Mann-Kendall test of temperature and precipitation change trends.
\r\n\tSome studies should be linked to the late-stage tumorigenesis promoting metastasis in cancer. In addition, deregulated cellular processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation as related to different tumor types should be investigated in this book. Besides tumorigenesis, spontaneous tumor regression and its potential formation mechanisms should be reviewed or researched. In addition, the role of the deregulated immunity in tumorigenesis should be explored. The drug targets and treatment alternatives in various cancer types should be described or investigated in some studies. The studies relating to the laboratory tests used as diagnostic and prognostic in cancer patients should also be presented. Consequently, this book may include but is not limited to these topics.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46d3363b21f482c9a22ba72cca9ec4c0",bookSignature:"Dr. Nevim Aygun",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6919.jpg",keywords:"Tumorigenesis,clinical significance, biological/genetic features, genomic/chromosomal instability, prognosis, prognostic factors, tumor suppressor genes, promotion of metastasis, spontaneous regression, tumor stages, tumor types/subtypes, signaling pathways, signaling networks, deregulated cellular processes, immunity, diagnosis, laboratory tests, treatment , oncogenes, primary tumor progression",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 26th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 16th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 15th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"195365",title:"Dr.",name:"Nevim",middleName:null,surname:"Aygun",slug:"nevim-aygun",fullName:"Nevim Aygun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195365/images/system/195365.jpeg",biography:"Nevim Aygun received her Medical Biology and Genetics Ph.D. in Health Sciences. She is interested in cancer, molecular biology, human genetics, cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics, genomics, and bioinformatics. She has participated in many research projects on neuroblastoma, human gross gene deletions, non-B DNA-forming sequences, solid tumors, HCV, and leukemia, resulted in six articles, one book chapter, and numerous reports. She performed many molecular biological methods: PCR, real-time PCR, bacterial transformation, plasmid vector transfection, RNA interference, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), cytogenetic, DNA sequencing, and cell culture. She also performed genomics and biostatistics analyses using some bioinformatics tools and SPSS program. She reviewed several manuscripts for some medical, genetics, and genomics journals. She is the Managing Editor of a special issue in Frontiers in Bioscience now.",institutionString:"Independent Scientist",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35334",title:"Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Corrective Osteotomy Techniques for the Malunited Distal Radius",doi:"10.5772/38831",slug:"three-dimensional-computer-assisted-corrective-osteotomy-techniques-of-the-malunited-distal-radius",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35334.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35334",totalDownloads:2127,totalViews:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"July 7th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 8th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 11th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35334",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35334",book:{slug:"the-role-of-osteotomy-in-the-correction-of-congenital-and-acquired-disorders-of-the-skeleton"},signatures:"Joy C. Vroemen and Simon D. Strackee",authors:[{id:"119836",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy",middleName:null,surname:"Vroemen",fullName:"Joy Vroemen",slug:"joy-vroemen",email:"j.c.vroemen@amc.uva.nl",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Amsterdam",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"120077",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Strackee",fullName:"Simon Strackee",slug:"simon-strackee",email:"stravis@xs4all.nl",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1760",title:"The Role of Osteotomy in the Correction of Congenital and Acquired Disorders of the Skeleton",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Role of Osteotomy in the Correction of Congenital and Acquired Disorders of the Skeleton",slug:"the-role-of-osteotomy-in-the-correction-of-congenital-and-acquired-disorders-of-the-skeleton",publishedDate:"April 11th 2012",bookSignature:"James P. Waddell",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1760.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112781",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Waddell",slug:"james-waddell",fullName:"James Waddell"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35329",title:"Surgery of the Bony and Cartilaginous Vault in Rhinoplasty",slug:"surgery-of-the-bony-and-cartilaginous-vault",totalDownloads:5609,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pavel Dolezal",authors:[{id:"108647",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Doležal",fullName:"Pavel Doležal",slug:"pavel-dolezal"}]},{id:"35330",title:"Le Fort I Osteotomy for Maxillary Repositioning and Distraction Techniques",slug:"le-fort-i-osteotomy-for-maxillary-repositioning-and-distraction",totalDownloads:43110,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Antonio Cortese",authors:[{id:"111774",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cortese",fullName:"Antonio Cortese",slug:"antonio-cortese"}]},{id:"35331",title:"Quality Control of Reconstructed Sagittal Balance for Sagittal Imbalance",slug:"quality-control-of-reconstructed-sagittal-balance-for-sagittal-imbalance",totalDownloads:2237,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kao-Wha Chang",authors:[{id:"114023",title:"Dr.",name:"Kao-Wha",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Kao-Wha Chang",slug:"kao-wha-chang"}]},{id:"35332",title:"Pelvic and Hip Osteotomies in Children",slug:"pelvic-and-hip-osteotomy-in-children",totalDownloads:6229,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"I. Gavrankapetanovic",authors:[{id:"114919",title:"Prof.",name:"Ismet",middleName:null,surname:"Gavrankapetanovic",fullName:"Ismet Gavrankapetanovic",slug:"ismet-gavrankapetanovic"}]},{id:"35333",title:"Acetabular Augmentation by Residual Hip Dysplasia",slug:"acetabular-augmentation-by-residual-hip-dysplasia",totalDownloads:2299,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Borut Pompe and Vane Antolič",authors:[{id:"113879",title:"Dr.",name:"Borut",middleName:null,surname:"Pompe",fullName:"Borut Pompe",slug:"borut-pompe"},{id:"116999",title:"Prof.",name:"Vane",middleName:null,surname:"Antolič",fullName:"Vane Antolič",slug:"vane-antolic"}]},{id:"35340",title:"Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy",slug:"opening-wedge-high-tibial-osteotomy",totalDownloads:5223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cristiano Hossri Ribeiro, Nilson Roberto Severino and Ricardo de Paula Leite Cury",authors:[{id:"116387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Cristiano Ribeiro",slug:"cristiano-ribeiro"},{id:"138126",title:"Prof.",name:"Nilson Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Severino",fullName:"Nilson Roberto Severino",slug:"nilson-roberto-severino"},{id:"138128",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo De Paula Leite",middleName:null,surname:"Cury",fullName:"Ricardo De Paula Leite Cury",slug:"ricardo-de-paula-leite-cury"}]},{id:"35335",title:"High Tibial Osteotomy",slug:"high-tibial-osteotomy",totalDownloads:6482,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael Donnelly, Daniel Whelan and James Waddell",authors:[{id:"112781",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Waddell",fullName:"James Waddell",slug:"james-waddell"},{id:"110202",title:"Mr.",name:"MIchael",middleName:null,surname:"Donnelly",fullName:"MIchael Donnelly",slug:"michael-donnelly"},{id:"112780",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Whelan",fullName:"Daniel Whelan",slug:"daniel-whelan"}]},{id:"35336",title:"Computer-Assisted High Tibial and Double Level Osteotomies for Genu Varum Deformity",slug:"computer-assisted-high-tibial-and-double-level-osteotomies-for-genu-varum-deformity",totalDownloads:2708,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dominique Saragaglia and Sam Hakki",authors:[{id:"110568",title:"Dr.",name:"Sam",middleName:null,surname:"Hakki",fullName:"Sam Hakki",slug:"sam-hakki"},{id:"119207",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Sargaglia",fullName:"Dominique Sargaglia",slug:"dominique-sargaglia"}]},{id:"35337",title:"Digital Templating and Correction of a Valgus Post-Traumatic Lower Limb Deformity",slug:"digital-templating-and-correction-of-a-valgus-post-traumatic-lower-limb-deformity-",totalDownloads:2366,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco Lajara-Marco, Francisco J. Ricón, Carlos E. Morales and José E Salinas",authors:[{id:"115066",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Lajara-Marco",fullName:"Francisco Lajara-Marco",slug:"francisco-lajara-marco"},{id:"138035",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Ricón-Recarey",fullName:"Francisco Javier Ricón-Recarey",slug:"francisco-javier-ricon-recarey"},{id:"138036",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Morales Berenguer",fullName:"Carlos Morales Berenguer",slug:"carlos-morales-berenguer"},{id:"138037",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Salinas Gilabert",fullName:"Jose Eduardo Salinas Gilabert",slug:"jose-eduardo-salinas-gilabert"}]},{id:"35338",title:"Aiming Accuracy and Reliable Opposite Site Cortical Sparing Wedge Ostoetomy Technique - A Surgical Trick",slug:"aiming-accuracy-and-reliable-opposite-site-cortical-sparing-wedge-ostoetomy-technique-a-surgical-tri",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zoltán Csernátony, Sándor Manó and László Kiss",authors:[{id:"115637",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoltan",middleName:null,surname:"Csernátony",fullName:"Zoltan Csernátony",slug:"zoltan-csernatony"},{id:"138303",title:"MSc.",name:"Sándor",middleName:null,surname:"Manó",fullName:"Sándor Manó",slug:"sandor-mano"},{id:"138304",title:"Dr.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Kiss",fullName:"László Kiss",slug:"laszlo-kiss"}]},{id:"35339",title:"Role of High Tibial Osteotomy in Chronic Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Corner Knee Instability",slug:"role-of-high-tibial-osteotomy-in-chronic-posterior-cruciate-ligament-and-posterolateral-corner-knee-",totalDownloads:2937,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Salvatore Bisicchia and Eugenio Savarese",authors:[{id:"115677",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Bisicchia",fullName:"Salvatore Bisicchia",slug:"salvatore-bisicchia"},{id:"115679",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Savarese",fullName:"Eugenio Savarese",slug:"eugenio-savarese"}]},{id:"35334",title:"Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Corrective Osteotomy Techniques for the Malunited Distal Radius",slug:"three-dimensional-computer-assisted-corrective-osteotomy-techniques-of-the-malunited-distal-radius",totalDownloads:2127,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joy C. Vroemen and Simon D. Strackee",authors:[{id:"119836",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy",middleName:null,surname:"Vroemen",fullName:"Joy Vroemen",slug:"joy-vroemen"},{id:"120077",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Strackee",fullName:"Simon Strackee",slug:"simon-strackee"}]},{id:"35341",title:"Hallux Valgus Correction in Young Patients with Minimally Invasive Technique",slug:"hallux-valgus-correction-in-young-patients-with-minimally-invasive-technique",totalDownloads:7147,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Salvatore Moscadini and Giuseppe Moscadini",authors:[{id:"115978",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Moscadini",fullName:"Salvatore Moscadini",slug:"salvatore-moscadini"},{id:"117073",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Moscadini",fullName:"Giuseppe Moscadini",slug:"giuseppe-moscadini"}]},{id:"35342",title:"Minimally Invasive Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy for Mild-to-Moderate Hallux Valgus",slug:"minimally-invasive-distal-metatarsal-osteotomy-for-mild-to-moderate-hallux-valgus",totalDownloads:6554,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Enan",authors:[{id:"112578",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Ibrahim",surname:"Enan",fullName:"Ahmed Enan",slug:"ahmed-enan"}]},{id:"35343",title:"Joint Salvage Techniques for Stage III/IV Hallux Rigidus",slug:"joint-salvage-techniques-for-stage-iii-iv-hallux-rigidu",totalDownloads:6123,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lawrence M. Oloff, Colin Traynor and Shahan R. Vartivarian",authors:[{id:"116941",title:"Dr.",name:"Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Oloff",fullName:"Lawrence Oloff",slug:"lawrence-oloff"},{id:"154621",title:"Dr.",name:"Colin",middleName:null,surname:"Traynor",fullName:"Colin Traynor",slug:"colin-traynor"},{id:"154622",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahan",middleName:null,surname:"Vartivarian",fullName:"Shahan Vartivarian",slug:"shahan-vartivarian"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"368",title:"Skin Grafts",subtitle:"Indications, Applications and Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78bb532197274bb1fe80d42c800a1b00",slug:"skin-grafts-indications-applications-and-current-research",bookSignature:"Marcia Spear",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/368.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61993",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia",surname:"Spear",slug:"marcia-spear",fullName:"Marcia Spear"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"18924",title:"Split-Thickness Skin Grafts",slug:"split-thickness-skin-grafts",signatures:"Tamer Seyhan",authors:[{id:"53040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",middleName:null,surname:"Seyhan",fullName:"Tamer Seyhan",slug:"tamer-seyhan"}]},{id:"18925",title:"Skin Graft Harvesting and Donor Site Selection",slug:"skin-graft-harvesting-and-donor-site-selection",signatures:"Yusuf Kenan Coban, Ahmet Hamdi Aytekin and Göktekin Tenekeci",authors:[{id:"45584",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuf Kenan",middleName:null,surname:"Coban",fullName:"Yusuf Kenan Coban",slug:"yusuf-kenan-coban"},{id:"54839",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet Hamdi",middleName:null,surname:"Aytekin",fullName:"Ahmet Hamdi Aytekin",slug:"ahmet-hamdi-aytekin"},{id:"54847",title:"Dr.",name:"Goktekin",middleName:null,surname:"Tenekeci",fullName:"Goktekin Tenekeci",slug:"goktekin-tenekeci"}]},{id:"18926",title:"Indications of Skin Graft",slug:"indications-of-skin-graft",signatures:"Abdou Darwish",authors:[{id:"45367",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdou",middleName:null,surname:"Darwish",fullName:"Abdou Darwish",slug:"abdou-darwish"}]},{id:"18927",title:"Full Thickness Skin Grafts",slug:"full-thickness-skin-grafts",signatures:"Saikat Ray and Krishna Rao",authors:[{id:"47548",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",fullName:"Krishna Rao",slug:"krishna-rao"},{id:"61637",title:"Mr",name:"Saikat",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",fullName:"Saikat Ray",slug:"saikat-ray"}]},{id:"18928",title:"Lower Third Nasal Skin Grafting",slug:"lower-third-nasal-skin-grafting",signatures:"James F. Thornton and Emily D. Rapstine",authors:[{id:"49003",title:"Dr.",name:"James F.",middleName:null,surname:"Thornton",fullName:"James F. Thornton",slug:"james-f.-thornton"},{id:"60354",title:"Ms",name:"Emily",middleName:"Diane",surname:"Rapstine",fullName:"Emily Rapstine",slug:"emily-rapstine"}]},{id:"18929",title:"Penis-Sparing Surgery with Neo-Glans Reconstruction for Benign, Premalignant or Malignant Penile Lesions",slug:"penis-sparing-surgery-with-neo-glans-reconstruction-for-benign-premalignant-or-malignant-penile-lesi",signatures:"Enzo Palminteri, Fernando Fusco, Elisa Berdondini and Andrea Salonia",authors:[{id:"63021",title:"Dr.",name:"Enzo",middleName:null,surname:"Palminteri",fullName:"Enzo Palminteri",slug:"enzo-palminteri"},{id:"63022",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferdinando",middleName:null,surname:"Fusco",fullName:"Ferdinando Fusco",slug:"ferdinando-fusco"},{id:"63023",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Berdondini",fullName:"Elisa Berdondini",slug:"elisa-berdondini"},{id:"63024",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Salonia",fullName:"Andrea Salonia",slug:"andrea-salonia"}]},{id:"18930",title:"Skin and Soft Tissue Injuries in Congenital Vascular Malformations",slug:"skin-and-soft-tissue-injuries-in-congenital-vascular-malformations",signatures:"Kyung-Bok Lee and Dong-Ik Kim",authors:[{id:"51380",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong-Ik",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Dong-Ik Kim",slug:"dong-ik-kim"},{id:"59461",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyung-Bok",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kyung-Bok Lee",slug:"kyung-bok-lee"}]},{id:"18931",title:"Oral Mucosa Graft",slug:"oral-mucosa-graft",signatures:"Ismaila A Mungadi and Ngwobia P Agwu",authors:[{id:"45350",title:"Prof.",name:"Ismaila",middleName:"Arzika",surname:"Mungadi",fullName:"Ismaila Mungadi",slug:"ismaila-mungadi"},{id:"59344",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"Ngwobia",surname:"Agwu",fullName:"Peter Agwu",slug:"peter-agwu"}]},{id:"18932",title:"Full-Thickness Skin Grafts in Reconstructive Dermatologic Surgery of Nasal Defects",slug:"full-thickness-skin-grafts-in-reconstructive-dermatologic-surgery-of-nasal-defects",signatures:"Carmen Fernández-Antón Martínez and Ricardo Suárez-Fernández",authors:[{id:"55130",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Antón Martínez",fullName:"Carmen Fernández-Antón Martínez",slug:"carmen-fernandez-anton-martinez"},{id:"59334",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo María",middleName:null,surname:"Suárez Fernández",fullName:"Ricardo María Suárez Fernández",slug:"ricardo-maria-suarez-fernandez"}]},{id:"18933",title:"Surgical Treatment of Post-Burn Trophic Ulcers and Cicatrices of the Foot Calcaneal Area",slug:"surgical-treatment-of-post-burn-trophic-ulcers-and-cicatrices-of-the-foot-calcaneal-area",signatures:"Babur M. Shakirov",authors:[{id:"49829",title:"Prof.",name:"Babur",middleName:null,surname:"Shakirov",fullName:"Babur Shakirov",slug:"babur-shakirov"}]},{id:"18934",title:"Preputial Skin Grafts",slug:"preputial-skin-grafts",signatures:"Ahmet Bulent Dogrul and Kaya Yorganci",authors:[{id:"51997",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaya",middleName:null,surname:"Yorganci",fullName:"Kaya Yorganci",slug:"kaya-yorganci"},{id:"59910",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet Bulent",middleName:null,surname:"Dogrul",fullName:"Ahmet Bulent Dogrul",slug:"ahmet-bulent-dogrul"}]},{id:"18935",title:"Treatment of Adult-Acquired Buried Penis",slug:"treatment-of-adult-acquired-buried-penis",signatures:"W. Britt Zimmerman and Richard A. Santucci",authors:[{id:"52597",title:"Dr.",name:"W. Britt",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",fullName:"W. Britt Zimmerman",slug:"w.-britt-zimmerman"},{id:"59671",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard A.",middleName:null,surname:"Santucci",fullName:"Richard A. Santucci",slug:"richard-a.-santucci"}]},{id:"18936",title:"Skin Graft Preservation",slug:"skin-graft-preservation",signatures:"Liangpeng Ge, Zhenggen Huang and Hong Wei",authors:[{id:"50490",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Hong Wei",slug:"hong-wei"},{id:"57718",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenggen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Zhenggen Huang",slug:"zhenggen-huang"}]},{id:"18937",title:"Comparative Study of Skin Graft Tolerance and Rejection in the Frog Xenopus Laevis",slug:"comparative-study-of-skin-graft-tolerance-and-rejection-in-the-frog-xenopus-laevis",signatures:"Hristina Nedelkovska and Jacques Robert",authors:[{id:"45072",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",fullName:"Jacques Robert",slug:"jacques-robert"},{id:"59684",title:"Ms",name:"Hristina",middleName:null,surname:"Nedelkovska",fullName:"Hristina Nedelkovska",slug:"hristina-nedelkovska"}]},{id:"18938",title:"The Effect of Human Recombinant Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and Tacrolimus (FK506) in Autologous and Homologous Full Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG) Take and Viability in a Rat Model",slug:"the-effect-of-human-recombinant-erythropoietin-rhuepo-and-tacrolimus-fk506-in-autologous-and-homolog",signatures:"Dimitrios Karypidis, Despina Perrea, Othon Papadopoulos and Alkiviadis Kostakis",authors:[{id:"45544",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Karypidis",fullName:"Dimitrios Karypidis",slug:"dimitrios-karypidis"},{id:"59271",title:"Dr.",name:"Despina",middleName:null,surname:"Perrea",fullName:"Despina Perrea",slug:"despina-perrea"},{id:"59272",title:"Prof.",name:"Othon",middleName:null,surname:"Papadopoulos",fullName:"Othon Papadopoulos",slug:"othon-papadopoulos"}]},{id:"18939",title:"Recent Innovation in Pretreatment for Skin Grafts Using Regenerative Medicine in the East",slug:"recent-innovation-in-pretreatment-for-skin-grafts-using-regenerative-medicine-in-the-east",signatures:"Hitomi Sano and Shigeru Ichioka",authors:[{id:"52821",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeru",middleName:null,surname:"Ichioka",fullName:"Shigeru Ichioka",slug:"shigeru-ichioka"},{id:"59380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sano",fullName:"Hitomi Sano",slug:"hitomi-sano"}]},{id:"18940",title:"Application of the Nanocrystalline Silver in Treatment of Burn Wounds in Children",slug:"application-of-the-nanocrystalline-silver-in-treatment-of-burn-wounds-in-children",signatures:"Maya Argirova and Ognian Hadjiiski",authors:[{id:"58705",title:"PhD.",name:"Maya",middleName:null,surname:"Argirova",fullName:"Maya Argirova",slug:"maya-argirova"},{id:"62439",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognian",middleName:null,surname:"Hadjiiski",fullName:"Ognian Hadjiiski",slug:"ognian-hadjiiski"}]},{id:"18941",title:"How Does Human Amniotic Membrane Help Major Burn Patients Who Need Skin Grafting: New Experiences",slug:"how-does-human-amniotic-membrane-help-major-burn-patients-who-need-skin-grafting-new-experiences",signatures:"Ali Akbar Mohammadi and Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi",authors:[{id:"50621",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",fullName:"Ali Akbar Mohammadi",slug:"ali-akbar-mohammadi"},{id:"58843",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Kazem",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",fullName:"Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi",slug:"mohammad-kazem-mohammadi"}]},{id:"18942",title:"Influence of Microorganisms on the Healing of Skin Grafts from Chronic Venous Leg Wounds",slug:"influence-of-microorganisms-on-the-healing-of-skin-grafts-from-chronic-venous-leg-wounds",signatures:"Tine Yding Wolff, Thomas Bjarnsholt, Klaus Kirketerp-Møller and Trine Rolighed Thomsen",authors:[{id:"49457",title:"Dr.",name:"Trine Rolighed",middleName:null,surname:"Thomsen",fullName:"Trine Rolighed Thomsen",slug:"trine-rolighed-thomsen"},{id:"49462",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Bjarnsholt",fullName:"Thomas Bjarnsholt",slug:"thomas-bjarnsholt"},{id:"49463",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Kirketerp-Møller",fullName:"Klaus Kirketerp-Møller",slug:"klaus-kirketerp-moller"},{id:"60054",title:"MSc",name:"Tine",middleName:"Yding",surname:"Wolff",fullName:"Tine Wolff",slug:"tine-wolff"}]},{id:"18943",title:"Clinical Evaluation of Glyaderm, a Dermal Substitute Based on Glycerinized Donor Skin",slug:"clinical-evaluation-of-glyaderm-a-dermal-substitute-based-on-glycerinized-donor-skin",signatures:"Pirayesh A., Richters CD, Hoeksema H, Verbelen J, Heyneman A and Monstrey S.",authors:[{id:"56158",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Richters",fullName:"Cornelia Richters",slug:"cornelia-richters"}]},{id:"18944",title:"External Wire Frame Fixation for Skin Grafts",slug:"external-wire-frame-fixation-for-skin-grafts",signatures:"Rei Ogawa and Hiko Hyakusoku",authors:[{id:"45225",title:"Dr.",name:"Rei",middleName:null,surname:"Ogawa",fullName:"Rei Ogawa",slug:"rei-ogawa"},{id:"59886",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiko",middleName:null,surname:"Hyakusoku",fullName:"Hiko Hyakusoku",slug:"hiko-hyakusoku"}]},{id:"18945",title:"Efficacy of Autogenous Dermis Graft for Wound Coverage",slug:"efficacy-of-autogenous-dermis-graft-for-wound-coverage",signatures:"Seung-Kyu Han",authors:[{id:"60148",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung-Kyu",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Seung-Kyu Han",slug:"seung-kyu-han"}]},{id:"18946",title:"Cryopreservation of Skin Tissues for Skin Grafts",slug:"cryopreservation-of-skin-tissues-for-skin-grafts",signatures:"Suong-Hyu Hyon",authors:[{id:"51336",title:"Prof.",name:"Suong-Hyu",middleName:null,surname:"Hyon",fullName:"Suong-Hyu Hyon",slug:"suong-hyu-hyon"}]},{id:"18947",title:"Sentinel Skin Allograft for Monitoring of Composite Tissue Transplants Rejection",slug:"sentinel-skin-allograft-for-monitoring-of-composite-tissue-transplants-rejection",signatures:"Zamfirescu DG, Lascar I and Lanzetta M",authors:[{id:"52765",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos",middleName:null,surname:"Zamfirescu",fullName:"Dragos Zamfirescu",slug:"dragos-zamfirescu"}]},{id:"18948",title:"Immunological Considerations for Inducing Skin Graft Tolerance",slug:"immunological-considerations-for-inducing-skin-graft-tolerance",signatures:"Ethel J. Gordon",authors:[{id:"56692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ethel",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Ethel Gordon",slug:"ethel-gordon"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63220",title:"Analysis for Soil Moisture in Jiangsu Province, China, Using GLDAS Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80736",slug:"analysis-for-soil-moisture-in-jiangsu-province-china-using-gldas-data",body:'Nowadays, the global temperature is warming, so the weather changes became a hot topic today. Soil moisture plays a very key role in the process of climate evolution. It not only carries the responsibilities of energy and water exchange between land and atmosphere, but also takes part in charge of land-atmosphere interaction. Soil moisture and climate changes are connected, soil albedo, soil heat capacity, the transfer of heat into the atmosphere, and so on are affected by the change of soil moisture and thus indirectly affect climate change, but climate change will also re-act on the soil, and change its moisture content. For example, the heat capacity of the soil is small but the surface albedo is large, the transfer of heat into the atmosphere is not obvious in the area of small soil moisture; in different soil moisture area, the form of interaction is not the same [1, 2]. Because of the deep soil vertical direction, for the precipitation, soil moisture lags about 1–2 months. So, climate change is also restricted because of the soil moisture in the future [3]. In the same area, the evolution of soil moisture is mainly affected by the properties of soil, the strength of the light, the moisture of the air, the size of the wind speed, and so on. Particularly, the evolution of soil moisture is easy to be affected by temperature and precipitation [4]. Since the soil moisture plays a critical impact on the evolution of climate, soil moisture becomes the first consideration [5, 6, 7, 8].
Affected by the length of the observation data and the influence of the area, the research of the climate evolution of the soil moisture in the area and the length of time is still very limited [4]. The numerical simulation is mature, and the study area and time scale are expanded. However, the correctness of numerical simulation is dependent on correct initial conditions [9]. Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) in order to overcome the scale difficulties and built up a global high-resolution land surface assimilation system, compared with other simulation products, GLDAS-driven data are more accurate and the simulation results are more reasonable. Currently, GLDAS supports a lot of research work with its unique advantages [10].
Currently, the applicability of GLDAS products has yet to be verified by the measured data [11, 12], but its distinct characteristics make many different works to be solved [13, 14, 15]. Some scholars reported that soil moisture change is active in the eastern China, the land-atmosphere interaction is very active, and the climate change is affected by the soil moisture greatly [16]. Coupled experiments have found strong coupling regions of soil moisture and precipitation: soil moisture in these regions is highly sensitive to precipitation [16]. Adding the soil moisture data assimilation not only improves the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature in eastern China, but also makes the earth’s surface temperature and rainfall simulation value be close to the observations [17]. Based on the observed data of soil moisture, some scholars studied the vertical evolution characteristics of soil moisture, and the relationship with precipitation [18], and the other scholars studied the relationship between soil moisture and climatic variation [19].
In this chapter, we used the data of GLDAS to analyze the evolution characteristics of soil moisture, focusing on the evolution characteristics of soil moisture and assessing the effects and differences between temperature and precipitation in different seasons from 1961 to 2011 in Jiangsu province, China. As soil moisture is an important reference of climate change, the evaluation of dry and wet climate conditions is significant not only to meteorology, but also to the natural environment, farming cultivation, and so on.
The study area is located in the central part of China’s east coast, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huaie River in Jiangsu province, China (30–35°N and 116–121°E). The east of Jiangsu is Yellow Sea. The annual runoff is between 150 and 400 mm in Jiangsu province, while there is more precipitation in the south than in the north. The average temperature was between 12 and 16°C in Jiangsu province, China, rising from northeast to southwest. Jiangsu belongs to the transitional climate of the temperate zone to the subtropics, with mild climate, moderate rainfall, four distinct seasons. The Huaihe River and irrigation canal in north Jiangsu are considered as the boundary, always belongs to the humid warm temperate zone, north subhumid monsoon climate, the south of a subtropical humid monsoon climate.
GLDAS currently offers two versions of the dataset, namely GLDAS-1 and GLDAS-2; the former version provides CLM, Noah, MOS and 1 × 1° resolution land surface air pressure, air temperature, wind speed, rainfall, evaporation rate, snow rate, and soil moisture data since 1979 generated by VIC model as well as the resolution of the global 0.25 × 0.25° datasets since 2000 generated by Noah model [20]; GLDAS-2 provides datasets from 1948 to 2010 generated by Noah, in which resolution is 0.25 × 0.25° and 1 × 1° [21]. The time resolution of GLDAS-1 and GLDAS-2 both producing meteorological elements is 3 h, which is the basis for composing monthly scale data. In this chapter, we choose four layers’ soil moisture data from GLDAS-2.0 and observed data of temperature and precipitation. The flow chart is shown in Figure 1.
The flow chart of the analysis for the evolution characteristics of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture in Jiangsu province.
In the chapter, we use information flow (IF) and Mann-Kendall test to investigate the change in soil moisture.
We choose a newly proven mathematical method [22, 23, 24], which is able to evaluate variable causal relation between time series, to distinguish quantitatively the causality between the driving and feedback factor. This new mathematical method is based on the information flow. The new formula is inferred from first principles, rather than an empirical formula, so the property of causality is guaranteed. It also clearly shows the differences between correlation and causality. In the linear limit, the maximum likelihood estimator of the causality from X2 to X1, (units: nats per unit time) is:
where Cij is the sample covariance between Xi and Xj (i, j = 1, 2), and Ci,dj is the covariance between Xi and [Xj(t + kΔt) − Xj(t)]/(kΔt), with Δt being the time step and k ≥ 1 some integer. Ideally, when T2 → 1 is nonzero, then X2 is causal to X1 and vice versa. In practice, it usually cannot be precisely zero, and a statistical significance test should be performed [22]; in the present study, the computed causality is significant at the 95% level. A corollary of the above formula is that causation implies correlation, but correlation does not imply causation. For details about the derivation and applications (in climate science and financial economics), see Liang [23, 24, 25] among others.
Mann-Kendall (MK) method is a nonparametric statistical test method. Nonparametric test method is also called distribution test, which not only do not need a sample to follow a certain distribution, but also is not affected by the interference of a few outliers [26, 27].
The formula is expressed as:
If the Zc value is greater than zero, this means an increasing trend, the reverse is the tendency to decrease.
where xk and xi are the annual values in years k and i, and k > i, respectively.
in which ti denotes the number of ties to extent i. The summation term in the numerator is used only if the data series contains tied values.
1 < j < i < n, beta denotes slope; if beta is greater than zero, this represents rise, the reverse is decrease, the numerical value indicates the significance of the trend.
The Jiangsu province area roughly tends to warming and dry from 1961 to 2011, as shown in Table 1. Analyzing the observation data of rainfall and temperature evolution trend in Jiangsu area, we can know that temperature in Jiangsu is warming, because of the large trend coefficient and passing the confidence level of 99%, while the precipitation presents the decreasing trend, in which trend coefficient is small, and fails to pass the confidence test. These results show that in recent years, Jiangsu province became warming and slightly drier.
Category | Value Zc | Slope |
---|---|---|
Precipitation | −1.01 | −0.03 |
Temperature | 5.48*** | 0.03 |
Mann-Kendall test of temperature and precipitation change trends.
represents passed 99% significance testing.
Note:
The annual average precipitation in the south of the Yangtze river is more than in north of the Yangtze river, the value gets 10.8%. During 1961–2011, the precipitation in the south of the Yangtze river is increasing but in the north of the Yangtze river is not exactly the same. From 1985 to 1995, precipitation is reduced in the south of the Yangtze river. From microcosmic view, increase or decrease amplitude is significant in the south of the Yangtze river. The precipitation is relatively stable in the north of the Yangtze river. Interannual variability is quite different from 1971 to 2000 but gradually close in recent years.
From the perspective of the interannual relationship of extremely warm days, the threshold below (above) some station in Jiangsu has an extreme low temperature (high temperature) day, then counting extreme low temperature (high temperature) days from year to year. According to the statistical results, increasing amplitude of warm day is less than the decreasing amplitude of cold day; increasing amplitude of warm night is less than the decreasing amplitude of cold night. The phenomenon of warm days and warm nights is obvious. Overall, under the background of global warming, temperature is increasing in Jiangsu province and extreme low temperature events are reducing, but extreme high temperature events are rising.
The annual average precipitation in the south of the Yangtze river is more than in north of the Yangtze river, the value gets 10.8%. During 1961–2011, the precipitation in the south of the Yangtze river is increasing but in the north of the Yangtze river is not exactly the same. From 1985 to 1995, precipitation is reduced in the south of the Yangtze river. In general, the trends are the same. From microcosmic view, amplitude is significant in the south of the Yangtze river with significant increase or decrease. The precipitation is relatively stable in the north of the Yangtze river. Interannual variability is quite different from 1971 to 2000 but gradually close in recent years.
Characteristics of the soil moisture anomaly in Jiangsu are consistent; the biggest soil moisture change rate is located in Jiangsu, which means Jiangsu is a soil moisture-sensitive area. This area is located in China’s north and south climate transition zone, the climate change rate is large, land-atmosphere interaction is very active, so soil moisture anomalies are relatively prominent. Shallow soil moisture in Jiangsu has obvious interannual variability features and unobvious trend to dry, but there is an obvious trend to dry in the deep soil moisture since 1988. Although the interannual features of deep and shallow soil moisture have some differences in individual years, such as deep and shallow soil moisture anomalies are a reverse phase in 1989. Soil moisture in Jiangsu does not have an obvious trend for a long time, soil moisture has a 2–4 years cycle change before 1985, but the later cycle change is 6–8 years.
Soil moisture plays a leading role on seasonal time scale of land-atmosphere interaction, partial wet soil can lead to more precipitation. The soil moisture as an important physical parameter of land surface process accumulates the surface hydrological processes, which is also the main process of solid earth, material life, biochemistry cycle, and so on. Through affecting the surface albedo, heat capacity, land surface vegetation growth status, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, radiation flux and momentum flux, soil moisture can cause climate change.
Temperature and precipitation are key factors that result in the change of soil moisture, precipitation change is the main factor that affects soil moisture change, but the rise of the temperature will result in higher vapor pressure and evaporation, which increases evapotranspiration and decreases soil moisture. Using the theory of information flow in the time series of precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture in Jiangsu province found that there is a positive correlation between soil moisture and precipitation, and a negative correlation between soil moisture and temperature, but in different depth layer, the relationship is significant difference. However, previous researches about the impact of precipitation and temperature to soil moisture are mostly using the observation data in the local scale and short time scare, and just using simple mathematical correlation analysis. Under the background of global soil moisture significant changes, it is necessary to analyze long-term change trend of the impact of temperature and precipitation to soil moisture by using quantitative analysis. Therefore, the theory of information flow is used in this chapter to analyze the relationship between temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, which can deepen our understanding of soil moisture change in the long time series and the mechanisms between temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, take effective ways to inhibit the deterioration of soil moisture, improve soil condition, reasonably utilize climate resources, adjust the agricultural ecological layout, and provide a scientific reference actively respond to climate change.
Comparing the correlation and causality between temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture in Jiangsu province, it is obvious that every layer of soil moisture and precipitation has a positive correlation but temperature has negative correlation. The correlation between increasing precipitation or rising temperature and changing soil moisture alone is not necessarily to prove that the changing soil moisture is caused by the increasing precipitation or rising temperature. So we use information flow (IF) to analyze the precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture covering the period from 1961 to 2011 (51 years). We calculate the information flow (IF) in nat (natural unit of information) per unit time [nat/ut] from the 51 annual time series of precipitation and temperature to soil moisture.
The correlation of precipitation and soil moisture shows a declining with the rising of soil depth from 0.563 in the surface layer to 0.242 in the 100–200 cm layer. This result unambiguously shows precipitation has the greatest effects in the surface layer, though the rest layers are not obvious. The main reason of these results is that water in 0–10 cm layer comes from atmosphere, whereas the water in deep layer is from hydrosphere, like osmosis. Each soil (0–10 cm, 10–40 cm, 40–100 cm, and 100–200 cm), the correlation coefficient of soil moisture and temperature is 0.112, 0.458, 0.433, and 0.591, respectively. This shows that, in addition to 0–10 cm layer, the rest layers’ temperature has a larger impact the deeper the soil layer.
We calculate the information flow (IF) in nat (natural unit of information) per unit time (nat/ut) from the 51 years’ annual time series of temperature and precipitation to soil moisture. The values in Tables 2 and 3 clearly confirm that the temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture have a causal relationship. Specifically, the variation of precipitation and temperature is the main driver of the 0–10 cm soil. Obviously, the value of 0–10 cm layer is significantly different from zero, while the deeper, in comparison to the 0–10 cm layer, is negligible. This result unambiguously shows the causality in the sense that the precipitation increase and the temperature decrease are causing the 0–10 cm soil moisture increase significantly. Jiangsu is located in the subtropical and warm temperate transition zone with mild climate, four distinct seasons, significant monsoon and other typical climate characteristics. Table 4 indicates that when the temperature stabilizes more than 10°C, the correlation is positive with soil moisture in each layer and the temperature stabilizes less than 10°C, the correlation is negative. When the temperature stabilizes between 22 and 10°C, the temperature and precipitation with soil moisture in each layer has a strong correlation, and when the temperature stabilizes more than 22°C, only the shallow soil with temperature and precipitation has a strong positive correlation but a minimum correlation in 40–100 cm layer. When the temperature stabilizes less than 10°C, precipitation with soil moisture has a strong negative correlation and a weak correlation between soil moisture and temperature.
Correlation and causality | |||
---|---|---|---|
Soil layer | Correlation | Temperature→Soil moisture | Soil moisture→Temperature |
0–10 cm | −0.112 | 0.513 ± 0.019 | −0.479 ± 0.021 |
10–40 cm | −0.458 | 0.299 ± 0.019 | −0.276 ± 0.017 |
40–100 cm | −0.433 | 0.179 ± 0.010 | −0.177 ± 0.009 |
100–200 cm | −0.591 | 0.197 ± 0.010 | −0.196 ± 0.010 |
Correlation and causality between temperature and soil moisture in Jiangsu province.
The chosen unit time step is ut = 1 year.
Correlation and causality | |||
---|---|---|---|
Soil layer | Correlation | Precipitation→Soil moisture | Soil moisture→Precipitation |
0–10 cm | 0.563 | 0.853 ± 0.138 | −0.499 ± 0.029 |
10–40 cm | 0.400 | 0.366 ± 0.068 | −0.357 ± 0.019 |
40–100 cm | 0.341 | 0.199 ± 0.052 | −0.194 ± 0.011 |
100–200 cm | 0.242 | 0.219 ± 0.025 | −0.209 ± 0.012 |
Correlation and causality between precipitation and soil moisture in Jiangsu province.
The chosen unit time step is ut = 1 year.
Category | Regression coefficient | 0–10 cm | 10–40 cm | 40–100 cm | 100–200 cm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Temperature | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.95 |
Precipitation | 0.99 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |
Summer | Temperature | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0.40 |
Precipitation | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 0.31 | |
Autumn | Temperature | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Precipitation | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | |
Winter | Temperature | −0.13 | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.14 |
Precipitation | −0.91 | −0.81 | −0.88 | −0.91 |
Regression coefficients of temperature, precipitation, and soil depth in different seasons.
To study the effects of climate change or predict the climate changes, soil moisture is worth to be considered, but the lack of soil moisture observation data, the various soil moisture simulation data and uncertain output limit the pace of research. Combining the observation data and simulated data can make up the shortfall of them. With the evolution of pattern, the development of simulation data will infinite close to the observation data. In the following research, we will continue to explore GLDAS data accuracy and the scope of application.
By analyzing the evolution of soil moisture in Jiangsu province, China, a few conclusions have been summarized.
There are some differences in the decadal variability of average temperature on both sides of the Yangtze river, the average temperature in the south of the Yangtze river is higher than in the north of the Yangtze river, but the temperature is rising in whole Jiangsu. The temperature rose slightly in the early period but increased obviously in the later period. The average annual precipitation is generally more in the south of the Yangtze river than in the north of the Yangtze River, the gap between the two is bigger from 1971 to 2000. In recent years, the gap is gradually close.
By using information flow, we can know that the causality value of shallow layer is significantly different from zero, while the deeper, in comparison to the shallow layer, is negligible. This result unambiguously shows the causality in the sense that the precipitation increase and the temperature decrease are causing the shallow soil moisture increase. Soil moisture in the surface layer is more affected by precipitation in four seasons from 1961 to 2011, but precipitation has a same regularity. The variation of precipitation lags soil moisture (10–40 cm, 40–100 cm, and 100–200 cm) about 1–3 months. Deeper soil has a certain memory function for climatic evolutionary process, which can accumulate lots of data about the surface hydrological processes. In line with the data analysis, soil moisture indicates a falling trend from 1961 to 2011, while interannual change is obviously different, which shows that Jiangsu province may have future drought conditions.
Temperature and precipitation have some relationships between different layers of soil moisture. When the temperature stabilizes between 22 and 10°C, the temperature and precipitation with soil moisture in each layer have a strong correlation. Once when temperature rose, only the shallow soil has a strong positive correlation with temperature and precipitation, the minimum correlation is in 40–100 cm layer. When the temperature dropped, precipitation with soil moisture has a strong negative correlation and a weak correlation between soil moisture and temperature.
The SST data and the local governmental data are highly appreciated. This research is jointly supported by the “2015 Jiangsu Shuangchuang Program of China”, the “National Key Research and Development Program of China (Project Ref. No. 2016YFC1402003)”, and the National Foundation of Natural Science of China (No. 41506106).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Jingze Cai and Yuanzhi Zhang conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the chapter; Yu Li and Xia Lu improved the data analysis; Tingchen Jiang, X. San Liang, and Jinyeu Tsou contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10645",title:"TEST Luka EV",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"34c7613d332b05758ea87b460199db54",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10646",title:"Rozmari - Test Book - Luka 13102020",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b96ff714b24bc695b8dceba914430b85",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5806b4efae3bd91c3f56e64e0442df35",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"14096773aa1e3635ec6ceec6dd5b47a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:314},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1274",title:"Telerobotics",slug:"telerobotics",parent:{title:"Automation",slug:"automation"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"telerobotics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3593",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06ddc7871a0815453ac7c5a7463c9f87",slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",bookSignature:"Nicolas Mollet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6147",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Mollet",slug:"nicolas-mollet",fullName:"Nicolas Mollet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"10555",doi:"10.5772/9245",title:"Electronics Proposal for Telerobotics Operation of P3-DX Units",slug:"electronics-proposal-for-telerobotics-operation-of-p3-dx-units",totalDownloads:3381,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Felipe Espinosa, Marcelo Salazar, Daniel Pizarro and Fernando Valdes",authors:null},{id:"10553",doi:"10.5772/9243",title:"Subliminal Calibration for Machine Operation",slug:"subliminal-calibration-for-machine-operation",totalDownloads:1438,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Hiroshi Igarashi",authors:null},{id:"10557",doi:"10.5772/9247",title:"Stereo Vision System for Remotely Operated Robots",slug:"stereo-vision-system-for-remotely-operated-robots",totalDownloads:2797,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Angelos Amanatiadis and Antonios Gasteratos",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"10554",title:"Virtual Ubiquitous Robotic Space and Its Network-based Services",slug:"virtual-ubiquitous-robotic-space-and-its-network-based-services",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Kyeong-Won Jeon, Yong-Moo Kwon and Hanseok Ko",authors:null},{id:"10558",title:"Tele-operation and Human Robots Interactions",slug:"tele-operation-and-human-robots-interactions",totalDownloads:3248,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Ryad. Chellali",authors:null},{id:"10561",title:"Decorators Help Teleoperations",slug:"decorators-help-teleoperations",totalDownloads:1702,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Shinichi Hamasaki and Takahiro Yakoh",authors:null},{id:"10559",title:"Cable Driven Devices for Telemanipulation",slug:"cable-driven-devices-for-telemanipulation",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Carlo Ferraresi and Francesco Pescarmona",authors:null},{id:"10555",title:"Electronics Proposal for Telerobotics Operation of P3-DX Units",slug:"electronics-proposal-for-telerobotics-operation-of-p3-dx-units",totalDownloads:3381,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Felipe Espinosa, Marcelo Salazar, Daniel Pizarro and Fernando Valdes",authors:null},{id:"10557",title:"Stereo Vision System for Remotely Operated Robots",slug:"stereo-vision-system-for-remotely-operated-robots",totalDownloads:2797,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Angelos Amanatiadis and Antonios Gasteratos",authors:null},{id:"10552",title:"Consideration of Skill Improvement on Remote Control by Wireless Mobile Robot",slug:"consideration-of-skill-improvement-on-remote-control-by-wireless-mobile-robot",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Koichi Hidaka, Kazumasa Saida and Satoshi Suzuki",authors:null},{id:"10553",title:"Subliminal Calibration for Machine Operation",slug:"subliminal-calibration-for-machine-operation",totalDownloads:1438,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Hiroshi Igarashi",authors:null},{id:"10551",title:"Choosing the Tools for Improving Distant Immersion and Perception in a Teleoperation Context",slug:"choosing-the-tools-for-improving-distant-immersion-and-perception-in-a-teleoperation-context",totalDownloads:2139,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Nicolas Mollet, Ryad Chellali, and Luca Brayda",authors:null},{id:"10556",title:"An Original Approach for a Better Remote Control of an Assistive Robot",slug:"an-original-approach-for-a-better-remote-control-of-an-assistive-robot",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",fullTitle:"Remote and Telerobotics"},signatures:"Sebastien Delarue, Paul Nadrag, Antonio Andriatrimoson, Etienne Colle and Philippe Hoppenot",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"telerobotics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/203772/qian-lu",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"203772",slug:"qian-lu"},fullPath:"/profiles/203772/qian-lu",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()