Antimicrobial activity data of the synthesized compounds against
\r\n\tThis book aims to present an overview of the current status of nanofibers, fabrication and recent trends in the fabrication of nanofibers, and functional nanofibers and applications of nanofibers in various fields including environmental, bio-sensing, drug delivery, catalysis, and medical. The book hopes to provide a piece of up-to-date information about the mentioned topics and fundamental knowledge necessary for the advanced study in the field of nanofibers and their applications, making it interesting to research students, scientists, engineers, and material scientists.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-387-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-386-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-388-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a255898117275990dffe83c75a9f815d",bookSignature:"Dr. Maaz Khan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11462.jpg",keywords:"Nanofiber, Nanofiber Fabrication, Functional Nanofiber, Nanofiber Application, Fiber Technology, Electrospinning, Drug Delivery, Fabrication Strategy, Commercialization, Polymer, Tissue Engineering, Catalysis",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Maaz Khan is an expert in the field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology with over 100 articles and 3,300 citations to his name.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107765/images/system/107765.png",biography:"Dr. Maaz Khan is working as Deputy Chief Scientist (Professor) at PINSTECH, Pakistan. He has done Ph.D. and post doctorate in the field of Material Science (Nanoscience). His research interests include fabrication of nanomaterials and their structural, optical, magnetic, and electrical characterizations. He has authored more than 100 research articles and published 10 books. Presently, he is the Editor-in-Chief of ‘Journal of Materials, Processing and Design\\' and \\'The Nucleus\\'. He is also the Executive Editor of \\'International Journal of Nano Studies and Technology\\'. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Gomes and Marisa P. Sarria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146466",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreia",surname:"Ferreira de Castro Gomes",slug:"andreia-ferreira-de-castro-gomes",fullName:"Andreia Ferreira de Castro Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"81238",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102768",slug:"artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-an-overview",body:'In the field of healthcare, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the privilege to breathe. It’s a maneuver of the algorithm for the purpose of diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment of certain diseases. AI is the convergence of human and machine learning. John McCarthy, one of the founding fathers of AI, defined it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines” [1]. In this current era, intelligent machines pertain in various domains like financial, automatic driving, smart home, etc. In healthcare, machine learning is widely used to build automated clinical decision systems and in the treatment of different diseases [2]. AI utilizes advanced algorithms to learn from healthcare data and assist healthcare professionals in clinical practice. It has self-correcting and learning capabilities to cope with its exactness based on analysis [3]. AI can detect the spread of endemics by tracking animals and plant diseases and by accessing global airline ticketing data that are when and where the infected residents are moving and detect when an endemic can become a pandemic. The advancement in AI and its caliber to imitate human intelligence is heading towards the passing of Turing test [4] and AI will have a major impact on the forthcoming industrial revolution [5].
AI is the ray of computer science that deals with counterfeit intelligent human behavior. Using an electric circuit, Dr. Warren Mculloch and Dr. Walter Pitts [6] described neuronal activity and their modeling and explained the notion of neural networks. AI was first coined at Dartmouth college conference in 1956 [7] and the primitive work of AI was recorded in the 1970s after 15 years of existence of AI. The dendral experiment was the early employment of AI in life science [8]. The interpretation of electrocardiogram (ECG) stepped from 1970 to 1990 is considered as a major development in the field of AI [9]. A clinical decision support system was developed during the 20th century [10, 11]. However, the eagerness about AI was at its peak during the 1980s, but the phenomena of “AI winter” occurred due to groundless forecasting by the observers led to a lack of funding and interest [12]. There was continuous progress in building artificial intelligence in mid-20s by improving the algorithm and feeding the huge data of healthcare and its intelligence makes it cognizance of assisting the clinical cases of patients with the support of healthcare professionals. The renaissance of AI happened in 2012 after the evolution of image classifiers [13] and incorporation of AI in patients treatment needs to be trained on the basis of large data of clinical case studies so that it can examine the patient condition on the basis of history and the data which it has and results in diagnosis and in treatment methodology. The devices which favors in the department of healthcare are trained through machine learning. Basically, machine learning makes computer learn by the provided data i.e. algorithm in great measure [14, 15]. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning are two paradigms of machine learning [16]. Supervised machine learning classified the large data result and separate it into different categories and also predicts the result i.e. regression. In unsupervised machine learning there is no result prediction and it conglomerates the results [17].
The proof of AI and its concept has been demonstrated since older times. The history has been recorded with such minds related to the AI and executed their intellections and till today there are a new development, researches, and inventions going on in the field of AI and its application in different branches of healthcare.
AI has proliferated its roots in the noble profession of healthcare. There is a boom in the use of AI, from detection of pulse rate to cancer detection and therapy consultation, from complete medical history to health monitoring to maintain and analyze the healthcare system. It is a helping hand in drug discovery and drug creation database and all this is implemented by the use of the algorithm and deep neural network.
Currently, AI is being used in various healthcare departments like radiology, cardiology, hematology, ophthalmology, and also in the management of various diseases.
AI in cardiology assists healthcare professionals in detecting the changes in normal heart functioning and helping in making a clinical decision. ECG is also a contribution of AI. There are various devices that are used in the monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, tachycardia, bradycardia, stroke, and atrial fibrillation which works on the algorithm and deep neural network. These devices are user-friendly and alarm the individual who is using them. Wearables that detect biological activity also work on the same principle [18]. A schematic representation of the use of AI in cardiology is given in Figure 1.
Use of artificial intelligence in cardiology.
AI and radiology together have brought a drastic change in the field of healthcare. The dawn of the application of AI in radiology was since 1960s [19]. Medical imaging in the detection and diagnosis of diseases is the widest use of machine learning in the field of healthcare [20]. CT scans, MRI, tomography, X-Ray are used algorithms in radiodiagnosis. The machines detect and pinpoint the changes on the basis of large data by which the neural network has been trained. The AI in radiology is applied for the detection of breast cancer at an early stage by mammography scans [21, 22] and tumors, tuberculosis, or diseases related to lungs with chest radiography [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. A schematic representation of clinical radiology workflow is given in Figure 2.
Clinical radiology workflow.
In ophthalmology AI is tremendously used in detection and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33], glaucoma [29, 34, 35], age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [29, 36, 37], retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) [38] with the help of retinal cameras of fundus photography [16]. The diagnosis of ocular diseases is based on the deep learning system that is trained on the numerous images of each disease. A study of the population with diabetes from US, Australia, Europe, and Asia in the years between 1980 to 2008 shows the frequency of diabetic retinopathy of 34.6% and 7% vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy [39]. Thus
Use of AI in diabetic retinopathy diagnosis and treatment.
Machine learning models such as visual fields, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optic disc characters are used for the diagnosis of glaucoma [41]. Glaucoma is a medical condition in which the intraocular pressure inside the eye rises up. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition in which there is degeneration in the center of the retina and is responsible for vision loss. Spectral OCT is used in the diagnosis of AMD [42]. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a disease that occurs in premature born babies and the leading cause of childhood blindness due to abnormal growth of blood vessels towards the edge of retina. Wide-angle retinal images with machine learning [43] and i-ROP DL system which works on the basis of convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on the images more than 5000 in number with a single standard reference diagnosis (RSD) [44] for the diagnosis of ROP.
In this modern era, AI is used for drug discovery and drug design on the basis of artificial neural network (ANN), algorithm, and deep learning. In drug discovery, inaugural employment of ANN was in 1970 to detect whether the 1,3-dioxane is physiologically active or not [45]. The application of ANN in Quantity Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) is the next stage in the field of drug discovery [46]. QSAR studies were involved in drug design since 1960 by involving the simple structures to know the activity of the combination of compounds [47]. Currently the biological and physicochemical activity i.e. ADMET (Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), binding constants according to their binding sites are also vaticinated using ANN which is trained on various sets of compounds in the field of drug discovery [48]. The application of AI is at every step of the drug discovery process, from identification of drug targets to new drug molecule research following its volunteer election for clinical trials [49, 50, 51] also its pharmacological property [52], its binding effect with protein, potency and synergistic effect with other drugs [53, 54]. Docking software which is used to find the perfect binding molecule for the particular receptor and its activity also works on the algorithm. AI has simplified the process of drug discovery by saving time and money expenditure of US$2.5 billion on R&D [55]. Thus, AI has routed the drug discovery process into simpler, quicker, and cost-effective
Biopharmaceutical companies using AI technology in drug discovery.
Artificial intelligence is an important and valuable technology that offers promising solutions to healthcare industry needs. It opens up gateways to individualized treatment approaches tailored to the needs of individual patients. It offers multiple advantages over traditional analytics and other clinical decision-making tools. Data becomes more precise and accurate allowing the healthcare industry to have more insights into the diagnosis and treatment processes thereby improving patient outcomes.
In the present investigation, organic and medicinal chemistry involves the nitrogen containing heterocycles especially Benzimidazole derivatives [1, 2]. Benzimidazole has become nature and synthetic active structural part in the biological characteristics such as antibacterial [3], anticancer [4], antiviral [5], antifungal [6] and antioxidant [7] etc. It is widely accepted that the amidino moieties at the benzimidazole substituents terminal would generate numerous pathophysiological and biochemical processes in the human body. Additional biological activity can be found with the benzimidazole substituents carrying amide moiety and tetracyclic derivatives interaction with DNA is large enough to encounter the selectivity towards the drug molecules. Benzimidazole is indispensable nucleus for the discovery of the new biologically important molecules. Literature reports suggest that benzimidazole has potential interest in antimicrobial [8, 9] and anticancer agents [10, 11]. New class of oxadiazole and thiadiazoles containing thiophene and phenyl substituents reported for enhanced anticancer activity [12, 13, 14, 15]. Benzimidazole nucleus structurally analogues to purine and its derivatives and exhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids. Several DNA molecules will be cleaved upon interaction with the benzimidazole moiety and inhibit the growth of the microbial strains [16, 17, 18]. The development of new antimicrobial agents remains on priority [19]. Furthermore, Bisbezimidazole derivatives found to be biologically active towards antibacterial [20], antimicrobial [21] and anticancer [22] activities. On the other hand, benzylvanilline benzimidazole [23] derivatives were found to cleave DNA and potent towards leukemic cell lines. Distance between the benzimidazole molecule and ester containing phenyl group is very important factor for the antifungal activity. Extending the spacer between the benzimidazole and ester or amide substituents become important factor for the increased antifungal activity. Antitumor activity depends on the distance between the benzimidazole and spacer link of the ester or amide molecules. Thiophene and their derivatives which are sulfur compounds widely studied for their antifungal activity [24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Some of the thiophene containing derivatives such as thicyofen, ethaboxam, silthiopham and penthiopyrad were widely used in agriculture as antifungal compounds [29, 30]. Recently certain amide, thiazole, 1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles has been designed, synthesized and studied for their enhanced anticancer properties [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. Incorporation of the thiophene moiety would enhance the antifungal activity of the benzimdiazole derivatives.
Based on the above literature evidences, Author envisaged by constructing the novel benzimidazole containing thiophene derivative could increase the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds. All the synthesized derivatives were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LCMS spectroscopic studies and tested against microbial and fungal cell lines. The results indicated potential activity towards
All the chemicals, reagents and solvents are procured from Sigma-Aldrich, S-d fine chemicals Ltd., Spectrochem Ltd. and used without any further purification. Intermediate chemicals purchased directly (99.8% purity, thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, Sigma Aldrich India (a)), (98% purity, (thiophen-3-yl) acetic acid Sigma Aldrich India (b)), (99.1% purity, 3,6-dichloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid, Matrix Scientific, India (c)), (99.2% purity, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid.
Sigma Aldrich, India (d)), (98% purity, 4-bromo-5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid, Chem Src, China (e)), (99.2% purity, 3-chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid, Sigma-Aldrich India (f)) and used without any further purifications. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectral analysis was carried out using 300 MHz-1.2 GHz consisting of cryostat with excellent thermal efficiency, available with high performance vibration isolator make from Bruker Ascend series. LCMS (liquid crystal mass spectrometry) Triple quadrapole series of GCMS-TQ8050 NX fitted with high efficient trace level detection. In order to prepare the culture medium, the synthesized compounds were dissolved in DMSO and diluted with culture broth solution to 1 mg/mL. Serial dilutions were made to reach up to the 10 mL of the final concentration. About 100 μL of the each of the solution were distributed to 96 well plates and the sterility control and growth control solutions were placed into it. About 5 μL of the test and the growth solutions were inoculated into the well plates. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. Bacterial growth was detected former by optical density (ELISA reader, CLX800 Biotech Instruments) and after by addition of 20 μL of an INT alcoholic solution (0.5 mg/mL). 7 mm filter paper discs (Whatman, no. 3) were impregnated with 10 mL of each of the different dilutions [37, 38]. The discs were allowed to remain at RT until complete diluent evaporation and kept under refrigeration until ready to be used. Discs loaded with synthesized derivatives which were placed onto the surface of the agar. Commercial chloramphenicol discs and paper discs impregnated with 20 mL of diluents used to dilute concentration of the synthesized products were used as control.
In a 100 mL round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, 2-methyl-1
In a 100 mL RB flask fitted with an inert nitrogen atmosphere, 1H-benzimidazole-2-carboxylic acid (5.2 g) dissolved in dry THF solvent and LiAlH4 (1 mole) were added under stirring at RT. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC, after completion of the reaction. LiAlH4 was quenched in carbonate solution. The reaction mixture was concentrated to remove the organic solvent and filtered. The product was extracted in ethyl acetate (100 mL × 3 times), washed with Na2CO3 (25 mL × 2 times), brine (25 mL × 2 times) and dried over Na2SO4. Solid that are separated out was filtered in 10 mL of n-hexane solvent and obtained as 1-(1
Synthetic pathway of Benzimidazole intermediates.
In a 100 mL RB flask fitted with a condenser, 1-(1
1H-NMR Spectrum of the compounds 2, 3, 4a to 4 f.
1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LCMS analysis of the synthesized compounds.
Compound 2.
Yellow solid; m.p-157.8°C; Yield = 97.8%; LCMS-98.1%; 1H-NMR:
Synthesis of amide derivatives of Benzimidazoles.
1H-NMR of the spectrum of 2 and 3.
1H-NMR of the spectrum 4a and 4b.
1H-NMR of the compounds 4c and 4d.
1H-NMR Spectrum of the compounds 4e and 4 f.
Compound 3.
Pale yellow solid; m.p-159.2°C; Yield = 98.8%; LCMS-98.7%;1H-NMR: δ 1H NMR:
Compound 4a.
Pale yellow solid; m.p-163.4°C; Yield = 97.8%; LCMS- 98.1%;1H NMR:
Compound 4b.
Off white colored solid; m.p-171.8°C; Yield = 97.8%; LCMS- 98.3%; 1H NMR:
Compound 4c.
Pale Yellow Solid; m.p−174.5°C; Yield = 99.4%; LCMS- 97.8%; 1H NMR:
Compound 4d.
Yellow solid; m.p-157.8°C; Yield = 97.8%; LCMS- 96.8%; 1H NMR:
Compound 4e.
Pale Yellow Solid; m.p-179.2°C; Yield = 95.1%; LCMS- 98.2%; 1H NMR:
Compound 4f.
White colored solid; m.p-178.5°C; Yield = 94.3%; LCMS- 99.2%; 1H NMR:
Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds were tested by Agar well diffusion method. One mL of the fresh bacterial or fungi was placed in the sterile petri dish. Cooled Muller Hi was placed over it and upon solidification. 5 μL of the compounds dissolved in DMSO solvent was added to respective wells. The concentration has been fixed as per the previous reported literature [42, 43]. The Agar well plates were incubated for 30 minutes and subsequently kept at 35°C for 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was detected by measuring the zone of inhibition (including the wells diameter) appeared after the incubation period. DMSO at a concentration of 10% was employed as a negative control. All tested samples and their antimicrobial activity were expressed in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC values) (Tables 1–3). Different concentrations of the test solution are prepared and zone of inhibition and MIC values compared with the standards used for the evaluation [44]. The MIC was considered as the lowest concentration which inhibited the growth of the respective microorganisms. All assays were performed in triplicate. DMSO was served as a control for all the synthesized samples. Tables 1 and 2 depicts the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibacterial and antifungal activity (Table 3) of the synthesized derivatives. The results indicated potential activity towards
Compounds | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zone of Inhibition | IC50 | Zone of Inhibition | IC50 | Zone of Inhibition | IC50 | Zone of Inhibition | IC50 | |
(mm) | (μm) | (mm) | (μm) | (mm) | (μm) | (mm) | (μm) | |
1 | 1.2 | 12.9 ± 0.12 | 3.2 | 14.8 ± 0.14 | 4.1 | 18.9 ± 0.13 | 7.1 | 26.9 ± 0.10 |
2 | 1.7 | 15.4 ± 0.18 | 3.4 | 18.9 ± 0.15 | 4.8 | 25.7 ± 0.11 | 8.7 | 22.7± 0.10 |
3 | 2.8 | 22.1 ± 0.17 | 3.8 | 25.7 ± 0.12 | 2.7 | 22.8 ± 0.02 | 9.1 | 24.8 ± 0.11 |
13.9 | 29.9 ± 0.12 | 21.8 ± 0.25 | 6.9 | 23.7 ± 0.12 | ||||
4c | 2.8 | 14.7± 0.15 | 3.4 | 15.9± 0.11 | 4.7 | 26.9± 0.22 | 5.4 | 29.6 ± 0.24 |
4f | 6.8 | 14.7 ± 0.18 | 4.1 | 15.9 ± 0.22 | 6.9 | 18.7 ± 0.15 | 5.5 | 26.8 ± 0.26 |
Antimicrobial activity data of the synthesized compounds against
*Potent Antimicrobial Compounds.
Compounds | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Zone of Inhibition (mm) | IC50 (μm) | Zone of Inhibition (mm) | IC50 (μm) | |
1 | 6.1 | 11.8 ± 0.11 | 2.2 | 8.9 ± 0.13 |
2 | 9.8 | 16.1 ± 0.11 | 2.4 | 4.7 ± 0.15 |
3 | 2.2 | 10.4 ± 0.10 | 1.8 | 18.1 ± 0.14 |
4b | 2.3 | 14.4 ± 0.23 | 1.8 | 13.7± 0.19 |
4e | 2.4 | 12.5 ± 0.28 | 2.7 | 13.8 ± 0.11 |
4f | 2.8 | 13.8 ± 0.14 | 5.5 | 11.8± 0.10 |
12.2 | 22.8 ± 0.132.2 | 10.2 | 26.1 ± 0.13 |
Antimicrobial activities of the compounds against
*Potent antimicrobial compounds.
Compounds | % change in the activity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zone of Inhibition (mm) | IC50 (μm) | Zone of Inhibition (mm) | IC50 (μm) | ||
2-methyl-1 | 6.1 | 11.8 ± 0.11 | 2.2 | 8.9 ± 0.13 | 2.2 |
1 | 9.8 | 16.1 ± 0.11 | 2.4 | 4.7 ± 0.15 | 3.6 |
1-(1 | 2.2 | 10.4 ± 0.10 | 1.8 | 18.1 ± 0.14 | 4.8 |
7.8 | 22.9 ± 0.25 | 1.9 | 12.7 ± 0.18* | 12.4 | |
2.3 | 14.4 ± 0.23 | 1.8 | 13.7± 0.19 | 1.8 | |
12.2 | 26.8 ± 0.28 | 2.2 | 10.2 ± 0.29* | 32.4 | |
10.2 | 28.8 ± 0.34 | 2.7 | 12.7 ± 0.22* | 24.7 | |
2.4 | 12.5 ± 0.28 | 2.7 | 13.8 ± 0.11 | 5.9 | |
2.8 | 13.8 ± 0.14 | 5.5 | 11.8 ± 0.10 | 3.6 | |
12.2 | 22.8 ± 0.13 | 10.2 | 26.1 ± 0.13 | 1.8 |
Antifungal activity data of the synthesized compounds.
Potent antifungal agent.
The SAR may be attributed from the presence of halo, phenyl and aliphatic linkage present in the benzimidazoles derivatives and deduced from the following points. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the Cl, Br substituted aliphatic amide linkage draw attention for the enhanced binding and increased solubility of the compounds with respect to the target sites. Compounds of benzimidazoles derivatives bearing most active one
SAR study of synthesized compounds showed that the presence of electron-withdrawing moieties phenyl thiophene substituted with Cl, Br groups adjacent to the amide linkage in the benzimidazoles enhanced ant mycobacterial activity [47]. Further SAR of most of the derivatives indicated the attachment of thiophene-2-carboxamide moieties at amide position of the benzimidazoles increased antibacterial activity and the presence of 3, 6-dichloro-1-benzothiophene (
SAR of the novel derivatives of benzimidazoles containing thiophene moiety.
Further, (thiophen-2-yl) acetamide and thiophene-2-carboxamide (
In the present research, novel series of thiophene amide derivatives containing benzimidazole moiety has been synthesized by the reaction with HATU at room temperature. All the synthesized derivatives are characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LCMS spectroscopic studies. Synthesized compounds are purified by column-chromatography, and tested for antimicrobial strains (antibacterial and antifungal). The cell lines used was
All the authors are thankful to corresponding author Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, School of Natural Sciences, University of central Lancashire, Preston PR12HE, United Kingdom for carrying out antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds and M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Science, Karnataka, Bangalore for synthesis of the thiophene substituted benzimidazole derivatives.
All the authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.
All the obtained data has been incorporated in the main manuscript and more data can be obtained from the corresponding author on request.
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\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. 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Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"435274",title:null,name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid Khan",slug:"muhammad-shahid-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Shahid Khan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Islamia University of Bahawalpur",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/221118",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"221118"},fullPath:"/profiles/221118",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()