, in 1998, she concentrated on biomarker analysis combining soluble and membrane-bound characteristics of major inflammatory diseases related to inflammasome activation. Inflammation appears to be a major risk factor for sepsis (systemic inflammation) and also for tumor manifestation. In collaboration with the Department of Neurosurgery in the Ulm University, an intense analysis of autophagy has been initiated to overcome the upregulation of autophagy in type IV glioblastoma with novel chemotherapeutic agents.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University Hospital Ulm",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"414",title:"Cytology",slug:"cytology"}],chapters:[{id:"52485",title:"Introductory Chapter: Overview on Autophagy in Burden of Functions",doi:"10.5772/65435",slug:"introductory-chapter-overview-on-autophagy-in-burden-of-functions",totalDownloads:1760,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nikolai V. Gorbunov and E. Marion Schneider",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52485",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52485",authors:[{id:"180960",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov"}],corrections:null},{id:"52233",title:"Aging-Related Diseases and Autophagy",doi:"10.5772/64540",slug:"aging-related-diseases-and-autophagy",totalDownloads:1855,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is fundamental, evolutionary conserved physiological process at molecular level which targets long-lived cytosolic proteins and organelles to be recycled through lysosomal degradation. Diminished autophagic activity caused cellular stress in many organisms following aging, and inhibition of autophagy in model organisms causes degenerative changes and pathologic diseases observed with high incidence ratio generally in older ages. Consequently the delayed senescence or increased longevity in model organisms often stimulate autophagy, and autophagy inhibition compromises anti-aging effects. The cytoprotective function of autophagy is presented in various human diseases such as lung, liver, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, myopathies, cancer, stroke, infections and metabolic diseases which are found associated with autophagic targets. These pathologies are defined with their age-dependent characteristics, is not fully understood that how autophagy network regulates metabolism and may cause diseases in age-related manner. In this book chapter, we are going to discuss the autophagy and aging relationship in three different parts. In the first section autophagy and aging relationship is going to be presented through explaining responsible signalling network. The autophagy and age-related neurological disorders, genetic basis of age-dependent diseases and the functional role of autophagy is going to be discussed in the second and third part of the chapter.",signatures:"Elif Damla Arisan, Pinar Obakan-Yerlikaya, Ajda Coker-Gurkan and\nNarçin Palavan Unsal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52233",authors:[{id:"183217",title:"Dr.",name:"Damla",surname:"Arisan",slug:"damla-arisan",fullName:"Damla Arisan"},{id:"183665",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajda",surname:"Coker-Gurkan",slug:"ajda-coker-gurkan",fullName:"Ajda Coker-Gurkan"},{id:"183666",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinar",surname:"Obakan-Yerlikaya",slug:"pinar-obakan-yerlikaya",fullName:"Pinar Obakan-Yerlikaya"},{id:"183669",title:"Prof.",name:"Narcin",surname:"Palavan-Unsal",slug:"narcin-palavan-unsal",fullName:"Narcin Palavan-Unsal"}],corrections:null},{id:"50814",title:"Cell Cycle Analysis of ER Stress and Autophagy",doi:"10.5772/63653",slug:"cell-cycle-analysis-of-er-stress-and-autophagy",totalDownloads:2045,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cell cycle-arresting drugs, thapsigargin (Tg) and chloroquine (CQ), are employed to study endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the autophagic process using cell lines without measuring the cell cycle of such cells. The potential cell cycle-dependent aspect of such processes in cell lines may impact upon the degree of ER stress and autophagy measured. ER stress is known to be caused by a build-up of misfolded proteins within the ER, which may then undergo ER phagy or reticulophagy. The cell cycle-dependent nature of all these processes is not well studied, so we investigated ER stress and autophagy by use of a combination of flow cytometric assays. These included cell cycle-dependent measurement of reticulophagy, misfolded protein levels and autophagic marker LC3-II in K562 and Jurkat cells. ER stress-inducing drug Tg caused significant reticulophagy in both cell types. This was cell cycle dependent in K562 cells only, with proliferating cells undergoing more reticulophagy. In contrast, autophagy-initiating drug CQ caused reticulophagy at higher doses in Jurkat cells, whereas K562 cells showed a cell cycle-dependent elongation of the ER, which was less pronounced in proliferating cells. The level of cellular misfolded protein in response to both drugs was high in K562 cells when either undergoing reticulophagy or elongation in a non-cell cycle-dependent manner, whereas the misfolded protein levels in Jurkat cells in response to both drugs were lower than those observed in K562 cells. Both cell lines employed in this study showed no increase of LC3-II above controls in response to Tg treatment. However, CQ induced a cell cycle-dependent increase of LC3-II in both cell types. Thus, the type of cell employed and the cell cycle dependent modulation of thebiological processes involved in ER stress and autophagy should be considered when designing studies in ER stress and autophagy.",signatures:"Ashik Asvin Patel and Gary Warnes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50814",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50814",authors:[{id:"108846",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Warnes",slug:"gary-warnes",fullName:"Gary Warnes"}],corrections:null},{id:"50661",title:"High-Mobility Group Box 1 and Autophagy",doi:"10.5772/63476",slug:"high-mobility-group-box-1-and-autophagy",totalDownloads:1885,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an architectural chromosomal protein and stress sensor that plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell death and survival. Autophagy is the major pathway involved in the degradation of proteins and organelles, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and promotion of survival during environmental stress. HMGB1 plays an important location-dependent role in the regulation of autophagy. Nuclear HMGB1 contributes to mitophagy by regulation of heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) expression and cytoskeleton dynamics. Cytoplasmic HMGB1 is a novel coiled-coil myosin-like BCL2-interacting protein (BECN1)-binding protein in the induction of autophagosome formation. Extracellular-reduced HMGB1 triggers autophagy in an advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (AGER)-dependent manner. HMGB1-dependent autophagy promotes chemotherapy resistance, sustains the tumor metabolism requirement and T-cell survival, prevents polyglutamine aggregates and excitotoxicity, and protects against endotoxemia, bacterial infection, and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vitro or in animal studies. Targeting the HMGB1-mediated autophagy pathway may be required to address whether or not this approach is therapeutically advantageous in human disease.",signatures:"Daolin Tang and Rui Kang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50661",authors:[{id:"174854",title:"Dr.",name:"Daolin",surname:"Tang",slug:"daolin-tang",fullName:"Daolin Tang"},{id:"175785",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",surname:"Kang",slug:"rui-kang",fullName:"Rui Kang"}],corrections:null},{id:"51458",title:"Role of Autophagy in Mediating the Anticancer Effects of Tocotrienols",doi:"10.5772/64131",slug:"role-of-autophagy-in-mediating-the-anticancer-effects-of-tocotrienols",totalDownloads:1727,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"γ-Tocotrienol, a natural isoform of vitamin E, is a potent anticancer agent. Autophagy is a highly regulated process by which debris is eliminated from a cell, but can also play a role in cellular survival or death. The role of autophagy in mediating the anticancer effects of γ-tocotrienol is not clearly understood. This chapter reviews the mechanism(s) involved in γ-tocotrienol-induced autophagy in breast cancer cells. Treatment with γ-tocotrienol increased conversion of microtubule-associated protein, 1A/1B-light chain 3, from its cytosolic form (LC3B-I) to its lipidated form (LC3B-II), and the accumulation of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 (Atg6) and Atg5-Atg12. Additional studies confirmed that transfection with Beclin-1 siRNA or pretreated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, blocked these effects. γ-Tocotrienol treatment also induced a time-responsive increase in autolysosome markers LAMP-1 and cathepsin-D, and pretreatment with bafilomycin A1 (Baf1), an inhibitor of late phase autophagy, blocked these effects and caused a significant reduction in γ-tocotrienol-induced cytotoxicity. γ-Tocotrienol also induced a decrease in ERK, an increase in p-38 and JNK activation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress apoptotic markers including phospho-PERK, phospho-elf2α, Bip, IRE1α, ATF-4, CHOP, and TRB3. In summary, γ-tocotrienol-induced autophagy is intimately involved in promoting ER-stress-mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.",signatures:"Paul W. Sylvester and Roshan V. Tiwari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51458",authors:[{id:"182827",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"W. Sylvester",slug:"paul-w.-sylvester",fullName:"Paul W. Sylvester"},{id:"187294",title:"Dr.",name:"Roshan",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"roshan-tiwari",fullName:"Roshan Tiwari"}],corrections:null},{id:"51402",title:"TRAIL Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy",doi:"10.5772/64246",slug:"trail-induces-apoptosis-and-autophagy",totalDownloads:1349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is known that tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) could induce both apoptosis and autophagy. Here, we summarized the recent findings of the key regulators and the crosstalk pathway that highlights the intricate interplay between TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and autophagy.",signatures:"Zhenyu Yao and Dexian Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51402",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51402",authors:[{id:"182863",title:"Dr.",name:"Dexian",surname:"Zheng",slug:"dexian-zheng",fullName:"Dexian Zheng"},{id:"187267",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenyu",surname:"Yao",slug:"zhenyu-yao",fullName:"Zhenyu Yao"}],corrections:null},{id:"51888",title:"The Role of Ubiquitin System in Autophagy",doi:"10.5772/64728",slug:"the-role-of-ubiquitin-system-in-autophagy",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, which has been shown to play a pivotal role during normal physiological and pathological conditions. Many proteins and signaling pathways have been shown to regulate autophagy during different stages of the process. Modifying autophagy-related proteins (Atg) by posttranslational modification (PTM) is an important way to control proper autophagic activity. Ubiquitination is one of the PTM that has a crucial role in controlling protein stability and functions. Proteins can be conjugated with ubiquitin chains with different topologies that are associated with different outcomes. Many autophagy regulators are found to be substrates for ubiquitin E3 ligases or deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Ubiquitination modifications of these autophagy regulators result in autophagy induction or termination. Moreover, ubiquitin is also involved in selective autophagy by acting as a degradation signal. Here, we are going to review how E3 ligases and DUBs function in autophagy regulation and discuss the recent findings about ubiquitination regulation in autophagy-related processes and diseases.",signatures:"Yi-Ting Wang and Guang-Chao Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51888",authors:[{id:"175285",title:"Dr.",name:"Guang-Chao",surname:"Chen",slug:"guang-chao-chen",fullName:"Guang-Chao Chen"},{id:"183670",title:"MSc.",name:"Yi-Ting",surname:"Wang",slug:"yi-ting-wang",fullName:"Yi-Ting Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50874",title:"HIV‐1, Drug Addiction, and Autophagy",doi:"10.5772/63980",slug:"hiv-1-drug-addiction-and-autophagy",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite the dramatic success of combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) in controlling peripheral virus replication, the prevalence of HIV‐1‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is on a rise as infected individuals continue to live longer. Almost half of the infected individuals on ART develop HAND, out of which at least 30% suffer from a comorbid condition of substance abuse. Involvement of autophagy has been implicated not only in HIV‐1 infection of the CNS but also in CNS cells exposed to drugs such as amphetamine, opiates, and cocaine, contributing in turn, to cellular dysfunction. HIV‐1 is known to interfere with the autophagy pathway, resulting in turn to upregulation of HIV‐1 replication. Specifically, different HIV‐1 proteins such as TAT, gp120, and Nef have been shown to act on various stages of autophagy such as initiation and maturation and to affect overall autophagy levels. Whether or not abused drugs and HIV‐1 can cooperate to dysregulate autophagy, however, remains unclear. This chapter is focused on identifying the molecular mechanism(s) underlying HIV‐1 (proteins) and cocaine, opiate, methamphetamine‐mediated impairment of autophagy. Such effects could underlie the synergistic effects of HIV‐1 and abused drugs in exacerbating symptoms of HAND.",signatures:"Ming‐Lei Guo, Palsamy Periyasamy and Shilpa Buch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50874",authors:[{id:"183248",title:"Prof.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Buch",slug:"shilpa-buch",fullName:"Shilpa Buch"},{id:"188831",title:"Dr.",name:"Palsamy",surname:"Periyasamy",slug:"palsamy-periyasamy",fullName:"Palsamy Periyasamy"},{id:"188832",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Lei",surname:"Guo",slug:"ming-lei-guo",fullName:"Ming-Lei Guo"}],corrections:null},{id:"51324",title:"Autophagic Flux Failure in Neurodegeneration: Identifying the Defect and Compensating Flux Offset",doi:"10.5772/64197",slug:"autophagic-flux-failure-in-neurodegeneration-identifying-the-defect-and-compensating-flux-offset",totalDownloads:1547,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Protein degradation through autophagy is one of the key pathways that maintain proteostasis and neuronal viability. Dysregulation in autophagy has been associated with a number of major protein aggregation storage disorders that are characterized by increased cellular vulnerability and susceptibility to undergo cell death. Although the molecular machinery, the proteome, and the regulation of the autophagy system are becoming increasingly clear, the specific nature of its dysfunction in the context of neuronal disease pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Moreover, although the intricate network of autophagy regulatory proteins with key metabolic checkpoints is increasingly being revealed, the relationship between autophagy dysfunction, the changing rate of protein degradation in the specific pathology, and the aggregate prone behavior of specific candidate proteins remains less understood. Many questions remain and deserve urgent attention. When does a neuron respond with heightened autophagic activity and When does the system fail to degrade autophagy cargo? This book chapter will focus on some of the main challenges in the field of autophagy research, the identity, and nature of autophagic flux failure in neurodegeneration, current means to discern and measure autophagic flux dysfunction in neuronal tissue, and recent advances in compensating the flux offset. Specifically, the role of both macroautophagy and chaperone‐mediated autophagy in neuronal function and dysfunction and the spatiotemporal changes in their rates of protein degradation will be discussed and their molecular interplay highlighted. Finally, current advances in the use of autophagy modulators to better control autophagy activity will be stressed and contextualized within the framework of re‐establishing neuronal proteostasis to favorably control cellular fate.",signatures:"Claudia Ntsapi, Chrisna Swart, Dumisile Lumkwana and Ben Loos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51324",authors:[{id:"148642",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",surname:"Loos",slug:"ben-loos",fullName:"Ben Loos"},{id:"187297",title:"Mrs.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Ntsapi",slug:"claudia-ntsapi",fullName:"Claudia Ntsapi"},{id:"187298",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrisna",surname:"Swart",slug:"chrisna-swart",fullName:"Chrisna Swart"},{id:"187299",title:"Ms.",name:"Dumisile",surname:"Lumkwana",slug:"dumisile-lumkwana",fullName:"Dumisile Lumkwana"}],corrections:null},{id:"50816",title:"Role of Autophagy in Burn Wound Progression and Wound Healing",doi:"10.5772/63711",slug:"role-of-autophagy-in-burn-wound-progression-and-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1462,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Burn wound progression refers to the phenomenon of continued tissue loss following abatement of an initial thermal insult, which makes the treatment more difficult, prolongs hospital stay, increases medical costs, and raises the likelihood of scar formation. Autophagy is a highly conserved pathway that delivers intracellular macromolecule waste to lysosomes, where they are degraded into biologically active monomers, such as amino acids, that are subsequently reused to maintain cellular metabolic turnover and homeostasis. We aimed to observe the expression of autophagy in burn wounds in a deep second‐degree rodent burn model and further investigate the role of autophagy on burn wound progression and wound healing.",signatures:"Ligen Li and Mengjing Xiao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50816",authors:[{id:"182983",title:"Prof.",name:"Ligen",surname:"Li",slug:"ligen-li",fullName:"Ligen Li"},{id:"183761",title:"Dr.",name:"Mengjing",surname:"Xiao",slug:"mengjing-xiao",fullName:"Mengjing Xiao"}],corrections:null},{id:"51887",title:"Autophagy in Model Organisms: Insights into Cancer",doi:"10.5772/64541",slug:"autophagy-in-model-organisms-insights-into-cancer",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process utilized by most organisms to clear cellular damage and recycle building blocks for energy production. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of genetic model organisms, including yeast, nematodes, flies, and mammals in the discovery and understanding of the autophagy process. We highlight the important roles of autophagy in aging, stress tolerance, neuronal health, organismal development, and pathogen resistance in invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms. We provide examples on how the same autophagy‐related pathways that increase stress response and longevity in lower organisms could be utilized by cancer cells to survive harsh microenvironments, proliferate, and metastasize, with emphasis on the dual role of autophagy in cancer: an antitumorigenic or a protumorigenic process.",signatures:"Elite Possik and Arnim Pause",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51887",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51887",authors:[{id:"183125",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnim",surname:"Pause",slug:"arnim-pause",fullName:"Arnim Pause"},{id:"183285",title:"Dr.",name:"Elite",surname:"Possik",slug:"elite-possik",fullName:"Elite Possik"}],corrections:null},{id:"51728",title:"Autophagy in Plant Pathogenic Fungi",doi:"10.5772/64634",slug:"autophagy-in-plant-pathogenic-fungi",totalDownloads:2081,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is a ubiquitous and conserved process in eukaryotic cells from yeasts to mammals. It also appears to play vital roles in plant pathogenic fungi, impacting growth, morphology, development, and pathogenicity. In this chapter, we have introduced a new concept to delineate the role of autophagy in homeostasis of plant pathogenic fungi and in their interaction with host cells, in breach of host barrier, and in the mechanisms of plant fungal infection.",signatures:"Huan-Bin Shi, Shuang Liang, Lu-Yao Huang, Xiao-Hong Liu, Xue-\nMing Zhu, Ya-Hui Zhao and Fu-Cheng Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51728",authors:[{id:"183623",title:"Prof.",name:"Fu-Cheng",surname:"Lin",slug:"fu-cheng-lin",fullName:"Fu-Cheng Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"51976",title:"Autophagy in Cystic Fibrosis Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/64686",slug:"autophagy-in-cystic-fibrosis-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:1834,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal, genetic disorder that critically affects the lungs and is directly caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, resulting in defective CFTR function. In epithelial cells, the CFTR channel conducts anions and plays a critical role in regulating the volume and composition of airway surface liquid. This thin layer of aqueous fluid and mucus covering the airway surface facilitates mucociliary clearance, bacterial killing, and epithelial cell homeostasis. The importance of the CFTR channel in macrophages was revealed in recent work that demonstrated that defective CFTR function is accompanied by impaired innate immune responses to specific infections. Notably, most CF-associated infections are caused by microbes that are cleared by autophagy in healthy cells. Autophagy is a highly regulated biological process that provides energy during periods of stress and starvation. Autophagy clears pathogens, inflammatory molecules, and dysfunctional protein aggregates within macrophages. However, this process is impaired in CF patients and CF mice, as their cells exhibit limited autophagy activity. The mechanisms linking a malfunctioning ion channel function to the defective autophagy remains unclear. In this chapter, we describe and discuss the recent findings indicating the presence of several mechanisms leading to defective autophagy in CF cells. Thus, these novel data advance our understanding of mechanisms underlying the pathobiology of CF and provide a new therapeutic platform for restoring CFTR function and autophagy in patients with CF.",signatures:"Estelle Cormet-Boyaka, Kyle Caution and Amal O. Amer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51976",authors:[{id:"117138",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal",surname:"Amer",slug:"amal-amer",fullName:"Amal Amer"},{id:"183735",title:"Dr.",name:"Estelle",surname:"Cormet-Boyaka",slug:"estelle-cormet-boyaka",fullName:"Estelle Cormet-Boyaka"}],corrections:null},{id:"51508",title:"The Role of Autophagy in Lung Disease",doi:"10.5772/64167",slug:"the-role-of-autophagy-in-lung-disease",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The autophagy degradation pathway is a cellular pathway that sequesters cargo from the cytosol to autophagosomes that are transferred to lysosomes for degradation or recycled as precursor metabolites. The autophagy pathway allows the removal of damaged organelles/proteins and is emerging as an important aspect of multiple human pulmonary diseases. The autophagy process is important in both the function of the immune system and the control of inflammation. Xenophagy (autophagy of bacteria) is an example of selective autophagy which could play a role in host defense mechanisms in pulmonary diseases such as sepsis. Autophagy pathways involving the degradation of cytosolic cargo could play different roles in disease pathogenesis and progression. In the case of certain lung diseases, mitophagy is elevated and the cilia shorten (ciliophagy), which contribute to lung dysfunction in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In other types of lung diseases such as pulmonary vascular disease, autophagy may provide a protective role to allow cell proliferation, repair and control of cell death. Disruption of autophagy in cystic fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis could promote pathogenesis of the disease. In lung cancer, autophagy is a ‘double-edged sword’ it blocks progression, but at the same time promotes tumor growth. In this chapter, we will review the different types of autophagy, the role of autophagy and its significance to human lung diseases. In addition, we will discuss the potential of targeting autophagy with therapeutics for lung disease management.",signatures:"Michael P.A. Davies and Cornelia M. Wilson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51508",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51508",authors:[{id:"183707",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",surname:"Wilson",slug:"cornelia-wilson",fullName:"Cornelia Wilson"},{id:"187125",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael P. A.",surname:"Davies",slug:"michael-p.-a.-davies",fullName:"Michael P. A. Davies"}],corrections:null},{id:"51901",title:"Autophagy in Ocular Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/64667",slug:"autophagy-in-ocular-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular recycling pathway that is indispensable for cellular quality control. Dysfunctional autophagy has been associated with several neurodegenerative, myodegenerative, infectious, and cancerous disorders. Autophagic processes are not only important for cellular maintenance in the retina but also intimately involved with phagocytosis and the very core of retinal visual process. Additionally, excessively upregulated autophagy may culminate into a cell death modality, which may be detrimental to the non-dividing cells of various eye segments. Major advances have been made in understanding the role and fate of autophagy in different ocular tissue layers. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding of autophagy in the eye in the context of development, aging, and disease. We also speculate on the putative therapeutic strategies where autophagy may be incorporated to treat oculopathies.",signatures:"S.K. Mitter and M.E. Boulton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51901",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51901",authors:[{id:"183730",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Boulton",slug:"michael-boulton",fullName:"Michael Boulton"},{id:"188239",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayak",surname:"Mitter",slug:"sayak-mitter",fullName:"Sayak Mitter"}],corrections:null},{id:"50768",title:"The Role of Autophagy in Maintaining Pregnancy",doi:"10.5772/63475",slug:"the-role-of-autophagy-in-maintaining-pregnancy",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes by which cytoplasmic cargo sequestered inside double-membrane vesicles is delivered to the lysosome for degradation. In early pregnancy, trophoblasts and the fetus experience hypoxic and low-nutrient conditions; nevertheless, extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) invade the uterine myometrium up to one-third of its depth and migrate along the lumina of spiral arterioles, replacing the maternal endothelial lining. An enhancement of autophagy induced by physiological hypoxia takes part in the invasion and vascular remodeling in EVTs. On the other hand, soluble endoglin, which increased in sera in preeclamptic cases, suppresses EVT-invasion or -vascular remodeling by inhibiting autophagy In vitro. In addition, a substance selectively degraded by autophagy, p62/SQSTM1, accumulates in EVT cells in preeclamptic placental biopsy samples showing impaired autophagy in vivo. Thus, alternation of autophagy could affect fates of mothers and babies. Recently increasing evidence of modulating autophagy has accumulated during pregnancy. In this chapter, we introduce the role of autophagy in embryogenesis, implantation, and maintaining pregnancy.",signatures:"Akitoshi Nakashima, Aiko Aoki and Shigeru Saito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50768",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50768",authors:[{id:"177873",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigeru",surname:"Saito",slug:"shigeru-saito",fullName:"Shigeru Saito"},{id:"186058",title:"Dr.",name:"Akitoshi",surname:"Nakashima",slug:"akitoshi-nakashima",fullName:"Akitoshi Nakashima"},{id:"186446",title:"Dr.",name:"Aiko",surname:"Aoki",slug:"aiko-aoki",fullName:"Aiko Aoki"}],corrections:null},{id:"51740",title:"Autophagy Modulation for Organelle-Targeting Therapy",doi:"10.5772/63976",slug:"autophagy-modulation-for-organelle-targeting-therapy",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is a crucial metabolic pathway that sustains cellular homeostasis in health and that can also play either a protective or a destructive role in disease. During the last decade, progress made in understanding of the molecular basis of autophagy has uncovered an exciting opportunity to target it for the treatment of several human illnesses. In fact, there is emerging interest in autophagy-modulating and autophagy-targeted therapy with a variety of pharmacologic agents. However, to develop effective autophagy-targeted therapy, it is essential to identify the pharmacologic key targets in the autophagy pathway. In this chapter, we reviewed the cases of success and pitfalls of activating or inhibiting autophagy attempting therapeutic intervention of diseases, including cancer, neurologic disorders, and infectious diseases. In all these histopathologic states, autophagy is considered as the principal cellular mechanisms of defense and immunochemical homeostasis. In the last section of this chapter, we discuss main directions that may be of particular use in the future investigations, including a promissory avenue for autophagy modulation for organelle-targeting therapy through a promotion of parallel damage in lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes.",signatures:"Waleska K. Martins and Mauricio S. Baptista",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51740",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51740",authors:[{id:"85863",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauricio S.",surname:"Baptista",slug:"mauricio-s.-baptista",fullName:"Mauricio S. Baptista"},{id:"187402",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleska K.",surname:"Martins",slug:"waleska-k.-martins",fullName:"Waleska K. Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"51333",title:"Choosing Lunch: The Role of Selective Autophagy Adaptor Proteins",doi:"10.5772/63977",slug:"choosing-lunch-the-role-of-selective-autophagy-adaptor-proteins",totalDownloads:1967,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a lysosome-dependent catabolic pathway that degrades damaged organelles, protein aggregates, microorganisms, and other cytoplasmic components. Autophagy was previously considered to be nonselective; however, studies have increasingly established that autophagy-mediated degradation is highly regulated. Selective autophagy regulates plenty of specific cellular components through specialized molecules termed autophagy receptors, which include p62, NBR1, NDP52, optineurin, and VCP among others. Autophagy receptors recognize ubiquitinated cargo and interact with the LC3/GABARAP/Gate16 protein on the membrane of nascent phagophore. In this review, we summarize the advances in the molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy adaptor proteins.",signatures:"Kahiry Leyva-Paredes, Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez, Hugo Iván\nArrieta-Oliva, Shantal Lizbeth Baltierra-Uribe and Blanca Estela\nGarcía-Pérez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51333",authors:[{id:"82060",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca-Estela",surname:"García-Pérez",slug:"blanca-estela-garcia-perez",fullName:"Blanca-Estela García-Pérez"},{id:"90078",title:"MSc.",name:"Nayeli Shantal",surname:"Castrejon-Jimenez",slug:"nayeli-shantal-castrejon-jimenez",fullName:"Nayeli Shantal Castrejon-Jimenez"},{id:"187941",title:"Dr.",name:"Kahiry",surname:"Leyva-Paredes",slug:"kahiry-leyva-paredes",fullName:"Kahiry Leyva-Paredes"},{id:"187942",title:"MSc.",name:"Hugo Ivan",surname:"Arrieta-Oliva",slug:"hugo-ivan-arrieta-oliva",fullName:"Hugo Ivan Arrieta-Oliva"},{id:"187943",title:"Dr.",name:"Shantal Lizbeth",surname:"Baltierra-Uribe",slug:"shantal-lizbeth-baltierra-uribe",fullName:"Shantal Lizbeth Baltierra-Uribe"}],corrections:null},{id:"50722",title:"Targeting Mitophagy in Combined Therapies of Haematological Malignancies",doi:"10.5772/63306",slug:"targeting-mitophagy-in-combined-therapies-of-haematological-malignancies",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that eliminates mitochondria and is part of a larger network of mitochondrial quality control processes that respond to mitochondrial damage. Treatment of haematological malignancies often involves drugs that ultimately cause cell death by mitochondrial injury and initiation of apoptosis. Thus, mitophagy is a potential cause of resistance to anticancer drugs that target the mitochondria (mitocans). Since mitophagy is integrated to mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fission and fusion, the bioenergetics profile and metabolic reprogramming of tumour cells, the blockage of mitophagy may not be sufficient to overcome resistance. In addition, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and the outer mitochondrial membrane-associated degradation have extensive crosstalk with mitophagy, and advanced forms of neoplasms will require targeting both systems. Proteasome inhibitors and vinca alkaloids target many of the critical steps involved in resistance to mitocans, while inducers of mitochondrial turnover (biogenesis and mitophagy) like valproic acid have a variable effect depending on metabolic reprograming and the activity of oxidative phosphorylation of tumour cells. Here we discuss the mechanisms of mitophagy and its associated mechanisms, and discuss its application to the rationale of targeted combined therapies of low- and high-grade B-cell neoplasms.",signatures:"Laura I. Kornblihtt, María C. Carreras and Guillermo A. Blanco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50722",authors:[{id:"116056",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Blanco",slug:"guillermo-blanco",fullName:"Guillermo Blanco"},{id:"138193",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Kornblihtt",slug:"laura-kornblihtt",fullName:"Laura Kornblihtt"},{id:"186901",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Carreras",slug:"maria-carreras",fullName:"María Carreras"}],corrections:null},{id:"51545",title:"Autophagy in Multidrug-Resistant Cancers",doi:"10.5772/64274",slug:"autophagy-in-multidrug-resistant-cancers",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancers is the major challenge in cancer therapy, thus the development of sensitizing agents or small molecules with new mechanisms of action to kill the resistant cancers is highly desired. Autophagy is a cellular process responsible for the turnover of misfolded proteins or damaged organelles and recycling of nutrients to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recently, autophagy has been shown to regulate MDR in cancers. In this chapter, both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance affecting the efficiency of chemotherapy, and the MDR mechanisms including nonclassical MDR phenotype and classical transport-based MDR phenotype were discussed. In addition, the development of apoptosis-resistant cancer by the deregulation of apoptotic gene machinery, such as BCL-2, BAX, BAK, and TRAILR, was also covered. We then further discussed the controversial role of autophagy by illustrating how induction of autophagy could work as a tumor suppressor or promote tumor survival. The modulation of MDR in cancer by either induction or inhibition of autophagy was also discussed. We have further summarized the current compounds or drugs for modulating MDR cancers and how autophagy modulators could circumvent the MDR phenotypes in cancers. Finally, the new mechanisms participating in MDR phenotypes were proposed for future MDR drugs discovery.",signatures:"Betty Law Yuen Kwan and Vincent Wong Kam Wai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51545",authors:[{id:"183149",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent Kam Wai",surname:"Wong",slug:"vincent-kam-wai-wong",fullName:"Vincent Kam Wai Wong"},{id:"187274",title:"Dr.",name:"Betty Yuen Kwan",surname:"Law",slug:"betty-yuen-kwan-law",fullName:"Betty Yuen Kwan Law"}],corrections:null},{id:"51882",title:"Autophagy in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)",doi:"10.5772/64534",slug:"autophagy-in-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nafld-",totalDownloads:1977,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is a mechanism involved in cellular homeostasis under basal and stressed conditions delivering cytoplasmic content to the lysosomes for degradation to macronutrients. The potential role of autophagy in disease is increasingly recognised and investigated. To date, a key role of autophagy in hepatic lipid metabolism is recognised and dysfunctional autophagy might be an underlying cause of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nevertheless, the exact role of autophagy in lipid metabolism remains controversial, with both a lipolytic function of autophagy and lipogenic function reported. This chapter aims to review the current knowledge on autophagy in NAFLD, with a special focus on its role in hepatic lipid metabolism, hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, hepatocellular injury and hepatic fibrogenesis. Finally, interaction with another cellular homeostatic process, the unfolded protein response (UPR), will be briefly discussed.",signatures:"Wilhelmus J. Kwanten, Wim Martinet and Sven M. Francque",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51882",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51882",authors:[{id:"183642",title:"M.D.",name:"Wilhelmus",surname:"Kwanten",slug:"wilhelmus-kwanten",fullName:"Wilhelmus Kwanten"},{id:"183643",title:"Prof.",name:"Wim",surname:"Martinet",slug:"wim-martinet",fullName:"Wim Martinet"},{id:"183644",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven",surname:"Francque",slug:"sven-francque",fullName:"Sven Francque"}],corrections:null},{id:"51817",title:"Autophagy and Coagulation in Liver Cancer and Disorders",doi:"10.5772/64685",slug:"autophagy-and-coagulation-in-liver-cancer-and-disorders",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The physiological role of autophagy in metabolism of the body involves both protein synthesis and degradation. The autophagy-lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome systems are the two major intracellular proteolytic mechanisms. Autophagy in hepatocytes is known to be quite active and contribute to its normal functions and the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The role of autophagy in liver diseases has been widely studied, and growing evidence has now shown that autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of autophagy in the progression of liver fibrosis and prognosis of human HCC is not well known. Recent studies have demonstrated that tissue factor (TF) combined with coagulation factor VII (FVII) has a pathological role by activating a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) for tumor growth. Autophagy-related LC3A/B-II formation induced by the inhibition of TF/FVII/PAR2 coagulation axis, particularly by FVII knockdown, was selectively mediated by the Atg7 induction. These results are consistent with clinical observations that indicate the important role of FVII activation in regulating autophagy in HCC. In this chapter, we discuss our findings in which FVII promotes growth and progression in HCC through ERK-TSC/mTOR signaling to repress autophagy and may play a pivotal role in conferring cirrhosis and other liver diseases.",signatures:"Chih-Che Lin, Chih-Wen Lin, Ming-Chao Tsai, Kuang-Tzu Huang,\nChao-Long Chen and Kuang-Den Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51817",authors:[{id:"183754",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kuang-Den",surname:"Chen",slug:"kuang-den-chen",fullName:"Kuang-Den Chen"},{id:"187285",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Che",surname:"Lin",slug:"chih-che-lin",fullName:"Chih-Che Lin"},{id:"187286",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Wen",surname:"Lin",slug:"chih-wen-lin",fullName:"Chih-Wen Lin"},{id:"187287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Chao",surname:"Tsai",slug:"ming-chao-tsai",fullName:"Ming-Chao Tsai"},{id:"187288",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuang-Tzu",surname:"Huang",slug:"kuang-tzu-huang",fullName:"Kuang-Tzu Huang"},{id:"187289",title:"Prof.",name:"Chao-Long",surname:"Chen",slug:"chao-long-chen",fullName:"Chao-Long Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"51320",title:"Role of Autophagy in Cancer Metabolism",doi:"10.5772/64025",slug:"role-of-autophagy-in-cancer-metabolism",totalDownloads:1805,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer cells undergo a wide range of metabolic reprogramming to take advantage for supporting rapid growth and survival. Autophagy plays a critical role in directly regulating cellular metabolism as a main catabolic process mediated by lysosomal degradation in response to the metabolic stress. During cancer development, autophagy plays opposite functions in suppressing or promoting tumors dependent of distinct stage. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading unnecessary cellular molecules and oncogenic products, thereby suppressing tumorigenesis. By contrast, autophagy enables to promote cancer growth in advanced tumor by supplying nutrients and relieving metabolic stress.",signatures:"Heesun Cheong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51320",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51320",authors:[{id:"184397",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Heesun",surname:"Cheong",slug:"heesun-cheong",fullName:"Heesun Cheong"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6207",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",subtitle:"Pathobiology, Advanced Diagnostics and Acute Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b39555959a8969f3d06634703afd3231",slug:"traumatic-brain-injury-pathobiology-advanced-diagnostics-and-acute-management",bookSignature:"Nikolai V. Gorbunov and Joseph B. 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This paper presents some researches’ results conducted by the authors between 2006 and 2010. It aims to analyze the process in which entrepreneurship rose in Brazil, focus on SEBRAE (Brazilian Service of Support
Since the 1970s, the media, newspaper and best-seller books have been reported the entrepreneurship as an economic practice that promotes national economy development. According to Swedberg (2001), entrepreneurship movement spread around the world without regard to differences in the countries, their mindset and values related to economic and socialactivities.
There are many social aspects that favored the rise of entrepreneurship in several countries such as the revival of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), changes in political and economic ideology after Thatcher and Reagan government (1979-1980) and the passage of Keynesianism, which promotedpro-market policies. The unemployment, which has haunted this period, also encouraged the perception that new businesses could create jobs in scale (Swedberg, 2001).
In the U.S., entrepreneurship was already discussed since the 1950s. However, the researches about the SMEs were not directly linked to the entrepreneurship; it focuses on the SMEs as creator of employment. SEBRAE is the main institution responsible for conducting quantitative research that addressed the topic of micro and small enterprises in Brazil. These surveys have been served as empirical material for academic studies.
Serva (2002) realized a literature review and pointed out that theentrepreneurship is often puzzled with small enterprises issues in Brazil. The author has mapped entrepreneurship’s courses in Brazilian universities. As a result, it was noted that by the 1980’s, the first business courses deal with companies issues, and after, they were renamed to emphasize what is called entrepreneurship.
In this way, Brazilian academic researchers about entrepreneurship also focus on small and micro enterprises. These researches aim to evaluate the entrepreneurial businessmen contrasting their actions and performances established by the academic literature about entrepreneurship. Other studies emphasize the introduction of technology in micro and small enterprises in order to achieve greater competitiveness. There is also another perspective that understands entrepreneurship as a set of strategies such as creation, growth and survival of micro and small enterprises. An additional group of authors were concerned with entrepreneurship as a discipline; they were dedicated to analyze education programs at universities and the rise of other institutions that promote the entrepreneurship.
Finally, there are also academics works that adhere to the peculiarities of projects driven by ethnic and minority groups such as women. Consequently, there are various social actors that make reference to entrepreneurship as a way to tackle the economic problems presented in some developing country. They are researchers, consultants, journalists, etc. This scenario led usto investigate the origin of this phenomenon in Brazil. After all, if the entrepreneurship had no stimulus, how was it been developed in Brazil?
The process that stimulates the entrepreneurship also is concerned symbolically in promoting national economic growth. To comprehend the entrepreneurship dynamic is important to be familiar with the small enterprises progress issues. So, it is also important to understand the Brazilian economy scenario since 1970s.
In the 1970s, the academic literature suggested that the debate around national development was the transition from a rural economy to an urban and industrial economy. The national policies points were the industrialization process and new forms of labor occupation that emerged in that scenario (Abramo and Miller, 1995).
Diniz and Boschi (1978) present that, in the 1930s, the literature take for granted the industrial irrelevance in the Brazilian economy sphere, as well as, the political corporate elite insignificance that marked that decade. The authors traced some considerations about small enterprises spread that formed a single market from wage labor. Diniz and Boschi explained that there were large numbers of small enterprises composingthe industrial sector, but the large enterprise already formed a solid business elite.
In spite of this, the academic literature until the 1970s focused on analysis that related capital
Brazil, when compared with companies from developed countries, appeared as a pattern of “traditional” companies, because they were related to family management. Within the modernization, Brazilian companies should go through a rational process of management. Therefore, Cardoso (1964) studied the Brazilian economy modernization, regarding not only the transition from agrarian to industrial economy, but also the internal transformations that occurred in Brazilian industry.
Cardoso’s effort expressed the perception that symbolically involved Brazilian companies in 1960s and 1970s. The idea that family businesses predominate in Brazil and Latin America was also reproduced in the academic literature. Lipset (2000), for example, established an evaluation between North-American and Latin American literature, as a result, it pointed out that there were differences among the cultures related to the organizational level and the companies\' management.
In Latin America, there is not much separation between management and other administrative activities, the bureaucratic norms are weak, the personal characteristics are more valued than the organizational skills, and the managers are recruited based on family relationships. It is interest to observe that national and foreign authors believed that traditional companies were not a good business model. It justified their exclusion in relation to incentive and support programs, both by public policies and private bank.
Until the 1970s, the illustrative factor of national modernity was concentrated in large companies. It was in large companies that new technologies and better jobs were found in that period. The small enterprises were dependent on big companies. Considered as large thumbnails, small enterprises would present a general tendency to become great, otherwise, it would tend to fail.
Even in the 1970s, the academic studies were developed based on the informal economy notion, in which it was defined as an easy way to get into businesses. The ownership was individual or controlled by families, the production was based on small-scale, the technology was adapted, and the markets were competitive and unregulated. In this economic sphere that small enterprises were located in the national economy.
The economic activities, that did not fit the rhetoric capital versus labor, did not emerge inthe literature or appear classified as belonging to the informal economy wereactivities considered transitional to the wage labor. They were temporary activities realizedby migrants that came from rural places or other countries. That is, activities related to the lack of job. By the way, it was stated that these activities would tend to come to an end or to reduce as long as the industrialization move forward in Brazil.
In the 1970s, not all banks employed a definition to describe the company size (small, medium andlarge - but not micro enterprises at that time). This frame served the purposes of defining the creditmarket to businesses. In that moment, there was no goverment legislation to define the tax laws. In this period, it appears the CEBRAE (Center for Management Assistance to Small and Medium Enterprises), the first government entity to support small and medium enterprises, in which the main goal was to support the credit orientation.
According to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), it was in the 1980s, that Brazil had witnessed a slowdown of economic growth accompanied by an increase unemployment level. In this moment, small enterprises became an alternative occupation and it brought the first initiatives that favored the rise of micro and small enterprises. As a result, it become institutionalized the company categories by their size that improve incentives and tax laws.
From 1990\'s, small enterprises issues reached the media and SEBRAE (Brazilian Service to Support Micro and Small Enterprises) replaced the CEBRAE, which ceased to exist in 1989s. These were two important factors to the entrepreneurship institutionalization.
It also marked the history of small enterprises institutionalization as company category and also the advances in some political system, for example, unions, associations and the emergence of discussions forum. In summary, the initiatives that have institutionalized small enterprises in Brazil: First Small Enterprises Law (1984); Inclusion of SME’s in the Federal Constitution (1988); Establishment of credit lines coming from the public sector; Law n. 9317, which established special tax by company size (1996); Law n. 9841, which established the status of SME’s (1999); Establishment of a SME’s Permanent Forum (1999).
The SME’s was considered a kind of traditional company, but it survived from theimperatives of capital. Today, SME’s formed an economic niche with potential great to stimulate modernization and economic development in Brazil.
The Brazilian economic process that incorporated small enterprises as part of the national economic development agenda is essential to comprehend the rise of Cebrae, an institution that is the principal proponent of entrepreneurship nowadays in Brazil.
The CEBRAE, an institution that emerged in the 1970s, as a state apparatus, gained preeminence when the national economic policies established by a dictatorial government were seeking to promote industrialization. The rise of CEBRAE/SEBRAE is the main focus of this paper, because it was consider one of the principal institutions recognized to stimulate the entrepreneurship in Brazil. This institution has gone through several historical phases as the economic policies of governments have changed, but it was always linked to the prospect of national development.
CEBRAEwasconstitutedas a government structure from 1972to 1990. Whiletheorganizationwaslinkedto the State, it operatedmainlycredit programs focus on credit concession and managerial assistance through consulting activities. The credit was grantedby BNDE(National Bank for Economic Development)andRegional Development Banks, administeredby the government.
Thisstructurewaschangedin 1990, whenCEBRAEwastransformed intoan autonomous social service institution. In other words, it becamepartofparastatal organizations and its namewas changedtoSEBRAE. Throughout its history, this institution has operated credit policies for industry, but as the national development policy changes to other sectors, SEBRAE needed to ensure its position, so it was necessary to SEBRAE accompany the scenario changes. “SEBRAE came into being in 1972 as result of a pioneer initiative of many institutions that encourage entrepreneurship in the country. Information taken from: http://www.sebrae.com.br/customizado/sebrae/institucional/sebrae-in-english. June, 2011.
These organizational changes followed the restructuring of companies trend in the 1990s, requiring that SEBRAE programs must be changed. In this point of view, SEBRAE introduced the entrepreneurship program and it also transformed the old programs into the entrepreneurial perspectives.
Therefore, entrepreneurship became associated with the historic of the institution and it is also part of the national economic scenario, in which large companies went through restructuring process, because the levels of unemployment rates were increasing in that period. The small enterprises promotion had the entrepreneurship theme as a slogan that appeared associated to the national development program in the 1990s.
From the 1990s, SEBRAE introduced a program to encourage entrepreneurship that is linked to UN (United Nations Organization). This program, Empretec, is applied in several countries to stimulate economic development from individual behavior. And, it is the base for all other entrepreneurship programs elaborated by SEBRAE. The Empretec will bethe subjectof the next chapter.
Entrepreneurship was a conventional subject from economic theory. Schumpeter (1982) is considered the classical theorist of entrepreneurship. He suggests that the connection between innovation andbusinessleadership generates economic development, theoretically, it contrasts with the neoclassical perspective.
Schumpeter has two articles about entrepreneurship. The first is the second chapter of his book “Theory of Economic Development” and the second article is a paper prepared for a Handbook in 1928. The first is the his best known work. In the first edition of his book, Schumpeter presented a more heroic entrepreneur concept and its activities. He also affirms that some people present characteristics to be an entrepreneur while others do not have the same competence.
In addition, there is a recent psychological bias known as behaviorism, in which the characteristic of the entrepreneur goes beyond the creative andinnovativeskills. For the behaviorist, theentrepreneuris also the manwhoorganizesthefirmand increasesits productive capacity. McClelland, the principal representative of thebehaviorists, sustains the notion that it is through these entrepreneur activities that is possible to achieve economic development. From this perspective, individuals frequently tend to seek for improvement and individual progress (McClelland, 1961).
This perspective stresses a combination between economic variables such as technology, capital, etc. and psychological attributes. The entrepreneur pointed out by Schumpeter is no longer an economic function located in a given time into the economic cycle, but now, the behaviorist perspective presented that the entrepreneur becomes a kind of human being.
In this sense, the small enterprises have become embedded in the economic development project and the entrepreneur became an important economic actor that needs to be stimulated to reach the success. This new circumstances could be explained by the concepts of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs that have been studied and motivated by academic theories.
In general, thenotionof entrepreneurshipbeganto bemassively spread to theglobal societyfromthe60’s, especiallyafterthe UN (United Nations Organization) published as unsatisfactory some resultsabout financial incentivesgiven to developing countries. Therefore, UNhas beenreliedonsurveysconductedbybehavioralpsychologists, especially Dr. David McClelland that also acts together with USAID (United States Agengy for International Development), in which pointed out thatindividuals whoare motivatedhavebetterperformances.
The behavioral researchconductedbyMcClellandwasusedby MSI (Management Systems International) consulting firm that elaborated amethodology forbehavioral training. This coaching iscomposedofbehavioral dynamicsand it isapplied inmany countries, especially in the developing ones. This programwasnamedEmpretec. In Brazil, it is applied bySEBRAEsince 1993.
The Empretec methodology (developed by David McClelland at Harvard University) is based on the finding that everyone has an inner motivation to improve. This “motive for action” is divided into three motivational categories: achievement, affiliation, and power Source UNCTAD, 2011.
There are 10 Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies, which form the basis of the EmpretecTraining Workshop. The 10 competencies are: Opportunity-seeking and initiative,Persistence, Fulfilling of commitments, Demand for quality and efficiency, Calculated risk-taking, Goal-setting, Information-seeking, Systematic planning and monitoring, Persuasion and networking, Independence and self-confidence.
Empretec is presented by UNCTAD as a program that aim to promote small and medium enterprises as well as business skills. It can be applied to different people from businessmen to government officials. The Empretec Foundation in Argentina, the entity that applies the program in the country, discloses that the Empretec was created to foster entrepreneurship in developing countries.
The Empretec program should be requested to the UNCTAD to be implemented in the countries. The entity is responsible to evaluate and to select what local organizations could apply the program. After, the methodology be transferred to the partner institutions or Empretec national centers, it is expected that the next workshops would be implemented by the local team, but within the UNCTAD Program framework.
Although, there is no other entrepreneurship program that replaces the Empretec. By the way, it is possible to find some alternatives programs that stimulate entrepreneurship skills. The Empretec suffers from high competition. The Universities have been developed entrepreneurship programs and consulting firms that are interest to enter in the educational entrepreneurship market.
In 1991, the Empretec was developed by the State Bank of Rio Grande do Sul (Banresul) in Brazil. In 1993, it was implemented by SEBRAE, today there is about 550 locations around the country. In UNCTAD’s report, Brazil has been highlighted to conduct significant numbers of seminars about the topic. Moreover, Brazil also held international events every year.
The Empretec plays a central role in the activities of SEBRAE. The other courses offered by SEBRAE are also shaped by Empretec content, for example, “Know how to be an endeavor” and “Learning to endeavor”. The material distributed also aggregated the entrepreneur subject, but focus on different audiences.
SEBRAE also incorporated the entrepreneurship into its organizational structure, programs and transformed the Education Unit in the Education Unit and Development of Entrepreneurial Culture (EUCD). Some SEBRAE instructors also helped to implement the entrepreneurship program in other countries like Romania, Jordan, northern Italy, Angola, Mozambique, etc.
Empretec is the basis for the entrepreneurship programs developed by SEBRAE. In this sense, it is important to understand how Empretec training is been conducted and what means entrepreneurship nowadays. These issues will be elaborated in the next chapter.
Having started in 1988, Empretec is now operating in 10 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, Uruguay, Venezuela and Zimbabwe). Well over 10,000 “empretecos” (one third of them women) have participated in ED workshops and related follow-up services Entrepreneurship Development In: http://www.undp.mn/publications/essentials/document/english/EssentialsEntrepreneurship2.pdf .UNCTAD. P. 08.
Empretec is a program that provides training in entrepreneurship for small and medium enterprises in developing countries. Its activities involve the delivery of motivational and technical seminars, the provision of advisory services and the development of national and international networks serving the needs of entrepreneurs Ibid.
The Empretec seminars usually have six days trainning. Over 100 thousand people have taken the Empretec in Brazil Ibid.
Programmers can also help to orient educators and the educational curricula to the relevance of entrepreneurship development. Vocational schools and university programmers, especially in such fields as business and engineering, can encourage students to apply their skills by starting new businesses and they can assist them in doing so. At the primary and secondary levels, it may be most appropriate to focus on developing entrepreneurial attitudes Entrepreneurship Development In: http://www.undp.mn/publications/essentials/document/english/EssentialsEntrepreneurship2.pdf .UNCTAD. P. 07
The seminar has different activities such as dynamics interaction and lectures with professors and it also is supported by fictional stories as motivational tool. It is possible found the entrepreneur in different activities, that is, there are several reasons and means to be entrepreneur, but the final result is the individual ability to become an entrepreneur that is measured by its economic success not by social context.
These fictional stories symbolic have the capacity to change the perception about the social world, emphasizing the existence of different social actors that figure as an entrepreneur, for example, housewife and unemployed. The types of entrepreneurs (housewife and unemployed) present different ways to carry out economic activity, such as, reasons (opportunity, necessity) and means (underutilized resources, technological competence).
Thus, it evidences that the entrepreneurship content spread by Empretec organizes the relationship of individuals between themselves and the world, performing individual qualities perceptions. What makes people from different social classes and activities be identified (and identify themselves) as entrepreneurs is the characteristics shared by the same social meanings setting, even if they lead failure or success.
Currently, there are a lot of advertising, publishing books and magazines, TV shows and universities that spread the entrepreneurship; what makes the term and the ideas that it carries embedness in social thoughts. This dynamic makes the term seems a natural characteristic of individual.
The Empretec training, as well as events, lectures, media, success stories, which are in vogue by the 2000s, aims to spread a belief that ensure adherence to voluntary activities of individuals capitalist as well as the social construction of an new ethic that recognized as “good” or “fair” the entrepreneurship. And so, it produces a cultural change that alters practices and perceptions about the economic world and social development in Brazil.
Entrepreneurship, as a way of reframing the small enterprises and labor world, values informal activities, people that was excluded from business world and banned from formal employment. Even if the objective conditions of the social structure do not change deeply, at least, it changes how they are socially viewed, that is, the excluded individuals move to the positive pole, or at least, the individual have the option to transform his economic condition.
In Brazil,SEBRAE is an institution that expresses the social process and condenses the new social values that allows entrepreneurship be developed in Brazil. SEBRAE via entrepreneurship have been aggregated a public which had no support and social legitimacy to become an entrepreneur.
Instead of a definitive conclusion, this study allows us to raise questions about the economic development in Brazil. Does it possible understand the entrepreneur behavior as an issue that expresses national economic development? Now, within the entrepreneurship movement, is the individual economic success a single factor in the country?
Positive illusions, the tendency to view self, others, or other phenomena more positively than objective criteria suggest, is common to the human experience. This study explores the impact of positive illusions in the context of personal relationships. How one views ones’ partner (positive illusion or objectively) has important consequences on the success of that relationship.
When Taylor and Brown [1] presented research evidence that positive illusions—the belief that I rate higher in any given domain than objective evidence would suggest—have a beneficial influence on a person’s life satisfaction, well-being, and relational success; heated debate followed. Early on Colvin and Block [2], Colvin et al. [3] were the primary antagonists questioning both Taylor and Brown’s methodology and conclusions and went on to cite research that demonstrated the benefits of perceptual accuracy (e.g., [4, 5]).
A good deal of research has provided support for the Taylor and Brown perspective (e.g., [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]), but other researchers have demonstrated the opposite. For instance, Robins and Beer [11] found that positive illusions may produce short term benefit but often result in long-term negative consequences. Other studies also demonstrated challenges with positive illusions and the benefits of greater accuracy of perception (e.g., [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]).
Since there appears to be evidence on both sides of the issue, this study attempts to unravel the dynamics of when illusion or accuracy produces better results. Baumeister [7] has already demonstrated that as the magnitude of illusion increases, the benefit diminishes. But we extend beyond Baumeister’s efforts to explore a number of factors that may influence when illusion (or enhancement) is beneficial or harmful.
To accomplish this, three different types of ratings are employed: subject ratings, partner ratings and test results.
Then the influence of enhancement or congruence on relational satisfaction is explored. Specifically, the study addresses congruence or enhancement in three different settings:
We pause a moment to operationalize several terms or phrases. The term
A second issue explored is what George and George [18] call “essence qualities”. It parallels Erikson’s view of personal identity [19, 20], but differs in that essence qualities identify
The inclusion of essence qualities allows two additional types of exploration:
First, since Subjects rate themselves and Partners rate the Subjects on essence qualities, contrasts between Subject- and Partner-ratings can be employed to measure the impact of these differences on relational satisfaction. This broadens the overall investigation to 25 different personal characteristics to test enhancement or congruence between Subjects and Partners Twenty-five is far more extensive than most studies in this area.
Second, the influence of the
Several methods have been used to measure positive illusions: A common one is to measure one’s self on a particular quality then measure hypothetical others on the same quality (e.g., [1, 26, 27]). In relationships, illusion may be measured by comparing an individual’s perception with the perception of their partner (e.g., [9]). Lewinsohn et al. [28] contrasted the opinion of experts with the opinion of the subjects. In the objective world, there is often opportunity to compare with actual standards (e.g., [29]). Example: I think I’m really smart. A test reveals an IQ of 87. My perception is illusion. In the medical world, one’s perception of likelihood or speed of recovery can also be contrasted with actual results (e.g., [26]). Example: A cancer patient thinks he will live another six months. He actually lives another four months. His opinion was illusion. In the present study we employ the method of research found in the objective domain: Self-perception is contrasted with results of an assessment instrument.
In addition to illusion about self, there is also a significant literature that deals with illusion about someone else. In the context of romantic relationships, the illusion applies to one’s partner. The phrase “love is blind” dates back 650 years [30]. The meaning then and now is identical, and refers to the tendency to view one’s partner with an unrealistically positive bias. Gagné and Lydon [31] and Solomon and Vazire [32] both address this phenomenon and argue that it is possible for one to have both positive bias and realistic appraisals of their romantic partner. In the present study, equal attention is devoted to both self-bias and partner-bias.
In addition to Taylor and Brown’s work [1, 26], Murray, Holmes and Griffin’s [10] longitudinal research with a sample of dating couples revealed that good relationships were a combination of accepting certain negative qualities and idealizing (positive illusions) the strengths of their Partners. A year later, Murray and Holmes [9] included married couples into their study with similar results. Neff and Karney [34] and George et al. [35] found that people with higher relational satisfaction tend to see their Partners in a more positive light, to idealize their positive qualities and to view their own relationship as superior to others. Babincak [6] with a sample of 154 undergraduates found that those with an inflated view of themselves experienced greater personal and relational satisfaction. Morry, Reich, and Kito [8] found that with a sample of 92 cross-sex friendships, 90 dating couples and 94 married couples partner enhancement resulted in greater feelings of being understood, validated and overall relationship quality. This is only a sampling of an extensive literature on this topic (e.g., [36, 37]).
Robins and Beer [11] revealed that in personal relationships, positive illusions about one’s partner may produce immediate happiness but result in long term diminishment of well-being, self-esteem and poorer relational success. Tucker and Anders [16] found that anxiously attached married men experienced poorer marital satisfaction due to their inability to accurately perceive their Partner’s feelings. Cooper, Chassin, and Zeiss [13] found that congruence between the husband’s self-concept and the wife’s perception of the husband’s self-concept was associated with greater relational satisfaction. An older study [15] found that greater relational satisfaction was associated with congruence between the husband’s expectations and the wife’s perception of those expectations.
The present research is exploratory. Since there is such a diversity of research outcomes in this field, hypotheses are difficult to form. What this study does contribute is a more objective assessment of enhancement or congruence by including comparisons with test results. Then, greater validity is achieved because of 25 personal qualities are used in these comparisons (see [48] for a discussion of these issues). Finally, the ability to include enhancement, congruence, diminishment, or deviation as predictors (of relational satisfaction) allows greater comprehensiveness.
The dependent variable is relational satisfaction as measured by the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). As mentioned earlier, subject relationship satisfaction is designated “
A total of 812 subjects participated. They were assessed as dyads and were identified as the
Gender breakdown included 432 women (53%) and 380 men (47%). The ethnic composition of the group was 56% Caucasian, 11% Black, 11% Asian, 15% Hispanic and 7% other. The mean age of the married couples was 43.1 years (range 21–85); mean age of the dating/engaged couples was 25.1 years (range 18–59) and the mean age of roommates was 22.8 (range 18–61). Other demographics included religious affiliation, amount of education, and duration of the relationship. Married couples averaged: 3.4 years of college and 16.7 years married (range: 2–47 years). Dating couples: 2.6 years of college, 2.0 years dating (range: 1 month – 5 years). Same-sex roommates: 2.6 years of college, 1.6 years as roommates (range: 1 month – 3.4 years).
Materials included separate questionnaires for the Subjects and the Partners. The Subject questionnaire was four pages (2-sided) and the Partner questionnaire was two pages (2-sided). The questionnaires were identical for married and dating/engaged couples. They were also identical for roommates except for the relationship-satisfaction questions, which were adapted to measure satisfaction in the context of a non-romantic relationship.
The Partner questionnaire included the same instructions and the demographic items. However, for the 18 Essence Qualities, the six personality measures, and the four DISC temperament measure, rather than rating themselves, they rated the Subject. The Partner questionnaire concluded with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) to measure their own relational satisfaction.
Students from an undergraduate research-methods class at a university in Central Alberta, collected data for partial class credit. They were provided with a script to use when approaching potential participants. The method of approach included face-to-face, telephone, email, and a variety of social media resources—always using the pre-prepared script.
Two different methods of assessment were used: Hard-copy and online versions of the questionnaire: 180 dyads completed the hard copy; 226 completed the online version. After hard-copy forms were completed, Subjects sealed the survey in a coded envelope and returned it to one of several collection boxes on campus. For online forms, when Subjects completed all questions, results were automatically forwarded to the central database.
All data were entered and analyzed. Irregular or incomplete forms were discarded prior to data entry. The most common type of discarded form was when one individual from the dyad responded but their Partner did not. More specifically, there were 812 valid forms. An additional 50 forms were discarded due to being incomplete or irregular. A depressing 292 forms were valid but were unpaired with a Partner and thus were unusable in the present study.
Classes of variables include:
Demographics: Subjects and Partners each report their own demographics.
Six different personality traits: Three types of measures occur here: (a) a single self-rating by the Subject, (b) a single Subject-rating by the Partner, and (c) a test to measure each trait— completed by the Subject only.
Four different temperament types: Three types of measures occur here: (a) a single self-rating by the Subject, (b) a single Subject-rating by the Partner, and (c) a test to measure each temperament—completed by the Subject only.
The Essence Qualities: Two types of measures occur here: (a) a single self-rating for each of the 15 by the Subject, (b) a single Subject-rating for each of the 15 by the Partner.
Four broad classes of analysis include:
The direct influence of all variables on RS (Relational Satisfaction).
The influence of three types of enhancement (Subject-test, Partner-test, Subject-Partner) on RS.
The influence of three types of deviation (Subject-test, Partner-test, and Subject-Partner) on RS.
The Profile Similarity Correlation (described later) computes the similarity of ratings among test results, Subject ratings, and Partner ratings.
Appreciate that a self-rating on a trait is attempting to measure a single quality. Temperament, by contrast, is multi-faceted and statements appear to be not only double-barreled, but multi-barreled. The unique value of temperament measures (in a counseling or seminar context) and the difficulty of measuring these constructs for use in research, is fully appreciated. Because of this, the temperament measures see only limited use in this study. Two examples follow:
[trait—social skills] I have excellent social skills in a wide array of situations. 1 (
[temperament—“S” Supportive] I am cooperative, kind, loyal, patient, and enjoy encouraging and supporting others 1 (
The DISC assessment instrument included 24 lines of four randomly distributed words. In each line one of the words reflected the D (
1. Disciplined. 1 (
To reduce bias, the Partners also rated the Subjects on the same 15 measures. The final measure of the strength of each of the 15 Essence Qualities was the mean of the Subject’s and the Partner’s rating. This “criss-cross” method of reducing bias is widely employed in couples’ research (see [51]). The overall measure was the mean of the 15 criss-crossed scores. A score near 1 represents many low ratings across the 15 contrasting qualities; a score near 7 indicates many high ratings across these diverse qualities. The variable being measured is: “To what extent am I heavily defined across a number of contrasting qualities.”
Both Subjects and Partners completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) so the study could assess how different variables influenced both the Subjects’ relational satisfaction (
Once differences were calculated, they were changed to z scores to create metrics similar to other variables. Correlations or regressions between the difference scores and relational satisfaction identified whether enhancement benefits, had no effect, or diminishes relational satisfaction.
The Profile Similarity Correlation measure is increasingly used in couples’ research (e.g., [52, 53]) but shows promise as a tool to better understand the dynamics of relational satisfaction. The PSC is designed to measure similarity of profiles between two members of a dyad. In the present study, PSCs were computed across 10 variables, the six personality variables and the four temperaments.
Four PSC measures were computed in the present study: (a) the correlations between the Subject’s 10 self-ratings and the Subject’s test results; (b) the correlation between the Partner’s 10 Subject-ratings and the Subject’s test results; (c) the correlation between the Partner’s 10 Subject-ratings and the Subject’s self-ratings; and (d) the correlation between Subject’s ratings of 15 Essence Qualities and the Partner’s rating of the Subject’s 15 Essence Qualities.
An example illustrates the usefulness of PSC. Let us say the Subject rates himself 4 s and 5 s on the 10 of the Essence Qualities and 1 s and 2 s on the other five. A hypothetical Partner rates the Subject 5 s and 6 s on the same 10 Essence Qualities and 2 s and 3 s on the other five. This profile illustrates two separate outcomes: Enhancement of the Subject by the Partner (the Partner consistently rates the Subject higher than the Subject rates himself) and a strong correlation between the two sets of values (a high PSC) due to the similarity of profile (high and low ratings by the Subject are matched by high and low ratings by the Partner).
If correlations between PSC and relational satisfaction are computed, a high correlation suggests that similarity of ratings is associated with relational satisfaction.
The primary purpose of the study is to determine the influence of enhancement, congruence or diminishment on relational satisfaction among couples. In addition, we explore some related findings such as the influence of personal qualities and strength of Essence Qualities on relational satisfaction. We begin by reporting the psychometric validity of our variables and comparing our results with Baumeister’s.
All the primary criterion and predictor variables displayed good to excellent psychometrics. Table 1 provides a complete assemblage of essentially all variables used in the study and includes standard psychometrics plus measures of internal consistency (α).
Variable | Computation | Scale | Mean (95% CI) | SD | Skewness, Kurtosis | Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RS-Subject (DAS) | * | varies | 4.64 (± .06) | .67 | -.94 1.20 | |
RS-Partner (DAS) | * | varies | 4.64 (± .06) | .64 | -.71.78 | |
Essence qualities (criss-cross) | Σ[(S + P)/2]/18 | 7-pt | 4.62 (± .06) | .66 | .05 -.27 | |
Essence qualities (Subject) | ΣS/18 | 7-pt | 4.48 (± .07) | .70 | .23-.26 | |
Essence qualities (Partner) | ΣP/18 | 7-pt | 4.75 (± .08) | .85 | -.13-.30 | |
AGREEABLENESS | Σ(S indictors)/9 | 7-pt | 5.21 (± .07) | .77 | -.18-.29 | .77 |
Agreeableness | S single rating | 7-pt | 5.11 (± .11) | 1.12 | -.27-.27 | |
Agreeableness | P single rating | 7-pt | 5.34 (± .13) | 1.32 | -.38-.61 | |
EMOTIONAL STABILITY | Σ(S indictors)/8 | 7-pt | 4.68 (± .09) | .97 | -.06-.47 | .79 |
Emotional stability | S single rating | 7-pt | 4.80 (± .13) | 1.31 | -.46-.15 | |
Emotional stability | P single rating | 7-pt | 4.80 (± .15) | 1.56 | -.52-.22 | |
SPIRITUALITY | Σ(S indictors)/12 | 7-pt | 4.94 (± .13) | 1.37 | -.94.49 | .93 |
Spirituality | S single rating | 7-pt | 4.78 (± .15) | 1.52 | -.59-.24 | |
Spirituality | P single rating | 7-pt | 5.08 (± .16) | 1.60 | -.68-.10 | |
SOCIAL SKILLS | Σ(S indictors)/11 | 7-pt | 5.40 (± .07) | .70 | -.27-.51 | .76 |
Social skills | S single rating | 7-pt | 4.81 (± .12) | 1.24 | -.19-.20 | |
Social skills | P single rating | 7-pt | 5.09 (± .15) | 1.30 | -.03-.10 | |
DEPRESSION | Σ(S indictors)/11 | 7-pt | 2.25 (± .08) | .86 | 1.00.42 | .89 |
Depression | S single rating | 7-pt | 3.14 (± .14) | 1.41 | .40-.53 | |
Depression | P single rating | 7-pt | 3.18 (± .14) | 1.48 | .43-.45 | |
HOSTILITY | Σ(S indictors)/10 | 7-pt | 2.72 (± .10) | 1.05 | .60-.27 | .85 |
Hostility | S single rating | 7-pt | 2.63 (± .14) | 1.45 | .61-.54 | |
Hostility | P single rating | 7-pt | 2.71 (± .15) | 1.50 | .53-.54 | |
DOMINANT | ΣD ratings | 7-pt | 3.62 (± .15) | 1.56 | .58-.45 | |
Dominant | S single rating | 7-pt | 4.70 (± .13) | 1.30 | -.06.00 | |
Dominant | P single rating | 7-pt | 4.72 (± .14) | 1.47 | -.23-.31 | |
INFLUENCER | ΣI ratings | 7-pt | 3.23 (± .15) | 1.55 | .42-.43 | |
Influencer | S single rating | 7-pt | 4.46 (± .14) | 1.40 | -.09-.15 | |
Influencer | P single rating | 7-pt | 4.51 (± .14) | 1.46 | -.04-.53 | |
SUPPORTIVE | ΣS ratings | 7-pt | 4.48 (± .15) | 1.56 | .03-.81 | |
Supportive | S single rating | 7-pt | 5.59 (± .10) | 1.07 | -.49.00 | |
Supportive | P single rating | 7-pt | 5.62 (± .12) | 1.21 | -.59-.41 | |
CONSCIENTIOUS | ΣC ratings | 7-pt | 3.86 (± .15) | 1.50 | .25-.63 | |
Conscientious | S single rating | 7-pt | 5.10 (± .12) | 1.23 | -.14-.63 | |
Conscientious | P single rating | 7-pt | 5.28 (± .14) | 1.43 | -.45-.60 | |
Subject - test (z) | Σ(S-test)/6 | Z | .00 (± .05) | .48 | .29.90 | |
|Subject - test| (abs, z, | Z | 1.47 (± .01) | .07 | 1.171.50 | ||
Partner - test (z) | Σ(P-test)/6 | Z | .00 (± .07) | .68 | .21-.03 | |
|Partner - test| (abs, z) | abs[Σ(P-test)/6] | Z | .54 (± .04) | .41 | .98.49 | |
Partner - Subject (z) | Σ(P-S)/6 | Z | .00 (± .06) | .57 | .06.36 | |
|Partner - Subject| (abs, z) | abs[Σ(P-S)/6] | Z | .45 (± .04) | .36 | 1.161.58 |
Psychometrics of key variables; N = 406 for all variables.
DAS scored according to instructions of the authors. Missing values for all variables were low (0–3% range) and were replaced by predicted values from regression equations. S = Subject rating. P = Partner rating.
A comparison of the 360 (44%) participants who completed the hard-copy questionnaires with the 452 (56%) who completed the online version found few systematic differences between the two sets. The authors judged that the two groups were sufficiently similar to combine into a single data set.
First, present results partially confirmed the Baumeister findings that more extreme illusions are less beneficial. However, there was only one setting where enhancement increased relational satisfaction: The Partner’s RS was higher if the Partner rated the Subject higher than the Subject rated him or herself (
Diminishment of benefit as enhancement becomes greater.
A brief overview of the central issue now takes place. The degrees of freedom for all correlations is 404 unless otherwise specified. Self-enhancement diminished both the Subjects’ (
A different pattern emerged when considering enhancement of Essence Qualities. Since no instrument measures Essence Qualities, the only enhancement possibility is a comparison of Subject ratings on each of the 15 with the Partner rating of the Subjects’ Essence Qualities. The results found that Partner-Subject EQ enhancement was associated with greater relational satisfaction for the Subject (
Relational Satisfaction | All | Marrieds | Dating | Roommates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.30 (< | .28 (< | .14 ( | .30 (.002) | ||
.37 (< | .32 (< | .21 ( | .47 (< | ||
Partner enhance | .14 (.005) | .13 ( | .00 ( | .19 (.052) | |
.34 (< | .37 (< | .23 (.020) | .35 (< | ||
Partner deviate* from Subject | -.13 (.010) | −.12 (.094) | .03 ( | −.11 ( | |
−.14 (.007) | −.18 (.011) | .14 ( | −.13 ( | ||
PSC | .11 (.032) | .05 ( | .10 ( | .10 ( | |
.11 (.035) | −.01 ( | .20 (.021) | .12 ( | ||
Self-enhance | −.21 (< | −.10 ( | −.21 (.039) | −.24 (.015) | |
−.14 (.005) | .02 ( | −.22 (.031) | −.20 (.040) | ||
Self deviate* from test | −.15 (.002) | −.10 ( | −.05 ( | −.22 (.027) | |
−.17 (.001) | −.16 (.023) | −.05 ( | −.17 (.079) | ||
PSC | .26 (< | .17 (.015) | .13 ( | .43 (< | |
.22 (< | .16 (.026) | .11 ( | .34 ( | ||
Partner/test enhance | −.18 ( | −.12 ( | −.19 (.065) | −.19 (.054) | |
.08 (<.001) | .15 (.032) | .05 ( | .10 ( | ||
Partner deviate* from test | −.17 (.001) | −.16 (.027) | −.21 (.040) | −.10 ( | |
−.16 ( | −.17 (.015) | −.16 ( | −.08 ( | ||
PSC | .27 (< | .28 (< | .25 (.011) | .13 ( | |
.34 (< | .32 (< | .32 (.001) | .27 (.007) | ||
Partner/Subject enhance | −.03 ( | −.06 ( | −.06 ( | −.02 ( | |
.21 (< | .16 (.020) | .24 (.018) | .27 (.006) | ||
Partner deviate* from Subject | −.10 (.056) | −.11 ( | −.04 ( | .03 ( | |
−.12 (.016) | −.08 ( | −.11 ( | −.08 ( | ||
PSC | .31 (< | .24 (.001) | .13 ( | .32 (.001) | |
.33 (< | .23 (.001) | .16 ( | .46 (< |
Bivariate correlations between key variables and subject and partner relational satisfaction; 2-tail significance in parentheses (p > .10 = “ns”); degrees of freedom, N – 2.
Deviate: Absolute value of the enhance score. Positive correlation: greater deviation associated with greater RS. Negative correlation: greater deviation associated with lower RS.
Recall that deviation from congruence is the absolute value of (a) subject minus test, (b) partner minus test, and (c) partner minus subject. A score of zero indicates no deviation whereas a larger score indicates greater deviation.
The Subject-test deviation was associated with poorer RS for the Subjects (
Profile Similarity Correlations (for the entire data set) included:
Thus in all four setting similarity of correlations (high PSC) is associated with greater relational satisfaction for both subjects and partners. See Table 2 for detail.
The influence of Essence-Quality strength on relational satisfaction was consistent with Erikson’s theory. Stronger Essence Qualities on the part of the primary Subject was associated with greater RS for both the Subjects (
Both Subjects’ and Partners’ relational satisfaction was enhanced if they were more emotionally stable, agreeable, socially skilled, and spiritual, and was diminished if they were more hostile or depressed. The
This data set is not primarily designed for regression analysis or structural equation modeling. The study addresses several specific factors associated with relational satisfaction and there is no intent for it to be comprehensive. The objective of the regressions in this setting is not so much to attain high R2 values but rather to test the relative importance of the predictor variables and also partial correlations after other variables are accounted for.
Two analyses were conducted: the first included a criterion variable of
Thus, three qualities significantly influenced both Subject and Partner relational satisfaction: Strength of essence qualities, congruence between subjects and partners on the ten self- and partner-ratings (Subject – Partner PSC), and the negative impact of hostility. Depression was the greatest single predictor (negative) of the subjects’ relational satisfaction. The partner viewing the subject higher than subject self-ratings was the second-ranked predictor of the partners’ relational satisfaction.
Analysis of gender differences were remarkable more for the similarity between men and women than for any differences. When contrasting type of relationships, for both Subjects and Partners, dating couples had the greatest RS (
As the discussion progresses, the reader is reminded of the overall perspective of this study. Taylor and Brown [1] research supported the benefits of positive illusions in many settings. Subsequent research has instances of support or non-support for the Taylor and Brown Theory. Present findings are discussed in the context of identifying the influence of enhancement or congruence on relational satisfaction in several contexts.
Three types of enhancement are explored in this study: Subject-test, Partner-test, and Partner-Subject. In contrast with the Taylor and Brown theory in almost all instances enhancement (positive illusions) is detrimental to relational satisfaction; both for the Subjects and the Partners. The only instance of support for Taylor and Brown is when Partners rate Subjects higher than Subjects rate themselves, the Partner’s relational satisfaction is enhanced.
This pattern holds true for each of the subsets except for married couples. Their results are in the same direction but not significant for the Subject and show a non-significant
For all three settings, a deviation from congruence from either the test results or the Subjects’ self-ratings results in diminished relational satisfaction for both Subjects and Partners. When the Subject self-ratings deviate from the test results, the outcome is lower RS for Subjects and Partners and for each subset. An identical pattern occurs for deviation of the Partners’ Subject-ratings with test results, also significant (for the entire sample). The results are less robust for the Partner deviating from Subject ratings. Both show negative impact but are barely significant. Although marrieds, dating and roommates show a similar pattern of results their outcomes are often do not achieve significance. The influence of PSC helps to create a more complete picture.
The Profile Similarity Correlation measures how similar (highly correlated) are the pattern of ratings between the couples on a given set of variables. Also, as suggested in the introduction, the PSC can also measure enhancement or diminishment.
The PSC produced some of the strongest results in the entire data set. For three of the PSC measures (Subject-test, Partner-test, and Partner-Subject), not only are benefits to the relational satisfaction of both Subjects and Partners for entire sample significant at the .001 level, most of the subsets achieve the same significance.
The message is clear. When the results of deviation from accuracy and the PSC are considered, one may say that relational satisfaction (whether for Subjects or Partners) is associated with reasonable accuracy of judgment and congruence with both the Subject self-ratings and test results. When the occasional benefit of enhancement occurs (only for the Partner rating the Subject higher than the Subject rates herself) one is motivated to ask the question: Is this the type of enhancement spoken of by Robins and Beer [11] that yields short-term benefit but long-term misfortune?
In the present study, those high in Essence Qualities scored a perfect record (all at
The results were nearly as strong with the benefit on Subject’s and Partner’s RS. Of all possible correlations (between Essence Qualities and relational satisfaction), the effect was significant at the .001 level for the entire sample and all subset except dating couples.
These results, despite being robust, should not be that surprising. Erikson [19, 20] anchored a strong personal identity (Stage 5) as the prerequisite to successful intimate relationships (Stage 6). Linville [21] also found emotional and relational health associated with her concept of self-complexity. The utility of essence qualities as a unique concept (despite similarities to Erikson and Linville) is their usefulness in a counseling or seminar context. George and George [18] have documented that almost never do a couple share identical essence qualities. In counseling, then, the couple can learn to enjoy the strength of shared essences and explore how to deal with essences that differ.
When considering the three primary subsets (marrieds, dating couples, roommates) responses were reasonably consistent with the overall results, except for the dating couples. Of 26 comparisons between the three groups, the dating couples produced similar but weaker results 16 times, completely opposite results 3 times, and were reasonably congruent results on the other six. Essentially, we found less influence on Subject and
More might be done with the temperament measures. In this study, temperament was used only in the PSC correlations. The challenge of their multidimensionality provides difficulty for any researcher, but the multidimensionality is intrinsic to the concept of temperament. Their power in a counseling or seminar setting demonstrates that continued effort to provide effective ways to measure and employ them in research is desirable.
A possible solution is, perhaps, suggested by the measure of Essence Qualities in the present study. Essence Qualities are defined as
Perhaps the greatest limitation of the study is that the areas in which enhancement or congruence were assessed (the six personality variables) is limited. There are thousands of areas in couple relationships that might also be assessed. How well do results from six variables extrapolate to enhancement or congruence across the wide array of other personal characteristics? Future studies might begin to systematically explore different classes of variables to gain a more complete picture.
The present study reveals that asking whether positive illusions are beneficial is too simplistic. The study appears to illustrate that positive illusions by the Partner may sometimes have benefit. But, this finding is overwhelmed by the weight of evidence that 1. assessment that is congruent with Subject ratings or test results, 2. assessment that does not deviate too far from the test or partner ratings, and 3. a high correlation between the perspectives of the one doing the judging and one being judged is beneficial to relational satisfaction.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Activity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f6de90c02282919494d6254e473defe",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",bookSignature:"Meral Huri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5711",title:"Occupational Therapy",subtitle:"Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38180e287b6cb09b8002b7ab485de2c2",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",bookSignature:"Meral Huri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55163",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68799",title:"Virtual Reality and Occupational Therapy",slug:"virtual-reality-and-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Virtual reality is three dimensional, interactive and fun way in rehabilitation. Its first known use in rehabilitation published by Max North named as “Virtual Environments and Psychological Disorders” (1994). Virtual reality uses special programmed computers, visual devices and artificial environments for the clients’ rehabilitation. Throughout technological improvements, virtual reality devices changed from therapeutic gloves to augmented reality environments. Virtual reality was being used in different rehabilitation professions such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, psychology and so on. In spite of common virtual reality approach of different professions, each profession aims different outcomes in rehabilitation. Virtual reality in occupational therapy generally focuses on hand and upper extremity functioning, cognitive rehabilitation, mental disorders, etc. Positive effects of virtual reality were mentioned in different studies, which are higher motivation than non‐simulated environments, active participation of the participants, supporting motor learning, fun environment and risk‐free environment. Additionally, virtual reality was told to be used as assessment. This chapter will focus on usage of virtual reality in occupational therapy, history and recent developments, types of virtual reality technologic equipment, pros and cons, usage for pediatric, adult and geriatric people and recent research and articles.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Orkun Tahir Aran, Sedef Şahin, Berkan Torpil, Tarık Demirok and\nHülya Kayıhan",authors:[{id:"172938",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayihan",slug:"hulya-kayihan",fullName:"Hulya Kayihan"},{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"196848",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Orkun Tahir",middleName:null,surname:"Aran",slug:"orkun-tahir-aran",fullName:"Orkun Tahir Aran"},{id:"197159",title:"Mr.",name:"Tarık",middleName:null,surname:"Demirok",slug:"tarik-demirok",fullName:"Tarık Demirok"},{id:"197312",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Berkan",middleName:null,surname:"Torpil",slug:"berkan-torpil",fullName:"Berkan Torpil"}]},{id:"61806",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78312",title:"Executive Functions and Neurology in Children and Adolescents",slug:"executive-functions-and-neurology-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of creating a developmental perspective on executive function (EF) in childhood and adolescence. Focusing on school periods, this section outlines the development of the basic components of EF—inhibition, working memory, and attention. Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluations show that despite the emergence of EF in the first few years of life, it continues to grow significantly in childhood and adolescence. The components vary slightly according to their developmental sequence. The chapter links findings to long-standing developmental issues (i.e. developmental sequences and processes) and suggests the necessary research to establish a developmental framework covering early childhood throughout adolescence.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek",authors:[{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"56049",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69101",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Participation in society is an area of interest to both clinicians and population researchers. Measurement of participation is therefore important, yet differences in definition, in terms of both content and scope, have made general agreement on one instrument tool elusive. What is recognized is the need for a theoretically based tool that captures both the insider and the outsider perspective. The outsider perspective, inclusive of the generally held views of a society, supports the utility for aggregating population data, whereas the insider perspective provides the internally held views of an individual needed for client-centered treatment planning. The Role Checklist Version 3 modifies one of the most commonly used assessment tools in occupational therapy practice, has good preliminary psychometric properties, and is theoretically consistent with both the ICF and the Model of Human Occupation. The Model of Human Occupation is the most widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical development, empirical testing, and implications for use of this participation measure by occupational therapists along with implications for population researchers.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Perron"},{id:"208803",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruff",slug:"emily-g.-ruff",fullName:"Emily G. Ruff"},{id:"208804",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Smiley",slug:"jessica-l.-smiley",fullName:"Jessica L. Smiley"}]},{id:"55024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68463",title:"Occupational Therapy in Oncology and Palliative Care",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-oncology-and-palliative-care",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cancer is a chronic disease that may occur in both children and adults. Occupational therapy focuses on the activity limitations and participation problems in their life. Oncology rehabilitation involves in helping an individual with cancer to regain maximum physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and vocational functioning with the limits up to disease and its treatments in an interdisciplinary team concept. These treatment options are associated with the risk of some side effects, including fatigue, pain, cognitive problems, decrease in bone density and muscle endurance, weight loss, and stress- or anxiety-related psychosocial problems. Occupational therapy approaches are a holistic view in a client center and use training in activities of daily living, assistive technology, education of energy conservation techniques, and management of treatment-related problems, such as pain, fatigue, and nausea. In palliative and hospice care, occupational therapists support clients with cancer by minimizing the secondary symptoms related to cancer and its treatments. At the end of life, occupational therapy offers to identify the roles and activities that are meaningful and purposeful to the client with cancer and try to determine the barriers that limit their performance. Clients with cancer who have childhood cancer or adult cancer can face problems about body structure and functions, activity, and participation, which may limit their participation to their daily life.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Sedef Şahin, Semin Akel and Meral Zarif",authors:[{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"183078",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu Semin",middleName:null,surname:"Akel",slug:"burcu-semin-akel",fullName:"Burcu Semin Akel"},{id:"198859",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Zarif",slug:"meral-zarif",fullName:"Meral Zarif"}]},{id:"55018",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68315",title:"Psychomotor Therapy for Patients with Severe Mental Health Disorders",slug:"psychomotor-therapy-for-patients-with-severe-mental-health-disorders",totalDownloads:2267,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Psychomotor therapy is defined as a method of treatment based on a holistic view of the human being that is derived from the unity of body and mind. Assessments (observation and/or evaluation) are essential to achieving concrete psychosocial objectives methodically. Psychomotor therapy uses movement, body awareness and a wide range of movement activities to optimize movement behaviour as well as the cognitive, affective and relational aspects of psychomotor functioning (i.e. the relationships between physical movements and cognitive and social-affective aspects). Consequently, the approach to this type of therapy integrates the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects of functioning in relation to the capacity of being and acting in a psychosocial context in order to achieve clearly defined goals in consultation with the patients. Psychomotor therapy framework consists of three different approaches: a health-related approach, a psychosocial approach and a psychotherapeutic approach, which can be embedded in several psychotherapeutic approaches. Through the implementation of both systematically planned evaluations and individually targeted interventions in group, the psychomotor therapist strives to broaden the general action competences and specific skills and to stimulate a positive self-image and personal well-being in balanced social relationships. Today, there is sufficient evidence that psychomotor therapy has a major contribution to both well-being and mental health of patients with severe psychiatric problems. In Flemish psychiatric hospitals, psychomotor therapy is imbedded in different treatment programmes. In this chapter, the theory behind this approach and some practical examples will be provided.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Michel Probst",authors:[{id:"196227",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Probst",slug:"michel-probst",fullName:"Michel Probst"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55080",title:"Life Skills in Occupational Therapy",slug:"life-skills-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:6076,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Occupational therapy is a health profession that uses the purposeful activities to achieve multiple and complex rehabilitation aims. The main goals of the occupational therapy are to support the reintegration of individuals in daily living skills as well as to increase their independence and autonomy. Interventions of occupational therapists have primarily focused on self-care, productivity, and leisure time activities. Since the life skills includes a wide range of abilities that enable a person to perform personal care and more complicated tasks such as traveling, shopping, community participation etc., occupational therapists provide life skills training programs to meet the needs of the clients. This chapter aims to contribute to the current understanding and practices of life skills from an occupational therapy perspective. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of the importance of life skills in occupational therapy. After this introduction, the first part takes a look at the definition of life skills and identifies core components of life skills. The second part describes assessment and interventions of life skills. The third one gives an overview about school life skills programs for children and adolescents. Finally, the last part explains some life skills programs in people with disadvantages.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Hatice Abaoğlu, Özge Buket Cesim, Sinem Kars and Zeynep Çelik",authors:[{id:"197551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",middleName:null,surname:"Abaoğlu",slug:"hatice-abaoglu",fullName:"Hatice Abaoğlu"},{id:"205199",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Kars",slug:"sinem-kars",fullName:"Sinem Kars"},{id:"205200",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",slug:"zeynep-celik",fullName:"Zeynep Celik"},{id:"205203",title:"Ms.",name:"Özge Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Cesim",slug:"ozge-buket-cesim",fullName:"Özge Buket Cesim"}]},{id:"62493",title:"Occupational Therapy in Forensic Settings",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-forensic-settings",totalDownloads:2544,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"It is necessary for a person to comply with the expectations of society and the rules of law to which these expectations are secured. Offenders turn back to the community after the penalty was executed by isolating from society and some occupations. An occupational imbalance is seen in the individuals, during this penalty period and afterward, because of limited occupational participation. As an occupational being, this affects their physical, mental and psychological well-being. Imprisonment is an important practice in criminal law to punish criminals. This may be necessary for the protection of society from criminals, but successful integration into a community after exiting the prison is the most important factor in preventing recidivism. Occupational therapy focuses on health and well-being by using meaningful and purposeful occupations. Occupation involves any activity that people perform or participate in, such as giving care to themselves or others, working, learning, playing games, and interacting with others. From this perspective, the role of occupational therapists in forensic settings is to determine the abilities of these individuals to congregate their deprived freedoms and use them to train them for an independent and autonomous life; to provide a professional orientation, career counseling, and self-esteem; to gain some habits for physical, spiritual and moral life and to reinforce.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Esma Ozkan, Sümeyye Belhan, Mahmut Yaran and Meral Zarif",authors:null},{id:"62210",title:"Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"occupational-therapy-s-role-in-the-treatment-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:2757,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Occupational therapists (OT) offer a wide range of therapies for individuals with ASD on the basis of specific deficits and difficulties. This chapter explores the role that OT plays, and the expertise, in relation to the interdisciplinary team. In addition, it discusses and presents empirical support for several therapeutic approaches commonly used by OTs working with individuals with ASD.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Bryan M. Gee, Amy Nwora and Theodore W. Peterson",authors:null},{id:"55049",title:"Community Participation in People with Disabilities",slug:"community-participation-in-people-with-disabilities",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Despite the fact that participation is an important building and a valuable target, the conceptualization, identification and measurement methods vary widely. This chapter tried to gain an insider’s perspective from the obstacles that summarize what meaning participation means, how to characterize it, and what prevents and supports participation. Participation is seen as a right and a responsibility attributed to and attributed to both the person and the community. Participation does not take place in a vacuum; the environment dynamically influences participation. The effects of this conceptual framework are discussed for change at the level of evaluation, research and systems to support the participation of the people with disability.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek and Gonca Bumin",authors:[{id:"32431",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonca",middleName:null,surname:"Bumin",slug:"gonca-bumin",fullName:"Gonca Bumin"},{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"56049",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2822,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Participation in society is an area of interest to both clinicians and population researchers. Measurement of participation is therefore important, yet differences in definition, in terms of both content and scope, have made general agreement on one instrument tool elusive. What is recognized is the need for a theoretically based tool that captures both the insider and the outsider perspective. The outsider perspective, inclusive of the generally held views of a society, supports the utility for aggregating population data, whereas the insider perspective provides the internally held views of an individual needed for client-centered treatment planning. The Role Checklist Version 3 modifies one of the most commonly used assessment tools in occupational therapy practice, has good preliminary psychometric properties, and is theoretically consistent with both the ICF and the Model of Human Occupation. The Model of Human Occupation is the most widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical development, empirical testing, and implications for use of this participation measure by occupational therapists along with implications for population researchers.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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