\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1327",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Greenhouse Gases - Emission, Measurement and Management",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:"Emission, Measurement and Management",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Understanding greenhouse gas sources, emissions, measurements, and management is essential for capture, utilization, reduction, and storage of greenhouse gas, which plays a crucial role in issues such as global warming and climate change. Taking advantage of the authors' experience in greenhouse gases, this book discusses an overview of recently developed techniques, methods, and strategies: - A comprehensive source investigation of greenhouse gases that are emitted from hydrocarbon reservoirs, vehicle transportation, agricultural landscapes, farms, non-cattle confined buildings, and so on. - Recently developed detection and measurement techniques and methods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy, landfill-based carbon dioxide and methane measurement, and miniaturized mass spectrometer.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0323-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4328-4",doi:"10.5772/1797",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"greenhouse-gases-emission-measurement-and-management",numberOfPages:516,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"f810749db3ab5479aa80cd81c0509033",bookSignature:"Guoxiang Liu",publishedDate:"March 14th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1327.jpg",numberOfDownloads:61500,numberOfWosCitations:103,numberOfCrossrefCitations:49,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:118,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:270,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 4th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 6th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 5th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"92642",title:"Dr.",name:"Guoxiang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"guoxiang-liu",fullName:"Guoxiang Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92642/images/2134_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Guoxiang Liu is a Research Engineer at the Energy & Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota. Dr. Liu\\'s principal areas of interest and expertise include numerical modeling and fluid analysis in enhanced oil/gas recovery, carbon sequestration, risk assessment, geomechanical behavior, geochemical reaction, contaminant remediation, and related energy and environmental areas. In addition, he is interested in computational fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and thermodynamics as well as applying evolutionary algorithms and parallel computing techniques to these areas. Dr. Liu received his Ph.D. degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering from West Virginia University, master\\'s degree in Computer Science from Leiden University, the Netherlands, and bachelor\\'s degree in Analytical Chemistry from Yunnan Normal University, P.R. China.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of North Dakota",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"780",title:"Ecological Engineering",slug:"ecological-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"32340",title:"Emissions of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Di-Nitrogen (N2) from the Agricultural Landscapes, Sources, Sinks, and Factors Affecting N2O and N2 Ratios",doi:"10.5772/32781",slug:"emissions-of-nitrous-oxide-n2o-and-di-nitrogen-n2-from-agricultural-landscape-sources-sinks-and-fact",totalDownloads:3687,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:28,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. Zaman, M.L. Nguyen, M. Šimek, S. Nawaz, M.J. Khan, M.N. Babar and S. 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Her pediatric specialization ended in 1999. She completed her specialization in neonatology. She defended her doctoral dissertation under the title `` Effect of hypoxia on electrolyte and lipid levels in term newborns``. She is a member of many editorial boards, author, and co-author of 84 scientific papers presented at national, and international conferences and journals She is the head of the Department of Sick Newborns.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Sandra Babic graduated from the Medical Faculty of the University of Belgrade. At the same faculty in the school year 2015/2016, she enrolled and completed Specialist Academic Studies (SAS) in the field of Human Reproduction. She continues his education and training in the Doctoral Studies, Module: Human Reproduction, Perinatology, and Neonatology also at the Faculty of Medicine. At the Fertility Control Department, she performs general professional diagnostics and therapeutic procedures.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268043/images/system/268043.jpg",biography:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric was born in Serbia. She graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, in 1989, and completed a specialization in Pediatrics at the University Children\\'s Hospital, Belgrade, in 1999. She completed her specialization in Neonatology in 2003. Dr. Jovandaric completed her master’s thesis on 'Analysis of lipid infants of women suffering from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)” in 2006 and her doctoral dissertation on 'Effect of hypoxia on electrolyte and lipid levels in term newborns” in 2018, both at the School of Medicine, University of Belgrade. She is the author and co-author of eighty-four scientific papers presented at national and international conferences and published in scientific journals. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9160",title:"Childbirth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a7e8e48791d2155bf6ef4c5c1c0075c",slug:"childbirth",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric and Svetlana J. Milenkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"65275",title:"Total Quality Management in a Resource-Starved Nation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82759",slug:"total-quality-management-in-a-resource-starved-nation",body:'\nOrganizations are set up to either fill a need, solve actual problems and/or satisfy the needs of their customers and very often, this is achieved through adherence to international standards epitomized by total quality management. The quality of the final product or services is assured only if quality was built into the product rather than waiting to check the quality of the outcome. Furthermore, human resources are vital in any laboratory quality management system. Therefore, it is expedient that the organization is able to effectively manage its human resources to bring about successful implementation of the total quality management system [1, 2].
\nQuality is an important aspect of delivering goods and/or services. It is a vital feature of any project that wishes to attract, retain and satisfy customers. Total quality management itself is defined as management approach which empowers employees to adequately satisfy the customer needs. These approaches include qualitative techniques of organizing human resources in such ways that meet the present and future needs of customers. For efficient total quality management, the management is required to be fully committed, focused and goal-driven [2]. Total quality management ensures that products are not just handed to customers but that they are served with relevant information, and given apt responses to questions and needs through appropriate feedback systems. In addition, the needs of the employees such as tools and resources required for efficiency, self-improvement programs, and corresponding recognition to reward for hard work are paramount in total quality management; achieving total quality management in a developing country, especially, a resource-starved one like Nigeria is no mean task; the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development walk on this path of quality (ISO 17025)
The customer is always right! This is an adage that has been used as a business culture to guarantee that customers are satisfied. In this millennium, attention is placed on improving ways to achieve customer satisfaction through developing resources. However, without good management, these resources could degrade, break down or become inefficient which ultimately affects the outcome to customers. Nigeria is a country rich in natural resources; oil and gas, coal, limestone, ore and other agricultural resources which serve as innovative starting materials for various industries and the Nigerian Government has over the years established several policies and programs to harness and develop these resources through several means including research and development. The National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) was established with the mandate to employ research and development as a means to promote economic growth
NIPRD is an academic based research institute with many intellectuals; a fertile ground for training students, intern pharmacists and professionals from various institutions around the globe. Our research entails development of methods and skills to fulfill a particular purpose and we do this from the stand point of intellectuality and with utmost care [6]. NIPRD’s ISO 17025 certification was made possible with support from International agencies such as USAID and USP (PQM). They taught us several processes leading to the achievement of total quality management and we were guided by several quality systems; one of which is good documentation. Documentation itself is seen as the means by which systems/organizations strive to instill quality into processes and products. It portrays the goals towards achieving quality and cascades to all categories of the organization. Documentation is a correct, complete and concise practice that provides information to meet the customer’s requirements, it also ensures that accurate observations are made with regards to the process and the product. It is important that all steps governing a process be well-written down, reviewed and approved by appropriate authorities; more so, it is easier to remember what has been written down than what is said verbally. Therefore, documentation is a critical aspect of research that involves the supply and collection of information and ensures continuity of ideas. Quality management systems organize documentation into different levels like; policy, procedures, work instructions and records such that changes in any aspect of documentation would not affect other aspects [3].
\nThis is the very first step in determining the path to total quality management; the policy written in the quality manual defines the organization’s goals and principles, stating what is to be done and how to achieve it in simple and plain terms. This document becomes a legal tender for operations involving both the employees/staff and customers alike. The NIPRD quality policy is contained in the quality manual; developed to give information about the management structure and its lines of communication to all levels of staff. This policy also enumerates the role management plays as it relates to accountability and authorization in the Institute and its laboratory. NIPRD quality manual identifies the different scopes of activity and services that can be rendered and the timelines for delivery of results, in addition, the quality manual also contains the processes for feedback and response from customer satisfaction [1].
\nThis describes documentation of techniques and methods that are applicable in accomplishing all that is stated in the quality manual. It defines who is to handle a procedure, the specifics of that procedure or process, where and how this would be executed as well as all information useful for conducting an analysis or rendering service. Our ways of conducting business in NIPRD was refined with the advent of ISO 17025 and this has enabled us assure the quality of results given out to our customers. For example, ISO requires that each analyst have a populated file in the laboratory apart from his/her personnel file which is resident in the Institute’s Department of Administration upon employment; this procedure was strange to us because the belief/thought was that since every staff was employed based on his/her expertise, there would not be need to have any of such other documentation that specifies his expertise in the laboratory. However, we learned this type of documentation which includes items like; curriculum vitae, job description relating to the specific analysis that he/she does and the equipment he/she can handle is very crucial to quality management. More so, such details as educational qualifications have also been adopted to be included in the analyst’s personnel file; this shows proof of the ability and competence of the analyst to operate an equipment and carry out analysis.
\nAnother scenario in the NIPRD laboratory is that of documentation in the “sample receipt logbooks”. When samples are brought in for analysis, they are usually passed through the Business Unit of the institute (Consult Unit) where all the necessary information about the sample received and the analysis to be performed on the sample is documented. Such sample is then given a unique description (ID) in form of numbers or codes and sent to the laboratory for analysis as required. In the laboratory also, all information about this sample; the name, type or form of sample, manufacturing and expiry dates, NAFDAC registration number, the assigned ID etc. are recorded in the sample receipt logbook, showing evidence of receipt. However, for samples procured by individual researchers for research purposes, no entry in the Business Unit or in the laboratory sample receipt logbook was usually made. This is because we did not term such samples as “business samples” even though all such information about the sample was usually written in the researcher’s notebook. Conversely, ISO taught us that all samples to be received into the laboratory had to be received from a central point; the Business Unit and had to be documented. This new approach was difficult but, we welcomed and adjusted to it as an integral part of total quality management to ensure traceability and quality. This is also true for chemicals used in the laboratory; when requests are made to the NIPRD store, all receipt from the store is also entered into the appropriate receipt logbook with suitable information traceable to the suppliers, the store and the laboratory. All these form part of the controls that ensure quality is built into products given to customers [1, 2, 3]. Although NIPRD has in time past being offering trainings on various levels to its staff, we did not for once give certificates to participants, because, we thought such “in-house trainings” did not require certificates of participation. However, the walk towards ISO certification showed the necessity of such documentation and we adopted it; issuing and keeping all training attendances and certificates for training received and given. Even minute details like having a register for cleaning of the laboratory have been embraced as part of the process to achieve total quality.
\nAnother culture of ours at NIPRD was for the Head of Laboratory to notify the responsible analyst(s) about any sample request upon its receipt. Then the analyst would report back on the availability and/or sufficiency of materials and equipment needed. Furthermore, in trying to ensure good quality and customer satisfaction, we learned that only analysis requested for should be conducted using appropriate methods as requested by the customer or stated by pharmacopeia standards and/or validated methods. On the other hand, when carrying out research and a method cannot be adopted, we usually substitute with another, but through the process of ISO certification, we realized that such change or substitution in methodology need to be communicated to the customer with adequate information on the reason for change and then an approval for such substitution must be obtained [3]. Even though it is expedient to adhere to stated methods, sometimes in carrying out research, innovations could occur or challenges met on the bench. This actually is what research is all about; where you discover a new thing, an unlikely outcome in the process which could become the heart of that research, leading to a patent! As is with every research in the developing world, adjustments are usually made to the quantities of materials and/or choice of medium or solvent used as a result of unavailability. This process of documentation does not only clarify the methodology to be used but assures that the customer is ultimately satisfied with the process of analysis.
\nThese are detailed guidelines/directives stated in simple but concise terms on how to actualize the procedures presented above. We discovered that, for utmost effectiveness, such instructions are best written by the process owners i.e. those who would be responsible for carrying out the tasks. This helps to ensure that appropriate steps are taken in carrying out all tasks in addition to creating ownership and professional pride for those involved. These instructions could be; techniques or method of each procedure, the equipment to be used, how and when it should be maintained, the type of environment required for such procedure, the requirements for handling materials to be used and the safety measures for those involved in executing the process. In addition, references of other procedures relating to the analysis to be carried out, the factors to be considered in producing good outcome and the procedure to confirm that the outcome/products meet the requirements are also documented. These instructions are placed physically at the point of use so that they are visible to all. In the NIPRD laboratory, we have these instructions placed just by the equipment to be used so that the very first operation like turning or switching on the equipment can be performed as required. We also have documents (Standard Operating Procedures; SOPs) drawn up for every procedure, these point out detailed step by step operation or instructions for each process. Even tasks as little as cleaning are not excluded in the documentation, we had “cleaning schedules” which stated the persons charged with keeping the laboratories cleaned. It is essential that every user understands and masters the requirements in these SOPs and that it should speak to the exact steps the user will need to perform. All users are expected to be knowledgeable and trained periodically on these SOPs, and even when proficient users are given other job descriptions, it is compulsory to have them trained on the operations of the new job.
\nThese are the outcome of whatever task or analysis that was performed. They could be given as forms which have been stamped and/or signed showing approval of the process, outcome or product. Other records could be the supplier’s documents, records of equipment calibration and maintenance and in addition results of audits conducted. This makes all actions traceable and provides data for correction where necessary. Appropriate documentation of results would also show how the product was verified to have met specifications and the customer’s expectation. Part of attaining good quality systems entail that records or results are filled correctly and at the time the process was performed; with pictorials where necessary. In principle, what is not documented was not done! Record keeping or data management is a crucial aspect of ensuring quality in any organization and so must be taken seriously. Data must be stored appropriately and be accessible or retrievable when needed and where new records exist, the old should be kept for a specified period before being discarded. It is important that testing laboratories provide proof that the processes used met defined objectives as stated in their policies and it is the prerogative of each laboratory to define the records and results necessary to achieve this. In the NIPRD laboratory, the proof of following processes or procedure are the data or results generated during the process; these are usually in form of print outs, results from investigations and requisitions or memos. Our filing systems basically include the use of laboratory note books and computers; these are properly signed by the analysts who conducted the analysis and then verified by technical managers. Data stored in the computers are secured by passwords which are only accessible to the analyst (who entered the data), the technical manager (who verified the data) and the Head of Laboratory (who reviewed the process and the results). All the procedures leading to appropriate data storage are succinctly documented in the appropriate SOPs. At the end of every analysis, NIPRD laboratory issues a Certificate of analysis to the customer through the Business unit stating the results of the analysis. Records/results could also include investigations into reasons why processes failed (non-conformance), who or what was responsible for such failure and the corrective/preventive action (CAPA) plans to forestall such occurrences. Other records include calibration reports, reports of internal/external audits and equipment maintenance records. The TQM ensures that documentation defines the series of processing, standards and techniques required to preserve the quality of a system through monitoring and continual improvement to the end in order to ensure that the customer’s needs are met [3].
\nEthics begat quality and one cannot exist without the other. For an organization to deliver on quality, it must be guided by such behaviors that lead to right-doing. Some individuals learn these ethics as part of their life-long growth process while others acquire it on the job through training. This means our cultural background and level of exposure play an important part in deciding what is wrong or right and what a wrong or right process is. Therefore, it is quite essential that an organization sets its own code of ethics as a means of control, however, these must not be high-ended but achievable. Good work ethics and professionalism are part of the measures required to attain total quality management. It is actually not sufficient to just set the codes/rules but to provide resources that support these codes. Therefore, management must be committed to ensuring staff have the prerequisites for realizing its goals/policies and this can be attained through training. Training and re-training is an integral part of total quality management and we went through diverse forms of training by USP trainers. The records of these trainings show the competence of each persons involved in the process of analysis and guarantees that he/she has the minimum required to perform such process and in order to build quality into the product [7, 8].
\nNIPRD, being an academic institution, prides itself in academic growth and excellence, we develop our career through ascension in the academic ladder by undergoing higher degrees, relevant trainings etc. [6]. Total quality management requires that each staff has the requisite knowledge in doing their assigned jobs, carrying out analysis
In addition to ensuring staff are properly trained, the institute also ensures that the appropriate equipment for each analysis is provided. All equipment are listed in a database resident with the Maintenance Unit and contains the calibration certificates of each equipment, the next due date for calibration, out of specification status (when the equipment has failed to meet the required specifications) and personnel authorized to operate the equipment. All these are geared towards keeping the equipment operational so as to achieve good results. Tropical regions like Nigeria are plagued with high temperature which could affect the process of analysis and ultimately the result. Therefore, monitoring the temperature of the environment becomes very important; simple tools like the thermo-hygrometer which were needed to for this were graciously provided by the sponsors (USAID/USP) and installed in the laboratory. Records from this device are charted to ensure that the temperature of the laboratory is controlled and suitable for both the equipment and the process of analysis; it became apparent that our work culture and attitude had to change once we saw that this was geared towards improving the quality of the system; it was no longer sufficient to just view results as they come but to critically analyze them. For example, the ISO requirement is that a negative result be investigated and not just thrown aside, this we learnt and adopted. Such tools as corrective and preventive actions are raised to make sure that the action is corrected and to forestall its future occurrence. In addition, staff are taught to investigate such results with questions like; why did this result fail to meet specification? How did it fail? At what point during the analysis do you think the sample failed? And who/what was specifically responsible for the said action? It is no longer enough to just identify the problem and move to provide solutions, it is good practice to thoroughly investigate so that such actions do not recur in future. Ethics and codes are principles which bother on individualism and affects the manner in which each staff responds to these codes. People would usually subscribe to values or beliefs that they are used to and this expresses itself in the way they set out to achieve set goals and policies. It is therefore necessary for management to understand each individual’s eccentricity and use it to achieve its goals but this does not preclude the necessary requirements of each employee in fulfilling his or her role in an organization moving towards achieving quality. Integrity, reliability, consistency, good communication, respect for other people’s opinion and the sense of responsibility are important ethical codes/values that lead to quality [8, 9, 10].
\nHuman resources (HR) are a vital part of the quality management system and is one part that cannot go unrecognized. They are the sole most vital asset in any laboratory and they are led by a competent and accountable management whose main responsibility is to ensure the successful implementation of the total quality management. This aspect of total quality management is very critical because its quality determines the productivity of the laboratory and quality of all jobs performed. Without human resources there will be no quality management system. From the start to finish of a laboratory quality system the personnel involved go a long way in ensuring that this is achieved. The human resources comprise of the management team, quality assurance team/unit, analysts, security personnel, cleaners, etc. Each of these group of human resources is essential in the whole process as one cannot function without the other. They each have their contribution and unique role that makes total quality management a reality. For this to occur, team work is very important between the various groups of personnel. Team work between the management, analysts, and support services played a major role towards the success of the accreditation exercise. If this cooperation was not evident the quality management system would have been deficient. In the NIPRD scenario, the analysts were grouped together with a key person appointed as the lead. This was done to build a culture of team work between the personnel. The quality management system (QMS) is a system of interaction, which exists at all levels, i.e. between the management team, quality assurance team, analysts and others. It is this interaction that makes total quality management what it is and makes it successfully implemented in laboratories. Another unique feature of total quality management is that each group of personnel have a range of qualifications and training which is then harnessed together to form a strong team for the execution of the quality management system. Suffice it to say that human resource is the foundation on which total quality management is built [11, 12].
\nAll personnel involved in the quality management system have specific roles and functions they perform. One of the requirements of the ISO 17025 accreditation is for all personnel in the organogram to have a file and this file contains the job description of each person. The job description entails a brief credential of the personnel, job summary, key areas of responsibilities in ISO 17025, research functions (level of effort), key working relationships, qualifications and experience, on-the-job training, key abilities and personal abilities. The leadership of the laboratory quality management system must have a set vision and goals for the laboratory which they must ensure its successful implementation. They should have the necessary skills for team building, communication, motivation and resource management. The managerial and technical personnel all perform unique roles. The managerial personnel are shouldered with the responsibility of ensuring all resources needed are provided in terms of infrastructure, human, etc. The technical managers, deputy technical managers and analysts each have unique roles and functions they play. For instance, in the case of NIPRD, these are the various personnel involved in quality management system. Firstly, the Director-General is the contact person/coordinator of quality management system which all the other personnel report to. He/she is responsible for providing resources needed for the successful implementation of the laboratory quality management system. Generally speaking the DG/CEO is also the head of the laboratory because he/she coordinates, manages, and monitors all activities of the laboratory. Consequently, the management review meetings which are to be held regularly are to be chaired by the DG/CEO. In addition, the annual work plan and budget are to be reviewed and approved by the DG/CEO. He/she is also to ensure that the training plan for the laboratory is effectively implemented. Administrative duties and functions are performed by the Director of Administration and Supplies. These administrative duties include personnel appointment, welfare and laboratory store. The quality assurance unit made up of a quality assurance manager and two deputy quality assurance managers. This unit is the major driver of the quality management system because they develop the quality manual which guides and governs the activities of the laboratory. The quality manager is to ensure the correct application of the management system in the laboratory. They manage and maintain the laboratory quality management system and report directly to the Director General. All standard operating procedures generated by the technical scopes are to be approved by the QAU before trainings and implementation. They also schedule internal audits yearly and ensure that the appropriate corrective action plans are implemented. They can also be involved in any other activity as directed by the DG/CEO. The deputy quality assurance managers assist the quality assurance manager to achieve the set goals. They are also required to stand in for the quality assurance manager in time of absence. The deputy in charge of documentation handles all activities related to QA documentations and archiving. The quality assurance team is composed of the quality assurance unit and representatives of the various departments in charge of quality management system. The technical departments in NIPRD each have a head of department (HoD) who are in charge of the general supervision of all activities in the department. The HoD is the first port of call for receipt of samples from the consultancy services unit and is required to ensure the implementation of requirements in the lab quality manual. The HoDs report to the Director General. For each technical scope, a technical manager and deputy technical manager is appointed whose main responsibility is to ensure continuous availability of resources required for efficient and effective analytical testing in each test scope. In addition, they are saddled with the responsibility of ensuring the continuous monitoring of all laboratory operations. The technical manager/deputy technical manager allocates the samples for analysis. They also develop and ensure implementation of an annual work and training plan for the laboratory. All SOPs prepared by the responsible analysts have to be reviewed by the Technical manager before approval by the quality assurance unit. The competence of analysts to perform certain tests is essential therefore the TM develops competence tests for each analyst which each analyst must successfully complete before authorization. The equipment used by the analysts have to be properly maintained by the instrument maintenance unit therefore it is the responsibility of the technical manager to ensure that appropriate maintenance is done regularly. The technical manager reports to the HoD or DG/CEO. The laboratory top management communicates with the subordinates through memos, management review meetings and Quality Assurance team meetings. The analysts are the key personnel involved in the operations of quality management system. All personnel are expected to sign an impartiality and confidentiality declaration form stating their commitment to the laboratory. Anyone found involved in dishonest activities would be subjected to the laboratories disciplinary action. They perform tasks by following laid down instructions and procedures and document their results in a specific manner. They report to the technical manager who reviews each work done in the laboratory notebook. The key analyst is in-charge of the technical operations of the equipment while the other analysts act as a support in case of absence. Apart from analysis of samples, analysts are responsible for preparing sample and standard, monthly reports, SOPs and other Quality Assurance documents. When errors occur during analysis, the analyst is expected to report same to the technical manager immediately. Hygiene and safety of the laboratory is very important therefore the analyst is expected to follow safety instructions and maintain the laboratory in a neat and clean manner. They also prepare standard operating procedures for each test scope which is then reviewed by the technical manager and HoD before seeking approval by the quality assurance unit. Before analysts can operate equipment within their test scope, they are expected to receive an authorization letter from the head of department after satisfactory performance on the competency tests. In addition, all laboratory personnel are expected to sign a confidentiality declaration form. The NIPRD consultancy services is also a part of the quality system; it is through this unit that samples are received and stored before allocation to the laboratory and these processes are all documented. They also receive feedback from customers concerning the services rendered so as to know areas that require improvement. In the event of a complaint from a customer, the consultancy services unit is expected to report same to the laboratory which will then investigate and implement corrective actions. The store unit is responsible for keeping of items required by the laboratory in the form of reagents or materials. The instrument maintenance team is a key component of total quality management; they deal with the maintenance of equipment used to perform laboratory tasks. Support services such as the security and cleaning personnel are also critical as the cleanliness and safety of the laboratory is essential. The results obtained from laboratory can be affected if necessary hygiene measures are not put in place [9].
\nIt is important that all technical personnel involved in total quality management are qualified and experienced in order to perform their various tasks efficiently [3]. The quality assurance manager who drives the whole process should be someone with adequate knowledge and experience in quality management system. For example, in NIPRD quality management system the technical managers responsible for supervision of the technical activities are all highly qualified educationally and professionally, this includes professors and PhD holders. This is due to the supervisory role they perform; therefore, they need to be better equipped and have a thorough understanding of the technical activity so that they can correct or solve any difficulties the analysts may have. Apart from educational qualifications, there may also be some professional qualifications in laboratory quality management system that could also be beneficial. It is important that a personnel file is maintained which contains the curriculum vitae and all certificates to show the educational and professional qualifications of each personnel. The curriculum vitae of each personnel should contain their career objective and educational achievements. This is an essential requirement of ISO 17025 laboratory accreditation. In certain technical areas the personnel are expected to have some certification. In carrying out some specific tests they are expected to have relevant knowledge of the technology used, required legislation and standards and understand the significance of deviations when they occur during the process.
\nTraining and retraining of personnel is very essential in total quality management if they are to accomplish the set goals [3]. It is important for human resource to be kept abreast of recent developments in the area of total quality management. All personnel in total quality management need to be trained (technical and non-technical personnel). If training/retraining is not conducted, there is the possibility of knowledge gaps which will eventually obstruct total quality management. One of the management’s commitments to the NIPRD quality management system as stated in the quality manual is to enhance the technical capacity of personnel in NIPRD laboratory through trainings. Peradventure the laboratory needs contract staff and additional support personnel, it is recommended that such personnel too are competent, trained and supervised in their respective areas. In the case of NIPRD quality management system various training programs are planned, approved by the management and documented. The initial training is a general orientation organized by the NIPRD administration for all new employees to acquaint them with the aims and objectives of the institute. Laboratory orientation is also done by the head of department for all laboratory staff including trainees. Continuous trainings which is done in-house and external trainings are all part of the process to add, change or reflect knowledge and attitudes. In preparation towards the ISO 17025 accreditation several trainings were conducted by consultants from USP/PQM and these trainings were highly rigorous. It included theory and practical sessions. The trainings were conducted at different levels with some involving only technical personnel while others involved all the personnel. The trainings which started in 2016 were highly structured and in most cases lasted for weeks. The external trainings in 2016 were basically to familiarize personnel with the ISO 17025 standards and guidelines to keep them abreast of what is expected of them. In 2017, a gap assessment program was conducted to assess the “baseline” state of the institute. The first part of the gap assessment was to review the status of the quality manual which is an important documentation. Also, sections 4 and 5 of the ISO 17025 standards was assessed. The second part involved a laboratory inspection which involved the sample receipt area. Practical demonstrations of the various technical scopes were performed. At the end of the gap assessment all deficiencies and opportunities for improvement found during the gap assessment were discussed. Practical trainings which included case studies and subsequent laboratory hands-on were conducted. Training on compendia techniques on the various technical scopes were conducted to make personnel aware of current pharmacopeia standards for each analytical test, this is because the ISO 17025 standards require that only current pharmacopeia methods are used for each test. Another feature of these trainings were the self-assessment tests which were often done before and after each training. These assessments were very interesting as they helped to give an idea of each personnel’s state of knowledge in particular areas. Most times these trainings tend to cover all sections of the ISO 17025 standards. In NIPRD, personnel were trained on various aspects such as writing and implementing effective standard operating procedures, good documentation practices, root cause analysis, corrective and preventive action, internal auditing, handling out-of-specification (OOS) test results, etc. The trainings were highly interactive with times for discussions and contributions. They were highly educative as most personnel always learnt one or two new things at each session. In order to check if these trainings were effective and being implemented by the NIPRD personnel, the USP/PQM consultants conducted external audit of the laboratory QMS at regular intervals to keep staff up to date. After each audit session, a report was done and corrective/preventive action taken. At the end of each training, certificates were presented to staff who performed well in the assessments. Completion of the training attendance form at each training session was mandatory as it was used as an objective evidence for earning certificates. Training evaluation form was used at the end of each training to assess personnel. Personnel training needs assessment form allows personnel to identify proposed training with dates for the year, location of training, description of training need, training duration and trainer. A training record form is to be kept in each personnel file and this contains a list of all trainings undertaken with location and date. According to the ISO 17025 standards, training is important because, before personnel can be authorized to handle an equipment, they must have gone through some competency tests at different levels to test their ability to produce reliable, reproducible and repeatable results.
\nThe importance of human resource in total quality management has already been extensively discussed. Suffice to say that, it is necessary that highly competent and trained personnel are involved in the NIPRD total quality management [2]. However, it is possible that unforeseen circumstances may arise with human resource which may affect the total quality management. Each laboratory should have an efficient method of dealing with such issues as may arise with personnel, so that it does not negatively affect the system. When human resources are not appropriately managed, this can affect the output of the organization. For instance, if personnel are not adequately trained to perform their given tasks, it can lead to fatal errors which may lead to death depending on the tests being performed. This is why training and retraining is a key component of human resource management in any laboratory. In addition, the reward system in each laboratory should be well established to motivate personnel. It is a known fact that if personnel are not motivated there would not have the zeal to perform work and this can also introduce errors in results. Therefore, it is essential that the welfare of personnel is taken seriously to improve their productivity and output. In the NIPRD quality management system model for example, three or four analysts were appointed, trained and authorized for each scope, this is to overcome any challenges that may arise due to absence of an analyst. In the ISO 17025 accreditation process of NIPRD, it was compulsory that at least two analysts be present for each activity at any point in time. No analyst was left alone to carry out tasks in order to avoid any issue of monopoly. This goes back to the subject of team work which brings about success because with team work there is no looser. We strongly believe that not monopolizing knowledge and involving everyone as a team was one of the factors that helped NIPRD. Though there were some attitudinal challenges with some analysts, this did not affect the smooth running of the whole process as there were always trained and competent personnel available.
\nThe role of leadership in total quality management cannot be over emphasized [11]. Top management Commitment and leadership is a critical factor to the success of total quality management implementation. Though there are many definitions given to leadership, we prefer to define leadership here, as the ability to inspire followers to share in, and work with the leader to actualize organizational vision. This is the definition that best fits the leadership that bought total quality management into being at NIPRD. The vision to making NIPRD a center of excellence for total quality management started way back in 2010 with the introduction of ISO 9001-2008 quality management system standards. Being a Research institute, the introduction of quality way of doing thing was a difficult task for the leadership as many were not aware of QMS and those who were, did not see the need for quality management system in a research institute. Because it was a priority for the leadership then, conscious effect was made to ensure the engagement of a consultant to lead the organization to being certified. The Institute got ISO 9001-2008 certified in 2015 but still struggles with the funds needed to maintain the certification. It is clear that, lack of sustainability plan is a drawback. NIPRD is a departmental based organization and the different scopes are domiciled in deferent departments unlike a company setting where all activities are centrally controlled under one unit. Based on the facility tour of the team, scopes where selected to be part of the total quality management. Once these scopes were identified, a meeting was held with Top and Unit managers with the aim to generate the gaps in training and infrastructural needs of every scope [6].
\nAs a first step to ensure leadership commitment and participation, the management set up of a Quality Assurance Team who were to be responsible for the coordination of all activities that would lead to total quality management implementation. This team comprised of the Quality Manager, two Deputies on the first level and a representative from all departments/units on the total quality management program of the institute on the second level. The Quality Manager had the responsibility of being the liaison officer between the institute and USP/PQM representative. To ensure that leadership participation and commitment is maintained, management members were requested to be part of every meeting and training. The ISO 17025 model for total quality management implementation has different levels of leadership and all levels have to be responsible and committed to ensure implementation. NIPRD though running a traditional organizational structure that could support the quality management system of 9001 had to create another structure to support the total quality management. In this structure every level of leadership comes with different responsibilities and the success to implementation is dependent of all succeeding.
\nNIPRD runs a normal traditional mechanistic institutional management structures which is characterized with a small upper management that make all the decisions. The management that makes all the decisions are DG and Heads of Department [6]. This type of structure management operates a top to bottom hierarchical management. This type of management is not supportive of total quality management implementation as employees tend to strive to pursue personal rather than organizational goals. The NIPRD Organizational structure which had a single line of communication had to be modified to one that has a larger authority and employees work more for organizational goals.
\nHe is the overall head of the total quality management team and is saddled with the duty of creating an enabling environment for the successful implementation of the system. Our experience shows that, the commitment and vision of the DG/CEO was a crucial element in implementing total quality management. Development of the vision statement which is one of the responsibilities of the leadership was done with the employees to ensure staff buy-in. The leadership is responsible for providing organizational framework needed to support the system. The education and continuous development of staff is one of the leader’s responsibilities and this was adequately demonstrated by making available, the available resources to training all employees. At NIPRD, like many academic based institutions, departmental barriers exist and very often are obstacles to speedy execution of services. A successful total quality management must break this barrier, and this was achieved with the commitment of both the institute leaders and laboratory managers.
\nThe unit is directly responsible to the DG/CEO and they are in charge of the general implementation of the total quality management. They are responsible for the planning of and coordinating the various training needs of everyone. The Quality Assurance Team, which is made up of the quality assurance unit and the representative from all the departments involved in the total quality management was formed to be a support to the all processes of the total quality management system.
\nThe second level of leadership under the total quality management organizational structure are the Heads of Departments and together with the Director General they form the Management. The HoD is responsible to the CEO and have all the responsibilities of management. All reports are passed through them to the quality assurance manager. Some of them also function as technical managers on scopes domiciled in their department.
\nThe technical manager of any scope must be familiar with methods and procedures of the scope, he/she must understand the purpose of each test. The technical manager should be vast in in knowledge and well trained in the scope area and there should possess a training records to back his/her competency. The technical manager takes responsibility for the performance of the analyst by ensuring compliance with the ISO 17025. The TM ensures that the analyst follows all standard operating procedure and takes responsibility for any report generated from the test results. The technical manager has total controls on all technical operations and approves results for onward submission to the HoD before submission to the quality assurance manager.
\nThese are the process owners and need to have complete knowledge of the processes that they work with as this is critical to the success of the total quality management implementation strategies. Without knowing how to do the job, the analyst will not be able to improve on the process towards improvement. The knowledge of the process is achieved by repeatedly working with that process, and also continuous training. The analyst must be qualified and have training records to back their competencies.
\nThe maintenance unit on the NIPRD organizational structure is answerable only to the Director of Administration and all members in that unit belong to the department. This was however modified on the ISO 17035 organogram. The maintenance team was deliberately created to have representation from different department also done in a bid to break down departmental barrier and foster inter-departmental cooperation. The unit was created to manage all equipment in the laboratory, consequently named Internal Maintenance Unit.
\nOne of the major challenges when implementing total quality management in an organization in a resource starved nation like Nigeria is lack of basic infrastructure. Infrastructure could be physical or human. Physical infrastructure includes; environment, material, machine and money.
\nCulture is a series of laydown assumptions that a group of people has developed in learning to cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration; they have worked well enough to be valid, and are therefore thought to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to these problems. It is hard to analyze an organizational culture because as an outsider, you will only understand how organization behave but rarely can one understand why it behaves the way it does. Cultural values of an institution such as company philosophy, norms and justification are communicative and people of the organization are aware of these.
\nThe National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development is made up of the Director General/Chief Executive Officer, highly intellectual research scientist of diverse field and specialization, Technologist and Administrative staff. NIPRD combines research and administration. Its vision is to build a Centre of Excellent in research and development of phytomedicines, pharmaceutical and biological products, drugs and diagnostics towards improving the health and well-being of mankind. It is therefore made up of 5 core departments [6] namely, Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Microbiology and Biotechnology. However, achieving a uniform environment condition which is very important for total quality management and ISO is usually difficult due to the diversity of activities going on simultaneously in various laboratories. Bring the various departments in one roof where such condition can be achieved was difficult nut to crack for NIPRD due to its cultural background. Before total quality management can work, it is important to understand existing cultural values of the organization. Occupational background can affect the culture of an organization. Relationship between organizational culture and operational management have been established, people’s belief influences existing practices and manufacturing performance. For long, underlying value systems influence how people behave and act. Knowledge of the environmental impact of a product, services or process is an important factor in eliminating the harmful parts in a product or service with respect to the environmental health of the society.
\nThe cost of building quality into any product is capital intensive process at the initial stage, but may be cheaper and yield better result than testing for quality in a product, because, it reduces deviations and costly investigations, and also avoid regulation compliance problems. Money invested by an institution to minimize defect or prevent mistakes is believed to cost the organization little compared to the disastrous expenses that might be incurred by an organization if total quality management is ignored.
\nThe NIPRD is a parastatal of Federal Republic of Nigeria, and Nigeria being an oil rich nation, ordinarily should not have problems with funding of its public institutions, but this is far from being the case; most of the equipment NIPRD were certified for by ANAB were donated to the institute by USAID, in fact during the pre-assessment audit, the auditors made fun of the institute dissolution test apparatus as been too old and should be transferred to museum. The state of the apparatus was so pathetic that almost all components were not performing efficiently; for example, like all other equipment such as the pH meter, analytical balances, UV–vis spectrophotometers, etc., it had not been calibrated for decades. In such a situation, despite the willingness of staff members to adopt total quality management, it was difficult.
\nWith the meager resources allocated to the NIPRD, the institute run on generators for at least 6 hours for every working day [13]. A researcher will have to plan his/her experiment within this time frame. This makes it difficult to achieve optimum environmental condition since most reference samples and room temperature must meet international specifications. Most equipment needs chilled environment for it to function appropriately. Some equipment needs re-calibration once power supply is disrupted, in a resource starve institute like NIPRD, recalibration of some equipment up to 10 times in a day is possible, this will not only affect output as it is time consuming, it is also expensive. The state of the environment affects the output of staff. If it is harsh, workers will not find it conducive to give their best. A harsh condition affects the general output of any study. A functional environment can only be achieved where power supply is relatively constant/steady. To achieve this, a scientific approach to power rationing was developed [13].
\nEmpowerment of employees is a common concept in virtually all organizations. Such empowerment leads to effective, innovative and transformation needed in enhancing global market with burst changes in technology. One of the ways employees can be empowered is by training and re-training. Managers can empower employees through information sharing, provide structure to the organization, train people and canvass for team work instead of hierarchy; as this will raise the level of trust from the employee and create a sense of ownership. Training should be a continuous process, focused, planned and customized to suit a particular organization. In establishing total quality management at NIPRD, our training effort was aimed at an integrated approach to the instruction process. Training enables the employees to carry out his/her current task with much smoothness and ease, increase capacity, knowledge and the competence to do work efficiently while saving extra time and resources. Our 24 months experience on this journey clearly shows that, to attain a state of total quality management, training of employees should not be taken likely; during the ISO 17025:2005 exercise in NIPRD, members of staff were trained and re-trained theoretically and practically on various scopes by the USP-PQM/USAID. This has not only empowered NIPRD employees but also developed them physically and mentally, enabling them to carry out any related task effectively and efficiently. Aside been ISO 17025 certified, this training has enabled NIPRD attain a state of total quality management. Training and re-training is a form of reward and recognition of the employee. It makes the employee feel meaningful and satisfied because he/she is being appreciated. Loss of brain and intelligence would be reduced. This will help the organization carry out proper succession planning to fill the important post within the company instead of hiring new employee and training them on each and every aspect of the organization [14, 15].
\nCalibration is comparing the readings between a measuring instrument or system to an applicable unit of some defined system of measurement. It is an age long process. Calibration is done using a documented, validated and controlled method for making the comparison. Calibration and re-calibration are very essential for any equipment to function properly. It is a way of maintaining equipment. It is repeated at regular intervals to give progressive assurance that the functionality of the instrument is suitable for use. A calibrated procedure indicates a need for adjustment or repair, and always repeated to verify the proper measurement relationship. In a resource starved country like Nigeria, it is a very expensive process because only few organizations are internationally certified to conduct calibration of equipment. All calibrated equipment should be traceable to SI unit. A validated and reproducible result will only be achieved with equipment that its calibration is up to date. The totality of total quality management is customer satisfaction and faulty equipment cannot produce a result that will satisfy a customer. The NIPRD ISO 17025 organogram has an Internal Maintenance Unit that were trained by PQM with funding from USAID on equipment maintenance and calibration, this has helped NIPRD to be ISO certified and also attain a state of total quality management. Importantly, reference must always be made to tests and verification of any observed or recorded error(s) in Calibration certificates and test reports, this is because, a calibration or test without the verification of the error is absolutely useless.
\nEvery organization is set up to fill a need, solve actual problems and satisfy the needs of their customers. Our walk to this path of quality
The authors are grateful to Mr. Adebola Adekoya of PQM/USP and other staff of USP, USAID, as well as NIPRD QAU and entire membership of the 17025 team for their technical and/or administrative support in the course of this project. The contribution of the dissolution analyst, Pharm. Isaac Ajeh, who graciously shared his experience with us in the form of written notes is also acknowledged.
\nNo conflict of interest declared.
In the recent past, organic cultivation of vegetables is gaining increasing importance due to increased awareness among the growing population on the food safety and quality. This may be attributed to the fact that conventional agricultural practices wherein large quantities and unscrupulous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are no longer safer as it directly enter the food chain. There are innumerable health hazards posed by the conventionally grown crops due to the presence of higher pesticide residues, heavy metals and also genetically modified organisms. In cereals and pulses where the moisture level is maintained around eight per cent, the presence of pesticide residue is very minimum and has been found to disappear over a period of time due to storage, whereas in the case of vegetables and fruits the moisture level is more than 90 per cent and the availability of pesticide residue is maximum and the produce is to be consumed within a reasonable time because of the perishable nature. Organic cultivation besides protecting the environment, has a greater socio economic impact on a nation. However, the true impact lies necessarily on the sustainable food production which can go a long way on the environmental stability and economic vulnerability of a nation. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture and Movements (IFOAM) has suggested principles to enhance biological cycles in the farming system, enhance soil fertility, reduce pollution, evade the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, conserve genetic diversity, consider socio-economic impact of food production and produce high quality food in sufficient quantity [1]. The National Organic Programme implemented by USDA Organic Food Production Act (OFPA, 1990) has specified guidelines on cultivation of crops organically to be acceptable as organic.
Organically produced vegetables contribute more than 20% of the total share of vegetables in some of the European countries. On the contrary, the market share of organic vegetables is meager in tropical and subtropical countries and hence is exported. Due to increasing awareness of organically grown vegetables, countries like Brazil, Argentina and China have turned towards organic farming.
Vegetable crops when grown organically produce lesser yield. However due to its nutritive quality and storage attributes they are valued well than conventionally grown vegetables. Organoleptic studies have shown that vegetables like tomato and potato tastes better when grown organically. Likewise, the fruits had a better taste, flavor, texture and juicier when compared to conventionally grown ones. Similarly, organically grown okra and carrots were found to possess better quality attributes like taste, flavor and sugar content than those grown conventionally.
Excessive nitrate intake is posing a serious threat to human health. Leafy vegetables, in particular, accumulate more nitrates followed by root vegetables and potato. Studies have confirmed that organically produced vegetables like potato, carrot, cabbage beetroot, celery, leak, parsley and lettuce contain lesser levels of nitrates and higher levels of vitamin C content when compared to conventionally grown vegetable crops. Similarly, it has been found in studies that organically grown vegetables accumulate higher content of total sugars, minerals like phosphorous and magnesium and phenolic compounds in vegetables like carrot, potato, spinach, brinjal, lettuce and cabbage. Organically grown vegetables like sweet pepper and brinjal exhibited higher levels of phenolic compounds, peroxidase and capsidol activity offering resistance to diseases.
During the past few decades, there is increasing concern on the food safety which in turn is drawing attention of the farmers, researchers and policy makers on the alternate production systems like organic cultivation. Organic farming is estimated to be growing at a rate of 30% a year worldwide in response to the market needs [2]. The demand for certified organic produce, particularly vegetables is presently exceeding the supply, thus fetching premium market price. Globally, the agricultural production system is undergoing a rapid transformation since there is a rise in demand for healthier and environmentally safer food. A larger proportion of growers are now shifting to organic production practices to meet the increasing consumer demands.
Organic cultivation has a significant role to play in maintaining the soil fertility by boosting the microbial flora of the soil. This can substantially lead to increase in yield, plant composition as well as nutritional quality.
Organic treatments resulted in higher carrot root production compared to conventional treatments [3]. The yield of cabbage and tomato grown under organic practices yielded better than that grown under conventional system [4]. Similar results were obtained in cucumber [5]. Better results in terms of fruit yield in vegetables could be attributed to the fact that organic amendments of soil changed the soil dynamics as well as the plant composition and nutritional quality. Organic inputs can proportionately increase the microflora which in turn facilitates production of substances such as citrate and lactate which combine with soil minerals to increase the availability of mineral nutrition to the plant roots [6].
Besides increasing the soil fertility status, the nutritional quality of organically grown vegetables has been found to be appreciable. Higher levels of iron and magnesium were recorded in vegetable crops like carrot, beetroot, lettuce, kale, leek, turnip, onion, celery and tomato when grown organically [7]. Vitamin C holds an important place in the daily recommended diet due to its higher antioxidant properties. Hence, the focus of many research experiments has been on the vitamin C content in organically grown vegetables.
Experiments on tomato, celery and kale have shown higher vitamin C content when they are grown under organic practices than when grown under traditional systems of cultivation [7]. On an average, the vitamin C content of organically grown vegetables is 27% more when compared to the conventionally grown vegetables [6]. Likewise, the vitamin C content in organically grown leafy vegetables was found to be higher compared to that grown with chemical inputs [8]. Plant system responds to chemical fertilizer by increasing the production of proteins rather than carbohydrates since chemical fertilizers are rich sources of nitrogen. However, vitamin C production is the outcome of carbohydrate production and hence more quantum of vitamin C is expected to be produced with increased quantities of organic manures which have lesser nitrogen content and thereby lesser protein production and more of carbohydrate production.
Organic farming implies application of composted plant residues and animal manures and growing legume crops as cover crop to meet the nutrient requirement of the crop. Soil fertility status is also enhanced by adopting practices like crop rotation, sequential cropping and also by minimizing the plowing activities. These techniques have a profound impact in maximizing the carbon sequestration in lands where organic practices are followed. On the contrary, in lands where conventional farming practices are adopted increased tillage operations lead to depletion in the organic matter accompanied by greater loss in mineral composition of the soil. The annual sequestration rate has been found to increase substantially by upto 3.2tons of CO2/ha/year by organic farming practices [9] which has a direct implication in reducing the green house gases.
With the unpredictable climatic condition in the present day, organic farming which can increase soil water retention capacity can go a long way in fighting the drought situation. Increased carbon retention in the soil helps in withstanding climatic challenges as well as soil erosion.
Organic farming requires 28–32% lesser energy compared to the traditional farming practices as this cuts down the cost on fertilizers, pesticides and machinery [10].
Organic agriculture can potentially lower the green house gas emission [11]. The estimated quantum of green house gas emission due application of chemical fertilizers is 1000 million tonnes annually. Organic farming can by and large reduce the Green House Gas emission by sequestering carbon into soil.
The global human population is projected to expand to 9.3 billion by 2050. Hence, sustainable production needs to be addressed to meet the increasing food requirements of the human population. Sustainable agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population within the changing environmental conditions. For successful organic farming maintaining soil health by addition of organic residues is imperative. However, it may not be feasible because of continuous sourcing of the crop residues/organic matter which has become scanty in recent times. Soil health is not only maintaining the carbon content in the soil but also maintaining a balance between carbon and nitrogen which is the most important factor that determines the nutrient availability besides the population dynamics of the microflora in the soil. Unlike conventional agriculture which involves usage of harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming sustains, maintains and enhances the quality of ecosystem. Though the plant absorbs nutrient in the simpler forms of nutrients similar to inorganic fertilizers, the source of nutrients is important factor to be considered in any organic farming practices. In the global market, vegetables grown organically fetch higher price because of its quality consideration and long term storability compared to inorganic green vegetables.
The body, CODEX Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations aims to protect the health of the consumers and ensure fair prices in the international market. Internationally, organic certification is underway to facilitate international trade between countries. One such body is International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM).
USDA organic certification confirms that the farm complies with USDA organic regulations. Farms are certified by State or Private entities which have been accredited by USDA. Any farm that produces over $5000 annually through organic sales needs to be certified.
Land utilized for organic vegetable production must not have used chemical fertilizers, pesticides, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) for atleast 3 years prior to growing for organic purpose. Whole farm or part of a farm can be certified as organic. It is particularly important for vegetable growers to document the last date of application of prohibited chemicals, particularly when crops like, Lettuce or Spinach is grown.
Organic farming in India is showing steady increase. Farmers involved in organic farming are of three categories
The National Programme on Organic Production (NPOP) offers regulatory mechanism to acts for domestic and export markets. NPOP under Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act (FTDR) caters the export requirement and has been acclaimed by European Union, Sweden and USDA. Hence, any organic product certified by NPOP can be exported to Europe, Sweden and USA. Similarly, to meet the domestic demands, NPOP notified under Agriculture Produce Grading, Marketing and Certification Act (APGMC) comes to play lead role. Regulatory body of NPOP under FTDR is Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Development Authority (APEDA) under Ministry of Commerce and NPOP under APGMC Act is Agricultural Marketing Advisor (AMA) under Ministry of Agriculture. Accreditation of Certification and Inspection Agencies is being granted by a common National Accreditation Body (NAB) [12].
Certification ensures quality produce. “Certified Organic” serves as a product assurance to consumers. Certification necessarily aims to regulate and facilitate the sale of organic vegetables to consumers.
In order to ensure certification by any agency, the producer has to satisfy the following criteria:
Adherence of the organic standards as prescribed by the certification authority.
The production practices and farm facilities have to comply with the norms and standards.
Detailed documentation of the entire farming procedures adopted and farm facilities is required.
Periodical inspection by the authorities concerned.
Organic legislation defines three levels of organic labelling in many countries. Products are given a “100% organic” label when the products are made entirely with certified organic ingredients. Products with the label “Organic” indicate 95% organic ingredients being used. The third label “made with organic ingredients” shows that a minimum of 70% of organic ingredients has been used.
There is immense scope for organic production of vegetable crops in India since the agricultural sector has enormous organic resources like crop residues, livestock and other bio-products from agro industries. Organic farming is growing at a rapid pace among Indian farmers and entrepreneurs, particularly in rainfed and hilly areas where fertilizer consumption is less than 25 kg/ha/year [13].
Market development, particularly domestic sector continues to be one of the biggest challenges in organic farming. Lack of infrastructural facilities for post production practices also poses a challenge as it sets a constraint in meeting the organic standards. Similarly the cost involved in certification process and the extensive documentation procedure is a major setback.
Organic agriculture is growing in many countries where there is self sufficiency in vegetable production. On the contrary in economically backward and developing world, feeding the population with adequate growing of vegetable assumes first priority.
The impediment to adopting organic cultivation practices in vegetable crops is the higher input cost. However, considering the environmental concerns and long-term sustainability of organic farming, the worthiness of the added costs has to be educated among the producers and entrepreneurs.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
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Andrews"}]},{id:"21759",doi:"10.5772/25721",title:"Reconstruction of the Kinematics of Landslide and Debris Flow Through Numerical Modeling Supported by Multidisciplinary Data: The 2009 Siaolin, Taiwan Landslide",slug:"reconstruction-of-the-kinematics-of-landslide-and-debris-flow-through-numerical-modeling-supported-b",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1361",slug:"sediment-transport-flow-and-morphological-processes",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport - Flow and Morphological Processes"},signatures:"Chien-chih Chen, Jia-Jyun Dong, Chih-Yu Kuo, Ruey-Der Hwang, Ming-Hsu Li and Chyi-Tyi Lee",authors:[{id:"64304",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien-Chih Chen"},{id:"136434",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Jyun",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",slug:"jia-jyun-dong",fullName:"Jia-Jyun Dong"},{id:"136436",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"chih-yu-kuo",fullName:"Chih-Yu Kuo"},{id:"136438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruey-Der",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",slug:"ruey-der-hwang",fullName:"Ruey-Der Hwang"},{id:"136440",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Hsu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"ming-hsu-li",fullName:"Ming-Hsu Li"},{id:"136444",title:"Prof.",name:"Chyi-Tyi",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"chyi-tyi-lee",fullName:"Chyi-Tyi Lee"}]},{id:"63059",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76854",title:"Generation, Evolution, and Characterization of Turbulence Coherent Structures",slug:"generation-evolution-and-characterization-of-turbulence-coherent-structures",totalDownloads:3719,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Turbulence stands as one of the most complicated and attractive physical phenomena. The accumulated knowledge has shown turbulent flow to be composed of islands of vortices and uniform-momentum regions, which are coherent in both time and space. Research has been concentrated on these structures, their generation, evolution, and interaction with the mean flow. Different theories and conceptual models were proposed with the aim of controlling the boundary layer flow and improving numerical simulations. Here, we review the different classes of turbulence coherent structures and the presumable generation mechanisms for each. The conceptual models describing the generation of turbulence coherent structures are generally classified under two categories, namely, the bottom-up mechanisms and the top-down mechanisms. The first assumes turbulence to be generated near the surface by some sort of instabilities, whereas the second assigns an active role to the large outer layer structures, perhaps the turbulent bulges. Both categories of models coexist in the flow with the first dominating turbulence generation at low Reynolds number and the second at high Reynolds number, such as the case in the atmospheric boundary layer.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zambri Harun and Eslam Reda Lotfy",authors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"},{id:"252195",title:"Dr.",name:"Eslam",middleName:null,surname:"Reda",slug:"eslam-reda",fullName:"Eslam Reda"}]},{id:"63811",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80275",title:"Performance Analysis of FSO Systems over Atmospheric Turbulence Channel for Indian Weather Conditions",slug:"performance-analysis-of-fso-systems-over-atmospheric-turbulence-channel-for-indian-weather-condition",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Free-space optical (FSO) communication is a line of sight (LOS) technology and has significant advantages and attractive applications. Recently, spectrum slicing wavelength division multiplexing (SS-WDM)-based FSO systems provide improved link range, high capacity, and efficiency. In this chapter, the SS-WDM-based FSO system is proposed with four channels to increase the performance of communication under various wind speed and heights of the buildings. But, atmospheric turbulence fading, scintillation, and pointing errors (PE) are the main impairments affecting the performance of FSO communication systems. Predominantly, the turbulence variation due to wind velocity, refractive index, and height of buildings has been majorly focused and analyzed for Vellore weather conditions. A case study has been experimented on how the height of buildings and the atmosphere around VIT, Vellore campus, affect the transmission of light in free space. The bit error rate of the proposed system is analyzed with distance, received power for various wind speed and different heights of the buildings.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Prabu Krishnan",authors:[{id:"243249",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabu",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"prabu-k",fullName:"Prabu K"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63059",title:"Generation, Evolution, and Characterization of Turbulence Coherent Structures",slug:"generation-evolution-and-characterization-of-turbulence-coherent-structures",totalDownloads:3719,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Turbulence stands as one of the most complicated and attractive physical phenomena. The accumulated knowledge has shown turbulent flow to be composed of islands of vortices and uniform-momentum regions, which are coherent in both time and space. Research has been concentrated on these structures, their generation, evolution, and interaction with the mean flow. Different theories and conceptual models were proposed with the aim of controlling the boundary layer flow and improving numerical simulations. Here, we review the different classes of turbulence coherent structures and the presumable generation mechanisms for each. The conceptual models describing the generation of turbulence coherent structures are generally classified under two categories, namely, the bottom-up mechanisms and the top-down mechanisms. The first assumes turbulence to be generated near the surface by some sort of instabilities, whereas the second assigns an active role to the large outer layer structures, perhaps the turbulent bulges. Both categories of models coexist in the flow with the first dominating turbulence generation at low Reynolds number and the second at high Reynolds number, such as the case in the atmospheric boundary layer.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zambri Harun and Eslam Reda Lotfy",authors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"},{id:"252195",title:"Dr.",name:"Eslam",middleName:null,surname:"Reda",slug:"eslam-reda",fullName:"Eslam Reda"}]},{id:"63811",title:"Performance Analysis of FSO Systems over Atmospheric Turbulence Channel for Indian Weather Conditions",slug:"performance-analysis-of-fso-systems-over-atmospheric-turbulence-channel-for-indian-weather-condition",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Free-space optical (FSO) communication is a line of sight (LOS) technology and has significant advantages and attractive applications. Recently, spectrum slicing wavelength division multiplexing (SS-WDM)-based FSO systems provide improved link range, high capacity, and efficiency. In this chapter, the SS-WDM-based FSO system is proposed with four channels to increase the performance of communication under various wind speed and heights of the buildings. But, atmospheric turbulence fading, scintillation, and pointing errors (PE) are the main impairments affecting the performance of FSO communication systems. Predominantly, the turbulence variation due to wind velocity, refractive index, and height of buildings has been majorly focused and analyzed for Vellore weather conditions. A case study has been experimented on how the height of buildings and the atmosphere around VIT, Vellore campus, affect the transmission of light in free space. The bit error rate of the proposed system is analyzed with distance, received power for various wind speed and different heights of the buildings.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Prabu Krishnan",authors:[{id:"243249",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabu",middleName:null,surname:"K",slug:"prabu-k",fullName:"Prabu K"}]},{id:"61221",title:"Laser Beam Propagation through Oceanic Turbulence",slug:"laser-beam-propagation-through-oceanic-turbulence",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Using a recently proposed model for the refractive index fluctuations in oceanic turbulence, optical beam propagation through seawater is explored. The model provides an accurate depiction of the ocean through the inclusion of both temperature and salinity fluctuations to the refractive index. Several important statistical characteristics are explored including spatial coherence radius, angle-of-arrival fluctuations, and beam wander. Theoretical values of these parameters are found based on weak fluctuation theory using the Rytov method. The results presented serve as a foundation for the study of optical beam propagation in oceanic turbulence, which may provide an important support for further researches in applications for underwater communicating, imaging, and sensing systems.",book:{id:"7214",slug:"turbulence-and-related-phenomena",title:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena",fullTitle:"Turbulence and Related Phenomena"},signatures:"Zhiqiang Wang, Lu Lu, Pengfei Zhang, Chunhong Qiao, Jinghui\nZhang, Chengyu Fan and Xiaoling Ji",authors:[{id:"243532",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"lu-lu",fullName:"Lu Lu"},{id:"251741",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhiqiang-wang",fullName:"Zhiqiang Wang"},{id:"251742",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengfei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"pengfei-zhang",fullName:"Pengfei Zhang"},{id:"251743",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunhong",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",slug:"chunhong-qiao",fullName:"Chunhong Qiao"},{id:"251744",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinghui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"jinghui-zhang",fullName:"Jinghui Zhang"},{id:"251745",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoling",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"xiaoling-ji",fullName:"Xiaoling Ji"},{id:"251746",title:"Prof.",name:"Chengyu",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"chengyu-fan",fullName:"Chengyu Fan"}]},{id:"21748",title:"A Sediment Graph Model Based on SCS-CN Method",slug:"a-sediment-graph-model-based-on-scs-cn-method",totalDownloads:2569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1361",slug:"sediment-transport-flow-and-morphological-processes",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport - Flow and Morphological Processes"},signatures:"P. K. Bhunya, Ronny Berndtsson, Raj Deva Singh and S.N.Panda",authors:[{id:"36912",title:"Dr.",name:"P K",middleName:null,surname:"Bhunya",slug:"p-k-bhunya",fullName:"P K Bhunya"},{id:"55679",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronny",middleName:null,surname:"Berndtsson",slug:"ronny-berndtsson",fullName:"Ronny Berndtsson"},{id:"55680",title:"Dr.",name:"Raj Dev",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"raj-dev-singh",fullName:"Raj Dev Singh"},{id:"55681",title:"Dr.",name:"C S P",middleName:null,surname:"Ojha",slug:"c-s-p-ojha",fullName:"C S P Ojha"}]},{id:"21756",title:"On the Influence of the Nearbed Sediments in the Oxygen Budget of a Lagunar System: The Ria de Aveiro - Portugal",slug:"on-the-influence-of-the-nearbed-sediments-in-the-oxygen-budget-of-a-lagunar-system-the-ria-de-aveiro",totalDownloads:1843,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1361",slug:"sediment-transport-flow-and-morphological-processes",title:"Sediment Transport",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport - Flow and Morphological Processes"},signatures:"José Fortes Lopes",authors:[{id:"48297",title:"Dr.",name:"José Fortes",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",slug:"jose-fortes-lopes",fullName:"José Fortes Lopes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"642",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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