Microbiological Standards for Food: cheese with high moisture (55%).
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3632",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Human-Robot Interaction",title:"Human-Robot Interaction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Human-robot interaction (HRI) is the study of interactions between people (users) and robots. HRI is multidisciplinary with contributions from the fields of human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, speech recognition, and social sciences (psychology, cognitive science, anthropology, and human factors). There has been a great deal of work done in the area of human-robot interaction to understand how a human interacts with a computer. However, there has been very little work done in understanding how people interact with robots. For robots becoming our friends, these studies will be required more and more.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-051-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5855-4",doi:"10.5772/166",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"human-robot-interaction",numberOfPages:310,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Daisuke Chugo",publishedDate:"February 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3632.jpg",numberOfDownloads:44027,numberOfWosCitations:66,numberOfCrossrefCitations:73,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:252,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"1022",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Chugo",slug:"daisuke-chugo",fullName:"Daisuke Chugo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1022/images/system/1022.jpg",biography:"Daisuke Chugo, Associate Professor, School of Science and Technology, Department of Human System Interaction. Born in 1976. Graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering in the Faculty of Science and Technology at Tokyo University of Science. Completed the Master’s Course in Mechanical Engineering from the Graduate School of Science and Technology in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Tokyo University of Science. Completed the Doctoral Course in Mathematics, Electronics and Informatics from the Graduate School of Science and Engineering at Saitama University. Received his Ph.D. in engineering. In 2009, became an Assistant Professor in the School of Science and Technology at Kwansei Gakuin University after serving in such positions as researcher in a Tokyo University research facility and Assistant Professor in the Graduate School of Information Systems at The University of Electro-Communications. Assumed his current position in 2013. Has received numerous awards from, and presented numerous papers at, international conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Kwansei Gakuin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1252",title:"Humanoid Robot",slug:"humanoid-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"8616",title:"Understanding Activities and Intentions for Human-Robot Interaction",doi:"10.5772/8127",slug:"understanding-activities-and-intentions-for-human-robot-interaction",totalDownloads:2704,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Richard Kelley, Alireza Tavakkoli, Christopher King, Monica Nicolescu and Mircea Nicolescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8616",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8617",title:"Interaction between a Human and an Anthropomorphized Object",doi:"10.5772/8128",slug:"interaction-between-a-human-and-an-anthropomorphized-object",totalDownloads:2211,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hirotaka Osawa and Michita Imai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8617",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8618",title:"Probo, an Intelligent Huggable Robot for HRI Studies with Children",doi:"10.5772/8129",slug:"probo-an-intelligent-huggable-robot-for-hri-studies-with-children",totalDownloads:2885,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kristof Goris, Jelle Saldien, Bram Vanderborght and Dirk Lefeber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8618",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8619",title:"Scaling Effects for Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Video in Multi-robot Search",doi:"10.5772/8130",slug:"scaling-effects-for-synchronous-vs-asynchronous-video-in-multi-robot-search",totalDownloads:1769,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Huadong Wang, Prasanna Velagapudi, Jijun Wang, Paul Scerri, Michael Lewis and Katia Sycara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8619",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8620",title:"Handling Manually Programmed Task Procedures in Human–Service Robot Interactions",doi:"10.5772/8131",slug:"handling-manually-programmed-task-procedures-in-human-service-robot-interactions",totalDownloads:1907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yo Chan Kim and Wan Chul Yoon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8620",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8620",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8621",title:"A Genetic Algorithm-based Approach to Dynamic Architectural Deployment",doi:"10.5772/8132",slug:"a-genetic-algorithm-based-approach-to-dynamic-architectural-deployment",totalDownloads:1946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dongsun Kim and Sooyong Park",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8621",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8621",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8622",title:"Comparison an On-screen Agent with a Robotic Agent in an Everyday Interaction Style: How to Make Users React Toward an On-screen Agent as if They are Reacting Toward a Robotic Agent",doi:"10.5772/8133",slug:"comparison-an-on-screen-agent-with-a-robotic-agent-in-an-everyday-interaction-style-how-to-make-user",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takanori Komatsu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8622",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8622",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8623",title:"Development of a Virtual Group Walking Support System",doi:"10.5772/8134",slug:"development-of-a-virtual-group-walking-support-system",totalDownloads:1649,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masashi Okubo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8623",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8624",title:"A Motion Control of a Robotic Walker for Continuous Assistance during Standing, Walking and Seating Operation",doi:"10.5772/8135",slug:"a-motion-control-of-a-robotic-walker-for-continuous-assistance-during-standing-walking-and-seating-o",totalDownloads:2457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daisuke Chugo and Kunikatsu Takase",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8624",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8625",title:"Development and Performance Evaluation of a Neural Signal Based Computer Interface",doi:"10.5772/8136",slug:"development-and-performance-evaluation-of-a-neural-signal-based-computer-interface",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Changmok Choi and Jung Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8625",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8626",title:"Integration of Electrotactile and Force Displays for Telexistence",doi:"10.5772/8137",slug:"integration-of-electrotactile-and-force-displays-for-telexistence",totalDownloads:2467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Katsunari Sato, Naoki Kawakami, and Susumu Tachi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8626",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8627",title:"Predictive Tracking in Vision-based Hand Pose Estimation Using Unscented Kalman Filter and Multi-viewpoint Cameras",doi:"10.5772/8138",slug:"predictive-tracking-in-vision-based-hand-pose-estimation-using-unscented-kalman-filter-and-multi-vie",totalDownloads:2743,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Albert Causo, Kentaro Takemura, Jun Takamatsu, Tsukasa Ogasawara, Etsuko Ueda and Yoshio Matsumoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8627",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8628",title:"Real Time Facial Feature Points Tracking with Pyramidal Lucas-Kanade Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/8139",slug:"real-time-facial-feature-points-tracking-with-pyramidal-lucas-kanade-algorithm",totalDownloads:5232,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"F. Abdat, C. Maaoui and A. Pruski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8628",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8629",title:"Improving Human-Robot Interaction through Interface Evolution",doi:"10.5772/8140",slug:"improving-human-robot-interaction-through-interface-evolution",totalDownloads:2805,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:40,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Brenden Keyes, Mark Micire, Jill L. Drury and Holly A. Yanco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8629",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8630",title:"Safe Cooperation between Human Operators and Visually Controlled Industrial Manipulators",doi:"10.5772/8141",slug:"safe-cooperation-between-human-operators-and-visually-controlled-industrial-manipulators",totalDownloads:1956,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"J. A. Corrales, G. J. Garcia, F. A. Candelas, J. Pomares and F. Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8630",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8630",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8631",title:"Capturing and Training Motor Skills",doi:"10.5772/8142",slug:"capturing-and-training-motor-skills",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Otniel Portillo-Rodriguez, Oscar O. Sandoval-Gonzalez, Carlo Avizzano, Emanuele Ruffaldi and Massimo Bergamasco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8631",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8631",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8632",title:"Robot-Aided Learning and r-Learning Services",doi:"10.5772/8143",slug:"robot-aided-learning-and-r-learning-services",totalDownloads:2952,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:40,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Jeonghye Han",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8632",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8632",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"8633",title:"Design of a Neural Controller for Walking of a 5-Link Planar Biped Robot via Optimization",doi:"10.5772/8144",slug:"design-of-a-neural-controller-for-walking-of-a-5-link-planar-biped-robot-via-optimization",totalDownloads:2565,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nasser Sadati, Guy A. Dumont, and Kaveh Akbari Hamed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/8633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/8633",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3373",title:"Humanoid Robots",subtitle:"New Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"486fa33207ca761a78fee46492830ee1",slug:"humanoid_robots_new_developments",bookSignature:"Armando Carlos de Pina Filho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24367",title:"Prof.",name:"Armando Carlos",surname:"De Pina Filho",slug:"armando-carlos-de-pina-filho",fullName:"Armando Carlos De Pina Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3372",title:"Humanoid Robots",subtitle:"Human-like Machines",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581c6d2ca6e91bebee1a1679c857a0c4",slug:"humanoid_robots_human_like_machines",bookSignature:"Matthias Hackel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144263",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",surname:"Hackel",slug:"matthias-hackel",fullName:"Matthias Hackel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"899",title:"The Future of Humanoid Robots",subtitle:"Research and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"130ce80afc8dec281b5e15a475be5d77",slug:"the-future-of-humanoid-robots-research-and-applications",bookSignature:"Riadh Zaier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/899.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63414",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Zaier",slug:"riadh-zaier",fullName:"Riadh Zaier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3698",title:"Humanoid Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"humanoid_robots",bookSignature:"Ben Choi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"132340",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",surname:"Choi",slug:"ben-choi",fullName:"Ben Choi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10417",title:"Collaborative and Humanoid Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd42dd44dc386e591e8ff04956762023",slug:"collaborative-and-humanoid-robots",bookSignature:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz and Ramana Kumar Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6865",title:"Becoming Human with Humanoid",subtitle:"From Physical Interaction to Social Intelligence",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e208316a62e4ab5b042486aea682ee18",slug:"becoming-human-with-humanoid-from-physical-interaction-to-social-intelligence",bookSignature:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori, Ali Leylavi Shoushtari and Andon Venelinov Topalov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13394",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad Hoirul",surname:"Basori",slug:"ahmad-hoirul-basori",fullName:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-inter",title:"Erratum - Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68989.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68989",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68989",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68989",chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11888",leadTitle:null,title:"Central Nervous System Tumors",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCentral nervous system (CNS) tumors; represents a heterogeneous group comprising more than 100 tumor types originating from the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, and meninges. Primary CNS tumors constitute 2% of all cancers in adults and 15-25% in children. Among glial tumors, glioblastoma is the most common in adults and pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood. Embryonal tumors are also more common in children and are called medulloblastoma if they are located infratentorial. Other Primary CNS tumors include; Many tumors such as meningioma, pituitary adenoma, hemangioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, mixed glio-neuronal tumors can be counted. Secondary CNS tumors; are extraaxially located metastatic tumors and are observed much more frequently than primary CNS tumors. CNS tumors are classified into four grades, from Stage I to IV, according to the Malignant Scale of the World Health Organization (WHO).
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
The consumption of healthy food is a consumer’s right and the duty of the manufacturing industry. Health authorities are duty bound to prepare and enforce laws to protect the population’s health. The supply of food free from health risks to the population is actually a challenge. In fact, contaminated food may cause serious infections and jeopardize the health of the population.
Owing to their frequency, food-caused infections are a very grave issue to public health. They may cause hazards ranging from a simple intestine discomfort to cases that are more serious, such as neurological disorders and death, because of the high number of microorganisms involved in a simple epidemic event.
Fresh or processed animal-derived food may harbor several pathogenic microorganisms that cause physiological disorders in people who consume them. When food eventually contaminated by disease-causing microorganisms is consumed, pathogens or their metabolites invade the host’s fluids or tissues and trigger serious types of diseases, such as tuberculosis. They are conveyed by non pasteurized milk or by cheese contaminated by bacterial populations of
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses are the main microorganism groups that cause food disorders. Due to their diversity and pathogenesis, bacteria are by far the most important microbial group commonly associated with food-transmitted diseases. High rated agents in food infections are
Besides being one of the principal causes of food-derived diseases since its attack generally involves a great number of people, the genus
Hand-manipulated meat, sausages, salamis and cheese are among the most consumed products worldwide. They are also liable to high microbiological contamination due to their manufacturing process.
The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations have published reports and studies developed in several regions of the planet highlighting the pathogen risks to populations and suggested the protection of food consumers through special industrial, operational, commercial and residence care. The need for great attention in food safety is a self-evident topic. In fact, improvements in food processing methods and conscience-awareness with regard to food safety by all involved in the food production chain will surely reduce the incidence of food-originated diseases.
Milk is one of the most complete food featuring high levels of protein and mineral salts. However, due to the availability of nutrients and almost neutral pH, milk is highly perishable. It is highly liable to microbial growth and requires thermal treatment for its conservation [1]. Pasteurization prolongs milk conservation time, conserves its natural characteristics and preserves it safe for human consumption. High temperatures are involved so that the product’s pathogenic microbiota are eliminated with no changes in its physical and chemical constitution. However, people in rural regions still drink milk in natura and use it thus as prime matter for the manufacture of derived products.
The hygienic obtaining of milk is the first critical factor within the manufacturing process of cheese and other products. In fact, the animal, equipments and environment at milking may be an important contamination source by microorganisms [2]. Faults during milking and processing coupled to inadequate conservation temperatures at the selling outlets are factors that contribute towards the commercialization of milk products with microbiological characteristics that go against health norms and legislation [3]. The quality of milk and that of its products is a highly relevant factor for positive industrialization success since both the dairy and the consumer are interested in the outcome. In some case, however, a significant increase in the price of milk ensues. Milk is a product that should come from healthy herds, with good meals and managements, and from farms with proper technical installations that guarantee conservation during transport up to the dairy factory [4].
Since the number of milk contaminants increases at a slow rate from the moment of their introduction, the importance of adequate conservation of recently obtained milk should be underpinned as a basic practice for the maintenance of its quality. Milk should be submitted at low temperatures immediately after the milking process, with the consequent avoidance of the proliferation of unwanted microorganisms [5].
As a milk-derived product, cheese is frequently a food-originating pathogen vector. This is especially true for handmade fresh cheese manufactured from raw milk, lacking any maturation process. The product’s microbial contamination is relevant for the industry because of financial liabilities, and for public health because of the risks in food-transmitted diseases.
Several studies [6] have shown that a product’s quality and durability largely depend on the prime matter used in manufacturing. It is practically impossible to improve the qualities of a derived product, such as cheese, with a high number of microorganisms present in raw milk.
Fresh Minas cheese (traditionally manufactured in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, whence its name) is defined by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Decree 146) as fresh cheese obtained by enzyme coagulation of milk with curds and other appropriate coagulant enzymes, supplemented or not by the activity of specific lactic bacteria. According to the Technical Rules for the Identification and Quality of Milk Products [7], fresh Minas cheese may be classified as cheese with low moisture or semi-hard cheese with moisture ranging between 36 and 45.9%; cheese with high moisture or moderate mass cheese with 46 to 54.9% moisture; and very high moisture cheese or soft mass cheese, with not less than 55% moisture.
The processing of fresh Minas cheese comprises the following stages: milk pasteurization, coagulation, cutting, draining, milling, salting, packing and cooling [8]. Since the manufacturing of this type of cheese is highly simple, many small, medium-sized and large dairies are interested in its fabrication. In fact, it is the most common type of cheese found in fairs, bars and grocers. The cheese is normally placed in a common non-vacuum plastic bag and closed by a metal seal [9].
According to the Brazilian Association of Cheese Industry (ABIQ), Brazil produces 400,000 tons of cheese per year, of which 240,000 tons are produced under federal, state and municipal inspection. Most production (95%) is consumed by common people [10].
The intake of fresh cheese may be risky for the consumer’s health. However, Decree 861/1984 basically prohibits the sale of fresh cheese manufactured from the raw milk of cows, goats or sheep, pure or mixed. Milk should undergo pasteurization or other equivalent thermal treatment. Current legislation was published after several registers of human brucellosis caused by fresh cheese. In defiance of the law, the homemade manufacture of cheese in certain regions of Brazil is not done with pasteurized milk. Consequently, the consumption of homemade cheese brings to the fore old dangers such as brucellosis (Maltese fever) and other infectious diseases.
In spite of the legal prohibition against the commercialization of fresh and tender cheese manufactured from raw milk, the sale of homemade fresh Minas cheese occurs openly and everywhere in Brazil [11]. This is partially due to a greater yield, simpler processing and lack of product’s maturation in the fabrication of this type of cheese, with low costs for the consumer and a fast return of expenditure to the manufacturer [12].
Food protection authorities classify microbial biological contamination as a main danger to public health. Who has constantly raised its voice on the need to restrict food contamination by health-impairing biological agents. Although microbial quality of food is of paramount importance, registration at the Federal Inspection Service does not guarantee lack of pathogens in food [13].
Food-derived diseases may be caused by several microorganism groups that include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa and viruses. Due to their diversity and pathogenesis, bacteria are by far the most important microbial group and commonly associated with food-transmitting diseases
Bacteria are microorganisms largely spread throughout the natural world and may be found in every type of environment [14]. They cause diseases in humans, animals and plants and deteriorate food and other materials. On the other hand, they may be useful too when they compose the human being’s normal microbiota and are used in the production of food as symbiotic in agriculture and medicine.
In spite of certain unreliable Brazilian statistics, it is believed that food-derived diseases in Brazil are high [15]. In fact, several studies estimate that 12% of hospitalization cases in Brazil occur because of infectious intestinal diseases [16].
Occurrences of food-derived diseases are normally associated with certain risk factors, or rather, procedures that benefit toxin infections. The following may be highlighted: faults in food refrigeration; conservation of warm food at room temperature; food prepared many hours earlier for later consumption with inadequate conditioning during the interval; faults in the cooking process; handling of food by people with inadequate personal hygiene practices, or with lesions or with contaminating diseases; usage of contaminated prime matter; faults in the hygiene of utensils and other equipments in food preparation; favorable environmental conditions for the growth of etiological agents; food obtained from unreliable sources; inadequate storage; use of utensils which release toxic residues; intentional or accidental addition of toxic chemicals to the food; usage of water with uncontrolled drinkability features; water contamination from damages in the supply system [17].
Problems in the manufacture of cheese in Brazil are related to precarious conditions of milk, bad conditions during the manhandling of cheese and the lack or deficiency of refrigeration throughout the production chain. These factors worsen the situation and establish contamination conditions which favor the development of microorganisms at several places [18].
Whereas some microorganisms contribute beneficently towards the processing, safety and quality of certain food products, other organisms are involved in processes with unwanted effects in food and for the consumers’ health. There are two categories of food-transmitted microbial diseases: food intoxication and infection by food. In food intoxication, the person ingests toxins that are pre-formed by microorganisms in the food. The toxin causes damage to the organism. Examples comprise botulinum toxin that binds itself to the nerve terminals at the muscle level and impedes the release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter, and staphylococcus toxin that acts on the brain’s vomiting-center [19]. Infection by food occurs when the pathogen, such as by
The sale of animal-derived food in fair stalls without any refrigeration and without any protection against dust and insects may alter their quality. In the case of cheese, it is sold in portions or slices and thus the external incorporation of biological or non-biological foreign matter is dangerous due to faults in the handling of the product during commercialization, poor hygiene of the stalls and utensils used, and crossed contamination between exposed products [21].
Food microbial contamination is unwanted and dangerous within food microbiology. This aspect should be faced with great strictness. The acknowledgement of possible hygiene deficiency implying in food contamination brings to the fore microorganism groups, comprising indicators, and pathogenic microorganisms that find an excellent environment in food for their development and even for the release of toxic substances [22]. Total and thermotolerant coliforms, such as
The above mentioned microorganisms, causes of several types of pathogenesis, are transmitted to humans because of lack of hygiene, bad habits of handlers, inefficient production processes, maintenance or re-heating of food at inadequate temperatures and also by non-adequate conditions in industries where the food is produced [23].
Most microorganisms, whose pathogenicity in humans depends on their variegated presence in food, are relatively sensitive to high temperatures. In fact, they are destroyed by the adequate cooking of eventually contaminated food or by pasteurization processes.
The Brazilian Agency for Health Vigilance (ANVISA) established, by Decree RDC 12 of the 2nd January 2001[24], the microbiological Standards for several types of food, described in Table 1.
So that food-caused disease cases and events could be characterized, the populations should be informed on the symptoms of each, such as mild diarrheas and vomiting since these are considered as a “passing illness” and not necessarily associated with food consumption [25].
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Coliforms at 45ºC | \n\t\t\t5x102 MPN/g | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5x102 CFU/g | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAbsence in 25g | \n\t\t
Microbiological Standards for Food: cheese with high moisture (55%).
* MPN (most probable number), CFU (colony forming unit). Source: ANVISA/2001[24]
According with registers, more than a billion cases of acute diarrhea are detected in less-than-5-year-old children in developing countries yearly, with 5 million deaths. Between 1999 and 2001, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, 67.1% of food epidemics were caused by bacteria. Moreover, out of 1389 notified epidemics, 38.6 were confirmed in the laboratory; 29/7% were confirmed clinically or epidemiologically suspect and 31.6% were of unknown etiology [25].
World cheese production is slightly above 19 million tons. Cheese production increased more than 76.3% during the last thirty years, or rather, from approximately 10.8 million tons in 1978 to more than 19 millions in 2008. The expansion of milk-producing regions and production increase throughout recent years provided a highly relevant presence of Brazilian production within the world market of milk-derived exports. Concern is therefore high with regard to the quality of commercialized goods for internal and external consumption.
Family-run agriculture in Brazil has an important share in the milk production chain, with approximately 86% of milk producers. However, the production and management of these milk producers are foregrounded on a homemade basis with scanty technical assistance and high influence of cultural factors that may put to risk consumers’ health. Technical and educational orientation through the introduction of healthy manufacturing practices are deemed necessary to minimize contamination risks and food intoxication by the product.
Research in all Brazilian regions, where the production and commercialization of cheese is undertaken mainly by small producers, has demonstrated the risk of toxin infections in the consumption of these products by the population.
The curd-cheese is the most produced and consumed milk-derived product in the northeastern region of Brazil. Several investigations [26] have shown that the handling and carelessness in hygiene within the production system have made it foremost as a contamination source. The manufacturers are transmission vectors of the pathogen
Researches in the state of Mato Grosso, in the Mid-Western region of Brazil, (Loguercio & Aleixo 2001) [27] have shown the poor hygiene and sanitary conditions that characterize the production of fresh Minas cheese.
Research work in the southeastern region of Brazil [28] (Salotti et al 2006) evaluated the microbiological quality of fresh Minas cheese samples. Results from the hinterlands of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, showed non-compliance to rules established by the Brazilian Agency for Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA) for 83.4% of homemade products and 66.7% for industrial samples with regard to thermotolerant coliforms. In the case of positive coagulase
After analyzing samples of fresh Minas cheese in Minas Gerais for coliforms and
Was reported [30] on the risk in the consumption of fresh Minas cheese by the population of the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Samples inspected by the Federal Inspection Service of Santa Helena PR Brazil revealed that only 15% were in accord to ANVISA standards. All homemade cheese samples and 70% of inspected ones were not according to legislation. Studies [31] confirmed the above results and reported that 50% of samples of analyzed cheese had thermotolerant coliforms, 100% had positive coagulase
One of the most traditional products of the northeastern region of Brazil is jerked beef which may be characterized as a nutrition food with high calorie rates and widely accepted by consumers for its peculiar sensorial features. Jerked beef is produced from cuts derived from all parts of cattle carcass, salted and dried, with longer durability when compared to that of fresh meat [32].
Due to different nomenclature in Brazil, such as ‘carne-de-sertão’, ‘carne serenada’, ‘carne de- viagem’, ‘carne-mole’, ‘carne-do-vento’, ‘cacina’ or more simple still, dehydrated meat, jerk beef is often confused with another type of salted beef, albeit industrialized, called ‘charque’ or dried salted meat [33].
Jerked beef was first used in the northeastern region of Brazil as an alternative to preserve beef surplus which could not be consumed immediately and so that the meat would not deteriorate quickly due to difficulties in its preservation especially among the poor population with no refrigeration equipments. Favorable climate conditions and availability of seawater salt, fresh meat could be preserved by being dehydrated and salted.
Currently the above-mentioned preservation process is less relevant due to the introduction of refrigeration. However, many people from different regions of Brazil, especially from the northeast, became accustomed to the produce’s characteristic taste and continued to produce jerked beef will less amounts of salt and frequently without exposure to the sun.
Each Brazilian state developed its own technology and thus produced jerked beef with different characteristics with regard to aspect, taste, color, amount of salt and shelf life. The states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará are the greatest producers of jerked beef mainly due to climatic conditions that favor the food’s dehydration. In fact, jerked beef passed from a locally consumed product and used in certain food receipts to wider conditions. In fact, it is appreciated throughout Brazil and in several meal preparations. Jerked beef may be found in big city centers such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, in homes and restaurants, outside the restricted circle of northeastern cuisine [34], and in the menu of the poorest worker [35,36].
Owing to the popularization of homemade salting technique, jerked beef production follows typically regional norms. Consequently, it is produced in a highly rudimentary way under inadequate sanitary conditions [37,38]. Analysis of the hygiene conditions in the production and commercialization of jerked beef in the region of Itapetinga BA Brazil may be brought forward as an example of the popularization of the technique. In fact, 73.3% of the shopkeepers interviewed admitted that they themselves produced the jerked beef on sale in their shops. Whereas 63.6% used non-inspected meat, 27.3% used meat inspected by municipal health officers and only 0.1% was inspected by federal health officers. Jerked beef was stored and commercialized in 71% of the shops at room temperature, which favored the multiplication of contaminant microorganisms and flies. These facts bring health risks to consumers and jeopardize the product’s physical aspects [39].
Salting technique consists in the removal of water from the meat tissues; decrease in water activity ensues, inhibits microbial development and the speed of unwanted reactions of the final product. When salted beef is conserved without any type of refrigeration, its shelf life is higher than that of fresh meat [40]. However, jerked beef has low sodium chloride (NaCl) rates, between 5 and 6%, high moisture, between 65 and 70% [35,41,42] and water activity of 0.92. It may be characterized as partially dehydrated meat in which water activity is not sufficient decreased to avoid microbial development (and consequently degradation) or the production of microbial toxins [43,44].
Although the literal translation of the jerked beef in Portuguese is ‘meat exposed to the sun’, it is actually only rarely exposed to the sunrays during the dehydration process. The end product is a semi-dehydrated homemade product with four-day shelf-life at room temperature and up to eight days under refrigeration [43,45,41].
Data on the physical and chemical qualities of jerked beef sold in butcheries and supermarkets in João Pessoa PB Brazil showed that water activity in all samples was relatively high, between 0.898 and 0.967, and that the rates of sodium chloride (NaCl) ranged between 3.73% and 9.79%. Consequently, NaCl employed in the process was insufficient to decrease water activity in the product and thus it did not have a significant inhibitory action in the development of most microorganisms in the beef [46]. Lack of standardization in the quality of jerked beef was also assessed in samples collected at inspected shops. Mean rates of water activity were 0.94±0.02. The same average was obtained for samples collected in shops without any health inspection [47]. Variations in sodium chloride rates were also registered in the samples. Techniques for more efficient conservation are required to decrease such risks since it is a type of food with contamination possibilities throughout the manufacturing process.
With regard to the microbiological contamination of jerked beef, the transformation by which meat in natura is processed into jerked beef requires that technological alterations modify the initial microbiota by which the salting and dehydration process selects more tolerant microorganisms for such conditions [48]. Pathogens that may contaminate jerked beef comprise
Samples of jerked beef from the north of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, showed that the amount of mesophile aerobic bacteria, an index of food hygiene quality, was between 2.0x104 UFC/g and 8.9x108 UFC/g. Psichrotrophic bacteria were found in 93.33% of samples, between 5.4x103 UFC/g and 2.9x106 UFC/g. Results show poor hygiene in the manufacture of jerked beef [50]. Similar results were reported in samples of jerked beef commercialized in João Pessoa where the number of mesophile bacteria ranged between 1.8x105 and 7.5x107 UFC/g, with a clear correlationship between mesophile contamination and hygiene and sanitary standards [42].
High thermotolerant coliform rates, which also demonstrate unsatisfactory hygiene and sanitary conditions during the processing stages in the manufacture of jerked beef, were also registered in most jerked beef samples sold in butcheries and supermarkets in João Pessoa PB Brazil [46]. However, total coliforms in food did not report recent fecal contamination or the occurrence of enteropathogens [51,52]. However, Brazilian sanitary laws did not regulate the presence of this microorganism group in meat.
The commercialization of jerked beef in health inspected or not in the region of João Pessoa PB Brazil has been evaluated and results showed high rates in both groups. Ninety-six samples were analyzed and high contamination by feces-derived microorganisms was reported.
Mesophile microorganisms
Another source of contamination in the commercialization of jerked beef may be found in supermarkets, open market stalls and butcheries. Data reveal that the utensils used in 75% of these outlets were not exclusively for meat cutting and that the handling of money and food was common practice in 25% of the businesses. Aprons, disposable caps and clean closed shoes were only found in 25% of the shops.
The inadequate washing of hands and other habits such as talking during the handling and commercialization of food were also reported in all commercial enterprises [54]. It has been verified that in João Pessoa, supermarkets had the best hygiene and sanitary profile in jerked beef quality, whereas open markets and stalls in fairs had the worst [42]. In the latter case, meat is exposed without any type of protection and any passerby may handle it at will.
Investigations were carried out with regard to alien matter, such as flies, acarids, larvae, insects, feathers and others, found in jerked beef sold in 20 (90.9%) shops in Diadema SP Brazil, specialized in typical products from the northeastern region of Brazil. Exposure of products without any wrappings is an excellent condition for attacks by insects, especially flies, and rodents, making it improper for human consumption in the wake of health-hazard matter [55].
Almost all jerked beef is manufactured and sold in small shops and specifically prepared for people who appreciate the product. Consequently, lack of sanitary rules for its production, precarious conditions in its commercialization, storage without refrigeration and its exposure without any protection characterize jerked beef in such conditions as haphazard to public health.
Animal-derived food conveys a host of microorganisms dangerous to human health. The incidence of toxin infections in Brazil is high, although statistics are rather lacking on the matter. Bacteria causing toxin infections are widely distributed although their main natural habitat is the human or animal intestine tract [14]. The most common bacteria in food contamination are of the genera
Brazilian swine breeding has a very important role in several sectors of Brazilian economy. It produces jobs and intensifies demand of agricultural products in the industrialization and commercialization of animal-derived products. Besides providing excellent animal protein to the population, the meat industry exports meat and important economical assets are aggregated [57].
Data by the Brazilian Association of Production and Exportation Industry of Pork (ABIPECS) showed that approximately 65% of the Brazilian pork production is directed towards the internal market through industrialized products. Among the processed products, the fresh Tuscan-type sausage, made exclusively from pork, uses the less important animal parts as food, with great acceptance among the population.
Pork and its derived products undergo bacterial alterations owing to several factors such as animal health and fecal contamination by
The occurrence of food infection by pork sausages contaminated with
Contamination by
Fecal coliforms, positive coagulase staphylococcus,
The authors also registered that most samples were not in accordance to microbiological standards and thus hazardous to consumer’s health. Another datum refers to the absence of
Was analyzed [66] the presence of
When the hygiene and sanitary conditions in the manufacture of fresh sausages in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, were analyzed [67] data failed to show any microbiological contamination that would jeopardize the health of the consumer. The manufacture of these samples followed strict handling and processing procedures.
On the other hand, another authors [68] studied the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance by serotypes of
The consumption of chicken meat and its derivates has recently increased considerably in Brazil due to price decrease, good quality and practical cuttings provided [70]. Per capita consumption increased from 10 kg to 35.4 kg, only slightly lower than beef consumption (União Brasileira de Avicultura) [71]. The products’ quality is highly important and a great concern to health authorities, food industry and consumers. Chickens bred for human consumption may host several pathogenic microorganisms such as
Rall investigated [70] the hygiene and sanitary conditions of chicken meat and several types of sausages commercialized in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, by determining the Most Probable Number of coliforms at 45oC. The same authors also analyzed the presence of
In their research in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, others authors [74] found contamination by
The above authors researched the microbiological quality of industrialized avian products and their derivates in another region of the state of São Paulo. Research determined the presence of
The presence of microorganisms in the above research works suggests the need for greater care during the handling and preparation of sausages that may be eaten in natura, without any heating treatment that would reduce the number of microorganisms causing toxin infections [75].
Vienna sausage may be defined as an industrialized meat-stuffed product obtained from the emulsion of animal meat to which are added a variety of ingredients and condiments, filling a natural or artificial casing, and submitted to proper thermal process [76]. Vienna sausages are highly popular in Brazil due to their low costs and for the manufacturing of the ubiquitous hot dog.
The physical and chemical characteristics of Vienna sausages should contain a maximum of 65% moisture, 30% fat, 2% starch, 7% total carbohydrates, 12% protein. Fresh sausages should be under permanent refrigeration (0oC to 5oC) from manufacture until consumption, with expiry period after 48 hours [77].
Vienna sausages samples of the hot-dog type were analyzed in Niterói and Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil to detect thermotolerant coliforms, positive coagulase
Salami is another highly appreciated product in southern Brazil. Its homemade manufacture started in the early 20th century with an enormous variety of industrialized types that differed in composition, casing, size of meat and fats, spices, smoking process and maturation period prior to commercialization. Researchers revaluated the various characteristics [79] of salamis produced by small- and medium-sized agro-industries in the southern state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Bacteria
Was analyzed the quality [80] of salami in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and verified that, despite samples with
Owing to their importance for public health, the correct handling of meat and milk products required greater attention, care and supervision from the competent health authorities. Since there is great cultural diversity in food manufactured in Brazil, the direct intervention of all the sectors involved within the food production chain is mandatory to warrant healthy and reliable products and thus a decrease in diseases caused by food contamination.
A growing number of cities across varying economies of the world today are nested within urban agglomerations or metropolitan regions. The need for or the factors resulting in co-dependence of the city with its conurbations or satellite towns are well-researched and documented in literature. Geddes in his seminal work,
The technological advancements in urban transport (both in automobile and public transport) since that period have been tremendous and we find such models of urban development prevalent economy-wide, albeit, with varying degree of penetration and role of transits. In today’s context it is common to see transits extending beyond city boundaries to conurbations or the other entities within their metropolitan regions, playing a vital role in providing several thousands of populations social, cultural, and economic opportunities. Urban rail systems (in all their variants) today have assumed greater significance than ever before, especially in Asian cities. As per a report on World Metro Figures, “at the end of 2017, there were metros in 178 cities in 56 countries, carrying on average a total of 168 million passengers per day. 75 new metros have opened since the year 2000 (+70%). This massive growth is to be credited largely to developments in a few countries in Asia” [2]. Given the pace and nature of urbanisation, the metro rails are likely to play a crucial role in the urban mobility landscape globally, owing to their higher speeds, comfort, safety in comparison to other public transport modes.
In an increasingly globalised economy, the need to connect, both in the physical and the virtual spaces cannot be negated. Travel takes a centre-stage in every urban dweller’s life. However, the way people and goods move in a city and across it impacts its socio-economic and physical environment and is one of the key measures of a city’s sustainability. Noted economist Colin Clark in his paper
A substantial volume of scholarly works establishes the link between transit ridership and the surrounding built environment [4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Density (both residential and employment) in particular, is a common indicator across several studies that is found to influence transit ridership. A study of 27 residential areas in California, having different residential densities around metro stations, concluded that higher density residential areas have higher share of transit commute trips [14]. Similarly, transit stations located in higher employment density settings are found to have greater transit shares [15, 16, 17]. It is argued that sustainable transport is possible when there is “an emphasis on urban form and density; infrastructure priorities especially the relative commitment to public transport compared to cars; and street planning especially the provision for pedestrians and cyclists”, highlighting the importance of other factors apart from densities [18]. This is reiterated through other research studies that have observed higher transit shares in transit and pedestrian-oriented neighbourhoods [10, 19].
The transit systems in their course, from the city centre to the outskirts and the conurbations traverse different built environment. Alongside, their network density and coverage drop significantly. Planning a transit network that is as dense in the peripheries/suburbs as in the city core might be an almost implausible task. Given this limitation, maintaining the attractiveness of transit, and achieving optimal ridership throughout the system is a big challenge for transit authorities too. It is increasingly accepted that in-transit and out-of-transit experience collectively account for a transit’s attractiveness. The last mile connectivity (LMC), referred to in this paper as both the first and the last mile, is an important constituent of the out-of-transit experience, and often, also one of the weakest links of the overall transit journey. The term ‘mile’ is merely representative, and it can vary from less than half a mile in central parts of the city with dense transit network to significantly over a mile in peripheral areas and conurbations with lower transit network density.
The nature of available options for LMC along with its quality can also have an impact on the catchment sheds of stations located in similar settings, and subsequently on ridership as well. It is important to understand that since the transit coverage itself varies in different parts of the city, the approach to addressing the last mile solution cannot be the same everywhere. While in some areas, it may not be necessary to stress on enlarging the catchment sheds, rather on improving the quality of infrastructure; in other areas the focus necessarily should be on enhancement of the catchment sheds, to enable more areas easier access to transit. This is especially vital for transits that serve metropolitan regions or urban agglomerations. Hence, a pragmatic approach that acknowledges and draws upon the potential and limitations of the physical built context is important to maintain transit attractiveness for higher patronage and greater user experience.
The need for a difference in the approach arises principally out of the difference in the locational context of the stations. Newman, Kosonen and Kenworthy [20] in their ‘theory of urban fabric’ show that cities are a combination and often overlapping of three distinct types of urban fabric - walking urban fabric, transit/public transport urban fabric and automobile/motor car urban fabric. The ‘urban fabric’ in this theory signifies “a particular set of spatial relationships, typology of buildings and specific land-use patterns that are based on their transport infrastructure priorities”. The three fabrics are distinguishable with respect to aspects such as distance from the city centre, densities, mix of land-use, network typology, characteristics, and quality, among others. The authors further contend that “strategic and statutory planning need to do more than land use and transport integration, and they need to have different approaches in each of the three urban fabrics”. Their theory is well applicable and relevant for LMC planning at an agglomeration scale, as well.
This paper includes the findings of a study for Delhi Metro rail (which also serves its satellite towns Noida, Gurgaon, Faridabad and Ghaziabad), which in further sections attempts to show that last mile travel characteristics vary with respect to stations located in different urban fabrics. The paper presents a case for the treatment of LMC planning differently in different urban fabrics. For cities where transits serve an entire agglomeration and/or the suburbs or the surrounding smaller satellite towns, respecting the different urban fabrics in LMC planning becomes even more crucial to maintain the attractiveness of the transit systems and subsequently, for higher transit patronage and greater user experience across all the urban fabrics.
There has been far more research examining the relationship between built environment and transit ridership than on built environment and last mile user trip behaviour. However, from the limited body of literature we can somewhat conclude that urban form surrounding a transit stop is an important decisive factor in transit users’ choice of walk, cycle, feeder bus or other forms of transport for the last mile commute. A study conducted in Bogotá examines how the built environment influence walking and cycling behaviour [21]. The authors also observe that while in the developed world, there exists substantial literature that suggest built environment are significant predictors of non-motorised travel, not much research on the same has been carried out in the developing world.
In a study of three European countries namely the Netherlands, UK, and Germany the results indicated that suburbs generate higher levels of cycling-transit users than cities [22]. It would thus be interesting to distinguish the last mile access/dispersal behaviour in city versus the satellite towns in a developing world context. The study also observed that improving the access to railway stations by public transport and non-motorised modes can limit car use. In cities in the developing world this is taken care by a variety of intermediate public transport (IPT) both motorised and non-motorised. Relatively shorter travel distances between common origins and destinations in cities as compared to suburban locations, enables higher walk share. In contrast, in transit-rich, compact cities, transit and walking are attractive alternatives to the bicycle [23]. Moreover, relatively higher densities in cities also makes possible a high-quality feeder bus service with short headways, making them more convenient [24]. The ‘
Yet other studies observe the nature of development around stations influencing non-motorised trip access to stations. Walk/bike share and trip rates were observed to be higher in transit neighbourhoods [10] and walk mode also had higher probability to be used for rail station access in a traditional neighbourhood [11]. Another study found the probability of walking to stations higher when retail uses predominate around stations [26].
Street networks are an important constituent of the built environment. Several studies associate travel behaviour, especially ‘walk’ share with transportation network. The relative association of street design: local qualities of street environment, street network configuration, spatial structure of the urban grid and land use patterns was studied with the distribution of pedestrian flows in 20 areas in Istanbul [27]. Cervero et al. [21] in their study in Bogota found that the variables that impact most are network characteristics while in developed countries diversity (of land-use) and density impact walking behaviour. They found two network characteristics variables—street density and connectivity index entered the model as significant predictors. Erstwhile, other scholars have used connectivity index [28, 29], street density [30, 31], block length [32, 28], block size [32, 33], block density [11, 34, 35] metric and directional reach and pedestrian detour factor (PDF) (also referred to as pedestrian route directness) [32, 36] as network measures. However, not all these studies have been conducted to understand the last mile travel behaviour per se and it would be interesting to explore whether network characteristics significantly influence station access/egress mode as well.
A study which directly explores this relationship is conducted by the Atlanta Regional Commission [37] which explores “how far urban density, mixed land-uses, and street network connectivity are related to transit walk-mode shares to/from stations”. It observes that “local conditions around rail stations are significantly related to riders’ choice to walk to/from transit”. In particular, the study finds street connectivity to be strongly associated with walk-mode shares when controlling for certain other built and socio-economic attributes.
There is not much conclusive evidence of the relationship between built environment and last mile travel behaviour for cities set in the developing world, which have their own set of uniqueness that set them apart from cities in the developed world. Presence of vertical mixing of land-use areas with fine-grained urban fabric, higher urban densities, poor conditions of walking and cycling infrastructure in several parts of the city, lower automobile-ownership and income levels, presence of the ubiquitous motorised and non-motorised forms of IPT available for individual hire as well as on shared basis, increasing penetration of on-demand/ride hail cabs: all of these present a very different last mile landscape in these cities and city-regions, thereby warranting studies conducted in these settings.
The chapter focuses on the relationship of built environment and last mile trip characteristics, based out of a more comprehensive study (also covering last mile mode quality, pedestrian environment and users’ socio-economic characteristics) carried out by the author. Hence, the analysis pertaining to only built environment characteristics is presented here. The study was carried out for 10 metro stations of Delhi Metro rail network currently having a network length of 348 kms. Delhi Metro covers the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD), and the surrounding towns of Noida, Gurugram, Faridabad and Ghaziabad. The average daily ridership of the Delhi metro, although not phenomenal, has gradually risen from 0.12 million in 2004–2005 to 2.2 million in 2013–2014, and 2.76 million in 2016–2017. The stations selected for the study lie on the two busiest metro lines and one on a relatively new line, representing low to high ridership levels. The stations were selected also to represent different locational contexts with respect to distance from the city centre, land-use, population and employment densities, and last mile supply/quality. Two of these stations are located in the satellite town Noida. Table 1 gives the profile of each of the ten case stations and their context.
User surveys were conducted at these 10 stations (collecting 1000 transit user samples) using revealed preference method to understand the users’ current first/last mile mode choice and other travel characteristics, their socio-economic characteristics, along with rating and ranking of criteria for mode choice decisions.
Each station is set in a built context that represents an urban fabric (although, some overlapping of fabrics is also evident, the dominant fabric is used) discussed in the section1. The core CBD areas which are characterised by high density, mixed land-use (primarily, vertical mixing of residential and commercial at building-use level) and narrow, dense street network, qualifies them as having a walking fabric. Transit fabric are predominantly other medium to high density areas and depending on a combination of criteria such as distance from the core, population/employment density, and contiguous development, they were further sub-classified as representing ‘inner’ or ‘outer’ transit fabric. For instance, Noida Sec-15 was classified under ‘outer’ rather than ‘inner’ since it is not part of NCT of Delhi and falls in the satellite town of Noida. Similarly, Dwarka Mor and Dwarka Sec-10, although located somewhat close to each other, were categorised differently as having ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ fabric respectively owing to the much higher densities in Dwarka Mor vis-à-vis Dwarka Sec-10 and also because Dwarka Sec-10 is still not a fully developed area. The stations qualifying under ‘automobile’ fabric are either in low density peripheral areas or terminal stations in the satellite town. Figure 1 shows the land-use and network pattern for one station representing each fabric typology.
Land-use and network around stations representing each fabric. a) Chawri Bazar-Walking Fabric. b) Chhatarpur-Automobile Fabric. c) Green Park-Inner Transit Fabric. d) Dwarka Sec-10-Outer Transit Fabric.
Population and employment densities for each station were measured from population and employment data available for traffic assessment zones (TAZs) of Delhi from a transport demand forecast study [38]. The density map and locations of the case study stations are given in Figure 2.
Population density and station locations on Delhi metro network.
Ranking the stations from low to high density was a challenge since there is no standard definition across globe of what qualifies as low or high densities within cities. For instance, the Master Plan of Noida has two categories of densities: greater than 500 persons per hectare (PPH) as high density and less than 500 PPH as medium density, while Santa Clara, USA considers below 11.6 PPH as low density and greater than 97 PPH as high density. Besides, there is scant literature available that specifies ranges for employment densities from low to high. As such, the study developed its own ranking methodology of low to high densities: five ranges of densities were identified to distinguish clearly the differences in mode share with varying density conditions. The density ranges and corresponding density rank was developed based on the population and employment density values observed in all the 288 TAZs of Delhi. The low, medium-low, medium, medium-high and high ranges correspond to the densities of all TAZs denoting upto 15th percentile, 15th–25th percentile, 25th–50th percentile, 50th–85th percentile and above 85th percentile respectively. Hence, the low to high densities are relative in the context of the city of Delhi.
The last mile trip characteristics including mode share and average trip length (ATL) for the stations are given in Table 2. The share of walk trips has a wide variation, the highest being 82.9% while the lowest being 9.4%. The average trip length (ATL) of all modes combined point towards larger catchment-sheds for some stations compared to others. These will be discussed in the context of urban fabric.
Station name | Avg. daily ridership & line name | Adjoining land-use | Population density | Employment density | Representative urban fabric |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chawri Bazar (CB) | 30,798 (yellow) | Mixed use Commercial | High | High | Walking |
Red Fort (RF) | Low ridership (violet) | Commercial Mixed use Heritage | Medium-high | High | Walking |
Dwarka Mor (DM) | 42,928 (blue) | Residential | Medium-high | Medium | Inner transit |
Green Park (GP) | 27,900 (yellow) | Residential Institutional Commercial | Medium-high | Medium | Inner transit |
Vishwavidyalay (VV) | 23,802 (yellow) | Residential Institutional | Medium | Medium | Inner transit |
Mayur Vihar-I (MV) | 19,413 (blue) | Residential | Medium | Low | Inner transit |
Noida Sec-15 (N15) | 29,220 (blue) | Residential Industrial Institutional | Medium | Medium-high | Outer transit |
Dwarka Sec-10 (D10) | 9761 (Blue) | Residential Institutional | Low | Medium-low | Outer transit |
Chhatarpur (CP) | 36,036 (yellow) | Residential | Low | Medium-low | Automobile |
Noida City Centre (NCC) | 37,733 (blue) | Residential Commercial (partially developed) | Medium | Medium | Automobile |
Case stations and context profile.
Station name | Mode share (in %) | ATL (in kms) | Predominant land-use share (in%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walk | C.R. + E.R. | A.R. + cab | Bus | Private | Walk | All Modes | ||
Chawri Bazar | 82.9 | 17.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.76 | .76 | 26% mixed 37% commercial |
Red Fort | 67.3 | 32.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 8% mixed 20% commercial |
Dwarka Mor | 51.6 | 25.3 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 0.70 | 1.40 | 70% residential |
Green Park | 46.0 | 1.1 | 51.7 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.76 | 1.59 | 45% residential 14% institutional |
Vishwavidyalaya | 41.3 | 29.1 | 18.6 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 0.73 | 1.22 | 27% residential 30% institutional |
Mayur Vihar-I | 41.6 | 21.2 | 30.1 | 0.9 | 6.2 | 1.18 | 1.86 | 50% residential |
Noida Sec15 | 52.4 | 9.5 | 36.5 | 1.6 | 0.80 | 1.85 | 21% residential 30% industrial 20% institutional | |
Dwarka Sec10 | 36.1 | 19.3 | 28.9 | 10.8 | 4.8 | 0.71 | 1.75 | 31% residential 20% institutional |
Chhatarpur | 9.4 | 3.5 | 49.4 | 9.4 | 28.2 | 0.43 | 2.15 | 34.8% residential |
Noida City Centre | 15.4 | 3.5 | 74.1 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 1.26 | 3.15 | 55% residential 11% commercial |
Mode shares, ATL, and predominant land-use of case stations.
Note: C.R.—cycle-rickshaw; E.R.—E-rickshaw; A.R.—auto-rickshaw.
Figure 3 gives the distribution of mode share across the ten stations located in different urban fabrics. Several inferences can be drawn from the comparison given in Table 2 and Figure 3. The most evident of these is the decline in the share of walk trips from ‘walking’ to ‘transit’ and to ‘automobile’ fabric and significantly higher share of motorised IPT and private mode trips in transit and automobile fabrics.
Mode shares across different urban fabrics.
Huge parking spaces for private vehicles but lack of organised space for IPT and buses.
Chaotic environment outside a station due to lack of physical integration.
High density mixed land-use areas (Chawri Bazar and Red Fort) have higher share of walk trips and shorter overall average trip lengths owing to maximum destinations located within 1 km range. This finding conforms with other studies where it is suggested that people are willing to use slower modes of travel, such as walking, for shorter distances, especially if many trips can be chained [7, 17].
Areas with higher share of institutional use (Vishvavidyalay, Dwarka Sec-10, Green Park, Noida Sec-15) are observed to have higher share of IPT modes. However, within this group, relatively higher activity density areas (Green Park, Noida Sec-15) also have higher share of walk trips. In areas having more than 30% residential land use, it is observed that higher density areas (Dwarka Mor, Green Park, Mayur Vihar) have higher share of walk trips compared to low density residential areas (Chhatrarpur and Dwarka Sec-10). Low to medium density stations located on the peripheries and/or terminal stations (Chhatarpur, Noida City Centre) have the highest overall average trip lengths implying a larger catchment shed. This difference in catchment sheds draws attention to the need for a differential last mile planning approach for stations across a metropolitan region.
The built environment attributes considered for the study were analysed for approximately 1 km buffer around each station. Land-use and network details of areas in 1 km radius around each of the 10 stations were obtained from the
The values of all the network attributes discussed above for the 10 case stations are given in Table 3. Most of the stations have network attributes that are within acceptable or recommended levels. However, there is some degree of relative variation, and the models test whether network attributes significantly affect last mile mode shares.
Station name | Network density (kms/sq.km) | Node-link ratio | Average block size (sq. m) | Block density (no./sq.km.) | Pedestrian detour factor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CB | 24.8 | 1.2 | 10,705 | 109 | 1.49 |
RF | 18.1 | 1.5 | 11,886 | 62 | 1.41 |
VV | 14.6 | 1.4 | 38,952 | 28 | 1.17 |
N15 | 20.9 | 1.3 | 17,502 | 56 | 1.71 |
GP | 17.9 | 1.6 | 12,287 | 81 | 1.59 |
D10 | 17.2 | 1.8 | 46,234 | 19 | 1.67 |
DM | 45.7 | 1.7 | 5625 | 155 | 1.29 |
MV | 19.9 | 1.3 | 16,684 | 48 | 1.61 |
CP | 13 | 1 | 27,987 | 29 | 1.56 |
NCC | 14.9 | 1.3 | 19,068 | 45 | 1.43 |
Network characteristics around case stations.
Handy [30] recommends a network density of 26 miles per sq. mile (16.2 km per sq. km) and Mately et al. [31] suggests 18 miles per sq. mile (11.2 km per sq. km) as minimum recommended network density. As can be seen from Table 3, almost all case stations have network densities either within these ranges or higher. The station Dwarka Mor has an extremely high network density of 46 km per sq. km. which is due to the presence of exceedingly small block sizes (5625 sqm), which in turn is on account of the area having low-income housing and very small plot sizes.
Further, the recommended and minimum block densities are 160 (62 per sqkm) and 100 per sq. mile (38.6 per sqkm) respectively [11, 34, 35]. Three stations namely Chhatarpur, Dwarka Sector-10 and Vishwavidyalaya have block densities lesser than the minimum figure given above and two stations namely Dwarka Mor and Chawri Bazar have much higher block densities. The remaining five stations have block densities within this range. The connectivity index should be preferably 1.4 or higher and minimum 1.2 [29, 39]. The minimum node-link ratio observed in the 10 case station areas is 1.0 (Chhatarpur). All other stations have connectivity index higher than 1.2. PDF should preferably be around 1.5 [32] and not more than 1.8 [36]. None of the case stations had a PDF higher than 1.8.
Bivariate regression analysis was carried out between the dependent variables representing last mile travel characteristics and the independent variables representing built environment attributes. Multiple regression was not carried out since the dataset representing the built environment is quite small (just 10—representing 1 for each station), and because some of the network attributes also exhibit multi-collinearity. The dependent variables considered for the models were first/last mile mode share and average trip length (ATL). The specific mode share used in the models was ‘walk’ since it had the maximum share in almost all case stations except for two; at the same time, it had also wide variations across the stations as reported earlier. Besides, the built environment in 1 km radius around stations is more likely to affect ‘walk’ shares in comparison to other modes which have much larger catchment area making it unfeasible to study them in detail. The decision to select ‘walk’ was also guided by the fact that walking is the most common, affordable, and sustainable mode choice (cycling share was quite insignificant across all stations and hence not used) for LMC worldwide, and probably one that is likely to be most affected by the built environment. Hence ‘mode share (walk)’ and ‘ATL (walk)’ were selected as the dependent variables.
The independent variables include ‘population density’, ‘employment density’, ‘network density’, ‘block size’, ‘block density’ ‘link-node ratio’ and ‘pedestrian detour factor’. Curve Estimation tool under regression module in SPSS was used to check which curve fits best for each of the variable. With the entire dataset, ANOVA value for none of the regression types was observed to be significant. Hence, anomaly (1 data point) in the dataset was identified using ‘unusual cases’ tool and the models were rerun. The model results (refer Table 4) for only the significant variables are shown here.
Model | Dependent variable | Independent variable | R2 | ANOVA (P value) | Coefficients | Intercept |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mode share (walk) | Population density (in PPH) | 0.91 | .00025 | 19.8 | −60.8 |
2 | Mode share (walk) | Network density (km/sq.km) | 0.72 | .004 | 5.4 | −52.7 |
3 | Mode share (walk) | Block density (no./sq.km) | 0.55 | .023 | .60 | 11.87 |
4 | Mode share (walk) | Block size (sq.m) | 0.49 | .034 | 618,438 | 8.5 |
5 | ATL (walk) | Node Link Ratio Node Link Ratio**2 | 0.81 | .015 | 4.7 1.6 | −2.7 |
6 | ATL (walk) | Network Density Network Density**2 | 0.52 | .05 | .06 −.001 | −.07 |
Models results.
The regression analysis shows that population density, network density, block density and block size contribute significantly to ‘walk’ mode share, whereas node-link ratio and network density showed a significant relationship with ‘walk’ ATL. Population density has the highest and significant relationship with walk share. It has a logarithmic relationship with walk mode share. The finding is substantiated through claims made in other studies where density is thought to shape pedestrian activity by bringing numerous activities closer together, thus increasing their accessibility from trip origins [34, 40]. It is suggested that people are willing to use slower modes of travel, such as walking, for shorter distances, especially if many trips can be chained [7, 17]. However, the Bogota study [21] did not find density and diversity (of land-use) as significant, the reason for which the authors cite could lie on the sample selection of neighbourhoods which consisted of uniformly compact, mixed-use nature. As reported earlier, there is variation in both density and typology of land-use selection in this study and as such contradicts the Bogota study findings.
The models also indicate moderate to high relationship between ‘walk’ mode share with network density, block density and block size. Among the network attributes, network density has the highest and significant influence on walk mode share. It has a significant linear relationship with walk mode share. There is a significant linear relationship and inverse relationship of block density and block size respectively with ‘walk’ mode share. There is moderate relationship between ‘walk’ ATL and network density and link-node ratio (connectivity index). Similar results have been observed elsewhere [21] wherein street density and connectivity index were found to be significant predictors—higher connectivity index and street densities increase the likelihood of walking. The models on ‘walk’ mode share and link-node ratio (connectivity index) and PDF were not found to be significant. This may be explained by the fact that none of the stations had high PDF values. Also, the relationship between ‘walk’ ATL versus block Size, block Density, and PDF were not found to be significant and had quite low values of R square.
The study shows that there is distinctive relationship between built environment characteristics and last mile travel behaviour of transit users. Stations located in high activity density mixed land-use areas such as Chawri Bazaar and Red Fort have quite high share of last mile trips made by ‘walking’. Within each type of land-use such as those that are predominantly residential, stations located in areas with relatively higher density such as Dwarka Mor have higher ‘walk’ shares for last mile trips compared to medium to low density areas such as Mayur Vihar-I or Noida City Centre and Chhatarpur. The study also observes that last mile travel behaviour varies across different land-uses, across varying densities within a particular type of land-use and across stations located in peripheries and satellite towns. Unlike the study of European cities cited previously [23] where suburbs had higher share of cycle access to rails, stations located in outer areas in Delhi have higher shares of IPT and private mode usage. Within satellite towns, as densities increase, the share of walk increases. Networks also play a crucial role in influencing walk share for transit access and should be given due consideration in planning of new areas.
As mentioned in Section 3, Delhi metro provides services in National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) and four surrounding towns of Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurugram and Faridabad, which are part of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi. Although these towns share boundary with NCTD, they lie in different provincial regions (states) of the country, resulting in different administrative jurisdictions. The importance of providing metro connectivity in an integrated manner in the region was acknowledged early on and Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) through legislative provisions was given the power for construction, maintenance, and operations of metro rail in these towns. However, the provision of last mile services by DMRC is mostly limited to the NCTD. This undermines the importance of institutional integration at a metropolitan region scale, for the provision of last mile connectivity. It is only recently that some last mile services such as cab aggregator kiosks and authorisation of e-rickshaw services have been initiated at metro stations of the satellite towns as well.
The DMRC’s official website has two sections on “passenger information” tab related to last mile connectivity: one for parking and bicycle facilities and another for feeder buses. Interestingly, an important recent addition to the website is pertaining to information on “last mile connectivity” which does not feature on the “passenger information” tab.
Delhi Metro’s feeder bus services has a fleet size of just 269 buses [41], with most of them having surpassed their life cycle and with frequency that can be clearly termed as less than satisfactory. There has been no official route rationalisation carried out for the currently operational routes with most of the routes having quite long route lengths and plying primarily on arterial and sub-arterial roads. The website gives a list of feeder buses plying from 32 metro stations [42], giving the names of the location covered under each route. This information is barely useful to commuters since it neither provides a route map of feeder buses nor contains information related to schedule and frequency of service. The physical integration at station is also quite poor. At most of the stations covered in the survey, feeder bus stops were either not clearly demarcated or not integrated with station entry/exit. There was no real time information display of feeder/city bus timings or route guide map, and some stops did not even have a basic bus shelter. While some attempt at fare integration has been recently attempted through introduction of “common mobility card”, these are available on an insignificant number of city bus routes, and feeder buses are not covered at all. The DMRC site does not give any information to users on where or how to avail this card.
However, Delhi’s metro commuters have the advantage of availability of a wide range of other IPT options for their LMC in the form of cycle-rickshaws, e-rickshaws, auto-rickshaws (for individual hire), shared-auto-rickshaws (plying on semi-fixed routes), jeeps (eg.,
A heartening addition on the DMRC site is the page on “last mile connectivity” which gives some information related to modal integration and/or availability of IPT modes at stations. The referred page gives information on the list of stations where one can avail DMRC-authorised e-rickshaw services, cab aggregator services, e-scooter services and cycle-sharing services. Physical spaces are provided to the operator of these services within the precinct (such as kiosks for cab booking at stations) or outside the station precinct (such as docking facilities for shared cycle services). However, only limited stations have planned spaces available for various IPT modes and the situation is worse for stations in the satellite towns where local agencies are responsible for managing these spaces outside the station precinct; a few stations have ad-hoc demarcated spaces, primarily located on service roads. The agency has not yet facilitated formal integration of metro system with semi-fixed route shared IPT modes serving the stations and its catchment and subsequently has no information related to the same. The lack of physical integration of the same sometimes results in chaotic and unsafe environment outside station premises (Figure 5).
Parking facilities are available at 105 stations with a total area of 32 Ha (for 101 stations) [42] which averages to approximately 3100 sq.m. per station as area under parking. Most stations provide surface parking facilities, and as such this land has not been put to other uses. Various studies have pointed out that the space needed for parking and access of private modes adds significantly to the cost of transit stations and attenuates environmental and traffic benefits of transit service. This negates the very objective of curtailment of automobile usage/dependence in cities like Delhi, which is key to sustainable mobility. While some stations provide huge areas for private vehicle parking, the same cannot be said about planned spaces for IPT modes (Refer Figure 4). Operator survey of IPT modes at the 10 case stations revealed 85% citing lack of adequate and designated planned spaces (and subsequently harassment by police/civic agencies) as a key issue.
The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2014 [43] for the first time explicitly covers “last mile connectivity”. The term is mentioned at four places compared to zero in the NUTP, 2006. The new policy document broadens the scope of multi-modal integration to include “private modes of transport i.e., walk, cycle, cars and 2-wheelers and para transit modes i.e., tempos, autos, minibus and cycle rickshaw to the mass rapid transit network” which was limited to “integration of buses with Metro rail” in the previous transport policy [43]. The policy also recognises the significance of improving last mile connectivity to public transport through provision of footpaths and cycle lanes, provision of feeder services, and incorporating design principle to promote safety, accessibility, reliability and affordability, among other measures.
Integration—at levels of physical, operational, fare, information and institutional—of last mile services with the transit service is crucial for enhancing the attractiveness of transit. The integration becomes more critical when transit system extends beyond city border to connect areas that fall in other provincial jurisdictions. While DMRC has taken more pro-active approach towards LMC planning in recent years, the idea of “seamless integration”, especially at a metropolitan region level is yet a far cry. There is also a need to develop a strategy or framework to cater to the last mile connectivity that responds to the locational context of the station.
In view of the present research findings, it is reiterated that users behave differently while using stations located under different urban fabrics in the metropolitan region. A singular approach for addressing the issue of last mile connectivity is thus not appropriate. Last mile strategies and planning need to respond to the urban fabric typology of the station context. The study also reveals that the largest share of last mile commuters walk or use various IPT modes to and from metro stations and policies need to cater to their needs first. Further, the use of clean technology modes in the form of cycle-rickshaw and e-rickshaw which already have a large user base need to be promoted and thus requires appropriate regulatory framework which facilitate their operation rather than adopting a restrictive approach towards them. Policies on last mile should prioritise improving walking and cycling environment around transit stations and facilitating integration of low carbon IPTs, especially in terms of physical integration. It is evident that lack of appropriate last mile planning can result in greater dependence on private modes of transportation to access the transit system, especially in stations lying in the automobile fabric. Automobile usage for access/egress to/from stations generates large number of single occupant vehicular trips at the local level, thereby attenuating the environmental benefits of the transit. The most important policy direction that can be drawn from this study findings, is adopting a multi-pronged planning approach incorporating contextual environment to provisioning of LMC, in place of ‘one size fits all’ approach. A broad strategy could be focus on enhancing walkability in walking fabric; better physical integration and operational environment for IPT in transit fabric; and high-quality and route-rationalised feeder services and shared IPT services in the automobile fabric.
Keeping in view the fact that a large share of last mile trips across all case stations are covered by walking and since walking is the most sustainable way of last mile access, it is expected that creation of good walk infrastructure will encourage more people to walk the last mile as well as enhance users walk experience. Replogle [44] developed a transit serviceability index which included components such as ‘sidewalk conditions’, ‘biking conditions’, ‘land-use mix’, ‘building setbacks’, and transit stop amenities. He observed that zones with high transit serviceability indices not only had higher likelihood of use of transit but also had greater probability of walk access to transits. Provisioning of NMT infrastructure thus also makes economic sense.
Globally there is a lot of stress on improving both pedestrian infrastructure and environment for improving LMC. Provision of extensive network of sheltered and landscaped walkways connecting transit hubs is a pre-requisite for an enabling sustainable last mile ecosystem for Indian cities. This is of utmost significance, given the climatic conditions. However, another part of this study published earlier [45], which examined the effect of walkability on last mile travel behaviour, also suggests that it is not sufficient to merely create sidewalks and cycle lanes; other factors such as safety, aesthetics, etc. that contribute to creating the overall walking and cycling environment also determine how well these facilities are used. Hence, creating vibrant spaces along streets connecting transit hubs should be given due importance. This can be attained through paying attention to the built form design in greenfield areas and ‘placemaking’ practices in brownfield areas where there is limitation on altering the built form.
The share of bicycles for last mile connectivity as observed in this study was quite low. However, this may be on account of poor cycling environment and supporting infrastructure. Biking as the last mile mode is increasingly being given importance across the globe. The share of cycling for LMC could be enhanced through adequate safe biking and bike parking infrastructure. It is not sufficient to have public bike sharing facility only at the station precinct; there should be a network of deposit and hire facilities at several points in the catchment area (especially in institutional and commercial) for higher usage. Creation of bikeways in low-density peripheral and suburban areas can enhance their catchment sheds. It would also be beneficial in the long run as these areas grow denser in due course of time and transition from an automobile-fabric to transit and walking fabric.
A demand-driven and demand responsive system needs to be in place that caters better to connecting the users to their trip-ends. As the study highlights the vital role that IPTs play in providing LMC, it is important to acknowledge their services by integrating them in transit system planning in a concerted and organised manner. Localised loop or hub-and-spoke systems of e-rickshaws, shared auto-rickshaws, shuttle services can be operated in vicinities ranging from 1 to 5 kms (depending on the location of the station and the mode type). A good feeder service for a wider area can help in increasing the catchment sheds of each station. In this context, high frequency feeder bus services planning in peripheral/terminal stations is especially important given their larger catchment-sheds. Demarcation of planned spaces for all last mile modes at station areas and their adequate integration should be mandatory to avoid chaos and safety hazard to users.
At present there is lack of a set framework for last mile planning in the country. A toolkit containing general guidelines for last mile planning for metro stations should be developed which could guide all cities having or planning for transits. Based on the toolkit more specific area level last mile plans can be prepared for each station. These plans should cater to both station precinct level requirements and catchment area of each station. At station level the focus should be placed on seamless integration of last mile modes with the transit in terms of both spatial and non-spatial integration. Catchment area last mile planning can be more local context specific (responsive to particular urban fabric and socio-economic mix of the population in the area), with focus on making areas safer, active and vibrant for pedestrians and cyclists and facilitating services of modes that are most suited to the locality. However, some facilities should not be compromised upon and kept consistent across all stations, such as, excellent walking and cycling infrastructure and environment.
The planning approach may also be slightly altered for stations located in different urban fabrics in brownfield and greenfield areas. Brownfield stations pertain to those stations that are in areas that are already developed and as such may have limitations in altering of the built elements (except for the redevelopment TOD projects) that are known to encourage walkability. Stations in brownfield areas will be generally located in walking and transit fabrics, and last mile planning should take this into consideration. Greenfield stations pertain to stations that are in the peripheries/fringes in automobile fabric. Although these are generally low-density areas, they offer great opportunity for both station precinct planning and incorporating planning principles that create sustainable built environment and mobility systems. This potential needs to be tapped optimally while planning these areas through incorporating principles of compact development and TOD; mixed use; active frontage; and an efficient road network system that offers connectedness, directness, and permeability. In due course, they can transform to high quality walking and transit fabric.
The study draws our attention to the importance of aligning transit policies with metropolitan region planning as that would enable creating urban fabrics that support sustainable mobility. In the long run it would help in naturally attaining more sustainable last mile behaviour (having higher share of non-motorised trip access to stations) as well as higher transit patronage. Last, but not the least, the role of institutional integration is paramount to providing seamless connectivity, especially for transit systems that serve an entire agglomeration/conurbation/city-region.
These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11871",title:"Aortic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6559d38b53bc671745ac8bf9ef2bd1f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11871.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12114",title:"Bone Fractures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"78d9847691b6f1a8454480e7c0dbaef4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12114.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12095",title:"Radiation Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a4c8ee34ddd31ad65f143459a8f5300b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12095.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12096",title:"Circulating Tumor Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"824168857ea9e8dea5642432ac344704",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12096.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12099",title:"Thrombosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"170bd3f97ffe8668230c21b1341d817b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12099.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:145},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"278",title:"Social Psychology",slug:"social-psychology",parent:{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:235,numberOfWosCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitations:55,numberOfDimensionsCitations:109,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"278",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10450",title:"Evolutionary Psychology Meets Social Neuroscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd4df54e3fb185306ec3899db7044efb",slug:"evolutionary-psychology-meets-social-neuroscience",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Vincenzo Auriemma and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10450.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",subtitle:"Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2db4d2a6638d2c66f7a5741d0f8fe4ae",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",bookSignature:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7818",title:"Social Isolation",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary View",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db3b513d7d35476f333a0d4a3147935b",slug:"social-isolation-an-interdisciplinary-view",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Raffaella Fiorella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8262",title:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29bf235aa7659d3651183fe9ea49dc0d",slug:"the-new-forms-of-social-exclusion",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5761",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6000bc0eeed7fcf0277a2f8d75907d9",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",bookSignature:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175373",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Vilas Boas",slug:"ana-alice-vilas-boas",fullName:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"66422",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85463",title:"Vulnerability and Social Exclusion: Risk in Adolescence and Old Age",slug:"vulnerability-and-social-exclusion-risk-in-adolescence-and-old-age",totalDownloads:1162,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Vulnerability can be defined as the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. In this chapter, it is defined as a possible ability of an individual or a group to face, manage, and anticipate a possible problem. This concept of vulnerability is associated with that of risk factor for social isolation, and therefore to situations that can also lead to illness and lack of mental and physical health. It can have its roots in poverty, in social exclusion, in ethnicity, in disability or simply in disease or specific developmental phases in life. All these aspects reflect very important vulnerability factors among biological, psychological, social, and behavioral variables. To date, no one has highlighted together two critical moments in life in which this brain area undergoes important variations: adolescence, in which its development occurs, and old age, in which this area goes into cognitive decline with the relative loss of many higher cognitive functions. This knowledge can help to better understand the forms of exclusion due to vulnerability in order to develop new forms of social inclusion.",book:{id:"8262",slug:"the-new-forms-of-social-exclusion",title:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion",fullTitle:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion"},signatures:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo, Matteo Defedele, Juri Nervo and Alberto Borraccino",authors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"},{id:"218983",title:"BSc.",name:"Juri",middleName:null,surname:"Nervo",slug:"juri-nervo",fullName:"Juri Nervo"},{id:"218984",title:"MSc.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Defedele",slug:"matteo-defedele",fullName:"Matteo Defedele"},{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"},{id:"266453",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Borraccino",slug:"alberto-borraccino",fullName:"Alberto Borraccino"}]},{id:"74550",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95395",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2333,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abílio Afonso",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-afonso-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Afonso Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"55323",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68873",title:"Positive Psychology: The Use of the Framework of Achievement Bests to Facilitate Personal Flourishing",slug:"positive-psychology-the-use-of-the-framework-of-achievement-bests-to-facilitate-personal-flourishing",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The Framework of Achievement Bests, which was recently published in Educational Psychology Review, makes a theoretical contribution to the study of positive psychology. The Framework of Achievement Bests provides an explanatory account of a person’s optimal best practice from his/her actual best. Another aspect emphasizes on the saliency of the psychological process of optimization, which is central to our understanding of person’s optimal functioning in a subject matter. Achieving an exceptional level of best practice (e.g. achieving excellent grades in mathematics) does not exist in isolation, but rather depends on the potent impact of optimization. This chapter, theoretical in nature, focuses on an in‐depth examination of the expansion of the Framework of Achievement Bests. Our discussion of the Framework of Achievement Bests, reflecting a methodical conceptualization, is benchmarked against another notable theory for understanding, namely: Martin Seligman’s PERMA theory. For example, for consideration, one aspect that we examine entails the extent to which the Framework of Achievement Bests could explain the optimization of each of the five components of PERMA (e.g. how does the Framework of Achievement Bests explain the optimization of engagement?).",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Huy P. Phan and Bing H. Ngu",authors:[{id:"196435",title:"Prof.",name:"Huy",middleName:"P",surname:"Phan",slug:"huy-phan",fullName:"Huy Phan"}]},{id:"55349",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68596",title:"The Development of a Human Well-Being Index for the United States",slug:"the-development-of-a-human-well-being-index-for-the-united-states",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a human well-being index (HWBI) that assesses the over-all well-being of its population at the county level. The HWBI contains eight domains representing social, economic and environmental well-being. These domains include 25 indicators comprised of 80 metrics and 22 social, economic and environmental services. The application of the HWBI has been made for the nation as a whole at the county level and two alternative applications have been made to represent key populations within the overall US population—Native Americans and children. A number of advances have been made to estimate the values of metrics for counties where no data is available and one such estimator—MERLIN—is discussed. Finally, efforts to make the index into an interactive web site are described.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"J. Kevin Summers, Lisa M. Smith, Linda C. Harwell and Kyle D. Buck",authors:[{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers"},{id:"197486",title:"Ms.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"lisa-smith",fullName:"Lisa Smith"},{id:"197487",title:"Ms.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Harwell",slug:"linda-harwell",fullName:"Linda Harwell"},{id:"197488",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyle",middleName:null,surname:"Buck",slug:"kyle-buck",fullName:"Kyle Buck"}]},{id:"56529",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70237",title:"Well-being and Quality of Working Life of University Professors in Brazil",slug:"well-being-and-quality-of-working-life-of-university-professors-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1682,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a study about the perceptions on quality of working life (QWL) regarding factors and indicator in two public universities in Brazil. It aimed also to analyze their perceptions about university working conditions. This exploratory study is based on quantitative and qualitative analyses. A sample of 715 university professors participated on the research. Data collection was carried out in two steps: online survey and focus groups. There is a moderate negative correlation between psychological well-being and work-related stress. Emotional charge also presents a moderate positive correlation with work-related stress, as well as physical charge and psychological distress. Work-life balance is negatively correlated with physical charge, emotional charge, work-related stress, psychological distress, and burnout. We observed also that 43.6% of the professors reported high levels of work-related stress in their everyday work. The precariousness of university teaching is associated with three main elements, which we defined as the tripod of the precarization of university teaching work. It consists of academic productivism, excess of administrative work and bureaucratic activities, and inadequate working conditions. The operating dynamics of this tripod effect professors’ well-being, their QWL, and even the quality of the work they develop in public universities.",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Alessandro Vinicius de Paula and Ana Alice Vilas Boas",authors:[{id:"175373",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Vilas Boas",slug:"ana-alice-vilas-boas",fullName:"Ana Alice Vilas Boas"},{id:"196534",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula",slug:"alessandro-vinicius-de-paula",fullName:"Alessandro Vinicius De Paula"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abílio Afonso",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-afonso-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Afonso Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"76968",title:"In the Darkness of This Time: Wittgenstein and Freud on Uncertainty",slug:"in-the-darkness-of-this-time-wittgenstein-and-freud-on-uncertainty",totalDownloads:461,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Both Wittgenstein and Freud experienced the crisis of humanism resulting from the first and second world wars. Although they were both considered to be influential figures, they hardly investigated the ways in which people could cope with the consequences of these crises. However, Wittgenstein and Freud did suggest ways of understanding uncertainties caused by real life events, as well as by the nature of human thought processes. This article will explore the therapeutic ways of dealing with uncertainties common to both thinkers and the different concepts facilitating their methodologies. The central contention of this article is that both Wittgenstein and Freud developed a complex methodology, acknowledging the constant and unexpected changes humans have deal with, whilst also offering the possibility of defining “hinge propositions” and “language-games” which can stabilize our consciousness.",book:{id:"10814",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Dorit Lemberger",authors:[{id:"325725",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorit",middleName:null,surname:"Lemberger",slug:"dorit-lemberger",fullName:"Dorit Lemberger"}]},{id:"76565",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Transition from Distress to Acceptance of Human Frailty - Anthropology and Psychology of the Pandemic Era",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-transition-from-distress-to-acceptance-of-human-frailty-anthropology-and-ps",totalDownloads:393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10814",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Fabio Gabrielli and Floriana Irtelli",authors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"},{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}]},{id:"77214",title:"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Dentists",slug:"the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-mental-health-of-dentists",totalDownloads:390,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Since March 2020, the COVID-19 disease has declared a pandemic producing a worldwide containment. For months, many people were subjected to strict social isolation away from family and loved ones to prevent disease transmission, leading to anxiety, fear, and depression. On the other hand, many had to close down their businesses and stop working, resulting in financial issues. Previous studies have reported that pandemics, epidemics, and some diseases can lead to mental disorders such as fear, anxiety, stress, and depression. Among those most affected, healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those on the front line, often develop mental health problems. Although there is data available on the management and care of HCWs, little attention has been paid to the mental health and well-being of dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this chapter aims to review the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dentists’ mental health and mental health-related symptoms. Finally, to recommend specific measures to avoid consequent potential implications for dentists, dental students, and dental patients.",book:{id:"10814",slug:"anxiety-uncertainty-and-resilience-during-the-pandemic-period-anthropological-and-psychological-perspectives",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period",fullTitle:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura and Carmen Castro-Ruiz",authors:[{id:"346660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara-Buenaventura",slug:"andrea-vergara-buenaventura",fullName:"Andrea Vergara-Buenaventura"},{id:"419814",title:"MSc.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Ruiz",slug:"carmen-castro-ruiz",fullName:"Carmen Castro-Ruiz"}]},{id:"55323",title:"Positive Psychology: The Use of the Framework of Achievement Bests to Facilitate Personal Flourishing",slug:"positive-psychology-the-use-of-the-framework-of-achievement-bests-to-facilitate-personal-flourishing",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The Framework of Achievement Bests, which was recently published in Educational Psychology Review, makes a theoretical contribution to the study of positive psychology. The Framework of Achievement Bests provides an explanatory account of a person’s optimal best practice from his/her actual best. Another aspect emphasizes on the saliency of the psychological process of optimization, which is central to our understanding of person’s optimal functioning in a subject matter. Achieving an exceptional level of best practice (e.g. achieving excellent grades in mathematics) does not exist in isolation, but rather depends on the potent impact of optimization. This chapter, theoretical in nature, focuses on an in‐depth examination of the expansion of the Framework of Achievement Bests. Our discussion of the Framework of Achievement Bests, reflecting a methodical conceptualization, is benchmarked against another notable theory for understanding, namely: Martin Seligman’s PERMA theory. For example, for consideration, one aspect that we examine entails the extent to which the Framework of Achievement Bests could explain the optimization of each of the five components of PERMA (e.g. how does the Framework of Achievement Bests explain the optimization of engagement?).",book:{id:"5761",slug:"quality-of-life-and-quality-of-working-life",title:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life",fullTitle:"Quality of Life and Quality of Working Life"},signatures:"Huy P. Phan and Bing H. Ngu",authors:[{id:"196435",title:"Prof.",name:"Huy",middleName:"P",surname:"Phan",slug:"huy-phan",fullName:"Huy Phan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"278",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"