\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-561-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-560-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-562-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",keywords:"Urban Processes, Urban Patterns, Redevelopment Strategies, Landscape, Land Transformation, Urban Models, Urban Evolution, Urban Organisation, Legislation, Sustainable Development, Green Infrastructure, Regional Planning",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 21st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 9th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 8th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"16 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Loures has worked on pioneering research on circular planning applied to post-industrial landscape redevelopment. Since he graduated he has published several peer-reviewed papers at the national and international levels and he has been a guest researcher and lecturer both at Michigan State University (USA) and at the University of Toronto (Canada) where he has developed part of his Ph.D. research with the Financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Ph.D. grant).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108118/images/system/108118.png",biography:"Luís Loures is a Landscape Architect and Agronomic Engineer, Vice-President of the Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, who holds a Ph.D. in Planning and a Post-Doc in Agronomy. Since he graduated, he has published several peer reviewed papers at the national and international levels and he has been a guest researcher and lecturer both at Michigan State University (USA), and at University of Toronto (Canada) where he has developed part of his Ph.D. research with the Financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Ph.D. grant).\nDuring his academic career he had taught in several courses in different Universities around the world, mainly regarding the fields of landscape architecture, urban and environmental planning and sustainability. Currently, he is a researcher both at VALORIZA - Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization – Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, and the CinTurs - Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being, University of Algarve where he is a researcher on several financed research projects focusing several different investigation domains such as urban planning, landscape reclamation and urban redevelopment, and the use of urban planning as a tool for achieving sustainable development.",institutionString:"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"28624",title:"Liver Transplantation Due to Abdominal Trauma",doi:"10.5772/29229",slug:"liver-transplantation-due-to-abdominal-trauma",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28624.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28624",totalDownloads:2075,totalViews:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 6th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 3rd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 15th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/28624",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/28624",book:{slug:"liver-transplantation-basic-issues"},signatures:"Matthias Heuer, Sven Lendemans, Gernot M. Kaiser and Andreas Paul",authors:[{id:"76991",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Heuer",fullName:"Matthias Heuer",slug:"matthias-heuer",email:"matthias.heuer@uk-essen.de",position:null,institution:{name:"Essen University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"84913",title:"Prof.",name:"Gernot",middleName:null,surname:"Kaiser",fullName:"Gernot Kaiser",slug:"gernot-kaiser",email:"gernot.kaiser@uk-essen.de",position:null,institution:{name:"Essen University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"91771",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven",middleName:null,surname:"Lendemans",fullName:"Sven Lendemans",slug:"sven-lendemans",email:"sven.lendemans@uk-essen.de",position:null,institution:{name:"Essen University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"91772",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",fullName:"Andreas Paul",slug:"andreas-paul",email:"andreas.paul@uk-essen.de",position:null,institution:{name:"Essen University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"967",title:"Liver Transplantation",subtitle:"Basic Issues",fullTitle:"Liver Transplantation - Basic Issues",slug:"liver-transplantation-basic-issues",publishedDate:"February 15th 2012",bookSignature:"Hesham Abdeldayem and Naglaa Allam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",middleName:null,surname:"Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28611",title:"History and Evolution of Liver Transplantation",slug:"history-and-evolution-of-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:4363,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ayman Azzam",authors:[{id:"99947",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Azzam",fullName:"Ayman Azzam",slug:"ayman-azzam"}]},{id:"28612",title:"Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Associated with Liver Transplantation in 2011: Past and Future",slug:"ischemia-reperfusion-injury-associated-with-liver-transplantation-in-2011-past-and-future",totalDownloads:2749,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Elias-Miró, M.B. Jiménez-Castro and C. Peralta",authors:[{id:"74565",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Peralta",fullName:"Carmen Peralta",slug:"carmen-peralta"},{id:"150567",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Elias-Miró",fullName:"Maria Elias-Miró",slug:"maria-elias-miro"},{id:"150568",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica B.",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez-Castro",fullName:"Mónica B. Jiménez-Castro",slug:"monica-b.-jimenez-castro"}]},{id:"28613",title:"The Influences of Nitric Oxide on Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury",slug:"the-influences-of-nitric-oxide-on-liver-ischemia-reperfusion-injury",totalDownloads:2853,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Erik Stoltenberg, Alexander A. Vitin, Bradley E. Hansen and John D. Lang, Jr.",authors:[{id:"46555",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin"},{id:"72340",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Lang Jr.",fullName:"John Lang Jr.",slug:"john-lang-jr."},{id:"84013",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Stoltenberg",fullName:"Erik Stoltenberg",slug:"erik-stoltenberg"},{id:"135933",title:"Dr.",name:"Bradley",middleName:"Evan",surname:"Hansen",fullName:"Bradley Hansen",slug:"bradley-hansen"}]},{id:"28614",title:"Immunology of Liver Transplantation",slug:"immunology-of-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:4538,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ling Lu, Jianhua Rao, Guoqiang Li, Xiaofeng Qian, Beicheng Sun and Xuehao Wang",authors:[{id:"76797",title:"Prof.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Ling Lu",slug:"ling-lu"},{id:"131732",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianhua",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",fullName:"Jianhua Rao",slug:"jianhua-rao"},{id:"131735",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Guoqiang Li",slug:"guoqiang-li"},{id:"131736",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Qian",fullName:"Xiaofeng Qian",slug:"xiaofeng-qian"},{id:"131738",title:"Prof.",name:"Beicheng",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Beicheng Sun",slug:"beicheng-sun"},{id:"131739",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuehao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xuehao Wang",slug:"xuehao-wang"},{id:"137464",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingli",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Xingli Huang",slug:"xingli-huang"}]},{id:"28615",title:"Clinical Immunosuppression",slug:"clinical-immunosuppression",totalDownloads:2291,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chunbao Guo",authors:[{id:"76767",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunbao",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Chunbao Guo",slug:"chunbao-guo"}]},{id:"28616",title:"Prognostic Factors for Survival in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis",slug:"prognostic-factors-for-survival-in-patients-with-liver-cirrhosis",totalDownloads:5894,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marcia Samada and Julio C. Hernández",authors:[{id:"81204",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcia",middleName:null,surname:"Samada Suarez",fullName:"Marcia Samada Suarez",slug:"marcia-samada-suarez"},{id:"85161",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",fullName:"Julio C. Hernández",slug:"julio-c.-hernandez"}]},{id:"28617",title:"The Rise of Glutaminase in End-Stage Liver Diseases",slug:"the-rise-of-glutaminase-in-end-stage-liver-diseases",totalDownloads:2590,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maria Jover-Cobos, Nathan Davies, Rajiv Jalan and Manuel Romero-Gómez",authors:[{id:"76894",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Jover-Cobos",fullName:"Maria Jover-Cobos",slug:"maria-jover-cobos"},{id:"130576",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajiv",middleName:null,surname:"Jalan",fullName:"Rajiv Jalan",slug:"rajiv-jalan"},{id:"130577",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathan",middleName:null,surname:"Davies",fullName:"Nathan Davies",slug:"nathan-davies"},{id:"130578",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Gomez",fullName:"Manuel Romero-Gomez",slug:"manuel-romero-gomez"}]},{id:"28618",title:"Disease Targeted Measures of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease Before and After Liver Transplantation",slug:"disease-targeted-measures-of-health-related-quality-of-life-hrqol-in-patients-with-advanced-liver-di",totalDownloads:2990,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Teresa Casanovas Taltavull, Maria Carmen Peña-Cala and Eva Rodríguez Bruzos",authors:[{id:"37764",title:"Dr",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Casanovas",fullName:"Teresa Casanovas",slug:"teresa-casanovas"},{id:"150614",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Cala",fullName:"Maria Carmen Peña-Cala",slug:"maria-carmen-pena-cala"},{id:"150615",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Bruzos",fullName:"Eva Rodríguez Bruzos",slug:"eva-rodriguez-bruzos"}]},{id:"28619",title:"Hepatitis C and Liver Transplantation",slug:"hepatitis-c-and-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:2114,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Jiménez Pérez, Ana Belen Sáez Gómez, Rocío González Grande and Juan Miguel Rodrigo López",authors:[{id:"73568",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez-Pérez",fullName:"Miguel Jiménez-Pérez",slug:"miguel-jimenez-perez"},{id:"74262",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Belén",middleName:"Saez",surname:"Sáez-Gómez",fullName:"Ana Belén Sáez-Gómez",slug:"ana-belen-saez-gomez"},{id:"78000",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío",middleName:null,surname:"González-Grande",fullName:"Rocío González-Grande",slug:"rocio-gonzalez-grande"},{id:"82946",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo-López",fullName:"Juan Miguel Rodrigo-López",slug:"juan-miguel-rodrigo-lopez"}]},{id:"28620",title:"HCV-Recurrence After Liver Transplantation",slug:"hcv-recurrence-after-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dennis Eurich, Marcus Bahra and Peter Neuhaus",authors:[{id:"73987",title:"Dr",name:"Dennis",middleName:null,surname:"Eurich",fullName:"Dennis Eurich",slug:"dennis-eurich"},{id:"84098",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:null,surname:"Bahra",fullName:"Marcus Bahra",slug:"marcus-bahra"}]},{id:"28621",title:"Management of Recurrent HCV and HBV Infections after Liver Transplantation",slug:"management-of-recurrent-hcv-and-hbv-infections-after-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marta Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska",authors:[{id:"73585",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",middleName:"Malgorzata",surname:"Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska",fullName:"Marta Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska",slug:"marta-wawrzynowicz-syczewska"}]},{id:"28622",title:"Role of Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure",slug:"role-of-liver-transplantation-in-acute-liver-failure",totalDownloads:2583,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Saleh A. Alqahtani1 and Anne M. Larson",authors:[{id:"80662",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:"M",surname:"Larson",fullName:"Anne Larson",slug:"anne-larson"},{id:"81595",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alqahtani",fullName:"Saleh Alqahtani",slug:"saleh-alqahtani"}]},{id:"28623",title:"Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hcc)",slug:"liver-transplantation-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma-hcc-",totalDownloads:5339,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alejandro Mejia, Hector Nazario and Parvez Mantry",authors:[{id:"84140",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Mejia",fullName:"Alejandro Mejia",slug:"alejandro-mejia"},{id:"100406",title:"Dr.",name:"Parvez",middleName:"S",surname:"Mantry",fullName:"Parvez Mantry",slug:"parvez-mantry"},{id:"100413",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Nazario",fullName:"Hector Nazario",slug:"hector-nazario"}]},{id:"28624",title:"Liver Transplantation Due to Abdominal Trauma",slug:"liver-transplantation-due-to-abdominal-trauma",totalDownloads:2075,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Matthias Heuer, Sven Lendemans, Gernot M. Kaiser and Andreas Paul",authors:[{id:"76991",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Heuer",fullName:"Matthias Heuer",slug:"matthias-heuer"},{id:"84913",title:"Prof.",name:"Gernot",middleName:null,surname:"Kaiser",fullName:"Gernot Kaiser",slug:"gernot-kaiser"},{id:"91771",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven",middleName:null,surname:"Lendemans",fullName:"Sven Lendemans",slug:"sven-lendemans"},{id:"91772",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",fullName:"Andreas Paul",slug:"andreas-paul"}]},{id:"28625",title:"Intensive Care Management of Patients Prior to Liver Transplantation",slug:"intensive-care-management-of-patients-prior-to-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:2161,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kathy M. Nilles and Ram M. Subramanian",authors:[{id:"74119",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram",middleName:null,surname:"Subramanian",fullName:"Ram Subramanian",slug:"ram-subramanian"},{id:"150572",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathy M.",middleName:null,surname:"Nilles",fullName:"Kathy M. Nilles",slug:"kathy-m.-nilles"}]},{id:"28626",title:"Anesthesia in Liver Transplantation",slug:"anesthesia-in-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:9164,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Meral Kanbak, Ayse Heves Karagoz and Filiz Üzümcügil",authors:[{id:"65030",title:"Prof.",name:"Meral",middleName:"-",surname:"Kanbak",fullName:"Meral Kanbak",slug:"meral-kanbak"},{id:"70552",title:"Dr.",name:"Filiz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzumcugil",fullName:"Filiz Uzumcugil",slug:"filiz-uzumcugil"},{id:"72972",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:"Heves",surname:"Karagöz",fullName:"Ayşe Karagöz",slug:"ayse-karagoz"}]},{id:"28627",title:"Cardiovascular Monitoring and Substitution of the Blood Volume During Liver Transplantation",slug:"cardiovascular-monitoring-and-substitution-of-the-blood-volume-during-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peter Nissen, Hans J. Frederiksen and Niels H. Secher",authors:[{id:"84421",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Nissen",fullName:"Peter Nissen",slug:"peter-nissen"},{id:"84788",title:"Mr.",name:"Hans J",middleName:null,surname:"Frederiksen",fullName:"Hans J Frederiksen",slug:"hans-j-frederiksen"},{id:"84792",title:"Mr.",name:"Niels H",middleName:null,surname:"Secher",fullName:"Niels H Secher",slug:"niels-h-secher"}]},{id:"28628",title:"The Post-Reperfusion Syndrome (PRS): Diagnosis, Incidence and Management",slug:"the-post-reperfusion-syndrome-prs-diagnosis-incidence-and-management",totalDownloads:3276,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kyota Fukazawa and Ernesto A. Pretto, Jr.",authors:[{id:"126448",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Pretto",fullName:"Ernesto Pretto",slug:"ernesto-pretto"},{id:"174429",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyota",middleName:null,surname:"Fukazawa",fullName:"Kyota Fukazawa",slug:"kyota-fukazawa"}]},{id:"28629",title:"Malignant Hyperthermia in Liver Transplantation",slug:"malignant-hyperthermia-in-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cláudia Regina Fernandes, David Silveira Marinho and Fernanda Paula Cavalcante",authors:[{id:"79438",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Claudia Fernandes",slug:"claudia-fernandes"},{id:"150570",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira Marinho",fullName:"David Silveira Marinho",slug:"david-silveira-marinho"},{id:"150571",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Cavalcante",fullName:"Fernanda Paula Cavalcante",slug:"fernanda-paula-cavalcante"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3164",title:"Hepatic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e54bf2639e53e684ac2233e94ae53c19",slug:"hepatic-surgery",bookSignature:"Hesham Abdeldayem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3164.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",surname:"Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"42359",title:"General Introduction: Advances in Hepatic Surgery",slug:"general-introduction-advances-in-hepatic-surgery",signatures:"J.H.M.B. Stoot, R.J.S. Coelen, J.L.A. van Vugt and C.H.C. Dejong",authors:[{id:"157264",title:"Mr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Stoot",fullName:"Jan Stoot",slug:"jan-stoot"},{id:"157295",title:"Prof.",name:"Kees",middleName:null,surname:"Dejong",fullName:"Kees Dejong",slug:"kees-dejong"},{id:"181922",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeroen",middleName:null,surname:"Van Vugt",fullName:"Jeroen Van Vugt",slug:"jeroen-van-vugt"}]},{id:"42361",title:"Essential Functional Hepatic and Biliary Anatomy for the Surgeon",slug:"essential-functional-hepatic-and-biliary-anatomy-for-the-surgeon",signatures:"Ronald S. Chamberlain",authors:[{id:"67289",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Chamberlain",fullName:"Ronald Chamberlain",slug:"ronald-chamberlain"}]},{id:"42362",title:"Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Liver Disease",slug:"anesthetic-considerations-for-patients-with-liver-disease",signatures:"Aparna Dalal and John D. Jr. Lang",authors:[{id:"153090",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Lang",fullName:"John Lang",slug:"john-lang"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat"}]},{id:"39211",title:"Strategies to Decrease Morbidity After Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"strategies-to-decrease-morbidity-after-hepatectomy-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Hiroshi Sadamori, Takahito Yagi and Toshiyoshi Fujiwara",authors:[{id:"40149",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sadamori",fullName:"Hiroshi Sadamori",slug:"hiroshi-sadamori"}]},{id:"41260",title:"Experimental Models in Liver Surgery",slug:"experimental-models-in-liver-surgery",signatures:"M.B. Jiménez-Castro, M. Elias-Miró, A. Casillas-Ramírez and C. Peralta",authors:[{id:"74565",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Peralta",fullName:"Carmen Peralta",slug:"carmen-peralta"}]},{id:"42512",title:"The Aim of Technology During Liver Resection — A Strategy to Minimize Blood Loss During Liver Surgery",slug:"the-aim-of-technology-during-liver-resection-a-strategy-to-minimize-blood-loss-during-liver-surgery",signatures:"Fabrizio Romano, Mattia Garancini, Fabio Uggeri, Luca Gianotti, Luca Nespoli, Angelo Nespoli and Franco Uggeri",authors:[{id:"80710",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",fullName:"Fabrizio Romano",slug:"fabrizio-romano"},{id:"154931",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Garancini",fullName:"Mattia Garancini",slug:"mattia-garancini"},{id:"165843",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Uggeri",fullName:"Fabio Uggeri",slug:"fabio-uggeri"},{id:"165844",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Nespoli",fullName:"Luca Nespoli",slug:"luca-nespoli"},{id:"165845",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Gianotti",fullName:"Luca Gianotti",slug:"luca-gianotti"},{id:"165846",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Nespoli",fullName:"Angelo Nespoli",slug:"angelo-nespoli"},{id:"165847",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Uggeri",fullName:"Franco Uggeri",slug:"franco-uggeri"}]},{id:"42364",title:"The Role of Ultrasound in Hepatic Surgery",slug:"the-role-of-ultrasound-in-hepatic-surgery",signatures:"Mattia Garancini, Luca Gianotti, Fabrizio Romano, Vittorio Giardini, Franco Uggeri and Guido Torzilli",authors:[{id:"80710",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",fullName:"Fabrizio Romano",slug:"fabrizio-romano"},{id:"154931",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Garancini",fullName:"Mattia Garancini",slug:"mattia-garancini"},{id:"165845",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Gianotti",fullName:"Luca Gianotti",slug:"luca-gianotti"},{id:"165847",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Uggeri",fullName:"Franco Uggeri",slug:"franco-uggeri"},{id:"167454",title:"Dr.",name:"Vittorio",middleName:null,surname:"Giardini",fullName:"Vittorio Giardini",slug:"vittorio-giardini"},{id:"167455",title:"Dr.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Torzilli",fullName:"Guido Torzilli",slug:"guido-torzilli"}]},{id:"42584",title:"Segmental Oriented Liver Surgery",slug:"segmental-oriented-liver-surgery",signatures:"O. Al-Jiffry Bilal and Khayat H. Samah",authors:[{id:"153686",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Aljiffry",fullName:"Bilal Aljiffry",slug:"bilal-aljiffry"},{id:"165264",title:"Dr.",name:"Samah",middleName:null,surname:"Khayat",fullName:"Samah Khayat",slug:"samah-khayat"}]},{id:"42368",title:"Two-Step Hanging Maneuver for an Isolated Resection of the Dorsal Sector of the Liver",slug:"two-step-hanging-maneuver-for-an-isolated-resection-of-the-dorsal-sector-of-the-liver",signatures:"Hideaki Uchiyama, Shinji Itoh and Kenji Takenaka",authors:[{id:"72500",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideaki",middleName:null,surname:"Uchiyama",fullName:"Hideaki Uchiyama",slug:"hideaki-uchiyama"}]},{id:"38175",title:"Right Anterior Sectionectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"right-anterior-sectionectomy-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Hiromichi Ishii, Shimpei Ogino, Koki Ikemoto, Kenichi Takemoto, Atsushi Toma, Kenji Nakamura and Tsuyoshi Itoh",authors:[{id:"152937",title:"M.D.",name:"Hiromichi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishii",fullName:"Hiromichi Ishii",slug:"hiromichi-ishii"},{id:"152938",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Toma",fullName:"Atsushi Toma",slug:"atsushi-toma"},{id:"152939",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Itoh",slug:"tsuyoshi-itoh"},{id:"152946",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Kenji Nakamura",slug:"kenji-nakamura"},{id:"164785",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimpei",middleName:null,surname:"Ogino",fullName:"Shimpei Ogino",slug:"shimpei-ogino"},{id:"164786",title:"Dr.",name:"Koki",middleName:null,surname:"Ikemoto",fullName:"Koki Ikemoto",slug:"koki-ikemoto"},{id:"164787",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenichi",middleName:null,surname:"Takemoto",fullName:"Kenichi Takemoto",slug:"kenichi-takemoto"}]},{id:"42369",title:"Benign Hepatic Neoplasms",slug:"benign-hepatic-neoplasms",signatures:"Ronald S. Chamberlain and Kim Oelhafen",authors:[{id:"67289",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Chamberlain",fullName:"Ronald Chamberlain",slug:"ronald-chamberlain"}]},{id:"38417",title:"Surgical Management of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"surgical-management-of-primary-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Kun-Ming Chan and Ashok Thorat",authors:[{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat"},{id:"118007",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",fullName:"Kun-Ming Chan",slug:"kun-ming-chan"}]},{id:"42779",title:"Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"liver-resection-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Mazen Hassanain, Faisal Alsaif, Abdulsalam Alsharaabi and Ahmad Madkhali",authors:[{id:"160646",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:null,surname:"Hassanain",fullName:"Mazen Hassanain",slug:"mazen-hassanain"},{id:"160660",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Medkhali",fullName:"Ahmad Medkhali",slug:"ahmad-medkhali"},{id:"160661",title:"Dr.",name:"Faisal",middleName:null,surname:"Alsaif",fullName:"Faisal Alsaif",slug:"faisal-alsaif"},{id:"160662",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdusalam",middleName:null,surname:"Alsharabi",fullName:"Abdusalam Alsharabi",slug:"abdusalam-alsharabi"}]},{id:"42530",title:"Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"transplantation-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Ahmad Madkhali, Murad Aljiffry and Mazen Hassanain",authors:[{id:"160646",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:null,surname:"Hassanain",fullName:"Mazen Hassanain",slug:"mazen-hassanain"},{id:"160660",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Medkhali",fullName:"Ahmad Medkhali",slug:"ahmad-medkhali"},{id:"160663",title:"Dr.",name:"Murad",middleName:null,surname:"Aljiffry",fullName:"Murad Aljiffry",slug:"murad-aljiffry"}]},{id:"42847",title:"Secondary Liver Tumors",slug:"secondary-liver-tumors",signatures:"Hesham Abdeldayem, Amr Helmy, Hisham Gad, Essam Salah, Amr Sadek, Tarek Ibrahim, Elsayed Soliman, Khaled Abuelella, Maher Osman, Amr Aziz, Hosam Soliman, Sherif Saleh, Osama Hegazy, Hany Shoreem, Taha Yasen, Emad Salem, Mohamed Taha, Hazem Zakaria, Islam Ayoub and Ahmed Sherif",authors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",middleName:null,surname:"Abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem"}]},{id:"40604",title:"The Assessment and Management of Chemotherapy Associated Liver Injury",slug:"the-assessment-and-management-of-chemotherapy-associated-liver-injury",signatures:"S. M. Robinson, J. Scott, D. M. Manas and S. A. White",authors:[{id:"27150",title:"Prof.",name:"Derek",middleName:null,surname:"Manas",fullName:"Derek Manas",slug:"derek-manas"},{id:"27152",title:"Mr.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"White",fullName:"Steve White",slug:"steve-white"},{id:"154098",title:"Mr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"Robinson",fullName:"Stuart Robinson",slug:"stuart-robinson"},{id:"167036",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",fullName:"John Scott",slug:"john-scott"}]},{id:"42830",title:"Liver Tumors in Infancy",slug:"liver-tumors-in-infancy",signatures:"Julio C. Wiederkehr, Izabel M. Coelho, Sylvio G. Avilla, Barbara A. Wiederkehr and Henrique A. Wiederkehr",authors:[{id:"75743",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:"Cesar",surname:"Wiederkehr",fullName:"Julio Wiederkehr",slug:"julio-wiederkehr"},{id:"83516",title:"Ms.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Wiederkehr",fullName:"Barbara Wiederkehr",slug:"barbara-wiederkehr"},{id:"157302",title:"Mr.",name:"Henrique",middleName:null,surname:"Wiederkehr",fullName:"Henrique Wiederkehr",slug:"henrique-wiederkehr"},{id:"157304",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabel",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",fullName:"Izabel Coelho",slug:"izabel-coelho"},{id:"157305",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvio",middleName:null,surname:"Avilla",fullName:"Sylvio Avilla",slug:"sylvio-avilla"}]},{id:"39015",title:"Liver Tumors in Infancy and Children",slug:"liver-tumors-in-infancy-and-children",signatures:"Chunbao Guo and Mingman Zhang",authors:[{id:"76767",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunbao",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Chunbao Guo",slug:"chunbao-guo"}]},{id:"40558",title:"Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumors",slug:"laparoscopic-radiofrequency-ablation-of-liver-tumors",signatures:"Mirela Patricia Sîrb Boeti, Răzvan Grigorie and Irinel Popescu",authors:[{id:"76702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirela Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Sîrbu Boeți",fullName:"Mirela Patricia Sîrbu Boeți",slug:"mirela-patricia-sirbu-boeti"}]},{id:"42371",title:"Surgical Management in Portal Hypertension",slug:"surgical-management-in-portal-hypertension",signatures:"Hiroshi Yoshida, Yasuhiro Mamada, Nobuhiko Taniai, Takashi Tajiri and Eiji Uchida",authors:[{id:"149697",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Hiroshi Yoshida",slug:"hiroshi-yoshida"}]},{id:"42372",title:"Vasoactive Substances and Inflammatory Factors in Progression of Liver Cirrhosis with Portal Hypertension",slug:"vasoactive-substances-and-inflammatory-factors-in-progression-of-liver-cirrhosis-with-portal-hyperte",signatures:"Hao Lu, Guoqiang Li, Ling Lu, Ye Fan, Xiaofeng Qian, Ke Wang and Feng Zhang",authors:[{id:"76797",title:"Prof.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Ling Lu",slug:"ling-lu"},{id:"159115",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",fullName:"Lu Hao",slug:"lu-hao"}]},{id:"38729",title:"Egyptian Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease: Surgical Point of View",slug:"egyptian-hepatic-veno-occlusive-disease-surgical-point-of-view",signatures:"Elsayed Ibrahim Salama",authors:[{id:"154331",title:"Dr.",name:"Elsayed",middleName:"I.",surname:"Salama",fullName:"Elsayed Salama",slug:"elsayed-salama"}]},{id:"42771",title:"Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis",slug:"progressive-familial-intrahepatic-cholestasis",signatures:"Ahmad Mohamed Sira and Mostafa Mohamed Sira",authors:[{id:"153474",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Sira",fullName:"Ahmad Sira",slug:"ahmad-sira"},{id:"153577",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Sira",fullName:"Mostafa Sira",slug:"mostafa-sira"}]},{id:"39670",title:"Management of Hepatobiliary Trauma",slug:"management-of-hepatobiliary-trauma",signatures:"Rajan Jagad, Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat"},{id:"157214",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajan",middleName:null,surname:"Jagad",fullName:"Rajan Jagad",slug:"rajan-jagad"}]},{id:"42374",title:"Hepatic Trauma",slug:"hepatic-trauma",signatures:"Bilal O. Al-Jiffry and Owaid AlMalki",authors:[{id:"153686",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Aljiffry",fullName:"Bilal Aljiffry",slug:"bilal-aljiffry"},{id:"165263",title:"Dr.",name:"Owaid",middleName:null,surname:"Almalki",fullName:"Owaid Almalki",slug:"owaid-almalki"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74697",title:"Epigenetic Events in Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95472",slug:"epigenetic-events-in-ovarian-cancer",body:'Among gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer, a molecularly heterogeneous condition associated with poorest prognosis. The highest mortality rates are associated with ovarian cancer, reflecting the third most prevalent cancer in female carcinomas of the gynecologic system. While it accounts for just 3% of all female cancers, the worldwide annual prevalence of ovarian cancer is 220,000, with 21,750 reported new cases and 13,940 estimated deaths annually [1]. Specific diagnosis in more than 70% of OC cases is a potent factor for high fatality rates at an advanced disease stage and carries a poor prognosis with current therapies. In ovarian cancer, the median age of disease diagnosis is 60 years and its lifetime incidence is one in seventy with estimated lifetime mortality of one in ninety-five [2, 3]. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% of all types of OC cases distinguished at histopathological, clinical, and molecular levels by heterogeneity. The precise cause of the malignancy of the ovaries is still unclear. Significant risk factors associated with OC have been identified as a strong family history of either ovarian or breast cancer. More than one-fifth (approximately 23%) of ovarian carcinomas have inherited susceptibility and have BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene mutations [4].
Rapid growth, unspecific clinical symptoms at the early stage of the disease, and the absence of earlier diagnosis methods make it challenging to diagnose promptly due to lack of effective screening. As a result, when the tumor has spread beyond the pelvis and is unlikely to be entirely removed by surgery, EOC is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage (FIGO III/IV). Long-term survival rates are poor (10–30 percent for women with disseminated malignancies. However, an ovarian cancer diagnosis at the localized level is considerable curable (over 95 percent five-year survival rate; [5]). Therefore, it is needed to explore cost effective and sensitive screening program for early detections and biomarkers to predict disease behaviors and responses to therapies. In identifying promising biomarkers of clinical utility for early diagnosis of OC, a better understanding of the EOC genome portrait would benefit.
Altered epigenetic states are closely associated with tumorigenesis of the ovaries. Epigenetics is characterized as a heritable alteration in gene expression without the DNA sequence itself being altered and involves DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome repositioning, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) posttranscriptional gene regulation [6, 7]. Cancer vulnerability is inherited, but most of this inheritability remains unknown. Epigenetic changes in the parental germ line that do not require transmission of genetic variants from parent to offspring may mediate such missing heritability. DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl moiety to the cytosine-5 location within the sense of a CpG dinucleotide, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), is the most studied epigenetic shift [6]. While most CpG sites are methylated in the human genome, CpG-dense regions known as CpG islands (often gene-associated) are usually unmethylated in normal tissue. Also, histone proteins associated with DNA are subject to extensive modifications that mediate the assembly of chromatin that is transcriptionally permissive or restrictive (i.e., open or closed). DNA methylation and histone modifications are now recognized to be closely related [6]. The complete epigenetic state corresponding to a particular cell phenotype (e.g., DNA methylation, histone modification, and miRNA expression) is now referred to as the epigenome [8]. Though repressive epigenetic changes (including DNA methylation) control genes in normal tissues (e.g., imprinted genes and inactivation of female X-chromosomes), they are dramatically altered in cancer [6, 9]. Global DNA hypomethylation and localized hypermethylation of promoter-associated CpG islands occur primarily in cancer cells, with the latter acting as a replacement for point mutations or deletions to induce transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes [6].
The substantial shortcomings of the therapies examined above in the treatment of ovarian cancer have set the stage for the use, either alone or in combination with other therapies, of novel epigenetic therapies to treat this disease. By adding a methyl group to stimulate regions of DNA to silence gene expression, the epigenetic alteration of DNA methylation controls gene expression. This mechanism is critical during sensitive cellular processes, such as embryonic development, inactivation of X-chromosomes, and genomic imprinting. The organ’s normal development and maturation are determined by a precise balance of active and silenced genes [10]. On the other hand, cancer promotes global hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with promoters, which are typically unmethylated in normal tissue, silencing genes essential for cellular homeostases, such as genes suppress tumors. To promote tumorigenesis, aberrant DNA methylation and structural chromatin changes will alter gene expression [11]. A repressive and tightly woven chromatin structure is caused by DNA methylation, which can minimize gene expression in DNA repair, apoptosis, differentiation, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In cancer, gene promoters’ hypermethylation causes the genes involved in cell cycle control, including BRCA1, CDKN2A, RASSF1A, LOTI, DAPK, ICAM-l, PALB2, RAD51C, and BRIP1 to be downregulated. Therefore, substantial loss of CpG hypermethylation in ovarian cancer is correlated with cancer cell growth inhibition [12].
In ovarian cancers, hypermethylation of particular gene promoters has been established. Compared to non-neoplastic tissues, promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressors BRCA1 and RASSF1A were significantly higher in ovarian cancers [13]. This hypermethylation silences expression to suppress BRCA1 activity, driving genomic instability in ovarian cancers, analogous to the mutations in BRCA1 discussed earlier. RASSF1A encodes a protein controlling the cell cycle; silencing this gene promotes cell-cycle progression and unregulated cell development. Compared to benign cases, tissues from patients with serous and non-serous EOC display significantly higher RASSF1A promoter methylation. [14]. In clear-cell ovarian cancer, hypermethylation is also observed. 22 separate CpG loci associated with nine genes (VWA1, FOXP1, FGFRL1, LINC00340, KCNH2, ANK1, ATXN2, NDRG21 and SLC16A11) were hypermethylated. Inversely associated with tumor gene expression, multiple loci methylation, most notably KCNH22 (HERG, a potassium channel). Loss of KCNH2 (HERG) expression by methylation may be a good prognostic marker, provided that overexpression of the Eag family members of the potassium channel promotes increased proliferation and results in poor prognosis [15]. However, superficial cell carcinomas also suppress methylation of the gene encoding the HNF1B transcription factor, while this gene is methylated in high-grade serous ovarian cancers [16]. In invasive carcinomas, Makarla et al. found hypermethylation of eight cancer-related genes (p16, RARβ, E-cadherin, H-cadherin, APC, GSTP1, MGMT, and RASSF1A) was significantly higher compared to non-invasive cancers and benign cystadenomas [17].
Chromatin modifying enzymes are altered in ovarian cancers beyond DNA methylation. High levels of H3K9 methyltransferase G9a, which adds histone methyl groups (H3K9) to promote the compact structure of chromatin and silence genes, have been associated with late-stage high-grade and serous ovarian cancer, as well as shorter survival in patients with ovarian cancer [18]. Genes marked by the chromatin modifications of activating H3K4me3 and silencing H3K27me3 are identified as “poised” or bivalent; these are not transcribed into embryonic stem cells but resolved as differentiated stem cells into active and transcribed (H3K4me3) or silenced and not transcribed (H3K27me3). In 499 high-grade serous ovarian cancers, compared to eight normal fallopian tube samples, these bivalent chromatin loci were silenced and included genes in the PI3K and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Stem-like cells of ovarian cancer and chemo-resistant cells of ovarian cancer have demonstrated increased silencing of these genes [19]. As previously mentioned, the gene encoding the ARID1A chromatin remodeler is mutated in over 50 percent of ovarian clear cell carcinomas. In a mouse model of ovarian cancer, Bitler et al. showed inhibiting EZH2 methyltransferase, which adds the H3K27me3 mark to silence gene expression, induced regression of ARID1A-mutated tumors. This occurred via PIK3IPI upregulation, an ARID1A and EZH2 target increased by EZH2 inhibition and inhibits PI3K/Akt oncogenic signaling [20].
The most recently discovered epigenetic miRNAs represent ovarian tumors have recently become a phenomenon, and it was found to substantially up-regulate miR-199a, miR-200a, miR-200a, miR-214, and down-regulate miR-100 and, precisely, miR-100 and miR-214 to target the tumor suppressor, miR-214 was shown to PTEN and is associated with resistance to platinum [21, 22]. Let-7 miRNA family as one of the regulator of the MYCN pathway that linking to the platinum-resistant trait. It was recently discovered that miRNA let-7i was a tumor substantially down-regulated suppressor in platinum-resistant ovarian tumors, and restored let-7i gain-of-function chemoresistant ovarian cancer drug sensitivity cells, thus representing a biomarker and therapeutic candidate goal [23]. MiR-429, miR-200a, and miR-200b, respectively a single primary transcript was found to be clustered on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-regulated (EMT, a metastatic phenotype) ZEB1/SIP1 repressor, with negative regulation of miR-200a and miR-200b ZEB1/SIP1 and the development of a loop of double-negative feedback [24]. In another study, 27 miRNAs were substantially correlated with chemotherapy response, indicating a chemotherapy response miRNA (similar to DNA methylation) represent potential biomarkers for ovarian prognosis and diagnosis [25]. Regarding the regulation of miRNA genes, a group of six chromosomes, 19 miRNAs clustered on chromosome 19, and seven clusters were up-regulated on chromosome 14, DNMT-inhibitor decitabine inhibitor, showing that miRNAs can be controlled by DNA methylation [26]. What’s more, an overall, collective tumor—MiRNAs’ suppressive effect has been suggested by Drosha and Dicer down-regulation, involving two enzymes in the processing of miRNA, being significantly connected with an early stage of ovarian cancer and poor prognosis [27, 28].
As mentioned above, the development of ovarian cancer is well characterized by a range of combinatorial epigenetic aberrations distinct from this malignancy, including but not limited to RASSF1A, DAPK, H-Sulf-1, BRCA1, and HOXA10 DNA methylation. As a result, these methylated DNA sequences represent potential diagnostic, staging, prognostic, and therapy response monitoring (predictive biomarkers) biomarkers [29]. DNA methylation biomarkers have several advantages over other types of biomarkers, such as proteins, gene expression, and DNA mutations, including their stability, ability to amplify (thus greatly enhancing detection sensitivity), relatively low cost of the assessment, and restriction to small DNA regions (CpG islands) [30]. It also acts as a biomarker to predict response to platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and the poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). In the future, DNA methylation tests of resected ovarian tumors are highly likely to be used to customize care individually, similar to the recently discovered predictive markers of non-small cell lung cancer in stage I [31]. While single-gene methylation evaluation lacks adequate specificity for ovarian cancer diagnosis, it is believed that multiple methylation biomarker panels will achieve the precision needed for widespread population screening [30, 32]. To that end, a panel of 112 methylated DNA markers was found to correlate progression-free survival with ovarian cancer [33].
DNA methylation inhibitor and HDAC inhibitor are cancer therapeutics, begins primarily as a treatment for hematological disorders in the early 2000s. The FDA approved 5-Azacytidine (AZA) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in 2004 and 2006, while the HDAC suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibitor was approved in 2006 for the treatment of persistent or cutaneous T cell lymphoma [34]. Epigenetic therapy was initially performed in a clinical trial. It was setting either alone or with the standard in combination care to resensitize either the tumor to anticancer treatment or avoid therapy resistance production. Ultimately, these medications have been tested against resilient OC tumors, like both SAHA and AZA clinical trials, ovarian cancer, which is platinum-resistant. Although there are no antitumors, the behavior was detected after SAHA treatment, and AZA demonstrated the partial reaction. Still, it was correlated with significant adverse effects such as tiredness and myelosuppression [35]. The HDAC inhibitor, in a related analysis Belinostat, was given to platinum-resistant patients with ovarian tumors. Still, they have similarly caused significant adverse reaction events such as thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and vomiting, leading to the end of the analysis with no clinical advantage over conventional therapy [34]. Similarly, in a phase I study, the vorinostat pan-HDACi carboplatin or gemcitabine was administered despite the extreme hematological toxicities caused and caused observed partial response, leading to the termination of the study [36].
Exponential advancement in DNA methylation-based biomarker growth has been observed over the last decade. A variety of cfDNA and tissue-dependent screening assays have paved their way into clinics due to the consistency of DNA and methylation patterns. Several tests for early detection of colon, lung, and prostate cancer are commercial success based on DNA methylation biomarkers. New technologies that enable the rapid identification of methylation signatures directly from the blood can promote sample-to-respond solutions, allowing molecular diagnostics for the next-generation point of care. Besides, ongoing work on liquid biopsies together with the latest advanced technologies such as digital PCR, bisulfite sequencing, methyl immune precipitation coupled with next-generation sequencing, and methylation arrays together with advanced statistical data analysis will mitigate the complicated problems of non-invasive system creation by overcoming the existing challenges to precision medicine.
Ovarian cancer causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Owing to unspecific signs at the early stage of the disease, their appearance at an advanced stage, and poor survival, the difficulty of promptly diagnosing ovarian cancer at its early stage remains difficult. Improved methods of detection are, therefore, urgently needed. This chapter identifies the possible clinical usefulness of epigenetic signatures such as DNA methylation, modifications of histones, and microRNA dysregulation, which play an essential role in ovarian carcinogenesis and its use in the development of diagnosis, prognosis, and biomarkers for prediction. New treatment options separate from conventional treatment options chemotherapy that benefits from developments in the understanding of ovarian cancer pathophysiology to enhance performance, they are required. Recent work has shown that mutations in epigenetic regulator-encoding genes are mutated in ovarian cancer, driving tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Several of these modifiers of epigenetics for ovarian cancer treatment have emerged as promising drug targets.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118378},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:204},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"136",title:"Environmental Sustainability",slug:"environmental-sciences-environmental-sustainability",parent:{title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:317,numberOfWosCitations:98,numberOfCrossrefCitations:77,numberOfDimensionsCitations:184,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-sciences-environmental-sustainability",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:"carbon-based-material-for-environmental-protection-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Mattia Bartoli, Marco Frediani and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7720",title:"CO2 Sequestration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed248a547024414e5c4fb0b149f8565f",slug:"co2-sequestration",bookSignature:"Leidivan Almeida Frazão, Adriana Marcela Silva-Olaya and Junio Cota Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237834",title:"Prof.",name:"Leidivan",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida Frazão",slug:"leidivan-almeida-frazao",fullName:"Leidivan Almeida Frazão"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8983",title:"Sustainability Concept In Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b7e452ede9e56b4a3b7e35c835f8446",slug:"sustainability-concept-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8260",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6594cc0ad7cb888bfdc4ac97c9a281f7",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",bookSignature:"Kabila Hmood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8260.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",middleName:"Faris",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8264",title:"New Frontiers on Life Cycle Assessment",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59f13958eb30b72de4f8d1bc63f6dd2d",slug:"new-frontiers-on-life-cycle-assessment-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo and Fabio De Felice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6886",title:"Water and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01b34abf4b3d3329dda4921c461fcf4",slug:"water-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6170",title:"Arid Environments and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0649511530c554a4cd5baf9432a4d3c",slug:"arid-environments-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143532",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Arman",slug:"hasan-arman",fullName:"Hasan Arman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6184",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fba712d6246fe9d253e35b1cdb8cd972",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",bookSignature:"Daniela Malcangio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6184.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205577",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Malcangio",slug:"daniela-malcangio",fullName:"Daniela Malcangio"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5235",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76200e89c8c93b3c0b22062aa09a84ff",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5235.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44241",doi:"10.5772/55124",title:"Coping Mechanisms of Plants to Metal Contaminated Soil",slug:"coping-mechanisms-of-plants-to-metal-contaminated-soil",totalDownloads:3721,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,book:{slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Melanie Mehes-Smith, Kabwe Nkongolo and Ewa Cholewa",authors:[{id:"78238",title:"Prof.",name:"Kabwe",middleName:null,surname:"Nkongolo",slug:"kabwe-nkongolo",fullName:"Kabwe Nkongolo"}]},{id:"51000",doi:"10.5772/63726",title:"Towards Sustainable Sanitation in an Urbanising World",slug:"towards-sustainable-sanitation-in-an-urbanising-world",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"sustainable-urbanization",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",fullTitle:"Sustainable Urbanization"},signatures:"Philippe Reymond, Samuel Renggli and Christoph Lüthi",authors:[{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi"},{id:"182136",title:"Mr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Reymond",slug:"philippe-reymond",fullName:"Philippe Reymond"},{id:"182137",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Renggli",slug:"samuel-renggli",fullName:"Samuel Renggli"}]},{id:"64381",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82025",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:2953,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Maha Salman",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64381",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:2962,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Maha Salman",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}]},{id:"70567",title:"City Phenomenon between Urban Structure and Composition",slug:"city-phenomenon-between-urban-structure-and-composition",totalDownloads:685,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",fullTitle:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design"},signatures:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",authors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"},{id:"194040",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Asaad",middleName:null,surname:"Almssad",slug:"asaad-almssad",fullName:"Asaad Almssad"}]},{id:"64370",title:"Design of a Sustainable Electric Pedal-Assisted Bike: A Life Cycle Assessment Application in Italy",slug:"design-of-a-sustainable-electric-pedal-assisted-bike-a-life-cycle-assessment-application-in-italy",totalDownloads:831,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"new-frontiers-on-life-cycle-assessment-theory-and-application",title:"New Frontiers on Life Cycle Assessment",fullTitle:"New Frontiers on Life Cycle Assessment - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Salvatore Mellino, Fabio De Felice and Iolanda Scudo",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"272391",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Mellino",slug:"salvatore-mellino",fullName:"Salvatore Mellino"},{id:"272392",title:"Dr.",name:"Iolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Scudo",slug:"iolanda-scudo",fullName:"Iolanda Scudo"}]},{id:"50282",title:"Relation Between Land Use and Transportation Planning in the Scope of Smart Growth Strategies: Case Study of Denizli, Turkey",slug:"relation-between-land-use-and-transportation-planning-in-the-scope-of-smart-growth-strategies-case-s",totalDownloads:3852,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainable-urbanization",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",fullTitle:"Sustainable Urbanization"},signatures:"Gorkem Gulhan and Huseyin Ceylan",authors:[{id:"182126",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorkem",middleName:null,surname:"Gulhan",slug:"gorkem-gulhan",fullName:"Gorkem Gulhan"},{id:"185555",title:"Dr.",name:"Huseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Ceylan",slug:"huseyin-ceylan",fullName:"Huseyin Ceylan"}]},{id:"42926",title:"Disaster Risk Management and Social Impact Assessment: Understanding Preparedness, Response and Recovery in Community Projects",slug:"disaster-risk-management-and-social-impact-assessment-understanding-preparedness-response-and-recove",totalDownloads:9156,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Raheem A. Usman, F.B. Olorunfemi, G.P. Awotayo, A.M. Tunde and\nB.A. Usman",authors:[{id:"156875",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman A",middleName:null,surname:"Raheem",slug:"usman-a-raheem",fullName:"Usman A Raheem"},{id:"166449",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M",middleName:null,surname:"Tunde",slug:"a.m-tunde",fullName:"A.M Tunde"},{id:"167886",title:"Dr.",name:"F.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunfemi",slug:"f.b.-olorunfemi",fullName:"F.B. Olorunfemi"},{id:"167887",title:"Dr.",name:"G.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Awotayo",slug:"g.p.-awotayo",fullName:"G.P. Awotayo"}]},{id:"67342",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heritage Conservation - Rehabilitation of Architectural and Urban Heritage",slug:"introductory-chapter-heritage-conservation-rehabilitation-of-architectural-and-urban-heritage",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Kabila Faris Hmood",authors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",middleName:"Faris",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood"}]},{id:"44243",title:"Climate Change and Food Security",slug:"climate-change-and-food-security",totalDownloads:3489,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Christopher Kipkoech Saina, Daniel Kipkosgei Murgor and Florence\nA.C Murgor",authors:[{id:"159982",title:"Mr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Saina",slug:"christopher-saina",fullName:"Christopher Saina"},{id:"160822",title:"Ms.",name:"Florence",middleName:null,surname:"Murgor",slug:"florence-murgor",fullName:"Florence Murgor"},{id:"160825",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Kipkosgei",surname:"Murgor",slug:"daniel-murgor",fullName:"Daniel Murgor"}]},{id:"68452",title:"Lessons from Baghdad City Conformation and Essence",slug:"lessons-from-baghdad-city-conformation-and-essence",totalDownloads:474,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",fullTitle:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design"},signatures:"Haider J.E. Al-Saaidy",authors:[{id:"304091",title:"Dr.",name:"Haider",middleName:"Jasim Essa",surname:"Al-Saaidy",slug:"haider-al-saaidy",fullName:"Haider Al-Saaidy"}]},{id:"66122",title:"Strategic Management of Grazing Grassland Systems to Maintain and Increase Organic Carbon in Soils",slug:"strategic-management-of-grazing-grassland-systems-to-maintain-and-increase-organic-carbon-in-soils",totalDownloads:636,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"co2-sequestration",title:"CO2 Sequestration",fullTitle:"CO2 Sequestration"},signatures:"Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil, Rosa Francaviglia, Beverley Henry, Katja Klumpp, Peter Koncz, Mireia Llorente, Beata Emoke Madari, Miriam Muñoz-Rojas and Rainer Nerger",authors:[{id:"280805",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mohammad Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Khalil",slug:"mohammad-ibrahim-khalil",fullName:"Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil"},{id:"289590",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Francaviglia",slug:"rosa-francaviglia",fullName:"Rosa Francaviglia"},{id:"289591",title:"Dr.",name:"Beverley",middleName:null,surname:"Henry",slug:"beverley-henry",fullName:"Beverley Henry"},{id:"289592",title:"Dr.",name:"Katja",middleName:null,surname:"Klumpp",slug:"katja-klumpp",fullName:"Katja Klumpp"},{id:"289593",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Koncz",slug:"peter-koncz",fullName:"Peter Koncz"},{id:"289594",title:"Dr.",name:"Mireia",middleName:null,surname:"Llorente",slug:"mireia-llorente",fullName:"Mireia Llorente"},{id:"289595",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata Emoke",middleName:null,surname:"Madari",slug:"beata-emoke-madari",fullName:"Beata Emoke Madari"},{id:"289596",title:"Dr.",name:"Miriam",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Rojas",slug:"miriam-munoz-rojas",fullName:"Miriam Muñoz-Rojas"},{id:"289597",title:"Dr.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Nerger",slug:"rainer-nerger",fullName:"Rainer Nerger"}]},{id:"68635",title:"Human Impacts on Coral Reef Ecosystem",slug:"human-impacts-on-coral-reef-ecosystem",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",fullTitle:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences"},signatures:"Hussein A. El-Naggar",authors:[{id:"300468",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"El-Naggar",slug:"hussein-el-naggar",fullName:"Hussein El-Naggar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-sciences-environmental-sustainability",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/222874/scott-drimie",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"222874",slug:"scott-drimie"},fullPath:"/profiles/222874/scott-drimie",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()