Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3296",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Understanding Alzheimer's Disease",title:"Understanding Alzheimer's Disease",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Alzheimer's dementia (AD) affects 6 million Europeans with 10% of people over age 65 and more than a quarter over 85. Given the steady aging of European societies, dementia and cognitive decline have developed into a major health problem with an enormous socioeconomic impact for patients, their families and caregivers, national health care systems, and society. Without any means to prevent or delay disease onset, the number of people with dementia is predicted to double by 2030 and triple by 2050. There is an urgent need for innovative strategies to increase understanding of pathological events that would translate into the development of successful prevention or, possibly, novel treatment strategies.\nProgresses in understanding pathological events in AD have been possible by using cell cultures, genetically modified organisms and animal models that lack the complexity of events occurring in humans. We need to overcome this limitation also by using data from humans - for studying pathological pathways in AD in a multidisciplinary setting.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1009-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7100-3",doi:"10.5772/46004",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"understanding-alzheimer-s-disease",numberOfPages:496,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"b040d696d429a2a6dc90cd236f160778",bookSignature:"Inga Zerr",publishedDate:"February 27th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3296.jpg",numberOfDownloads:40051,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:98,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 17th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 8th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 12th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 10th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 10th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"26013",title:"Prof.",name:"Inga",middleName:null,surname:"Zerr",slug:"inga-zerr",fullName:"Inga Zerr",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26013/images/3753_n.png",biography:"Inga Zerr is Professor at the Department of Neurology and Chair of the Clinical Dementia Center at the University Medical School, Göttingen. She received her habilitation (venia legendi for neurology) in 2001 for her work on cerebrospinal fluid in human prion diseases. With over 180 publications, Inga Zerr\\'s current research interests include clinicopathological characterisation of molecular disease subtypes in neurodegenerative dementia (such as prion diseases, Alzheimer’s disease) and the understanding of the molecular basis which leads to the phenotypic diversity in these pathological conditions.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Augusta University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1056",title:"Neurology",slug:"neurology"}],chapters:[{id:"42998",title:"Structure and Function of the APP Intracellular Domain in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/54543",slug:"structure-and-function-of-the-app-intracellular-domain-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:2378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Ulrike Müller and Klemens Wild",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/42998",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/42998",authors:[{id:"158246",title:"Dr.",name:"Klemens",surname:"Wild",slug:"klemens-wild",fullName:"Klemens Wild"},{id:"158248",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrike",surname:"Mueller",slug:"ulrike-mueller",fullName:"Ulrike Mueller"}],corrections:null},{id:"43068",title:"Mechanism of Alzheimer Amyloid β-Protein Precursor Localization to Membrane Lipid Rafts",doi:"10.5772/54096",slug:"mechanism-of-alzheimer-amyloid-protein-precursor-localization-to-membrane-lipid-rafts",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Yuhki Saito, Takahide Matsushima and Toshiharu Suzuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43068",authors:[{id:"156407",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiharu",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiharu-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiharu Suzuki"},{id:"156409",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuhki",surname:"Saito",slug:"yuhki-saito",fullName:"Yuhki Saito"},{id:"156410",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahide",surname:"Matsushima",slug:"takahide-matsushima",fullName:"Takahide Matsushima"}],corrections:null},{id:"41277",title:"The Amyloidogenic Pathway Meets the Reelin Signaling Cascade: A Cytoskeleton Bridge Between Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration",doi:"10.5772/54038",slug:"the-amyloidogenic-pathway-meets-the-reelin-signaling-cascade-a-cytoskeleton-bridge-between-neurodeve",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Daniel A. 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1. Introduction
Bats and owls are very popular hoppy and research subjects of nature loving people as shown by BatLife and Owler groups all around the world but what is the relation of bats and owls in the wild. An assessment of owl dietary studies and anecdotal accounts was made but the huge material (well over 10 million prey animals) is in print elsewhere [1]. However, the role played by owls in the mortality of Eurasian bats is shortly reviewed for this book.
2. Bat-eating owls
The owl diet studies revealed that most owls are sometimes eating the bats although none makes a living out of them as other prey are much easier to capture. Well-studied European owl species ate a total of 19,864 bats [1]. At least 49 bat species have been identified in the diet samples (Table 1).
Bat species
Weight of the bat species in g
No of owl species as predators
Percentage of the Total
Pipistrellus pygmaeus
5.1
1/8
0.26
P.pygmaeus or P.pipistrellus
5.3
1/8
0.19
Pipistrellus pipistrellus
5.5
6/8
16.02
Myotis mystacinus
6.1
7/8
1.51
Myotis brandtii
6.5
3/8
0.87
Pipistrellus abramus
6.5
2/8
3.41
Murina huttoni
6.7
1/8
0.01
Rhinolophus hipposideros
6.9
4/8
1.07
Pipistrellus sp.
6.9
5/8
1.57
Murina hilgendorfi
7.0
1/8
0.02
Pipistrellus kuhlii
7.3
4/8
11.85
Hypsugo savii
7.5
3/8
0.10
Asellia tridens
8.0
3/8
0.27
Myotis nattereri
8.3
6/8
3.18
Myotis emarginatus
8.7
3/8
0.52
Myotis capaccinii
8.8
2/8
0.19
Plecotus auritus
9.3
6/8
3.19
Myotis petax
9.5
1/8
0.01
Myotis annectans
9.7
1/8
0.01
Barbastella barbastellus
9.7
3/8
2.46
Plecotus sp.
9.8
3/8
0.25
Rhinopoma microphyllum
10.0
2/8
0.05
Pipistrellus nathusii
10.2
4/8
0.82
Myotis bechsteinii
10.2
4/8
0.87
Plecotus austriacus
10.3
3/8
1.52
Myotis daubentonii
10.9
5/8
1.17
Nycteris thebaica
11.5
1/8
0.02
Eptesicus nilssoni
11.6
6/8
0.48
Miniopterus schreibersii
11.9
4/8
0.50
Myotis sp.
12.1
5/8
1.40
Rhinolophus blasii
12.5
1/8
0.02
Rhinolophus eyryale
12.9
3/8
0.27
Myotis dasycneme
13.2
2/8
0.25
Rhinolophus sp.
14.6
2/8
0.02
Rhinolophus bocharius
15.1
1/8
0.03
Nyctalus leisleri
16.0
2/8
0.16
Vespertilio murinus
16.6
5/8
9.82
Vespertilio sp.
16.8
1/8
0.01
Vespertilio sinensis
17.0
1/8
0.06
Rhinolophus mehelyi
17.6
1/8
0.01
Eptesicus sp.
18.5
1/8
0.01
Hesperoptenus sp.
18.8
1/8
0.01
Otonycteris hemprichii
19.0
3/8
0.40
Eptesicus bottae
20.5
3/8
0.17
Myotis blythii
21.3
5/8
1.64
Eptesicus serotinus
23.4
5/8
7.31
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
23.5
3/8
0.93
Taphozous nudiventris
28.0
4/8
0.23
Nyctalus sp.
28.1
1/8
0.01
Nyctalus noctula
28.3
5/8
9.12
Myotis myotis
32.8
6/8
15.24
Tadarida teniotis
38.0
3/8
0.07
Nyctalus lasiopterus
40.1
2/8
0.02
Cynopterus sphinx
46.0
1/8
0.01
Scotophilus heathi
50.0
1/8
0.01
Rousettus leschenaulti
60.0
1/8
0.01
Rousettus aegyptiacus
135.0
2/8
0.49
Total number of bats eaten
19,864
Table 1.
Occurrence of the bat species in increasing order of weight in the diet of eight most studied owls in Eurasia [1]. Bat weights from [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], as an average of values given. Sp. weight is the average of the species of that family. Owl diets included: Aegolius funereus, Athene noctua, Asio otus, Tyto alba, Asio flammeus, Strix aluco, Strix uralensis and Bubo bubo.
Barn Owl Tyto alba and Tawny Owl Strix aluco have captured most of all bats (47.1 and 42.6%), and Long-eared Owl Asio otus comes next (7.3%). Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus and Eagle Owl Bubo bubo take similar amounts of bats (1.2 and 1.3% respectively). For Tengmalm’s Aegolius funereus, Ural Strix uralensis and Little Owls Athene noctua bats were fairly rare prey item, with less than 0.1–0.4% of this material [1]. Scops Owl Otus scops and Pygmy Owl Glaucidium passerinum ate less than 10 bats, so they are not included in Table 1.
3. Bat prey species
Most commonly owls are taking Pipistrellus pipistrellus (16.0%), Myotis myotis (15.2%), Pipistrellus kuhlii (11.9%), Vespertilio murinus (9.8%), Nyctalus noctula (9.1%), and Eptesicus serotinus (7.3%), that is, six most eaten species make 70% of the material. All these mostly eaten bats weigh less than 33 g (Table 1). Rest of the numerous species represents less than 5% of each of this material, and bats heavier than 33 g represent only 0.6% of this material. None of the bat species are eaten by all eight European owl species but Myotis mystacinus is in the diet of seven out of eight owls, when P. pipistrellus, M. myotis, M. nattereri, Eptesicus nilssoni and Plecotus auratus are the prey of six owl species (Table 1). The heaviest bat species eaten by two owl species is 135 g weighing Rousettus aegyptiacus which is illustrated in Figure 1 as a prey of the Eagle Owl.
Figure 1.
Eagle Owl has brought to its nest a Rousettus aegyptiacus ♀ with a sucking baby still alive when photo was taken in 2008. Courtesy of Ezra Hadad/prof. Motti Charter, Haifa, Israel.
4. Owl predation
Bats are captured by owls probably mainly during the periods of emergence or return from roosts, but owls are in general not well adapted for catching bats. An interesting calculation from the UK shows that the predation of birds (mainly owls) would account for about 11% of the annual mortality of bats despite the apparent low representation of bats in the diets of predatory birds [11]. Owls are regulated by the availability of their food, more bats there are in the territory more they can harvest, explaining why the bat predation is higher in the south. In Britain, bats comprised only 0.03% of prey taken by Barn Owl while in Morocco the percentage is 0.05% [11].
5. Bats can defend themselves
That bats could be dangerous if consumed whole is borne out by the report of the death of an Oriental Bay Owl Phodilus badius picked up dead disclosing the cause to be the wing bone of the bat protruding through the stomach [12]. In Poland, on its turn, a western barbastelle bat Barbastella barbastellus has been observed to attack an owl [13]. And in the same country, there is an interesting observation on a Tawny Owl trying to catch Nyctalus noctula in the air but the bat “hid in the predator’s shadow” by flying very close behind it and waiting until the owl gave up hunting. Finally, the bat flew away safely after the owl ceased searching for the lost prey [14].
6. Conclusion
It is safe to conclude that owls prey on bats rarely and opportunistically, but also that bat aggregations could be a locally important food source for some species and individual owls during certain periods. Also, the decrease in the main prey (rodent) abundance can lead owls to expand their diet and include bats.
Further work is needed to evaluate the possible effects of owl predation on bat populations, and to determine the ecological and environmental dynamics between owl species and their main prey species. Owl predation on bats deserves future research also because on one hand, it might contribute to our limited knowledge on bats biodiversity and distribution, while on the other hand, it can sometimes represent an additional risk for small populations of endangered bats.
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University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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\n
1. Chalcogen chemistry – the footprint into new materials development
\n
The study of chalcogen chemistry is just fascinating for two reasons. Firstly, they span the entire biotic communities connecting chemistry to many other scientific disciplines. These include biogeochemistry, biochemistry, biology, food, agriculture, and also medicine, as well as pharmacology. Secondly, the chalcogen elements known as chalcogens demonstrate extremely interesting properties forming new compounds endowed with sophisticated characteristics that are increasingly making a remarkable footprint in a new era of materials development. These two reasons have intensified worldwide exploration of chalcogen elements contained in natural compounds as minerals. Furthermore, the aforementioned reasons have motivated research focused on expanding knowledge on this special class of compounds. In the past few decades, the shift of interest has been toward the development of new materials (in combination with metals and ligands). The contribution of this field of chemistry to the development of new materials, and their impacts on the everyday life of mankind, has triggered a recent renaissance of the interconnectivity between new chemical concepts and reactivities, resulting in a multitude of multidisciplinary focused research niche areas. The unique structures and reactivity of the class of chalcogen compounds and materials [1, 2] as well as their fascinating optical [3, 4] and electronic properties [5, 6] confer onto them very wide potential applications [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
\n
Group 16 or group VI-(A) elements in the modern periodic table comprising of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po) are usually called chalcogens (“ore builders”) [13, 14]. The most valuable fundamental characteristic of these elements is their versatile nature to form new bonds and new compounds [15, 16, 17]. In this regard and with respect to the periodic law, the properties of the chemical elements in the chalcogen group are not arbitrary, but depend upon the structure of the atom and vary with the atomic number in a systematic way [13, 14]. In a geochemical sense, the chalcogens are referred to as soft elements, thus, also named chalcophiles [18, 19].
\n
Geometrically, chalcophiles are the soft elements (one must keep in mind the terminology of the hard/soft acids and bases concept) [13, 20]. The modern term “chalcogen” is a derivation of two Greek words chalcos or “khalkÓs,” meaning “ore formers” [19]. This word also means copper (and had also been used for bronze/brass or coin during the ancient time). One valid reason is that they are found in copper ores. The second word is a latinized Greek word “genēs” (meaning born or produced). These two words gave birth to the coined term “khalkos-genes” or to today’s modern term chalcogens [21, 22]. Earlier on, chalcophiles were thought to be electron rich [13]. They are described as the low-valent elements of the Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, Te, and Po) or particularly electronegative elements and often bond to the functional groups of organic molecules [13] and/or are found as electron donors for the transition metals [23, 24]. This property has created yet another research area of interest, referred to as electrophilic and polycationic chalcogen chemistry [25]. Generally, the electron configuration of the chalcogens is represented as ns2np4, with two electrons short of a filled valence shell [26, 27]. The properties of O, S, Se, Te, and Po are presented in Table 1.
Selected properties of the Group 16 elements [26].
Configuration shown in this table does not include filled d- and f-subshells.
Cited values for the hexa-cations are for six-coordinate ions and these values are usually estimated.
\n
On the one hand, while chalcophiles preferably form minerals with sulfur (Figure 1), selenium, and tellurium, on the other hand, their unique properties in forming new compounds and materials have created a paradigm shift in research interests focusing on the deep understanding of the chalcogens and their resultant compounds also known as chalcogenides.
\n
Figure 1.
A crystalline sulfur deposit. This sulfur deposit is located around a volcanic vent in Kilauea Crater, Hawaii, USA [14]; sulfur is very different from oxygen, and not very abundant; elemental sulfur is usually found in rock formations overlying salt domes, often accompanying petroleum deposits [26].
\n
A great variety of technological applications are now found for the many compounds of the elements of chalcogens [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. This textbook emphasizes on this shift from not only fundamental chalcogen chemistry but also on the new shift to new chalcogen materials synthesis, characterization, and testing. These trends also include fundamental research works in other fields like those in coordination chemistry focusing on a large variety of ligands [20, 23]. This subfield explores ligands containing chalcogen atoms potentially suitable for the preparation of new precursors for metal-chalcogenide vapor deposition [7]. Two examples of these macromolecules with biological activity are metallo-enzymes containing multi-metallic centers as active sites for a number of catalytic reactions and chalcogen-containing mixed macrocycles with signaling functional groups as sensors for heavy metal-ion recognition [16].
\n
The literature [35, 36, 37] provides a variety of chalcogen compounds and materials or chalcogenides, though not exhaustive. In naming a few, it is worthwhile mentioning the class of charge-transfer salts of chalcogen-rich molecules such as tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), 1,2-dichalcogenolenes, or the variegated area of metal chalcogenides, which are all of topical interest [38]. The details of many other interesting compounds are provided in the other chapters of this book. In the field of materials and their potential applications and as an illustration, published research results and discussion span from n-dimensional molecular conductors to magnets, to bistable switchable materials, and to non-linear optical (NLO) materials [39].
\n
This textbook discusses chalcogen chemistry from a multidisciplinary approach which ranges from synthetic to structural and theoretical chemistry, organic to inorganic and analytical chemistry [40], biological to material science and supramolecular chemistry. As such, it is suitable for scientists, technologists, students, as well as for those whose major interest is chalcogen chemistry, with particular interests in the chalcogen compounds and materials [41, 42]. This introductory chapter is followed by four chapters. The presentation of the chapters in this book is such that there is no arbitrary separation of theoretical concepts (reactivity), chemistry (organic and inorganic), and applications of chalcogens and chalcogen materials (or chalcogenides) while an effort has been made to stress all three grouping of ideas and facts equally. As such, in individual chapters, the authors have attempted to present the chemistry of the chalcogen(s) or chalcogenide(s) with enough discussion focusing on their structural bonding and reactivities in relation to their characterization and applications. In all the chapters, practical examples are provided insofar as possible in order to illustrate ideas.
\n
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Chalcogen chemistry – the footprint into new materials development",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Garcia-Vivo D, Ramos A, Ruiz MA. Cyclopentadienyl and related complexes of the group 6 elements having metal–metal triple bonds: Synthesis, structure, bonding and reactivity. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2013;257:2143-2191\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Boere RT, Roemmele TL. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II: Chalcogen–Nitrogen Radicals. Lethbridge, AB, Canada: University of Lethbridge; 2013. pp. 376-406. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097774-4.00117-0\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Alekberov RI, Isayev AI, Mekhtiyeva SI, Fábián M. Local structures and optical properties of As-Se-Te(S) chalcogenide glasses. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2018;550:367-375\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Fouad SS, Ammar AH, Abo-Ghazala M. The relationship between optical gap and chemical composition in SbxSe1-x system. Physica B. 1997;229:249-255\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Belghit R, Belkhir H, Kadri MT, Heciri D, Ahuja R. Structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of novel antiferroelectric KNaX (X = S, Se, and Te) compounds: First principles study. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2018;545:18-29\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Salam MMA. First principles study of structural, elastic and electronic structural properties of strontium chalcogenides. Chinese Journal of Physics. 2018, In press, accepted manuscript. Available online 6 November 2018\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Manivannan R, Victoria SN. Preparation of chalcogenide thin films using electrodeposition method for solar cell applications—A review. Solar Energy. 2018;173:1144-1157\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Dai F, Shen J, Dailly A, Balogh MP, Cai M. Hierarchical electrode architectures for high energy lithium-chalcogen rechargeable batteries. Nano Energy. 2018;51:668-679\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Kim WH, Nguyen VQ, Shaw LB, Busse LE, Sanghera JS. Recent progress in chalcogenide fiber technology at NRL. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2016;431:8-15\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Shubha GN, Tejaswini ML, Lakshmi KP. Advanced material for newer applications. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2018;5(1) Part 3\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Lin C, Rüssel C, Dai S. Chalcogenide glass-ceramics: Functional design and crystallization mechanism. Progress in Materials Science. 2018;93:1-44\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Shiryaev VS, Churbanov MF. Recent advances in preparation of high-purity chalcogenide glasses for mid-IR photonics. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2017;475:1-9\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Dube JW, Ragogna PJ . Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II. Low-Coordinate Main Group Compounds—Group 16. London, ON, Canada: Western University; 2013. pp. 624-647. Available from: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097774-4.00124-8 [Accessed: November 12, 2018]\n'},{id:"B14",body:'LibreTextsTM Chemistry. 2013. 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A second note on the term ‘Chalcogen’. Journal of Chemical Education. 2001. Available from: http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/2001/Oct/abs1333_1.html. [Accessed: November 11, 2018]\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A. Chemistry of the Elements. New York: Pergamon Press; 1984\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Ephritikhine M. Molecular actinide compounds with soft chalcogen ligands. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2016;319:35-62\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Cotton FA, Geoffrey W. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: A Comprehensive Text. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers; 1966\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Lide DR, Frederikse HPR, 2005. editors. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: Special Student Edition. 77th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/ciencias/isolda/libros/handbook.pdf [Accessed: November 11, 2018]\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Dipak Kumar Dutta DK, Biswajit D. 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Available from: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens). [Accessed on January 12, 2018]\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Devillanova FA, du Mont W-W, editors. Handbook of Chalcogen Chemistry (New Perspectives in Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium). 2nd edition, Vol. 1. The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Publishing; 2013. Available from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Handbook+of+Chalcogen+Chemistry#1%5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849737463 [Acessed on October 1, 2018]\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Shpotyuk M, Kovalskiy A, Golovchak R, Shpotyuk O. Phenomenology of γ-irradiation-induced changes in optical properties of chalcogenide semiconductor glasses: A case study of binary arsenic sulphides. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2018;498:315-322\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Shieh M. Ternary copper-incorporated group 8 (Ru or Fe) carbonyl chalcogenide complexes and polymers: From syntheses to applications. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 2017;849-850:219-227\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Fraenkl M, Frumarova B, Podzemna V, Slang S, Wagner T. How silver influences the structure and physical properties of chalcogenide glass (GeS2)50(Sb2S3)50. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2018;499:412-419\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Xiao JR, Yang SH, Feng F, Xue HG, Guo SP. A review of the structural chemistry and physical properties of metal chalcogenide halides. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2017;347:23-47\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Gago AS, Luo Y, Alonso-Vante N. Chalcogenide electrocatalysts for energy conversion fuel cell. Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry. 2018:419-445\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Lucas J, Troles J, Zhang XH, Boussard-Pledel C, Bureau B. Glasses to see beyond visible. Comptes Rendus Chimie. 2018;21(10):916-922\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Ji W, Chu X, Zhang S, Wang D, Ma Y. Active basal plane in ZT-phased MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction: A theoretical study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2018;43(42):19432-19437\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Chand S, Thakur N, Katyal SC, Barman BP, Sharma P. Recent developments on the synthesis, structural and optical properties of chalcogenide quantum dots. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2017;168:183-200\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Kuchta MC, Parkin G. Terminal chalcogenido complexes of Group 13 and 14 elements. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 1998;176:323-372\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Taylor R. Progress in the understanding of traditional and nontraditional molecular interactions. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III. 2017:67-100\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Papavassiliou GC, Terziz A, Delhaes P. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), 1,2-dichalcogenolenes and their conducting salts. In: Nalwa HS, editor. Handbook of Organic Molecules and Polymers. Vol. 1. Cahrge-Transfer Salts. Fullerences and Photoconductors. Chichester, New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 1997\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Zhang J, Sun Z, Zhang W, Ji C, Liu S, Han S, et al. Hydrogen-bonded switchable dielectric material showing the bistability of second-order nonlinear optical properties. Crystal Growth & Design. 2017;17:3250-3256\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Kelly PF, King RSP. Catenated sulfur compounds. In: Jan R, Kenneth P, editors. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. 2013. The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V.; 2018. pp. 7544. ISBN: 978-0-08-096529-1\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Véronique Sousa V. Chalcogenide materials and their application to non-volatile memories. Microelectronic Engineering. 2011;88(5):807-813\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Tiwari AP, Kim D, Kim Y, Prakash O, Lee H. Highly active and stable layered ternary transition metal chalcogenide for hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Energy. 2016;28:366-372\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ndibewu Peter Papoh",address:"ndibewup@tut.ac.za",affiliation:'
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In the case of drought stress for both studied cultivars, the cold plasma treatment essentially influenced the germination rate and the kinetics of germination (the median of the Richards’ curve was changed essentially under conditions of water drought).",signatures:"Yekaterina Shapira, Edward Bormashenko, Gene Whyman, Bat-\nChen Lubin and Elyashiv Drori",authors:[{id:"215437",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",surname:"Bormashenko",fullName:"Edward Bormashenko",slug:"edward-bormashenko",email:"edward@ariel.ac.il"},{id:"215443",title:"MSc.",name:"Yekaterina",surname:"Shapira",fullName:"Yekaterina Shapira",slug:"yekaterina-shapira",email:"katia06@walla.com"},{id:"215444",title:"Prof.",name:"Gene",surname:"Whyman",fullName:"Gene Whyman",slug:"gene-whyman",email:"gevaiman@gmail.com"},{id:"215445",title:"Dr.",name:"Bat-Chen",surname:"Lubin",fullName:"Bat-Chen Lubin",slug:"bat-chen-lubin",email:"revital5@gmail.com"},{id:"215446",title:"Dr.",name:"Elyashiv",surname:"Drori",fullName:"Elyashiv Drori",slug:"elyashiv-drori",email:"shividrori@gmail.com"}],book:{title:"Seed Biology",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"206427",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto Aníbal",surname:"Galussi",slug:"alberto-anibal-galussi",fullName:"Alberto Aníbal Galussi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of Entre Ríos",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"206428",title:"MSc.",name:"María Esther",surname:"Moya",slug:"maria-esther-moya",fullName:"María Esther Moya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"206599",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",surname:"Liu",slug:"yang-liu",fullName:"Yang Liu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"207052",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Zapata",slug:"carlos-zapata",fullName:"Carlos Zapata",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"207086",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Javier",surname:"Bernal",slug:"javier-bernal",fullName:"Javier Bernal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"207087",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"López-Pedrouso",slug:"maria-lopez-pedrouso",fullName:"María López-Pedrouso",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"207088",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Franco",slug:"daniel-franco",fullName:"Daniel Franco",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"207090",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",surname:"Bravo",slug:"susana-bravo",fullName:"Susana Bravo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"207091",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",surname:"Garcia",slug:"lucio-garcia",fullName:"Lucio Garcia",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"207747",title:"Dr.",name:"Aviv",surname:"Dombrovsky",slug:"aviv-dombrovsky",fullName:"Aviv Dombrovsky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"copyright-policy",title:"Copyright Policy",intro:"
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