Grading systems for salivary gland biopsies of Tarpley.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3313",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in the Field of Urinary Tract Infections",title:"Recent Advances in the Field of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Urinary tract infections (UTI) continue to be under the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Diagnostic and treatment have substantial financial burden on society. In the USA, UTIs are responsible for more than 7 million physician visits annually and about 15% of all community-prescribed antibiotics in the USA are dispensed for UTIs. About 50% of women will experience at least one UTI episode during lifetime, about 1 million emergency department visits due to UTI in the USA alone, resulting in more than 100 000 hospital admissions annually, most often for pyelonephritis. Moreover, UTIs are also the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, accounting for approximately 40% of all such cases. The majority of these cases are catheter-associated. Therefore, nosocomial UTIs comprise perhaps the largest institutional reservoir for nosocomial antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Beside the economic impact, UTIs affect also significantly the quality of life of the affected population. The aim of this book is to highlight problematic aspects and recent advances in the field of UTIs. The book is divided in three parts.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1180-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7174-4",doi:"10.5772/46044",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-the-field-of-urinary-tract-infections",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"02d234a9ee56794bfa06cce7bb94fdf1",bookSignature:"Thomas Nelius",publishedDate:"July 10th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3313.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19217,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 11th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"53464",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Nelius",slug:"thomas-nelius",fullName:"Thomas Nelius",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53464/images/3925_n.jpg",biography:"Thomas Nelius was born in Aschersleben, Germany, in 1967. He received the Medical Degree and Doctor of Philosophy from the University Halle/Wittenberg, Germany in 1994 and 1995, respectively. He completed his Residency in Urology at a Teaching Hospital of the Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany and at the Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, United Kingdom from 1994-2000. He is Board Certified by the German Board of Urology. From 2001-2003, he was a Research Associate of the Department of Urology at Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA, where he worked on the development of new anti-angiogenic treatment strategies. Presently, he is an Associate Professor in the Department of Urology at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. His area of expertise includes also treatment of urological malignancies. He is mainly interested in new treatment strategies for prostate cancer, including e.g. anti-angiogenic strategies and metronomic chemotherapy in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. He is an active reviewer for multiple Medical Journals and and member of the American Urological Association, German Society of Urology, South Central Section of the American Urological Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Association of Cancer Research and Southwest Oncology Group Affiliate Program.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1162",title:"Endourology",slug:"endourology"}],chapters:[{id:"45475",title:"Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in the Outpatient and Inpatient Settings",doi:"10.5772/56709",slug:"prevention-of-urinary-tract-infections-in-the-outpatient-and-inpatient-settings",totalDownloads:3092,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Leslie Kammire",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45475",authors:[{id:"158025",title:"Dr.",name:"Leslie",surname:"Kammire",slug:"leslie-kammire",fullName:"Leslie Kammire"}],corrections:null},{id:"45151",title:"Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections",doi:"10.5772/52957",slug:"prevention-of-catheter-associated-urinary-tract-infections",totalDownloads:2812,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Ioannis Efthimiou and Kostadinos Skrepetis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45151",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45151",authors:[{id:"158230",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Skrepetis",surname:"Kostadinos",slug:"skrepetis-kostadinos",fullName:"Skrepetis Kostadinos"},{id:"158232",title:"Dr.",name:"Efthimiou",surname:"Ioannis",slug:"efthimiou-ioannis",fullName:"Efthimiou Ioannis"}],corrections:null},{id:"45363",title:"Problem of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Sub–Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/55371",slug:"problem-of-catheter-associated-urinary-tract-infections-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:2091,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Mohamed Labib and Nenad Spasojevic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45363",authors:[{id:"155793",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Labib",slug:"mohamed-labib",fullName:"Mohamed Labib"},{id:"158764",title:"Dr.",name:"Nenad",surname:"Spasojevic",slug:"nenad-spasojevic",fullName:"Nenad Spasojevic"}],corrections:null},{id:"45345",title:"Role of Bacterial Biofilms in Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) and Strategies for Their Control",doi:"10.5772/55200",slug:"role-of-bacterial-biofilms-in-catheter-associated-urinary-tract-infections-cauti-and-strategies-for-",totalDownloads:2811,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,signatures:"Mary Anne Roshni Amalaradjou and Kumar Venkitanarayanan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45345",authors:[{id:"61657",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar",surname:"Venkitanarayanan",slug:"kumar-venkitanarayanan",fullName:"Kumar Venkitanarayanan"},{id:"158931",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary Anne Roshni",surname:"Amalaradjou",slug:"mary-anne-roshni-amalaradjou",fullName:"Mary Anne Roshni Amalaradjou"}],corrections:null},{id:"45043",title:"Developments Regarding Dysfunctional Voiding and Urinary Tract Infections in Children",doi:"10.5772/53569",slug:"developments-regarding-dysfunctional-voiding-and-urinary-tract-infections-in-children",totalDownloads:1752,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Yusuf Kibar and Faysal Gok",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45043",authors:[{id:"51399",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Kibar",slug:"yusuf-kibar",fullName:"Yusuf Kibar"}],corrections:null},{id:"43981",title:"Functional Anatomy of the Vesicoureteric Junction: Implication on the Management of VUR/ UTI",doi:"10.5772/52168",slug:"functional-anatomy-of-the-vesicoureteric-junction-implication-on-the-management-of-vur-uti",totalDownloads:3025,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Vivian Yee-Fong Leung and Winnie Chiu-Wing Chu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43981",authors:[{id:"53633",title:"Prof.",name:"Winnie Chiu Wing",surname:"Chu",slug:"winnie-chiu-wing-chu",fullName:"Winnie Chiu Wing Chu"},{id:"55589",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivian Yee-fong",surname:"Leung",slug:"vivian-yee-fong-leung",fullName:"Vivian Yee-fong Leung"}],corrections:null},{id:"45084",title:"Genetic Factors Underlying Susceptibility to Acute Pyelonephritis and Post-infectious Renal Damage",doi:"10.5772/52852",slug:"genetic-factors-underlying-susceptibility-to-acute-pyelonephritis-and-post-infectious-renal-damage",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Maja Zivkovic, Ljiljana Stojkovic, Brankica Spasojevic-Dimitrijeva,\nMirjana Kostic and Aleksandra Stankovic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45084",authors:[{id:"53004",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",surname:"Zivkovic",slug:"maja-zivkovic",fullName:"Maja Zivkovic"},{id:"60058",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Stankovic",slug:"aleksandra-stankovic",fullName:"Aleksandra Stankovic"},{id:"60059",title:"MSc.",name:"Brankica",surname:"Spasojevic-Dimitrijeva",slug:"brankica-spasojevic-dimitrijeva",fullName:"Brankica Spasojevic-Dimitrijeva"},{id:"60060",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirjana",surname:"Kostic",slug:"mirjana-kostic",fullName:"Mirjana Kostic"},{id:"158775",title:"Ms.",name:"Ljiljana",surname:"Stojkovic",slug:"ljiljana-stojkovic",fullName:"Ljiljana Stojkovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"44732",title:"Immune-Based Treatment Strategies for Patients with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections – Where Are We?",doi:"10.5772/52913",slug:"immune-based-treatment-strategies-for-patients-with-recurrent-urinary-tract-infections-where-are-we-",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Thomas Nelius, Christopher Winter, Julia Willingham and Stephanie\nFilleur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44732",authors:[{id:"53464",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Nelius",slug:"thomas-nelius",fullName:"Thomas Nelius"},{id:"53476",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephanie",surname:"Filleur",slug:"stephanie-filleur",fullName:"Stephanie Filleur"},{id:"156986",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Winter",slug:"christopher-winter",fullName:"Christopher Winter"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1318",title:"Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018471a7330e239e2bfbd8b11b1111ca",slug:"urinary-tract-infections",bookSignature:"Peter Tenke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62770",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Tenke",slug:"peter-tenke",fullName:"Peter Tenke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1448",title:"Urinary Incontinence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c33f52801c170a775dceb2163295aa3",slug:"urinary-incontinence",bookSignature:"Ammar Alhasso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1448.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"124685",title:"Mr.",name:"Ammar",surname:"Alhasso",slug:"ammar-alhasso",fullName:"Ammar Alhasso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6147",title:"Urinary Tract Infection",subtitle:"The Result of the Strength of the Pathogen, or the Weakness of the Host",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16821e1bfd105986c31e991510e94e70",slug:"urinary-tract-infection-the-result-of-the-strength-of-the-pathogen-or-the-weakness-of-the-host",bookSignature:"Tomas Jarzembowski, Agnieszka Daca and Maria Alicja Dębska-Ślizień",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1762",title:"Evolving Trends in Urology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b9965c1c8ed456914c0a375d06d1df8",slug:"evolving-trends-in-urology",bookSignature:"Sashi S. Kommu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9902",title:"Dr.",name:"Sashi S.",surname:"Kommu",slug:"sashi-s.-kommu",fullName:"Sashi S. Kommu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2676",title:"Current Concepts in Kidney Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9513ddae671c1c1d920820209c22ca4c",slug:"current-concepts-in-kidney-transplantation",bookSignature:"Sandip Kapur, Cheguevara Afaneh and Meredith J. Aull",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78020",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandip",surname:"Kapur",slug:"sandip-kapur",fullName:"Sandip Kapur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"369",title:"Current Concepts of Urethroplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4cf5fd57e6ce8906f3770e50c4ac21d",slug:"current-concepts-of-urethroplasty",bookSignature:"Ivo Donkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61180",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Donkov",slug:"ivo-donkov",fullName:"Ivo Donkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7957",title:"Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction",subtitle:"From Evidence to Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e29f9949691e86e226d6c7f7aa81134c",slug:"lower-urinary-tract-dysfunction-from-evidence-to-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Ran Pang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7957.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ran",surname:"Pang",slug:"ran-pang",fullName:"Ran Pang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5352",title:"Synopsis in the Management of Urinary Incontinence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7793498d8fd7ab427e9449e34faf438c",slug:"synopsis-in-the-management-of-urinary-incontinence",bookSignature:"Ammar Alhasso and Holly Bekarma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"124685",title:"Mr.",name:"Ammar",surname:"Alhasso",slug:"ammar-alhasso",fullName:"Ammar Alhasso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67322.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67322",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67322",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67322",chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7582",leadTitle:null,title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Novel Results in Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nonlinear optics is a rapidly developing field of modern physics. Nonlinear optical phenomena such as self-focusing, self-phase modulation, soliton formation and propagation, higher harmonic generation, different types of stimulated light scattering, and four-wave mixing have attracted interest from the fundamental point of view of the investigation of light/matter interaction, and as a basis for applications in contemporary optical communications and optical signal processing. Nonlinear Optics - Novel Results in Theory and Applications contains novel results concerning the mathematical methods of nonlinear optical phenomena analysis, soliton formation and propagation in optical fibers, and peculiarities of nonlinear optical phenomena in micro- and nanostructures. The book may be interesting for researchers and engineers interested in nonlinear optics, lasers, and optical communications.",isbn:"978-1-78985-164-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-163-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-009-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77311",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3ad4a3553a3ec59f7992d4f6495ac07",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7582.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:4367,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 8th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 25th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2359/images/system/2359.jpg",biography:"Boris I. Lembrikov is a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering of the Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), Holon, Israel. B. I. Lembrikov received his Ph.D. in Nonlinear Optics at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1996. Since then he was an invited researcher at the Haifa University, at the Max Planck Institute High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Grenoble, France, at the Technion, Haifa, Israel. Dr. B. I. Lembrikov is an author of the book \\Electrodynamics of Magnetoactive Media\\, a number of chapters in scientific books, a large number of papers in international peer reviewed journals and reports delivered at the international scientific conferences. He actively participated in a number of research projects concerning optics of nanoparticles, optical communications, UWB communications. The main research fields of interest of Dr. B. I. Lembrikov are nonlinear optics, optical and UWB communications, nanostructures, quantum dot lasers.",institutionString:"Holon Institute of Technology (HIT)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Holon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1225",title:"Optical Physics",slug:"optics-and-lasers-optical-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"65062",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nonlinear Optical Phenomena",slug:"introductory-chapter-nonlinear-optical-phenomena",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}]},{id:"64727",title:"Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:"nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation",totalDownloads:825,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"198550",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jing",surname:"Huang",slug:"jing-huang",fullName:"Jing Huang"}]},{id:"63615",title:"Three Solutions to the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for a Constant Potential",slug:"three-solutions-to-the-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation-for-a-constant-potential",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"93519",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabino",surname:"Torres-Vega",slug:"gabino-torres-vega",fullName:"Gabino Torres-Vega"}]},{id:"63619",title:"Hydrodynamic Methods and Exact Solutions in Application to the Electromagnetic Field Theory in Medium",slug:"hydrodynamic-methods-and-exact-solutions-in-application-to-the-electromagnetic-field-theory-in-mediu",totalDownloads:338,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"64097",title:"Polarization Properties of the Solitons Generated in the Process of Pulse Breakup in Twisted Fiber Pumped by ns Pulses",slug:"polarization-properties-of-the-solitons-generated-in-the-process-of-pulse-breakup-in-twisted-fiber-p",totalDownloads:462,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63461",title:"Towards Enhancing the Efficiency of Nonlinear Optical Generation",slug:"towards-enhancing-the-efficiency-of-nonlinear-optical-generation",totalDownloads:421,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63480",title:"Widely Tunable Quantum-Well Laser: OPO Diode Around 2 μm Based on a Coupled Waveguide Heterostructure",slug:"widely-tunable-quantum-well-laser-opo-diode-around-2-m-based-on-a-coupled-waveguide-heterostructure",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63398",title:"Stimulated Raman Scattering in Micro- and Nanophotonics",slug:"stimulated-raman-scattering-in-micro-and-nanophotonics",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3674",title:"Ultra Wideband",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ultra-wideband",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"189",title:"Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed2f8e92a107244ca4c22888843e374f",slug:"novel-applications-of-the-uwb-technologies",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/189.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5348",title:"Luminescence",subtitle:"An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d982c49fed4423a0ea7367af4f917b82",slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6599",title:"Small Angle Scattering and Diffraction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b1efb6a54c3fbdadd875f7bac0f6718",slug:"small-angle-scattering-and-diffraction",bookSignature:"Margareth K. K. D. Franco and Fabiano Yokaichiya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186337",title:"Dr.",name:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi",surname:"Dias Franco",slug:"margareth-kazuyo-kobayashi-dias-franco",fullName:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi Dias Franco"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8350",title:"Fiber Optic Sensing",subtitle:"Principle, Measurement and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d35774b28952d3c4c4643b58dec25549",slug:"fiber-optic-sensing-principle-measurement-and-applications",bookSignature:"Shien-Kuei Liaw",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206109",title:"Dr.",name:"Shien-Kuei",surname:"Liaw",slug:"shien-kuei-liaw",fullName:"Shien-Kuei Liaw"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71594",title:"Prologue: Deep Insights of Chemical Structures by Chemoinformatics Tools, Let’s Think Forward!",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91858",slug:"prologue-deep-insights-of-chemical-structures-by-chemoinformatics-tools-let-s-think-forward-",body:'The constant need of chemical scientists to understand complex phenomena and process and to achieve a rational structural design by controlling the synthesis to obtain compounds with improved properties or materials with enhanced quality, together with advances in information technology, has led to development of a new branch of chemistry—chemoinformatics—with strong implications in life sciences such as molecular biology or biochemistry, with major interest in medicine, pharmaceutical and food science industries.
Mainly, these interdisciplinary efforts are focused on the medical and pharmaceutical area, aiming to improve the quality and standard of life, and have applications in drug design and development of new therapeutic strategies. Chemoinformatics, as new discipline, covers a broad spectrum of aspects including all applications of information technology to chemistry involving: constructing and archiving big compound libraries (small molecules and proteins) containing structural properties and molecular descriptors, spectra, X-ray crystallography data and so on; information processing; large-scale chemical data mining; computational tools for structure and interactions visualisation, computational models for predicting interactions, to calculate properties and bioactivity, molecular docking and dynamic simulations methodologies, virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling, fragments similarity analysis, estimation of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) characteristics, toxicity alerting, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4]. The integration of chemical information and its transformation involves mathematical models and statistical data analysis.
Due to web servers and open data initiatives, large amount of chemical data from screening libraries are now available [5] and facilitate the drug discovery process. There are numerous chemoinformatics databases which contain various experimental and/or predicted properties of small molecules (ligands), peptides, proteins and data about their interactions (drug-drug interactions, ligand-protein interactions, protein-protein interactions, RNA-ligand interactions), chemical toxicity, bioactivity, adverse drug reactions, drug pathways, toxicogenomics, secondary metabolites, pharmacokinetics, etc. The existing data could help to build new structures and new models and to make new in silico predictions about physico-chemical properties and behaviour.
To raise awareness of the outstanding importance and impact of chemoinformatics research, exemplified below are some of its applications in life sciences, preponderant in medicinal chemistry.
Novel druggable protein targets are a subject of research in order to develop new therapeutic strategies against various diseases (scleroderma, Alzheimer’s disease, infections, etc.). Investigations include methods such as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), similarity search, pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking and dynamic simulations and toxicity assessment.
To fight against malignancies, new screening methods aim to identify and develop novel chemical antiproliferative agents, with promising results. As example, biomolecular modelling techniques are used to identify potential kinase inhibitor targets. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a key role in tumorigenesis; that is why it is considered a priority druggable target candidate for anticancer therapy. The interactions of cancer-related MAPK kinases and potential inhibitors are investigated by in silico tools. Molecular docking calculations are employed to predict the inhibitor-bound active sites and the binding modes for actual and potential anticancer drugs [6].
Researchers’ efforts to improve medication for Parkinson’s disease benefit from chemoinformatics and molecular docking tools to identify new potential neuroprotective compounds able to effectively treat the disease, by inhibition of oligomerization process of α-synuclein protein. By computational techniques, the protein in its dimer and oligomer forms can be studied, and multiple molecules are subject of computational simulations in order to identify potential inhibitors of α-synuclein aggregation [7].
Chemoinformatics approaches including molecular docking, dynamic simulations, lead optimization and quantum chemical characterisation are used to achieve the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes, responsible for cholinergic dysfunctions associated with the cognitive and behavioural abnormalities in dementing illness, in order to design and develop new therapeutic agents against this disease [8, 9, 10, 11]. Other approaches focus on the amyloid-beta aggregation process, trying to stop the formation of neurotoxic species, and the design of new inhibitors, the study being also facilitated by computational techniques such as QSAR modelling and assessment of inhibition efficiency by predicting stability and binding modes of potential inhibitors through combined computational techniques including structure-activity relationships analysis, docking and molecular dynamic simulations [12, 13, 14, 15].
Researchers focus their studies to block the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential bacterial enzymes involved in replication and recombination processes. The design of novel antibacterial agents that act against these enzymes can be realised by molecular docking techniques and bioactivity evaluation. That is the case of quinolones, which act equally against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV [16, 17, 18, 19].
Pharmacokinetics/ADMET properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity of designed structures are assessed through computational approaches too, aiming to predict the therapeutic potential of the lead compound. Biochemical properties and drug-likeness according Lipinski’s rule of five (RO5) [20] and the molecular flexibility, as key descriptors to describe the oral bioavailability of drugs, are also predicted using computational tools. Thus, computer-aided drug design, coupled with in silico ADMET studies, helps to select the drug candidate molecules with possible better efficacy and less side effects (poor hepatotoxic effects).
Recent researches report the application of chemometric tools in correlation with spectrometric techniques (near-infrared spectroscopy) for onsite analysis of cannabinoids or amphetamine compounds (with portable and handheld NIR devices). The chemometric tools allow the user to compare collection of spectra, to develop prediction models and to achieve a real-time detection of sample contamination. Such method could become an alternative way of detection of illicit drugs, determined in oral fluids, being non-invasive, rapid and accurate test, completely automated [21, 22].
Food chemical data sets can be manipulated and analysed also by computational resources similar with those for drugs and nutraceuticals. The interest in this area is growing because of the food-related industrial challenges. Thus, an emerging field of research has arisen: foodinformatics [23]. In silico quantitative approaches are used to assess genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of food additives (flavours, colourants, contaminants, etc.) or cosmetic ingredients [24, 25, 26], in the attempts of safety evaluation for the human health. All these computational approaches must be verified by in vitro methods.
This section is a collection of advanced studies focusing on topics of interest in the context of chemoinformatics applications in drug discovery and design of new molecules.
Microscopic findings involving lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the excretory ducts in combination with the destruction of acinar tissue are representative for both minor and major salivary glands and are pathognomonic changes for SS. Parotid, lip, or sublingual salivary gland biopsy is performed in the diagnosis and monitoring of SS, but currently only labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGB) is included into classification criteria of SS. LSGB is used for the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). The current classification criteria of SS, approved by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) in 2016, include LSGB as a part of weighted sum of five items [1]. The presence of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS) with a focus score of 1 foci/4 mm2 glandular tissue is a positive score of LSGB. Lip salivary glands are widely distributed in the labial mucosa of the oral cavity. They are largely used for assisting the diagnosis of SS, because they are easily accessible and lie above the muscle layer. They are separated from the oral mucous membrane by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. Orientation and identification of glandular tissue is the easiest. The risk of excessive postoperative bleeding is decreased because the arterial supply to the lip lies deep. These anatomical implications and pathognomic changes predispose of labial salivary glands to the biopsy [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
\nLabial salivary gland biopsy is considered a minor surgical procedure and can be performed on the ambulatory basis. There is no standardized technique that yields adequate tissue for analysis and minimizes adverse effects. The lack of uniformity in methodology and potential adverse effects of LSGB hinders its application. LSGB is treated as a safe and simple surgical procedure without severe postoperative complications. One of the most severe complications of LSGB is sensitive nerve injury. This localized sensory alternation can be described as an anesthesia, a reduced or partial loss of sensation, a transitory numbness, or a hypoesthesia. These sensations can last for a few months or can be permanent. Persistent lip numbness occurs in up to 6% of biopsies performed in the lower lip [8]. The branches of the mental nerve in the lower lip are closely associated with the salivary glands, and this anatomical relationship increases the risk of postoperative sensory sensations. Additionally, the branch of the mental nerve usually divides into two sub-branches: a horizontal and a vertical, which have an ascending course toward the vermillion border and are in close relation to the labial salivary glands. Incisional biopsies shorter than 2 cm performed with a scalpel have reported complications ranging from 0 to 9.3%, whereas those using larger incisions (2–3 cm) have described complications in the range of 3.7–31%. Transient disorders of lip sensitivity are found to occur in up to 11.7% of procedures. Persistent lower lip hypoesthesia is reported in about 3.4–4% of cases. Larger incisional biopsies and punch biopsies are associated with a higher risk of both transient and persistent lower lip numbness. Other possible complications of LSGB are less severe, usually transient or temporary, and are associated with localized postoperative inflammation or improper healing. The symptoms of postoperative inflammations are local pain and swelling. Blood vessel injuries result in hematoma. The possible delayed complications are the formation of granulomas, internal scarring, and cheloid formation. Labial salivary gland injuries can result in mucous extravasation cysts. Some patients can report burning or tingling sensations, and functional deficits during the immediate postbiopsy period such as eating, sleeping, or speech difficulties [9, 10, 11, 12].
\nLabial glands biopsy may be an excisional or incisional technique. The most recommended site is normal-appearing mucosa of the lower lip. Usually, it is a scalpel biopsy. A wide range of surgical approaches have been described for harvesting a few accessory glands from the lower lip using different instruments such as a scalpel, a punch, or cup forceps. The use of a forceps with a fenestrated active end to stabilize the lip has also been suggested. The excisional biopsy is carried out by excising an ellipse of oral mucous membrane down to the muscle layer. Ideally, 6–8 minor glands must be harvested and sent for histopathologic examination. The wound should be closed with 4-0 silk sutures, which are removed after 4–5 days. The modification of this method is the technique with a mucosal excision of 3.0 × 0.75 cm. Another recommended technique is a 1.0–1.5-cm-wedge-shaped excision of the mucosa between the midline and commissure. The incisional biopsy is described as a 1.5–2.0-cm linear incision of mucosa, parallel to the vermillion border and lateral to the midline. Gorson and Ropper reported a 1-cm vertical incision just behind the wet line through the mucosa and submucosa [31]. It is usually that case that the lateral lip compartments are advocated for biopsy, because of the glandular-free zone in the center of the lower lip. Berquin et al. described an oblique incision, starting 1.5 cm from the midline and proceeding latero-inferiorly to avoid the central glandular-free zone. The vertical incision technique is associated with less pain, less swelling, less scar formation, and less difficulty in eating when compared with the horizontal incision technique. There is insufficient evidence to support the superiority of one technique over the others, and the shape and the size of the incision can be considered a matter of preference. The incision shape includes elliptical, circular, linear, horizontal, vertical, and wedge shapes, and the incision length varies from a few millimeters to 2 cm.
\nAnother recommended modification is using loupe operation glasses to precisely excise the salivary glands without disturbing the direct underlying sensible nerves. The alternative technique to scalpel biopsy is the minor salivary gland punch biopsy. This biopsy can be performed by a single operator, and it is less expensive than classical scalpel biopsy. This technique consists of obtaining the biopsy from the buccal side of the lower lip, which is stabilized by the patient him/herself using a 4–5 mm punch, which permits the retrieval of a cylinder of tissue up to 8 mm in length. The punch biopsy is suggested because of the absence of risk to the patient and because of its simplicity. However, the punch biopsies do not provide enough material for the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome. Moreover, the findings of this study strongly discouraged the punch technique for minor salivary gland lip biopsy and provided information on the superiority of the linear incisional biopsy in terms of neural damage [12, 13, 14, 15, 16].
\nBased on our own clinical experience, a 1.0–1.5-cm linear, horizontal incision of mucosa parallel to the vermillion border and lateral to the midline with the tip of a 15 scalpel is worth to recommend. The lower lip should be retracted and everted under tension to expose the inner surface and allow visualization of the minor salivary glands just to the depth of the mucosa. Local anesthesia injected submucosally with 0.5–1.0 ml of 1% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine is sufficient. The anesthesia hydrodissects and lifts the mucosa away from the salivary glands, provides delivery of local anesthetic directly to sensory nerve fibers, and temporarily displaces small vessels deep in the glands to promote hemostasis and visualization during the dissection. In this technique, both margins of incision should be gently crafted to access the submucosal layer. This stage of procedure can be performed using blunt-tipped iris scissors or a scalpel by spreading in a plane perpendicular to the mucosal incision and parallel to the direction of the sensory nerve fibers. This technique is fast, simple, and leaves a small scar. The linear incision secures a good adherence of wound margins and proper and fast healing. Unfortunately, this method is not effective in small amounts of salivary glands. Sometimes, it is difficult to find the sufficient amount of labial glands. Moreover, it may be difficult to harvest a sufficient number of labial salivary glands in atrophic mucosa of patients with long-standing SS. In these cases, the recommended method is a 1-cm lenticular incision of mucosa, lateral to the midline, and removal of the mucosa to uncover the submucosal layer and obtain a few adjacent salivary glands. This technique ensures good visibility into the operating field to avoid blood vessels and nerve injures. This incision provides adequate glandular tissue for diagnosis. The wound should be closed by a few nonresorbable, single, interrupted stitches. One very important issue is to harvest only labial salivary glands without muscular or other tissues. It is the most valuable specimen for histopathological examination, because it only includes glandular tissue. Additionally, this technique decreases the risk of nerve damage and postoperative pain and assures successful healing. Sensory nerve fibers are almost always visible just below the plane of dissection, and care should be taken to identify and preserve them. The next very important issue is not to puncture the labial glands to reduce the risk of mucous extravasation cyst formation. It is even better to remove all visible labial salivary glands from the operating field before suturing in order not to damage the glands or their ducts. Patients should also avoid taking steroids before the biopsy. The factors potentially contributing to a false-negative rate include the use of oral steroids that may result in immunosuppression and confound histopathologic results. The tissue specimens should be immediately placed in a wide-mouthed container, coded, and fixed in a generous amount of 10% formalin buffered saline for 24 h (Figures 1 and 2).
\nLinear incision and scalpel biopsy of labial salivary gland biopsy. A few labial salivary glands exposed and visible in the operating field.
Labial salivary gland specimen.
Labial salivary gland biopsy is an objective test of SS and plays a significant role in the diagnostic process. In fact, the presence of either anti-SSA/SSB seropositivity or a positive lip biopsy is a requirement for an individual to be classified as having SS. The microscopic confirmation of SS is based on the presence of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS) with a focus score ≥ 1 per 4 mm2 of glandular tissue. According to the revised American-European Consensus Group’s (AECG) classification criteria and the ACR classification criteria for SS, an LSGB is considered positive if minor salivary glands demonstrate FLS, with a focus score of 1 or more, as evaluated by an expert histopathologist. A lymphocytic focus is defined as a dense aggregate of 50 or more lymphocytes adjacent to normal-appearing mucous acini in salivary gland lobules that lacked ductal dilatation. Focal lymphocytic sialadenitis is applied to specimens that show the presence of 1 or more foci of lymphocytes located in periductal and perivascular locations. The foci can contain plasma cells, but these must be a minority constituent of the inflammatory infiltrate. The focus score can be calculated for those specimens showing the histopathologic appearance of FLS. The number of lymphocytic foci is then determined for all the gland lobules in a single tissue section. The focus score is then calculated as the number of foci per square millimeter of glandular tissue multiplied by four, which then yields foci/4mm2. A focus score of 1 equates to 1 focus/4 mm2. To determine the focus, a calibrated eyepiece grid or image analysis software with a closed polygon tool is used. FLS has to be distinguished from nonspecific chronic sialadenitis. The symptoms of nonspecific sialadenitis are mild to moderate acinar atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and ductal dilatation, with lymphocytes and macrophages often scattered in the parenchyma, but not forming dense aggregates of 50 or more lymphocytes immediately adjacent to normal-appearing acini. In addition to the focus score (FS), two scoring systems for salivary glands are in use for the diagnosis and classification of SS. These systems are based on the presence of foci [7]. Grading according to Tarpley’s system involves destruction of acinar tissue and fibrosis (Table 1). Grading according to the Chisholm and Mason system is based on the presence of infiltrates from slight to one or more foci (Table 2) [16, 17].
\nGrade | \nDescription | \n
---|---|
0 | \nNormal | \n
1 | \n1 or 2 Aggregates | \n
2 | \n>3 Aggregates | \n
3 | \nDiffuse infiltrate with partial destruction of acinar tissue with or without fibrosis | \n
4 | \nDiffuse infiltrate with or without fibrosis destroying the lobular architecture completely | \n
Grading systems for salivary gland biopsies of Tarpley.
Grade | \nDescription | \n
---|---|
0 | \nAbsent | \n
1 | \nSlight infiltrate | \n
2 | \nModerate infiltrate or less than one focus | \n
3 | \nOne focus | \n
4 | \nMore than one focus | \n
Grading systems for salivary gland biopsies of Chisholm and Mason.
Focus: a cluster of 50 or more lymphocytes and histiocytes.
\nAggregate: approximately 50 cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, or histiocytes).
\nFocus lymphocytic sialadenitis should be differentiated with other microscopic findings:
Nonspecific chronic sialadenitis NSCS
Sclerosing chronic sialadenitis SCS
Granulomatous inflammation
Infiltrates within normal limits
Marginal zone (MALT) lymphoma
Germinal center
Nonspecific chronic sialadenitis (NSCN) is characterized by scattered or focal infiltrates of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells that are not adjacent to normal-appearing acini and located in gland lobules that exhibit some combination of acinar atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, duct dilation, and luminal inspissated mucus.
\nSclerosing chronic sialadenitis (SCS) is an advanced stage of NSCS in which interstitial fibrosis, various patterns of chronic inflammation, and acinar atrophy predominate.
\nGranulomatous inflammation is present when there are clusters of CD68 positive macrophages, with or without occasional multinucleated giant cells and absent necrosis.
\nInfiltrates within normal limits can be diagnosed in minor salivary glands with normal appearing architecture and scattered plasma cells, but without acinar atrophy and few if any lymphocytes.
\nMarginal zone (MALT) lymphoma is diagnosed in minor salivary glands exhibiting diffuse lymphocytic infiltration with loss of glandular architecture and composed of sheets of CD20 positive cells without follicular distribution, few scattered CD3 positive cells, and few if any follicular dendritic (CD21 or CD23 positive) cells.
\nGerminal center presence is estimated in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections by the presence of a cluster of relatively clear staining cells within a lymphocytic focus. More specific identification of germinal centers requires immunohistochemical staining for follicular dendritic cells with anti-CD21 or CD23 [4, 9].
\nThere is no standardization of labial salivary gland biopsies in SS, but there are several points of importance in LSGB. The first issue refers to a sufficient amount of glandular tissue. A reasonable compromise is four glands, although a minimum sized evaluable surface area (8 mm2) may be achieved with 2–3 glands. The largest possible area to be sampled would give the best results, but a larger operative field increases the surgical risk. On the other hand, some glands may be atrophic or damaged, and the volume of the material obtained through the biopsy should be sufficient to overcome this artifact and achieve a valid result. It is more recommended to evaluate multiple different lobules than to concentrate on a single abnormal lobule, which may not be typical of the entire gland. In routine management, H&E staining is used in order to determine these structures. For clinical trials, additional staining with CD21 as well as CD20 and CD3 is required. CD21 is a marker of follicular dendritic cells. Germinal centers should be reported and pathologists are advised to use caution in order to avoid overestimating germinal centers by relying solely on CD21. Furthermore, the distribution of the inflammatory cells in the gland may be uneven. Considering this uneven distribution, a single tissue section may result in underdiagnosis. While increasing the number of sections has the potential to reduce this problem, the optimal number of sections has yet to be determined. Some research suggests taking labial salivary glands at different depths from the same incision. Focus score can change significantly at different tissue depths within the minor salivary glands. Multiple sections for LSGB increase the diagnostic value and are more representative than a single section [7, 10] (Figure 3).
\nConfirmation of SS in LSGB. Focus score 4 (staining H&E, magnitude 10×).
\n
Differentiation of FLS with nonspecific chronic sialadenitis and sclerosing chronic sialadenitis
Severe acinar atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increase in fat cells in biopsy specimens
Age-related features in biopsy specimens (increased fibrosis, acinar atrophy, and adipose tissue
Lack of the measurement of the infiltrate [7]
There are also other histopathological features in the labial glands that are associated with SS and therefore might be indicative of this disease. Lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs) are striated ducts, which are infiltrated by lymphocytes with concurrent hyperplasia of the epithelial cells. They are found both in parotid and labial glands, and are more representative of parotid glands than labial glands.
\nSeverity of the LELs can be classified into three stages: stage 1: a partial LEL (affecting <50% of the epithelium), stage 2: developed LELS (affecting 50–100% of the epithelium), and stage 3: occluded LELs (fully circumferentially affected epithelium without lumen).
\nBesides LELs, the salivary gland of SS patients also presents a relative decrease in IgA + plasma cells. Several studies showed that a relative decrease of <70% IgA + plasma cells was more sensitive and more disease specific than the FS. Both features can help assess the salivary gland biopsies for the diagnosis of SS, especially when the FS in the biopsy is <1 [7, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
\nThe main alternative types of salivary gland biopsies in SS are parotid gland biopsy and sublingual gland biopsy. Parotid gland biopsy allows the clinician to monitor the disease progression and to assess the effect of an intervention treatment in SS. Parotid tissue can be harvested easily, repeated biopsies from the same parotid gland are possible, and the histopathologic results can be compared with other diagnostic results derived from the same gland, such as secretory function, sialographic appearance, and ultrasonography. Furthermore, parotid biopsy is better in the identification of lymphomas. The main possible complications are facial nerve damage, Frey’s syndrome, and development of sialoceles and salivary fistulae. A temporary change in sensation in the skin area of the incision is also a well-documented complication after parotid biopsy. Some patients might also develop preauricular hypothesis, although this is usually temporary. Furthermore, in SS, the salivary gland tissue is replaced by fatty tissue, and the risk of harvesting fatty tissue is thereby increased if done by inexperienced physicians. Parotid biopsy is particularly recommended in pediatric patients in whom SS is suspected and who have a negative minor salivary gland biopsy result. Incisional biopsy of the parotid gland overcomes most of the disadvantages of labial biopsy. When evaluating the parotid and labial biopsy, sensitivity and specificity are comparable, estimated to be 78 and 86%, respectively. Comparative studies suggest that both procedures—sublingual and parotid biopsy—retain a diagnostic potential comparable to that of lip biopsy and may be associated with lower postoperative morbidity. A comparison of sublingual gland biopsy with labial gland biopsy is better than that of labial gland biopsy, whereas the specificity of the latter is greater than that of the former. Sublingual gland biopsy is a relatively safe procedure, although the postoperative complications of sublingual salivary gland biopsy include ligaturing the Wharton duct, resulting from the placement of sutures, bleeding, and swelling in the floor of the mouth. Damage to the lingual nerve related to this biopsy technique has never been reported in the literature. No specialized histopathologic criteria have been established for the diagnosis of SS after a sublingual gland biopsy, and researchers merely used the criteria for labial gland biopsies [24, 25, 26, 27, 28].
\nThe rate of dry mouth in SS ranged from 41% at initial diagnosis to 84% 10 years after diagnosis. Hyposalivation or xerostomia measured by sialometry is one of the objective clinical criteria in the diagnosis of SS. According to the current classification criteria of SS, an unstimulated salivary flow rate of 0.1 ml/minute in sialometry gives a score of 1 to the weighted sum of 5 items. Dryness is also a subjective symptom of SS and is associated with many clinical implications. There are two possible sources of hyposalivation. The first possible origin is the presence of mononuclear cell aggregates around the ducts and acini of salivary glands resulting in functional and structural alterations of these glands and impairing their secretory function. In addition to the direct relationship between mononuclear cell infiltrations and secretory function, there are alternative pathways, such as induction of apoptosis of epithelial glands, alterations in aquaporin distribution, or inhibition of neurotransmission by antimuscarinic antibodies, lead to impaired glandular homeostasis. The second proposed hypothesis is the destruction of the duct and acinar cells of the salivary glands, and neural degeneration and/or the inhibition of nerve transmission. Hyposialia or decreased salivation can lead to xerostomia with clinical oral symptoms [29]. Dry mouth is associated with both objective and subjective signs and symptoms. The most common complaints related to dry mouth are presented in Table 3.
\nA dryness of the mouth in the morning and at night A frequent need to sip water A lip dryness, exfoliation, fissuring A predisposition to aphthae, ulcers, and mouth sores A burning sensation in the mouth A dysphagia A dysgeusia | \n
The most common complaints related to dry mouth.
In SS, the gingiva and mucosa of the oral cavity are not protected by salivary mucins, leading to less lubrication of the tissues. This can cause signs such as oral mucosal inflammation, mucosal sloughing, erythematous mucosa, and traumatic ulcers. Patients may demonstrate depapillation of the tongue in advanced cases. With time, the concentration of lactoferrin, potassium and cystatin C in saliva grows, while the amylase and carbonic anhydrase concentration drops. Decreased secretion of saliva, the loss of its buffer properties, and a lower concentration of saliva proteins such as histatins, mucins, IgA, and proteins rich in proline and statherins increase the risk of opportunistic infections, mainly fungal infections by Candida albicans. The prevalence of Candida albicans is >68% in patients with SS. Oral candidiasis may be asymptomatic or may show as fissured tongue, rhomboid mid-tongue, nonspecific ulcerations, prosthetic stomatopathies, or generalized candidiasis. It most often takes the form of chronic candidiasis, and less often of pseudodiphtheritic candidiasis. Candida infections often present as atrophic or erythematous candidiasis and are associated with a burning mouth, which is described by approximately one-third of patients with SS. In SS patients, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis are mainly isolated. Apart from oral candidiasis, a number of other changes and symptoms regarding the oral mucosa may occur (Table 4).
\nCandidiasis Angular cheilitis Simple cheilitis Exfoliative cheilitis Aphthae Aphthoid lesions Nonspecific ulcerations Paleness of the oral mucosa Staphylococcal infection | \n
Symptoms of oral mucosa in the Sjögren’s syndrome.
Angular cheilitis may be accompanied with fungal infection. In simple cheilitis, dominant manifestations are lip exfoliation and cracking, their proneness to bleeding, periodic swelling, and burning. The lesions are mostly limited to lip vermillion, less often labial mucosa or the facial skin around the vermillion is affected. In exfoliative cheilitis, thick brown keratin plaques are also formed. Skin redness over the lip vermillion and swelling are more often observed [29].
\nSS patients are predisposed to rampant caries and traumatic oral lesions. Lack of antibacterial salivary proteins results in severe tooth caries, especially on the unexposed tooth spaces. Rampant cervical caries is the most typical manifestation to SS.
\nThe lymphocytic infiltrations are representative for all salivary glands and have other possible consequences. Although the sicca syndrome prevails, in a clinical presentation, a bilateral parotid swelling induced by progressive lymphocyte infiltration leads both to ductal inflammation and acinar destruction in about 50% of patients. Recurrent swelling and inflammations of the parotid or submandibular glands in SS are well documented. Slow salivary flow, acinar destruction, and lymphocytic infiltrations predispose to inflammation and salivary gland enlargement. This enlargement should be distinguished from lymphomas. The most significant complication of SS is the development of lymphoproliferative malignancy, which occurs in about 5% of SS patients. Malignant lymphoma, particularly mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, is relatively a frequent complication of SS with an incidence ranging between 5 and 10% and a median time from SS to lymphoma diagnosis of 7.5 years. Lymphomas accompanying SS can be confirmed by histopathological examination of salivary gland biopsy. The detection of germinal centers (GC) in salivary gland biopsy can be a very sensitive and predictive feature for lymphogenesis. Antigen-driven B cell selection normally takes place in GC within secondary lymphoid organs, but there is conclusive evidence that also ectopic GC in the salivary glands of SS patients allow affinity maturation of GC B cells with somatic Ig gene hypermaturation. Parotid gland biopsy is more recommended for diagnosis of lymphomas than labial salivary glands [7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
\nDryness of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is a predominant symptom and results in nasal, oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, vocal cord dryness, and dryness of the skin of the external auditory meatus. The main laryngological symptoms accompanying SS include the following:
Dry nose with congestion, crusting, and epistaxis
Dryness, crusting, or atrophy of the nasal mucosa
Soreness and/or dryness of the throat
Viscid secretions on the posterior pharyngeal wall and tenacious mucus over the vocal cords
Dry wax and a “milky” appearance of the tympanic membrane
Dysphagia
Hoarseness
Otalgia
Tinnitus
A chronic dry cough
Dyspnea
Gastrotracheal reflux
Otitis externa
Myringitis
Sensorineural hearing loss
Facial hypaesthesia and trigeminal nerve neuropathy, and multiple cranial neuropathy [30, 31, 32, 33]
Other possible laryngological manifestations of SS are early and progressive hearing loss and symptoms related to neuropathy of the eighth cranial nerve. Approximately, a quarter of patients suffer from high-frequency hearing loss of cochlear origin, as detected by impedance audiometry or auditory brainstem procedures. The immunologic theory of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in SS is based on antibody activity and cytotoxic T-cell-mediated apoptosis in the inner ear. It has been suggested that these autoantibodies induce thrombosis in the labyrinthine vessels, thereby causing damage to the inner ear, resulting in SNHL. The majority of primary SS patients exhibit hearing impairments of cochlear origin, principally at high frequencies. Sensorineural damage may be attributable to vasculitis or neuritis, or may represent an ototoxic effect of the drugs used to treat primary SS. Although there is no evidence of damage to the central auditory pathways in SS, these patients tend to have a higher prevalence of sensorineural hearing impairment compared with the general population. Idiopathic hearing loss may represent the initial manifestation of systemic vasculitis, including SS. The pathomechanisms underlying cranial neuropathy in SS have not yet been explained, except for trigeminal neuropathy due to ganglionopathy. The two possible mechanisms, vascular origin with damage to the vasa nervorum, and an immunologic cause inducing lymphocytic infiltration of the nerve have been suggested in nerve palsies related to SS. Vasculitis in peripheral neuropathy and ganglionopathy in trigeminal or ataxic neuropathies have been reported as the main pathogenic etiology. The rapid and almost complete recovery from nerve palsy after therapy with corticosteroids and azathioprine suggests that lymphocytic infiltrate, rather than a vasculitic process, was the cause of cranial neuropathy in SS [33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40].
\nAs this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\n\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\n\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:81},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:55,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1287,numberOfWosCitations:460,numberOfCrossrefCitations:294,numberOfDimensionsCitations:750,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9507",title:"Family Planning and Reproductive Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a51ae8a0488480238f4cbbbe425058f2",slug:"family-planning-and-reproductive-health",bookSignature:"Zouhair Amarin and Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7725",title:"Innovations In Assisted Reproduction Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7961",title:"Induced Abortion and Spontaneous Early Pregnancy Loss",subtitle:"Focus on Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02cfa65d8d630b8cacd78aafa3f2f42e",slug:"induced-abortion-and-spontaneous-early-pregnancy-loss-focus-on-management",bookSignature:"Igor Lakhno",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8454",title:"Recent Advances in Cesarean Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cf497986f3bacb156aa16c955b83ff2",slug:"recent-advances-in-cesarean-delivery",bookSignature:"Georg Schmölzer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8454.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179622",title:"Dr.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Schmolzer",slug:"georg-schmolzer",fullName:"Georg Schmolzer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9165",title:"Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b802d11709666bd2574b2bb487c8376",slug:"polycystic-ovarian-syndrome",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8484",title:"Non-tubal Ectopic Pregnancy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3168b3b6a134f1664b6dfa5e15368e2",slug:"non-tubal-ectopic-pregnancy",bookSignature:"Julio Elito Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8484.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9160",title:"Childbirth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a7e8e48791d2155bf6ef4c5c1c0075c",slug:"childbirth",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric and Svetlana J. Milenkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7969",title:"Leiomyoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"659a9fef0f90168b2184c86af85d3a42",slug:"leiomyoma",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"S",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7143",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"An Overview with Some Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfca671469ec9093b41cd7a144b2a6a9",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-an-overview-with-some-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Amita Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8471",title:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327257ae2f4783050d327cd524bf2a3e",slug:"prediction-of-maternal-and-fetal-syndrome-of-preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8584",title:"Molecular Bases of Endometriosis",subtitle:"The Integration Between Research and Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cc793fe99169a1dc09ad735d5d0955f",slug:"molecular-bases-of-endometriosis-the-integration-between-research-and-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Giovana Aparecida Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:55,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30747",doi:"10.5772/27200",title:"Cervical Cancer in Sub Sahara Africa",slug:"cervical-cancer-in-sub-sahara-africa",totalDownloads:7543,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"topics-on-cervical-cancer-with-an-advocacy-for-prevention",title:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention",fullTitle:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention"},signatures:"Atara Ntekim",authors:[{id:"69178",title:"Dr.",name:"Atara",middleName:"I",surname:"Ntekim",slug:"atara-ntekim",fullName:"Atara Ntekim"}]},{id:"43348",doi:"10.5772/55562",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-platinum-resistance-in-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:3603,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",title:"Ovarian Cancer",fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - A Clinical and Translational Update"},signatures:"Gonzalo Tapia and Ivan Diaz-Padilla",authors:[{id:"157073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Padilla",slug:"ivan-diaz-padilla",fullName:"Ivan Diaz-Padilla"},{id:"166871",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia Rico",slug:"gonzalo-tapia-rico",fullName:"Gonzalo Tapia Rico"}]},{id:"37219",doi:"10.5772/47914",title:"Determining Factors of Cesarean Delivery Trends in Developing Countries: Lessons from Point G National Hospital (Bamako - Mali)",slug:"determining-factors-of-cesarean-delivery-trends-in-developing-countries-lessons-from-point-g-nat",totalDownloads:2530,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"cesarean-delivery",title:"Cesarean Delivery",fullTitle:"Cesarean Delivery"},signatures:"I. Teguete, Y. Traore, A. Sissoko, M. Y. Djire, A. Thera, T. Dolo, N. Mounkoro, M. Traore and A. Dolo",authors:[{id:"87496",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Teguete",slug:"ibrahima-teguete",fullName:"Ibrahima Teguete"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41087",title:"Endoscopy versus IVF: The Way to Go",slug:"endoscopy-versus-ivf-the-way-to-go",totalDownloads:3849,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",fullTitle:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction"},signatures:"Atef Darwish",authors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",middleName:"M.M.",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}]},{id:"60402",title:"Abnormalities of the Placenta",slug:"abnormalities-of-the-placenta",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"congenital-anomalies-from-the-embryo-to-the-neonate",title:"Congenital Anomalies",fullTitle:"Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate"},signatures:"Roxana Cristina Drăgușin, Maria Șorop-Florea, Ciprian Laurențiu\nPătru, Lucian Zorilă, Cristian Marinaș, Bogdan Virgiliu Șorop, Răzvan\nCăpitănescu and Dominic Gabriel Iliescu",authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",middleName:null,surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",middleName:null,surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",middleName:null,surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",middleName:null,surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"246816",title:"Dr.",name:"Capitanescu",middleName:null,surname:"Razvan",slug:"capitanescu-razvan",fullName:"Capitanescu Razvan"}]},{id:"56365",title:"Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage: Protocol and Red Code",slug:"massive-postpartum-hemorrhage-protocol-and-red-code",totalDownloads:1761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Jaume Miñano Masip, Laura Almeida Toledano, Sílvia Ferrero\nMartínez and María Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"202447",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaume",middleName:null,surname:"Miñano Masip",slug:"jaume-minano-masip",fullName:"Jaume Miñano Masip"},{id:"202448",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"laura-almeida",fullName:"Laura Almeida"},{id:"202449",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrero",slug:"silvia-ferrero",fullName:"Silvia Ferrero"}]},{id:"62854",title:"The Surgical Technique of Caesarean Section: What is Evidence Based?",slug:"the-surgical-technique-of-caesarean-section-what-is-evidence-based-",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"caesarean-section",title:"Caesarean Section",fullTitle:"Caesarean Section"},signatures:"Jan-Simon Lanowski and Constantin S. von Kaisenberg",authors:[{id:"100660",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:"Sylvius",surname:"Von Kaisenberg",slug:"constantin-von-kaisenberg",fullName:"Constantin Von Kaisenberg"},{id:"240353",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan-Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Lanowski",slug:"jan-simon-lanowski",fullName:"Jan-Simon Lanowski"}]},{id:"64704",title:"Normal Menstrual Cycle",slug:"normal-menstrual-cycle",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"menstrual-cycle",title:"Menstrual Cycle",fullTitle:"Menstrual Cycle"},signatures:"Barriga-Pooley Patricio and Brantes-Glavic Sergio",authors:[{id:"250273",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Patricio",middleName:null,surname:"Barriga",slug:"patricio-barriga",fullName:"Patricio Barriga"}]},{id:"62277",title:"Basic Antenatal Care Approach to Antenatal Care Service Provision",slug:"basic-antenatal-care-approach-to-antenatal-care-service-provision",totalDownloads:1968,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care"},signatures:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo",authors:[{id:"243711",title:"Dr.",name:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience",middleName:null,surname:"Ngxongo",slug:"thembelihle-sylvia-patience-ngxongo",fullName:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo"}]},{id:"61034",title:"Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"recurrent-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1007,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Nidhi Sharma and Sudakshina Chakrabarti",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}]},{id:"58770",title:"Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Face",slug:"congenital-abnormalities-of-the-fetal-face",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"congenital-anomalies-from-the-embryo-to-the-neonate",title:"Congenital Anomalies",fullTitle:"Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate"},signatures:"Maria Șorop-Florea, Roxana-Cristina Dragușin, Ciprian Laurențiu\nPătru, Lucian George Zorilă, Cristian Marinaș, Virgiliu-Bogdan\nȘorop, Cristian Neamțu, Alina Veduța, Dominic Gabriel Iliescu and\nNicolae Cernea",authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",middleName:null,surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",middleName:null,surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",middleName:null,surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",middleName:null,surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"222526",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Neamțu",slug:"cristian-neamtu",fullName:"Cristian Neamțu"},{id:"222699",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",middleName:null,surname:"Cernea",slug:"nicolae-cernea",fullName:"Nicolae Cernea"}]},{id:"18348",title:"Anaesthetic Considerations during Laparoscopic Surgery",slug:"anaesthetic-considerations-during-laparoscopic-surgery",totalDownloads:27890,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",fullTitle:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy"},signatures:"Maria F. Martín-Cancho, Diego Celdrán, Juan R. Lima, Maria S. Carrasco-Jimenez, Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo and Jesús Usón-Gargallo",authors:[{id:"14715",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Margallo",slug:"francisco-miguel-sanchez-margallo",fullName:"Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo"},{id:"29449",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Martín-Cancho",slug:"maria-fernanda-martin-cancho",fullName:"Maria Fernanda Martín-Cancho"},{id:"39772",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan R.",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"juan-r.-lima",fullName:"Juan R. Lima"},{id:"39773",title:"Mr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Celdran",slug:"diego-celdran",fullName:"Diego Celdran"},{id:"39774",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Usón-Gargallo",slug:"jesus-uson-gargallo",fullName:"Jesus Usón-Gargallo"},{id:"62320",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Sol",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Jiménez",slug:"maria-sol-carrasco-jimenez",fullName:"Maria Sol Carrasco-Jiménez"}]},{id:"41721",title:"Artificial Insemination in Poultry",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-poultry",totalDownloads:8356,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"success-in-artificial-insemination-quality-of-semen-and-diagnostics-employed",title:"Success in Artificial Insemination",fullTitle:"Success in Artificial Insemination - Quality of Semen and Diagnostics Employed"},signatures:"M.R. Bakst and J.S. Dymond",authors:[{id:"155683",title:"Dr.",name:"Murray R.",middleName:null,surname:"Bakst",slug:"murray-r.-bakst",fullName:"Murray R. Bakst"},{id:"167852",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Dymond",slug:"jessica-dymond",fullName:"Jessica Dymond"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"75256",title:"Bleeding and Hysteroscopy in Uterine Myomatosis",slug:"bleeding-and-hysteroscopy-in-uterine-myomatosis",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94174",book:{title:"Fibroids"},signatures:"Sergio Rosales-Ortiz, Tammy Na Shieli Barrón Martínez, Diana Sulvaran Victoria, Jocelyn Arias Alarcon, Janeth Márquez-Acosta and José Fugarolas Marín"},{id:"74376",title:"Extra-Uterine Fibroids",slug:"extra-uterine-fibroids",totalDownloads:44,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95127",book:{title:"Fibroids"},signatures:"Rakesh Kumar Gupta and Poonam Wasnik"},{id:"73825",title:"Physiopathology and Management of Uterine Fibroids",slug:"physiopathology-and-management-of-uterine-fibroids",totalDownloads:47,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94162",book:{title:"Fibroids"},signatures:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie, Gaelle Therese Badjang, Gregory Ayissi and Julius Sama Dohbit"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/219109/anthony-sangeda",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"219109",slug:"anthony-sangeda"},fullPath:"/profiles/219109/anthony-sangeda",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()