Demographic profile.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d9159ce31733bf78cc2a79b18c225994",bookSignature:"Dr. Gabriel Cismaru",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11867.jpg",keywords:"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive Cardiomyopathy, Transesophageal Echocardiography, Intracardiac Echocardiography, 3-Dimensional Echocardiography, Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Vessels, Coronary Artery Disease, Risk Stratification, Revascularization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 21st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 18th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 5th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Cismaru Gabriel is an Assistant Professor at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, certified in Cardiology. After completing his certification in cardiology, Dr. Cismaru began his electrophysiology fellowship at the Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu. He has authored or co-authored peer-reviewed articles and book chapters in the field of cardiac pacing, defibrillation, electrophysiological study, and catheter ablation.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Raluca Tomoaia is an MD, Ph.D. in novel techniques in Echocardiography at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, Romania., assistant professor, and a researcher in echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191888/images/system/191888.png",biography:"Dr. Cismaru Gabriel is an assistant professor at the Cluj-Napoca University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania, where he has been qualified in cardiology since 2011. He obtained his Ph.D. in medicine with a research thesis on electrophysiology and pro-arrhythmic drugs in 2016. Dr. Cismaru began his electrophysiology fellowship at the Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, France, after finishing his cardiology certification with stages in Clermont-Ferrand and Dinan, France. He began working at the Rehabilitation Hospital\\'s Electrophysiology Laboratory in Cluj-Napoca in 2011. He is an experienced operator who can implant pacemakers, CRTs, and ICDs, as well as perform catheter ablation of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. He has been qualified in pediatric cardiology since 2022, and he regularly performs device implantation and catheter ablation in children. Dr. Cismaru has authored or co-authored peer-reviewed publications and book chapters on cardiac pacing, defibrillation, electrophysiological studies, and catheter ablation.",institutionString:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5970",title:"Bedside Procedures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba56d3036ac823a7155f40e4a02c030d",slug:"bedside-procedures",bookSignature:"Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5970.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9064",title:"Epidemiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1cd6bf2b3181eb82446347fbe478a2bc",slug:"epidemiology-and-treatment-of-atrial-fibrillation",bookSignature:"Gabriel Cismaru and Keith Andrew Chan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"64263",title:"Dynamic Speckle Interferometry of Technical and Biological Objects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81389",slug:"dynamic-speckle-interferometry-of-technical-and-biological-objects",body:'\nIf a rough object is illuminated by coherent radiation, macroscopically homogeneous but microscopically inhomogeneous distribution of scattered radiation intensity emerges at some distance from the object and behind the lens that forms the object image. As the surface microrelief heights are random, the waves reflected from various microscopic areas of the surface have random amplitudes and phases. Mutual interference of these waves results in spotted or “speckle” structure of scattered radiation. When the object surface varies for some reason, the amplitudes and phases of the reflected waves change, so the speckle pattern also varies. Variation of wave amplitudes and phases can be caused by displacement of the object or its rigid rotation or by small variations in the distances between the area elements due to elastic or plastic strains of the surface. The reason may be a small or strong surface microrelief variation due to corrosion or loosening of the material with ionizing radiation, material fatigue, etc. The specified macroscopic or microscopic processes can occur simultaneously.
\nIt is noteworthy that the speckle pattern can be formed when studying objects with a mirror surface by lighting them via mat glass. Phenomena occurring inside transparent objects can be studied in a similar way. Such objects are live cells cultured or precipitated on a transparent substrate. If there is an empty space, the cells can alter their shape and the intracellular processes randomly change the phases of the waves that have passed via the cell. So, by the character of the speckle pattern change, one can study and monitor the phenomena occurring on the surface or near the surface of reflecting objects or inside transparent media.
\nAt present, one is familiar with application of variations, displacements, and interferences of speckle fields for the study of macroscopic phenomena, namely, for determination of transition, motion velocity, rotations, elastic or plastic strains of objects, gas, and fluid flows [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. At the same time, the logic of speckle optics development and practical needs sets the task to analyze not only macroscopic but also microscopic processes occurring at the structural level. For example, a task like that appears in studies of the phenomena accompanying crack initiation in high-cycle fatigue of metallic materials as well as during the analysis of the processes occurring in the membranes and inside the cells of live systems. The rationale for such studies is related to development of a technique for assessing the remaining life of construction elements, and in case of biological objects, to individualized drug selection for a patient.
\nAs the properties of materials are random at the structural level, the amplitudes and phases of the waves reflected from the object or that have passed through the object randomly vary in time and space. In the general case, the solution to the problem of establishing a relation between the parameters of wave phase dynamics and speckle dynamics is far from simple. Nevertheless, lately certain advances in solving such problems have been observed.
\nThe objective of this publication is to familiarize the readers with the author’s recent developments in the theory and application of dynamic speckle interferometry. They were aimed at study of the processes occurring in technical materials in their high-cycle fatigue and also in live cells subject to some external effects. The rationale for the specified studies, for the theory of the techniques proposed, the conducted experiments and their practical prospects are discussed in brief. The advantage of the techniques under discussion over the conventional speckle holographic techniques is the possibility for real-time study of reversible and irreversible processes. Most part of this chapter is devoted to dynamic speckle interferometry of high-cycle fatigue. When high-cycle fatigue is studied, the technique permits determination of the limiting local microrelief and surface shapes variations (deformations) with high sensitivity. When the variation rate of the named values is monitored, the time to the fatigue crack start can be determined. When the reaction of cells to viruses and bacteria is studied, an opportunity for timely development of procedures preventing and blocking their development progress appears.
\nWhen technical objects are exploited, their various elements are affected by alternate forces. As load cycle number
At present, various features of low-cycle fatigue are fairly well characterized [8, 9]. It is explained by the fact that in low-cycle fatigue, sufficient plastic deformations of the objects normally appear. That is why conventional approaches developed for devices exploited under the conditions of quasi-static loading are applicable for monitoring and estimating of the remaining object life.
\nThe situation with high-cycle as well as giga-cycle fatigue is different. According to various literature sources, from 50 to 80% of equipment is destroyed due to high-cycle fatigue [10, 11, 12]. Despite research history [13, 14, 15, 16] and a great number of publications [17, 18], at present, there are no techniques for assessment and estimation of the remaining life of construction elements in their high-cycle fatigue that would meet the requirements of the engineering practice [11, 18]. According to [11, 18, 19], the situation has arisen due to absence of physical models of high-cycle fatigue. In the author’s opinion, this circumstance is in turn related to absence of physical monitoring techniques that would permit to record the features of local fatigue damage accumulation without interruption of exploitation or fatigue testing of various objects. Analysis of studies [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25] devoted to development of such methods shows that their practical application implies methodological issues.
\nImmediately after the creation of lasers and detection of spotted or speckle structure of scattered radiation, speckles were used to study fatigue phenomena [26, 27, 28]. However, because of high manpower effort and no monotone character of the recorded signal variation, the technique was not put to wide use.
\nThe author learnt the difficulties of fatigue phenomena studies using conventional nondestructive testing techniques at first hand. Early in our research aimed at the study of high-cycle material fatigue, we used various modifications of optical, X-ray, magnetic, electric, and acoustic techniques (13 in all). The results obtained using these techniques were negative. The parameters of the signals either did not vary or the variations were at the same level as the hardware noise. As in high-cycle fatigue localization of fatigue damage takes place [11], it was supposed that the obtained negative result is related to a large base (averaging region) of the applied techniques. Hence, for measurements on a small base, we upgraded a speckle technique that was previously successfully used to monitor the damage in quasi-static deformation of specimens up to their fracture [29, 30].
\nSection 3 presents the results of the theoretical studies aimed at developing an optical technique intended to study the irreversible processes emerging while testing specimens for high-cycle fatigue. Section 4 discusses the experiments with high-cycle fatigue conducted using this technique.
\nThis section discusses the results of theoretical underpinning of speckle techniques permitting the study of fatigue accumulation in periodical deformations of the objects. Sections 3.1 and 3.2 discuss the regularities of speckle dynamics observed while capturing the frames of the speckle image on fixed position of the object oscillations. Section 3.3 is dedicated to the theory of time-averaged speckle images.
\nLet the source of coherent radiation with wavelength λ located at point \n
Optical system for reflecting objects and designations.
A thin lens with focal distance
where
where
Let us take the relation between complex amplitude of light in proximity of point \n
where \n
Let us take arbitrary point \n
Let us further assume that the region with radius
where \n
Then, let us assume that process \n
where \n
If process \n
where \n
At values \n
At \n
Let us discuss an optical system (Figure 2) that forms an image of a thin transparent (phase) object. Let the source of coherent light 1 illuminate thin diffuser 2 consisting of point stationary diffusers chaotically located near plane (
where
Optical system for a transparent object: 1—light source, 2—diffuser, 3—transparent object, 4—lens with diaphragm, 5—image plane, and 6 and 7—conjugated points.
are the optical path lengths of the
The results of the theory discussed above in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 were used in studies of irreversible processes arising in metals with their high-cycle fatigue [31, 34] and in live cells [35]. In the cases when spatially homogeneous and temporally stationary random variation of optical wave paths occurred at the structural level, good coincidence between the theory and the experiment was observed.
\nHowever, the drawback of the theories discussed in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 is the difficulty of application in the cases when random variations of the wave phases occur due to various simultaneous processes occurring at different rates.
\nFor example, in high-cycle metal fatigue, the phase of the wave reflected from part of the surface can vary as a result of translational motion of the object, its elastic or plastic deformation, phase transformation, and formation of microcracks.
\nWhen a live cell is studied, the wave phase can vary due to diffusion of the substances through the membrane, endocytosis (capture of large particles due to local cell shape variation), and protein synthesis as well as cell motion.
\nTo overcome the drawback named in [32, 36, 37], the theory was upgraded. The idea consisted in application of the time averaging procedure to speckle dynamics. If the characteristic time
Let us discuss the results of the theoretical studies, first for a reflecting object, and then for a transparent object. In [32], from the model of scattering reflecting object discussed in Section 3.1, a problem concerning speckle dynamics in the image plane of a flat surface performs a complex motion. It was supposed that the scattering centers located in plane (
where \n
A similar problem concerning speckle dynamics in the image plane of a transparent object was solved in [37]. An optical system presented in Figure 2 was discussed. It was supposed that object 3, located near thin diffuser 2, is a thin transparent plate whose lateral surfaces are parallel to plane (
Now, in formula (12), the value
If the roughness is homogeneous, i.e., \n
where
\nis a normalized temporal autocorrelation function of radiation intensity corresponding to the translational motion of the plate, and \n
Let us note that the theory of dynamics of time-averaged speckles in the image plane of a thin transparent object in the absence of its displacement and oscillation was discussed in [36].
\nTherefore, if translational motion of a reflecting or transparent object is absent, the averaging time is divisible by the cyclic loading period, and there are no irreversible deformations in the object, then, according to Eqs. (9)–(11), the observer in the image plane will see a pattern of averaged speckles invariable in time. If irreversible processes that alter the optical paths of the waves emerge in a small region of the object at some phase of oscillation, then the speckle pattern in the conjugated region will change. As the formulas for normalized autocorrelation functions (6) and (11) at \n
For the reflecting object, value
In our first experiment, the results of theoretical analysis presented in Section 3.1 were applied to study fatigue phenomena emerging in high-cycle fatigue of medium-carbon steel 50 [34]. The scheme of specimen loading is presented in Figure 3; the dimensions and shapes of the specimen as well as the speckle image of the control area are shown in Figure 4. Before testing, the sample was subjected to fine grinding and annealing. A 2 mm thick flat specimen was loaded with 50 Hz frequency; the number of cycles reached 1,200,000; and maximum cycle amplitude σmax varied from 0.2 to 0.82 σ02, where σ02 is the flow limit of steel 50. The surface area near the maximum stresses was illuminated by a laser module with wavelength λ = 655 nm and 20-mW power. Speckle images with magnification m = 0.1 were captured at a certain phase of the object oscillation and entered into a computer with a frequency about 10 Hz. The minimum speckle size 2
where the angle brackets denote arithmetic mean values in the named object ensemble, and σ1 and σ2 are standard deviations of values
Scheme of periodic bending: 1—laser module, 2—TV camera, 3—control zone, 4—specimen, and 5—electromagnet.
Dimensions and shape of the specimen (top) and speckle pattern (bottom): 1—control zone, 2—clamp line, and 3—maximum stress spot.
Figure 5 presents a typical dependencies
Temporary autocorrelation function of intensity fluctuations due to metal fatigue: •—experiment and ---- theory.
Analysis of the experimental data obtained in the sections of stationary surface relief variations showed the following. When σmax varies from 0.2σ02 to 0.82 σ02, correlation time
In many cases, we recorded very complex dependences
We used the technique of time-averaged speckles to study the micro- and macro-variations of the surface shape in high-cycle fatigue of constructive and model materials. The main objective of the conducted research work was to clear up the matter of what happens in the material during crack initiation.
\nBeams made from pipe steel 09Г2С loaded by three-point bending were used in the experiment. The shape and dimensions of the specimens as well as the position of the bumps are presented in Figure 6. A Charpy notch was made in the beam to localize the crack initiation spot. The surface of the beams was subject to fine grinding, and then they were annealed in vacuum. After annealing, the surface of some specimens was polished. After polishing, roughness parameter
Shape and dimensions of the specimen.
The specimens were tested in a resonance-type machine of MIKROTRON (RUMUL) type with near-100 Hz frequency and a 0.1 load ratio. The value of the maximum force exerted (1.1 kN) was selected experimentally from the condition of emergence of a 0.1-mm long crack after hundreds of thousands of loading cycles. Variation of resonance frequency by 10% usually preceded the emergence of a crack of this length.
\nThe scheme of the optical setup applied for recording of the average speckle images is presented in Figure 7. The optical setup was located on the platform of the testing machine. Object 4 was illuminated by beam 2 from laser module 1 of a KLM-H650-40-5 type with the wavelength of 0.65 μm and 40-mW power. As speckles do not emerge when a mirror surface is illuminated, mat glass 3 was put into the lighting beam to form speckle fields when specimens with the polished surface were tested. The speckle image was recorded in the specimen image plane. The magnification of the optical system equaled 0.7. The diaphragm size of lens 5 was selected so that the minimum speckle size slightly exceeded that of a photocell in the photocell array of the TV camera 6. A monochrome VIDEOSCAN-415M-USB TV camera with an array containing 782 × 582 photocells of 8.3 × 8.3 μm size was used in the experiments. Averaging time
Scheme of the optical setup. 1—laser module, 2—illuminating radiation, 3—mat glass, 4—specimen, 5—lens with diaphragm, and 6—photosensor array of the TV camera.
Figure 8 presents distribution of correlation coefficient
Distribution of correlation coefficients
The first image was obtained at loading cycle number
Figure 9 presents three-dimensional surface profiles near the notch at
Surface profiles: (a) at 57,000 cycles and (b) at 92,000 cycles.
As it is seen from Figure 9, at 92,000 cycles, two zones emerged in front of the notch. The first zone is a pitch about 0.5 μm deep with the diameter of 500 μm. The pitch center was at the distance of about 250 μm from the notch tip. Besides, a second small zone of about 50 × 100-μm size where a fatigue crack initiated emerged immediately at the notch tip. This area is shown by an arrow in Figure 9b. This zone consisted of irregularities of 5- to 1-μm transverse size and the height of scores of nanometers.
\nFigure 10 presents joint graphs showing altered relief heights
Joint dependences (1) Δh(x) and (2) η(x).
The scan line of the profilometer passed through the pit center, and value
Comparison of surface shape variation within the pit with variations of value
Theoretical (---) and experimental (•) dependences η(γ).
As seen from Figure 9, about half of the crack formation region lies within the pit, and the other half is beyond the pit. For the latter section, the measurement of \n
The measurement of
According to the profilometer data, variation of value
Figure 12 presents typical dependences of
Dependences η(N) corresponding to five sections of the surface: 1—section of 44 × 44-μm size at the distance of 640 μm from the notch tip. 2—section of 22 × 22 μm size at the distance of 180 μm, 3—section of 44 × 44-μm size at the distance of 180 μm, 4—section at the notch tip of 44 × 44-μm size, 5—section of 44 × 44-μm size on the slope of the contraction.
Analysis of three-dimensional profiles of the surfaces of two specimens showed that they were the same in the qualitative sense. The surface spots for plotting of dependences
It is seen in Figure 12 that notable deviations of dependences 4 and 5 from the horizontal line start practically simultaneously at 70,000–80,000 cycles. This suggests that the formation of irregularities in the small zone and the contractions probably start simultaneously. Above, it was shown that a decline of value
The experiments conducted with Plexiglas of “ACRUMA” brand aimed at studying the peculiarities of fatigue damage accumulation in the volume of the specimen shown in Figure 6. The specimens were made from a plate 5-mm thick. The protective film preserving the polished surfaces was taken off before the fatigue test. The equipment shown in Figure 7 was used to record the speckle images. The specimen was illuminated through mat glass, the sounding waves passed through the specimen. The observation direction was selected either along the normal or at the angle of 30° to the normal. In the latter case, irreversible processes in the depth of the specimen could be controlled by distribution of value
In our early experiments studying the processes occurring inside live cells, we used the formulas discussed in Section 3.2 of the theory. The main long-term objective of the undertaken studies was search of approaches that would permit creation of an optical technique and a device studying the processes in the live cell membranes. The first objective of the experiments was search of cell metabolism parameters. We used an optical setup whose scheme corresponded to the optical scheme discussed in the theory (Figure 2). The photo of the setup is shown in Figure 13. A semi-conductor laser module with the wavelength λ = 532 nm and 20-mW power as well as the TV camera discussed above in Section 4.2 were used. The setup was placed into a thermostat that maintained the temperature of 36 ± 0.1°С. A transparent cuvette with two glass supporters in a horizontal position in the nutrient solution was fixed on a small table near the mat glass. The first supporter contained a monolayer of cultured cells; the second one was cell-free. Speckle images of the supporters are shown in Figure 14. The light lines in the picture show the typical sections selected for determination of value
Photograph of the optical device: 1—laser module with micro-objective, 2—mat glass, 3—lock of the object on the platform of the motorized translator, and 4—camera with lens.
Speckle images of supports in a transparent cuvette with nutrient solution.
Dependence η(t) corresponding to: 1—nutrient solution, 2—cells in the nutrient solution, and 3—infected cells in the nutrient solution.
While processing the films of 20- to 40-s duration recorded for several hours, we detected various types of dependences \n
Dependence of time-averaged intensity
Typical dependence
The shown dependences were well-reproducible when a monolayer of cultured cells of various cell lines was infected with herpes virus.
\nFigure 18 presents joint dependences of \n
Joint dependence of
As the metabolic processes are manifested more distinctly when the temperature rises, the above data presented in [38] were used to substantiate application of value \n
The conducted theoretical and experimental research showed that the dynamic variant of speckle interferometry can be used for quantitative evaluation of irreversible displacements and deformations occurring in metals with high-cycle fatigue on the 10-μm order bases. The peculiarity of this evaluation is that application of time-average speckles makes it can be conducted in real time, i.e., without interruption of cyclic deformations (Figure 19).
\nDependence of
The technique is fairly simple, because it does not require any synchronization of the load value applied to the object and the frame capture moment. It is characterized by high accuracy and sensitivity.
\nIn [32], it was shown that when a 10 × 10-pixel fragment is selected at the variation of
High sensitivity of the speckle technique to deformations is based on the phenomenon of multiple-wave interference with the same initial phases. Speckles emerge as the result of multiple-wave interference with random initial phases. So the emergence of multiple-ray interference is in many ways similar to wave interference in a diffraction grid is not evident. This question was briefly discussed in [34, 40]. Because of the significance of the matter, let us dwell upon it. Let there be a great number of point diffusers on the surface in a region of \n
The conducted experiments showed the possibility in principle to determine the limiting roughness parameter variation \n
Fatigue experiments improved understanding of the processes occurring in high-cycle fatigue of materials. For example, the pins that we observed at the notch tip (shown by the arrow in Figure 9b) turned out to be pieces of iron carbide. We managed to identify them using Raman scattering [42]. This fact speaks for the significance of heat generation accounting in high-cycle fatigue. The experiments also showed that irreversible processes in the small region close to the notch emerge at the early stages of the fatigue. If inconsistent local deformations emerge at the stage of loading increase, then in arbitrary unloading residual compressive stress must inevitably appear. Thus, the stress and deformation fields at the notch tip will vary considerably with progress of the fatigue. In this context, analysis of not only local plastic, but also of periodically varying elastic deformations is important.
\nThe opportunity for application of the elastic deformation control technique that we have discussed was substantiated in [32]. Deformation \n
Dependence of
The dependence of value
In the conducted fatigue experiments, we used an optical system that permits determination mean values, variance, and relaxation time of \n
The matters of the accuracy and sensitivity of the technique, the peculiarities of speckle image variations, contribution assessment for values \n
We underpinned and approved a cell activity parameter \n
Obtaining data by averaging by the cell thickness is a drawback of this technique. Still, the logic of the technique development and the practical needs set the task of determining the mean value, variance, and relaxation time of the medium refraction index in every small section of the cell. The author reported about the ways to solve this problem at two conferences [44, 45]. Theoretical and experimental underpinning of a speckle tomography for the live cell that would permit a solution to this problem is the subject of our further research.
\nThis work discussed theoretical and experimental underpinning of an interference technique that permits studying irreversible processes occurring near the surface of reflecting objects and inside thin transparent objects by variation of speckle images. The author’s scientific interests lie in the sphere of studying longevity of living and nonliving matter. So, the research targets were specimens made from constructive materials tested for high-cycle fatigue as well as cultured live cells.
\nThe theoretically obtained formulas established the relationship among the parameters characterizing variation of optical wave paths in small sections of an object and the parameters characterizing variation of speckles in the conjugated region. Such parameters for a reflecting object were the mean value, variance, the relaxation time of difference \n
For the variant, when variation of \n
In experiments set up for testing of the theory, speckle dynamics was created by displacement of a rough transparent plate, by variation of shape, roughness, and the refraction index of metal and Plexiglas specimens in their high-cycle fatigue. Good quantitative coincidence of the theory and the experiment was shown.
\nIt was shown that by way of speckle time-averaging the technique permits real-time determination of the 1-nm-order measurements of \n
It was demonstrated that with increasing base Δ
It was also shown that using this technique, one can determine the limiting variations of roughness parameter Ra, value ε and refraction index n that correspond to the crack start. Therefore, knowing the limiting measurements of these parameters and monitoring their variation rate while exploiting the part, one could in principle assess the time to its macroscopic fracture. Development of such a technique can be the subject of further research.
\nWhen the technique was applied for studying live cells, it was shown that the variance of value \n
The author would like to thank the young colleagues and students I. Kamantsev, N. Drukarenko, Yu. Mikhailova, and K. Myznov for their help in conducting experiments.
\nDuring the lockdown, those of us who felt trapped seemed to be more willing than ever before to share our experiences of interaction in digital space and to engage with nature in virtual space. This seems to suggest, once again, that it is worth discussing the impact of our engagement with nature in digital space on our physical and mental health. Moreover, furthermore, the interest and fascination with virtual contact with nature in cyberspace suggest the possibility of smart tourism with interaction with digital nature at its core.
It is said that there is a program hidden in our DNA. This is known as “biophilia” and became more widely known when the renowned biologist E.O. Wilson described it as an innate fascination with life and vital activity [1]. The possibilities and prospects for virtual engagement with nature and smart tourism, which this chapter focuses on, are easier to understand if the discussion is based on this concept of biophilia. No matter how urban our lives are, an encounter with nature can stop us in an instant. According to Wilson, biophilia is defined as the accumulation of genes as a result of early humans struggle to survive in the wild, interwoven with the wisdom and experience to interpret sounds and smells, to know what to do when the weather changes and to survive [2].
Today, our daily life consists of a combination of the physical and cyber environment. It is well known that contact with nature has a positive impact on our well-being, and the restrictions on behavior caused by blockades brought about by COVID have had a significant impact on various industrial and economic sectors.
And the “New Normal” transition is also creating new business opportunities for socio-economic activities. The field of digital tourism, which this chapter discusses, is one genre that is expected to flourish. Originally, contact with nature was suggested to support emotional well-being, reduce stress, improve concentration, and ease heart rate and hypertension [3]. This is where the theme of interaction with nature, not only in real contexts but also virtually, contributes to the creation of new business opportunities.
Already, online fitness packages, health promotion programs, cooking, and language learning are examples of online businesses that companies are entering and users are beginning to enjoy the benefits of these services. We are beginning to see the products of virtual experiences in cyberspace.
Under this circumstance, digital tourism is attracting the interest of researchers and practitioners as a potential field, but there are still not many examples of in-depth examinations based on the attitudes and expectations of actual consumers.
This chapter explores how digital forest bathing and other digital behaviors and interactions affect people’s affinity for virtual nature and how they influence their purchasing intentions for smart tourism.
Digital nature is a promising and stimulating alternative to real nature for people with limited access to green spaces or who are housebound, such as during the global lockdown of COVID-19 [4]. A digital nature video and overall leisure activities of adults in the USA and their relationship to mental health were investigated based on a mixed analytical approach and revealed a positive impact of physical nature engagement on the subjective well-being of the participants [5]. On the other hand, when it comes to physical contact with nature, living far from nature is a significant predictor of loneliness scores, and short-term contact with nature does not significantly improve loneliness [6].
It has been suggested that contact with nature is important for mental and social well-being [7, 8] but that a certain “quantity” of interaction with nature is necessary, and that interaction with nature in digital space has a positive impact on people’s well-being. This suggests that digital nature has great potential as a complementary strategy for people who are less mobile and have less frequent contact with nature or interactions with others, or for older people with mobility difficulties [9, 10, 11].
There is some debate about how interaction with digital nature materials contributes to well-being and mental health, including the differing effects of visual information (videos and photographs) and auditory information (sounds) [12]. Following the format of Song et al.’s [12] experiment, in the present study, a video of a forest stream was used as visual stimuli (Figure 1). Subjects participated in the experiment by viewing the experimental photographs in a free and relaxed atmosphere through a PC they were familiar with and were using regularly.
Visual stimulation image.
Next, they were given combined auditory stimuli, such as the rustling of trees in the wind and the murmur of a babbling brook. The stream sounds were made from high-resolution sound recordings. As with the visual stimuli, each subject received the composite stimuli through the screen and speakers of a familiar PC. Prior to the experiment, 10 participants were randomly selected as volunteers to listen to the participants’ sensory evaluation of the intensity of the sound, which confirmed that they found this sound “easy to listen to.”
The composite stimulus here, that is, the combined visual and auditory stimulus, was provided as a control stimulus with the option of quietly viewing a gray image without forest-derived stimuli. The study sought to ascertain subjective ratings of visual stimuli only vs. composite stimuli via (1) the evaluation of visual stimuli only vs. combined stimuli, and (2) the impact of the combined stimuli on the subject’s transformation to environmentally oriented behavior. These were studied in a comparative manner.
There is some debate about how interaction with digital natural materials contributes to well-being and mental health, including the different effects of visual information (videos and photos) and auditory information (sounds) [13]. This study states that when people’s behavior was constrained in the COVID-19 era, online communities and gaming activities became more active and the impact of COVID-19 significantly changed people’s lifestyle and behavior in the digital space. Oe [9] found that this feeling of connectedness with others led to positive impacts of cyberspace activities, and in the light of the behavior of digital natives, they valued the positive impacts of online gaming and other activities. In addition, digital natives are more likely to be more active if they can play online games in digital space, which has a positive impact on their efforts in light of digital native behavior, such as the healing of loneliness and emotional support from the new interactions created in the gaming community.
It is also known that in the COVID-19 era, there was an increased tendency to interact with nature and share videos and photos of transposed natural landscapes on social networking sites [14]. Furthermore, it has been found that people are more likely to engage in physical gardening and enjoy interacting with nature in neighborhood green spaces than before the pandemic [15].
So, can virtual tourism or digital nature smart tourism, with interaction with nature in digital space at its core, gain consumer support? And what segments of the population have affinity and purchasing intentions?
Pai et al. [16] and Ye et al. [17] discussed the role of smart tourism technology as one of the triggers to enhance the values of smart tourism experiences from a sustainable context. On the other hand, Dabeedooal et al. [18] highlighted that smart tourism can be a pillar of sustainable urban development; as Kontogianni & Alepis [19] stated, smart tourism is one of the popular topics in the tourism and hospitality sector. However, not many studies have examined the antecedents and behavioral patterns of smart tourism purchasing behavior of citizens and consumers based on empirical data.
Two factors, (i) respondents’ environment-related activities in digital space, and (ii) virtual connections with others, were positioned as hypothetical antecedents, and the degree to which these two factors evoked respondents’ “environment-oriented behavior” (direct effect) was examined (Figure 2). Next, as a mediating effect, respondents were asked to experience digital forest bathing indirectly, and the extent to which the degree of appreciation of digital forest bathing determined respondents’ purchase intention was examined quantitatively (Figure 3).
Conceptual framework of the direct model.
Conceptual framework of digital forest bathing model.
This study will use quantitative methods to test whether digital space activities and digital forest bathing influence citizens’ purchase intention of smart tourism through a hypothetical route. As shown in Figure 3, the impact is examined using the relaxing effect of digital forest bathing as a mediating variable. A total of 300 valid responses were obtained to be used in the analysis, taking into account a balance of gender, age group, etc. The observed variables used in the model for hypothesis testing were shared from questionnaires obtained from previous studies and collected through a five-point Likert scale choice [20].
A questionnaire survey of individuals in Japan was conducted and validated. While there is an accumulation of studies focusing on digital forest bathing and human interaction with nature in cyberspace (mainly based on data sets from areas of developed economies), the latest data sets are in Japan, the birthplace of forest bathing (i.e., with restrictions on physical behavior due to COVID-19).
In the metropolitan area around Tokyo, the geographical distance to the deep forest is far, and it takes about two and a half hours one way to reach places, such as Okutama Forest, a well-known forest bathing area in the suburbs, which poses access issues. The questionnaire was translated into Japanese and subsequently finalized by two bilingual experts, following the process recommended by Brislin [21]. Three university professors and four volunteer Japanese citizens participated in the pilot test and the wording of the survey items was refined to improve the overall quality. The content was refined by improving the order of questions and wording. In the end, the survey reached 300 reciprocal respondents, with a balanced collection of gender, place of residence, work history, and annual income. The survey itself was conducted online, in view of the COVID-19 situation.
Measurements were made on the scale developed by Shen et al. [5] and Kryshtanovskaya and Lavrov [6], which is based on five items, including virtual activities and connectedness with others (two latent factors). Each factor consisted of five observed variables. The mediating variable (digital forest bathing) was considered two observed variables, based on the work of Song et al. [12]. Cronbach’s alpha was employed as an indicator to test reliability, with each variable showing a desirable value of 0.8 or higher, indicating strong internal consistency.
The explained variables of the model consist of measures of the purchase intention of smart tourism of the subjects ([22]). All items were measured on a five-point Likert scale. The scale ranged from “strongly disagree = 1” to “strongly agree = 5.”
After cleaning the obtained data, the model was validated by semi-structural equation modeling using AMOS ver26. The model measured the impact of each factor on purchase intention of smart tourism through two patterns—a model measuring only the direct effect (Figures 3 and 4), which measures the impact of the antecedents on purchase intention of smart tourism using citizens’ satisfaction with digital forest bathing as a mediating effect.
SEM result of the direct model.
Prior to detailed analysis, it is necessary to examine the profile of the data set obtained. It was shown that a balanced data set was recovered by attribute (Table 1).
Frequency | Percent | Cumulative percent | |
---|---|---|---|
Male | 150 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Female | 150 | 50.0 | 100.0 |
Total | 300 | 100.0 | |
20s | 60 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
30s | 60 | 20.0 | 40.0 |
40s | 60 | 20.0 | 60.0 |
50s | 60 | 20.0 | 80.0 |
60s | 60 | 20.0 | 100.0 |
Total | 300 | 100.0 | |
Unmarried | 147 | 49.0 | 49.0 |
Married | 153 | 51.0 | 100.0 |
Total | 300 | 100.0 | |
Grad School | 11 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
University | 149 | 49.7 | 53.3 |
College | 66 | 22.0 | 75.3 |
Highschool or under | 74 | 24.7 | 100.0 |
Total | 300 | 100.0 | |
Under $20,000 | 138 | 46.0 | 46.0 |
$20001–50,000 | 115 | 38.3 | 84.3 |
$50001–90,000 | 34 | 11.3 | 95.7 |
Upper $90,001 | 13 | 4.3 | 100.0 |
Total | 300 | 100.0 |
Demographic profile.
Once the indicators for the classification of respondents by personality have been completed and the procedures have been confirmed, it is time to test the hypotheses.
First, the consistency and rationality of the latent factors included in the model for analysis will be checked. For this purpose, factor analysis is conducted on the observed variables for purchase intention of smart tourism and antecedents. Table 2 shows a descriptive analysis result of the data set.
N | Min | Max | Mean | Std. deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDA1:I spend more time surfing the internet, YouTube, and social networking sites than I used to | 300 | 1 | 5 | 2.98 | 1.251 |
EDA2:I spend more time playing online games than I used to | 300 | 1 | 5 | 2.14 | 1.219 |
EDA3: During the lockdown, I watch more environment-related videos | 300 | 1 | 5 | 2.05 | 1.129 |
VCC1: I have become more active in virtual socializing, for example, ZOOM, online events | 300 | 1 | 5 | 1.96 | 1.103 |
VCC2: I enjoy more virtual connectedness and communication in cyberspace than before COVID | 300 | 1 | 5 | 2.92 | 1.123 |
DFB1: Watching the video helped me to relax | 300 | 1 | 5 | 3.43 | 1.034 |
DFB2: Seeing beautiful nature photos or listening to the forest sounds make me feel better | 300 | 1 | 5 | 3.54 | 0.941 |
PIS: Purchase intention of smart tourism | 300 | 1 | 5 | 3.33 | 1.115 |
Descriptive analysis.
A factor analysis was conducted and four factors were generated (Table 3). EDA means environmental digital activities, DFB means digital forest bathing, and VCC means virtual connectivity in cyberspace.
Component | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
EDA1 | 0.835 | 0.107 | 0.029 |
EDA2 | 0.760 | 0.079 | 0.221 |
EDA3 | 0.710 | 0.134 | 0.087 |
DFB1 | 0.007 | 0.939 | 0.055 |
DFB2 | 0.044 | 0.935 | 0.070 |
VCC1 | 0.012 | 0.046 | 0.910 |
VCC2 | 0.397 | 0.087 | 0.616 |
Factor analysis.
Extraction method: Principal component analysis. Rotation method: Varimax with Kaiser normalization.
Rotation converged in four iterations.
Once the process of ascertaining how each item can explain its own construct was completed, the next examination was conducted to identify whether the constructs were valid and reliable. The composite reliabilities (CRs) and average variance extracted (AVE) from the constructs were computed by statistical procedure [23]. These were estimated and are presented in Table 4.
N | Mean | SD | CA | CR | AVE | EDA | DFB | VCC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDA | 300 | 2.389 | 0.884 | 0.799 | 0.813 | 0.593 | |||
DFB | 300 | 2.442 | 0.833 | 0.813 | 0.746 | 0.604 | 0.100 | ||
VCC | 300 | 3.385 | 0.908 | 0.711 | 0.935 | 0.878 | 0.563** | 0.177** |
Convergent and discriminant validity test.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
Values bold on the main diagonal are the square rooted of AVEs.
SD: deviation; CA: Cronbach alpha; CR: Composite reliability; and AVE: average variance standard.
As Table 4 shows, the minimum CR and AVE values are lower than 0.7 [24] and 0.5 [25]. The square root of the AVE of each element, that is, the average variance (AV) is greater than the Pearson correlation coefficient between that construct and the other constructs. This means that the discriminant validity of the variables used here was confirmed. The value of Cronbach’s alpha (CA) for each configuration is greater than 0.6, which is the lowest acceptable value, meaning that, from here, the configuration of each variable is consistent [23, 26]. Correlation analysis was performed to check for the presence of multicovariances between the relevant factors comprising structural equation modeling (SEM). In other words, high correlations are not suitable for feeding into SEM, as they indicate multicollinearity between variables. The correlation coefficient should ideally not be higher than 0.7 [27]. Thus, the results of the convergent and discriminant validity test show that all values meet the relevant requirements and the constructs are reliable and consistent, so we can move to the next step of SEM analysis [23].
Three contrasting models, no-mediation, partial mediation, and full mediation, were constructed to test the mediating effect. The control variables were also included in the estimation with paths to the mediator and dependent variables [28, 29]. Figure 4 shows the SEM results of the unmediated model, which includes three dependent variables—environmental digital activity, virtual connectivity in cyberspace, and purchase intention of smart tourism, hereafter referred to as EDA, VCC, and PIS. The results showed that the standard regression coefficient for the path of EDA and PIS was 0.221 (p < 0.05), while the path of VCC and PIS was 0.053 (p > 0.05). The covariance between VCC and EDA was 0.484 (p < 0.001). This implies that the latter path is not significant. The fitting index for this SEM model was GFI = 0.980 (>0.9), indicating a good model fit [26]. Also, Table 5 shows the path coefficient of the direct model. In this direct model, hypothesis H1 was supported but not H2.
As a mediating effect, digital forest bathing was placed in the center of the figure, hereafter referred to as DFB. The results show that the path from EDA to DFB was 0.649 (p < 0.001) and the path from VCC to DFB is highly significant at 0.476 (p < 0.001). Next, the path from DFB to PIS was 0.875 (p < 0.001). In other words, hypotheses H3, H4, and H5 are adopted. However, both paths of EDA to DFB and VCC to DFB were 0.085 (p > 0.05) and 0.017 (p > 0.05), respectively (Figure 4). This implies that both paths were not significant. Thus, H1 and H2 were rejected.
We followed the procedures outlined in Yu et al.’s [30] recent work, examining direct effects using SEM. The direct effects of EDA and VCC on BC were examined through DFB. Figure 5 shows our research SEM model. Table 6 shows the standardized regression weight, p-value, and percentile confidence level (PC) of 95% for all the direct and indirect paths, which were based on 5000 bootstrap samples, for the direct effects perceived. The indirect effect of the path EDA to DFB to PIS shows 0.441 (p < 0.001, PC = 0.278 to 0.622) and VCC to DFB to PIS shows 0.323 (p < 0.001, PC = 0.139, 0.520). This implies that both paths are significant. Thus, H6 and H7 were supported.
SEM digital environment model of mediating effect (all samples).
All samples | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
To | From | Std. regression weights | p | 95% PC | |
DFB | ← | EDA | 0.649 | ** | 0.413, 0.867 |
DFB | ← | VCC | 0.476 | ** | 0.190, 0.725 |
PIS | ← | DFB | 0.875 | ** | 0.747, 0.989 |
PIS | ← | EDA | 0.085 | 0.582 | |
PIS | ← | VCC | 0.017 | 0.904 | |
EDA1 | ← | EDA | 0.444 | ** | 0.290, 0.570 |
EDA2 | ← | EDA | 0.502 | ** | 0.365, 0.644 |
EDA3 | ← | EDA | 0.733 | ** | 0.626, 0.844 |
VCC1 | ← | VCC | 0.606 | ** | 0.430, 0.774 |
VCC2 | ← | VCC | 0.305 | ** | 0.167, 0.409 |
DFB1 | ← | DFB | 0.855 | ** | 0.763, 0.920 |
DFB2 | ← | DFB | 0.913 | ** | 0.858, 0.955 |
VCC | ← | EDA | 0.434 | ** | 0.270, 0.574 |
Indirect effects | |||||
PIS | ← | EDA | 0.441 | ** | 0.278, 0.622 |
PIS | ← | VCC | 0.323 | ** | 0.139, 0.520 |
R2 | EDA | 0.000 | |||
VCC | 0.000 | ||||
DFB | 0.079 | ||||
PIS | 0.469 | ||||
EDA1 | 0.197 | ||||
EDA2 | 0.252 | ||||
EDA3 | 0.540 | ||||
VCC1 | 0.374 | ||||
VCC2 | 0.093 | ||||
DFB1 | 0.765 | ||||
DFB2 | 0.798 | ||||
Fit indexes | Chi squire | 35.103 | |||
df | 16 | ||||
C/D | 2.194 | ||||
p | 0.004 | ||||
GFI | 0.972 | ||||
AGFI | 0.938 | ||||
CFI | 0.972 | ||||
RMSEA | 0.063 |
Path coefficient of the SEM research model.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.
df: degree of freedom, C/D: Chi-square/df, p: provability, GFI: Goodness of fit index, AGFI: Adjusted goodness of fit index, CFI: Comparative fit index, and RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation.
Squared multiple correlations (SMC) in SPSS AMOS were used as R2.
1 fix means coefficient was fixed as 1.
95% PC means percentile confidence level of 95%.
Observing the goodness of fit of the SEM research model presented in Figure 5, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.972 (>0.9) and the adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) is 0.938 (>0.9). The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is 0.063 (<0.10), which is better than the specified value [26, 28]. In summary, the fit of the model is excellent.
The SEM model of the “Digital Environment-Mediated Effects Model” for the two groups of introverted and extroverted samples shows that the GFI of the model, including the chi-square/degree of freedom, is above the desired level, and it can be evaluated that a model consisting of reliable measures has been presented.
As analyzed and discussed above, the hypothesized SEM model of digital environment effects on purchase intention of smart tourism can be assessed as presenting a model and scale consisting of reliable measures, as the indicators of goodness of fit, including chi-square/degrees of freedom, are above the desired level. And interestingly, even though the direct effect linked from EDA and VCC to PIS is nonsignificant, when looking at the indirect effect through DFB, which is set as the mediating effect, both paths to PIS are significant. In other words, the results show that simple engagement with the environment and connection with others in the digital space does not foster interest in smart tourism, but familiarity with digital forest bathing stimulates people’s interest and interest in smart tourism and stimulates their willingness to buy.
Focusing on the mediating effects of digital forest bathing, this study quantifies the impact of people’s behavior and interactions in digital spaces on enhancing their purchase intention of smart tourism. As a rule of thumb, people tend to become more familiar with the digital nature and experience subjective well-being during the lockdown period of COVID-19 behavioral restrictions. This study quantitatively reveals the pathways through which people’s behavior in digital spaces and digital forest bathing stimulates their interest in the digital environment and their willingness to purchase smart tourism.
The greatest contribution of this study is that it quantified the pathways through which people’s behavior in digital spaces, through the mediating effect of digital forest bathing, leads to people’s willingness to purchase digital tourism, and proposed practical measures and models.
The results of this study are unusual in that they show the potential of forest bathing to provide a sense of well-being and stimulate their intention to enjoy digital tours, even in places where there are no forests. For example, it suggested the possibility of increasing subjective well-being through contact with DIGITAL nature through digital forest bathing, through tourism in cyberspace and the purchase of smart tourism to improve the health of elderly people living alone and people with mobility difficulties in the aging society of the future.
This also suggests new business opportunities for tourism businesses that have suffered disruptive impacts due to COVID. In this sense, the practical contribution of this study is also to propose supporting information for the development of smart tourism strategies.
Although the study obtained results with a high potential for theoretical and practical contribution as described above, the authors are aware of several limitations. First, the size of the data set used for the analysis was not large, and the demonstration discards psychological aspects, such as the definition of smart tourism, the implementation of the technology, and the readiness of citizens for the technology. In the future, we plan to collect larger data sets to confirm and further refine the feasibility of the implementation of the number-r models and measures proposed by this study.
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It describe the bioactive compounds derived from natural resources, its phytochemical analysis, characterization and pharmacological investigation. It focuses on the success of these resources in the process of finding and discovering new and effective drug compounds that can be useful for human resources. From many years, natural products have been acting as a source of therapeutic agents and have shown beneficial uses. Only natural product drug discovery plays an important role to develop the scientific evidence of these natural resources. Research in drug discovery needs to develop robust and viable lead molecules, which step forward from a screening hit to a drug candidate through structural elucidation and structure identification through GC–MS, NMR, IR, HPLC, and HPTLC. The development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products in discovering new drugs. 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It is available in different formulations, of which oral use is promising due to its active metabolite, norketamine which reaches 2–3 times higher levels when administered orally in comparison with parenteral use. Oral use is also more feasible and easier to use in settings, where medical staff is not that present, such as home care or hospices. Oral solution of ketamine has not yet been officially licensed for use although there have been several reports which recommend its use in neuropathic pain, severe depression, airway obstruction, and anxiety. Palliative care is defined as total care for patients whose diseases do not respond to curative treatment. It encompasses good control of physical symptoms, and psychological, social and spiritual problems. Patients often experience pain, despite high doses of opioids, depression and anxiety, and dyspnea. Oral ketamine does not have the side effects of opioids therefore it represents a good alternative. It may also reduce the need for high opioid doses and be more suitable for patients who wish to avoid the necessary sedation.",book:{id:"11036",title:"Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11036.jpg"},signatures:"Mateja Lopuh"},{id:"81722",title:"Ketamine for Chronic Pain",slug:"ketamine-for-chronic-pain",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104874",abstract:"The treatment of chronic pain is a chronic problem for many specialities. It is generally based on an approach with antidepressants, anti-epileptics and opioids as drugs of first choice. It has been worked by many different protocols. Ketamine, which is known as a good anaesthetic, has been used for chronic pain. When the pain has a neuropathic component, ketamine is a promising treatment for pain management. Ketamine: by inhibiting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and having some other effects like enhancement of descending inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects at central sites, takes part in chronic pain management. Besides having analgesic effects, there are some concerns about the side effects of ketamine. Some psychedelic symptoms as hallucinations, memory defects, panic attacks, nausea and vomiting, somnolence, cardiovascular stimulation and sometimes hepatoxicity may be seen in patients. Ketamine is generally well-tolerated in clinical settings. Close monitoring of patients receiving ketamine should be mandatory in order to be aware of central nervous system, haemodynamic, renal and hepatic symptoms as well as abuse.",book:{id:"11036",title:"Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11036.jpg"},signatures:"Cigdem Yildirim Guclu"},{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11036",title:"Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11036.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81561",title:"Ketamine and Low-Resource Countries",slug:"ketamine-and-low-resource-countries",totalDownloads:51,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104651",abstract:"Safe anaesthesia and surgery are piloted to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with anaesthesia and surgery, and improve surgical outcomes. This goal is far-fetched in developing countries as a result of limited manpower, poor operation theatre infrastructure, unavailability of equipment, life-saving drugs, and anaesthetic agents. Postoperative pain is also widely undertreated in this environment, mostly due to financial constraints patients and their relatives face and the unavailability of analgesics. Sometimes the physicians face problems associated with their resource-limited working environment, such as unreliable electricity, unavailability of compressed oxygen and other gases, sophisticated machines, and modern drugs. Thus, easy adaptability and proper utilisation of available resources have been described as a resounding quality required of anaesthetists working in developing countries, to thrive and provide anaesthetic services. Ketamine is readily available in resource-limited environments, and adaptability to the use of this drug has made it possible for the anaesthetist to provide anaesthesia, pain care services, sedation, and save lives.",book:{id:"11036",title:"Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11036.jpg"},signatures:"Chimaobi Tim Nnaji"},{id:"81236",title:"The Role of Ketamine in Trauma",slug:"the-role-of-ketamine-in-trauma",totalDownloads:52,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103655",abstract:"Early and effective pain control in trauma patients improves outcomes and limits disability, but analgesia is often missed in the unstable patient, or hemodynamically depressing medications are avoided for fear of losing stability. This chapter outlines the role of ketamine in managing traumatic emergencies in both out-of-hospital and hospital environment, and beyond. Low-dose ketamine also called a sub-dissociative dose is safe, efficient and effective analgesic that can be considered for trauma patients, pediatric or adults, as an alternative to opioids or in combination with opioids for on additive or synergistic effect, with minimal impact on hemodynamic stability. Ketamine at higher doses is also an excellent drug for induction of anesthesia in rapid sequence induction (RSI), post-intubation sedation maintenance or procedural sedation in the trauma patient. Also, can be used for acute agitation and excited delirium. In this chapter, we are describing this drug focusing on a deeper understanding of the safety and efficacy of this agent and, if supported, to encourage physicians to consider ketamine for pain control in trauma and beyond. Also, we are presenting the current literature surrounding ketamine’s evidences in the trauma condition to establish its utility and profile of safety for these patients.",book:{id:"11036",title:"Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11036.jpg"},signatures:"Mihai Octavian Botea and Erika Bimbo-Szuhai"},{id:"81029",title:"Uses of Ketamine in the Paediatric Population",slug:"uses-of-ketamine-in-the-paediatric-population",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103658",abstract:"General anesthesia in pediatric patients can vary from light sedation to complete anesthesia with unconsciousness, amnesia and muscle relaxation. A wide variety of procedures are done under general anesthesia in children ranging from surgeries done for correction of congenital defects, cardiac surgeries, scoliosis surgery, hernia surgery etc. to procedures done outside the operating room (OR) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Non-Operating room Anesthesia (NORA) may include painless procedures like CT scan, MRI, radiotherapy for cancer treatment etc. or painful procedures like biopsy, lumbar puncture, securing IV access, insertion of central line etc. done in ICU which requires a cooperative child. Ketamine has an important role in the pediatric population, both as an induction agent and as a sedative-analgesic drug especially in countries where newer drugs are not readily available. Ketamine helps to alleviate separation anxiety. Even procedures done under regional techniques in some older children require use of sedation. Ketamine can be administered through various routes-IV, IM, intranasal etc. It can be used along with other groups of drugs like Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Alpha 2 agonists, Propofol etc. Thus Ketamine is a versatile drug with various indications for use in the pediatric population which will be discussed in the current chapter.",book:{id:"11036",title:"Ketamine Revisited - New Insights into NMDA Inhibitors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11036.jpg"},signatures:"Bhagyalakshmi Ramesh"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan 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