Material properties of B270 optical glass [22].
\r\n\tThe protection of biodiversity is a major target of the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive, requiring an assessment of the status of biodiversity on the level of species, habitats, and ecosystems including genetic diversity and the role of biodiversity in food web structure and functioning. The restoration of marine ecosystems can support the productivity and reliability of goods and services that the ocean provides to humankind, to maintain ecosystem integrity and stability. Some of the goods produced by the marine ecosystem services are fish harvests, wild plant and animal resources, water, some of the services provided recreation, tourism, breeding and nursery habitats, water transport, carbon sequestration, erosion control, and habitat provision.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-460-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-459-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-544-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",keywords:"Non-indigenous Species, Dynamics, Ecosystem Maturation, Ecological Succession, Water Quality, Recovery, Biodiversity, Environmental Status, Ecosystem Services, Goods Production, Carbohydrates, Carrageenan",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ana Marta Gonçalves (h-index 19) holds a Ph.D. in Biology, from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in collaboration with Ghent University, in 2011. During her research career obtained several grants is highly international competitive calls, including the MARS award for young scientists funded by The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) grants.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",middleName:"Marta",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320124/images/system/320124.jpg",biography:"Ana Marta Gonçalves obtained a Ph.D. in Biology with a specialization in Ecology from the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in collaboration with Ghent University, Belgium, in 2011. Currently, she is an auxiliary researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal, where she is also a member of the Directive Board. Since 2016, she has been a member of the Scientific Council of the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC). Dr. Gonçalves holds various administrative and management positions in international networks, societies (e.g., Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, AIL), and associations (e.g., PROAQUA). She is an editorial board member and reviewer for several indexed journals. She has published more than 70 journal articles, 50 book chapters, and 165 communications in international scientific events. She participated as a member and/or coordinator in more than twenty-five national and international projects and is currently the coordinator of four research projects. She has supervised more than ninety-five national and international undergraduate and graduate students. She has experience as a teacher of university courses and in accredited training sessions for teachers. Additionally, she has coordinated several ocean literacy and environmental education activities for kindergarten and school students. During her research career, Dr. Gonçalves obtained several grants and a MARS award for young scientists funded by The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ).\n\nShe has expertise in biosafety, biochemical pathways, and impacts of stressors in aquatic species. Her research focus is on the valorization of marine resources and their applications in the industrial sector, such as the food and pharmaceutical industries. Her studies also highlight the application of biomarker tools for monitoring and managing aquatic systems",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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In these systems, it is generally accepted that spherical aberration is the most common performance detractor. From the use of spherical surfaces, it is found that they artificially limit focusing and collimating accuracy. In spite of the fact that spherical geometry is not optimal for refracting light that has been known for centuries, the high cost and difficulty of fabricating nonspherical (aspheric) surfaces has inhibited them from a wider use.
\nBecause aspheric surfaces offer advantages such as high resolution, light weight, and low cost, they are widely used in the opto-electronics industry. As aspheric surfaces are more effective in shaping the light than spherical surfaces, they have recently been used in measurement instruments, astronomy, and optical lens [1, 2]. Figure 1 shows some applications which employ aspheric surfaces.
\nApplication of aspheric surfaces: (a) measurement instruments, (b) astronomy, and (c) optical lens.
In most general terms, an optical lens can be determined as a refracting device that reconfigures the light wave front incident upon it. The phase, direction of propagation, intensity, and polarization state are the properties of the incident light beam which are influenced by a lens. Surface form and roughness, diameter, subsurface defects generated during the fabrication process, shape accuracy, physical and mechanical properties of the optical material, and other optical conditions, such as the angle of incidence of light beam, absorption, reflection, and environmental influences, are some of the major characteristics that govern the performance of an optical lens [3].
\nTo overcome the aberration problems of spherical lenses, a number of spherical surfaces with different signs of aberrations have to be utilized to balance and minimize the final aberration to obtain high quality images. In principle, the optical system designer can always use enough spherical lenses to simultaneously correct for all of the common optical aberrations in a lens system if the number of elements used in an optical system is not limited. The number of surfaces required to do this may be so large that the resulting lens assembly is excessively large in size and weight, and expensive to produce. In addition, the transmission of the assembly lens may be unduly reduced due to the residual reflections from each surface, and the bulk absorption in each lens.
\nThe usage of aspheric surfaces, both with and without the incorporation of diffractive elements, allows the design and construction of assembly lens with the same or even better optical performance than an equivalent all-spherical system. However, in most cases, with a significant reduction in the number of elements required, there is a significant improvement in the overall lens assembly size, weight, cost, and optical transmission. In many cases, in an optical system, each aspheric surface can be applied to replace at least two other spherical surfaces. Hence, aspheric lenses are more efficient because additional error-correcting lenses are not required. Figure 2 is an illustration of spherical and aspheric lens systems.
\nSpherical vs. aspheric lens systems.
Cutting techniques such as turning and milling processes are usually utilized for the production of aspheric glass lenses as shown in Figure 3.
\nSchematic illustration of milling and turning processes.
The machining processes, which usually consist of computer numerically controlled (CNC) generators, are employed to machine an aspheric shape on a lens to generate the desired shape. In glass machining, the roughness on a cutting edge has a larger effect on surface finish than that of metal machining. Glass workpiece can be machined without brittle fractures with an undeformed chip thickness less than 1 μm in milling and turning processes [4, 5, 6, 7].
\nThereafter, the optical lenses are fine machined by grinding, and then followed by polishing to achieve the good surfaces. In the grinding process, if the depth of cut is below a certain value, the material removal mode is ductile flow which is characterized by low surface roughness and subsurface damage [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Figure 4 is an illustration of a precision grinding process.
\nSchematic illustration of a precision grinding process.
“Precessions” polishing is an automated polishing method that uses a 7-axis CNC machine tool for polishing spherical and aspheric surfaces [13, 14]. Based on contact between the workpiece surface and polishing tool, the polishing spot of desired size is generated by controlling the load cell in polishing process. The polishing tool then moves in angular steps around the local normal to the part surface during machining process. The 7-axis CNC capability of the machine also makes the generation of free-form surfaces possible. Figure 5 shows a schematic illustration of a “Precessions” polishing process.
\nSchematic illustration of a “Precessions” polishing process.
To fabricate aspheric surfaces, the movement of the tool must be constrained in the machining process. A sub-aperture tool (smaller in size than the lens) on a modified polishing machine is then utilized, and by controlling the amount of time the tool spends working at a given lens location, a desired aspheric surface can be fabricated. In addition to the complexity of the machining processes, conventional aspheric fabrication is highly sensitive to the manufacturing conditions, which strongly depend on the positioning accuracy of the machine, the condition of the grinding wheel, and the vibrations in the system. These factors result in an expensive manufacturing cost and a low production yield.
\nCompared to traditional cold-working methods, glass molding and precision injection molding have greatly advanced the fabrication technologies for aspheric lens industry because of their unique advantages such as excellent compatibility, high efficiency, great flexibility, and high consistency [15, 16, 17]. The mass production of aspheric glass lenses is fabricated by applying the technologies. In the glass molding technique, a glass lens is fabricated by compressing glass melting at a high temperature and replicating the shapes of the mold without any need of further machining. Figure 6a shows the process begins by putting a glass gob on top of a lower mold. Both the glass gob and the mold are heated to a molding temperature above the transition temperature of glass (Figure 6b). After the glass and the mold temperature have reached a steady state molding temperature, the mold is closed by moving the lower mold (Figure 6c). The temperature is maintained during the molding step. All steps are performed in vacuum environment. Then, by holding the pressed load for a short time at a slow cooling rate, the stress in the glass lens is relaxed. Lastly, the formed glass lens is rapidly cooled to ambient temperature and released from the molds (Figure 6d). A BK7 glass fabricated using this molding process has surface roughness of approximately 5 nm
Schematic illustration of a lens molding process: (a) Molds and glass gob, (b) Heating, (c) Heating and pressing, and (d) Cooling and release.
In spite of the obvious advantages, there are serious drawbacks that currently limit the application of injection molding and glass molding technologies to smaller size aspheric lens fabrications. A typical drawback is the altering of optical properties such as refractive index, due to heating and annealing of the glass material, and the uneven shrinking due to the cooling process that causes error in lens profile [18].
\nIn contrast, the elastic deformation machining method is a good technique that the workpiece will be deformed into aspheric shape prior to the lapping process under vacuum pressure. While the vacuum pressure is remained, the opposite side is polished to optical flatness by the lapping wheel. When the vacuum pressure is released, the bottom surface of the workpiece will be shaped into an aspheric shape and the top surface will restore to its flat surface form by internal force and bending moments. Consequently, for machining materials which have excellent physical properties due to their perfect crystal structures, the elastic deformation method is appropriate [19].
\nBased on the elasticity of the material, the circular flat plate is deformed to an aspheric surface by applying the pressure in the elastic deformation machining method. The deflection of the circular plate can be calculated by using appropriate plate theory. There are two types of edge support for circular plate, such as fixed (or clamped) edge and simply supported edge which are considered in this section.
\nThe amount of deflection of circular plate can be determined by solving the differential equations of an appropriate plate theory [20]. Two types of edge support include clamped and simply supported edge which are used in the elastic deformation method. In the case of simple bending of circular plate, the amount of deflection w is assumed to be very small in comparison with plate thickness. According to the small deflection theory of thin homogenous elastic plates, the deformation in the middle plane of the plate can be neglected and the straight line initially normal to the middle surface to the plate remains straight. In addition, the stress (i.e., transverse normal stress) is small when compared to other stress components and should be neglected in stress-strain relationship. Under these conditions, the three dimensional plate problem can be reduced to two dimensions. The linear theory of elasticity can be used to derive the governing differential equation for a plate subject to uniform transverse loads. The equation for small deformation w of a thin circular plate of constant thickness
The moment can be written in the form,
\nwhere
If the load acting on the plate is symmetrically distributed about the axis perpendicular to the middle plane of the plate, the deflection w is independent of
In other form, it shown as
\nEq. (5) can be written as
\nMultiply both sides of Eq. (6) by
or,
\nBy successive integrations, the deflection can arrive finally at
\nThe shears for the symmetrically loaded plate can be given as follow,
\nand from Eq. (9),
\nThis equation indicates that
From Eq. (13), the amount of deflection wr is the function of
The boundary conditions are \n
Eq. (13) can be written,
\nand
\nFrom the equations, we can find
\nso that the deflection of every radial location can be calculated using,
\nThe maximum deflection which occurs at
Substitute
From Eq. (19), we can see that the maximum deflection of the circular plate is relative of the diameter
Figure 7 shows a schematic illustration of a lens elastic deformation process without mold.
\n(a–f) Schematic illustration of an aspheric surface elastic deformation process.
Two surfaces of the workpiece are polished to certain flatness before fabricating as shown in Figure 7a. When vacuum pressure is supplied to the workpiece through a hole, the workpiece is deformed in the middle. The edge of the workpiece is supported by the holder; therefore, it will be not moved. This makes the workpiece become a formed aspheric shape as presented in Figure 7b. The deflection of the workpiece can be calculated by using theoretical equation in boundary conditions of circular plate with simply supported edge. While the vacuum pressure is still remained, the workpiece and the holder start rotating and moving downward in contact with the lapping plate. Its opposite side will be polished to optical flatness as illustrated in Figure 7c and d. Then, the vacuum pressure is not supplied and the workpiece is also released from the holder as shown in Figure 7e. According to the Figure 7f, the bottom surface will be formed into the aspheric shape and the top surface returns to its original flat surface form due to material elasticity. It can be seen that the deformed workpiece surfaces can be restored by internal force and bending moments which are created from the vacuum pressure during machining process.
\nThe vacuum pressure affects an amount of elastic deformation of the workpiece; hence, the accuracy of manufactured profile will also be highly dependent on the vacuum pressure as well. Figure 8a and b illustrates that the workpiece is lapped and polished to a flat surface while the vacuum pressure stays it at the initial deformed state.
\n(a and b) The deforming and lapping processes of glass plate. (a) The glass plate is deformed before lapping and (b) the glass plate is deformed in lapping.
The manufactured workpiece accuracy can be improved by adjusting the vacuum pressure during the machining process because of the changed workpiece thickness [21]. The vacuum pressure is defined by finite element analysis (FEA) results because theoretical calculation for complex surface is more difficult. In simulation process, a circular plate B270 optical glass with the edge supported by the holding device is listed in Table 1.
\nDensity (kg/m3) | \nYoung’s modulus (GPa) | \nKnoop hardness HK100 (kg/mm2) | \nPoisson ratio | \n
---|---|---|---|
2550 | \n71.5 | \n542 | \n0.22 | \n
Material properties of B270 optical glass [22].
All elements of modeling were created by meshing with A20-node quadratic brick elements in reduced integration (C3D20R). Figure 9 demonstrates the finite element model as follows.
\nSimulation model of workpiece.
When the vacuum pressure keeps unchanged, the workpiece thickness is reduced during the lapping process. Therefore, the surface form of a glass plate will have some errors compared to desired surface form at the end of the machining process. The results of the FEA indicate that the deflection of workpiece is greater than desired curve. In order to enhance its accuracy, the vacuum pressure should be fixed at 42 kPa as shown in Figure 10.
\nFinite element analysis results and analytical results: (a) P = 50 kPa and (b) P = 42 kPa.
The B270 optical glass which is a clear, high transmission and high purity raw materials is chosen in this experiment. The workpiece sides are lapped and polished to flat surfaces. The lapping process is through the relative motion between the lapping plate and the workpiece, affected by abrasive slurry under distribution load. The silicon carbide (SiC) and cerium oxide (CeO2) abrasive grain slurry are used in the experiment. The principle of lapping process can be seen in Figure 11.
\nPrinciple of lapping and polishing process.
In lapping process, a rigid iron surface covered by a flannelette plate is moved under the load on the glass surface, with abrasive particles suspended in water between them. Table 2 demonstrates parameters for the machining process. To remove microcrack layer and trace after the lapping process, a polishing step is required. This step is also carried out with the Nanopoli-100 precision polishing machine. The polishing parameters fixed unchanged as that in the initial lapping step, except that the abrasive is changed from SiC to CeO2 as a fine polishing step.
\nItems | \nLapping | \nPolishing | \n
---|---|---|
Abrasive | \n#1000 SiC | \n#10,000 CeO2 | \n
Abrasive concentration in slurry (wt%) | \n10% | \n10% | \n
Machining load (N) | \n20 | \n15 | \n
Rotating speed of lapping plate (rpm) | \n60 | \n40 | \n
Machining time (min) | \n240 | \n60 | \n
Lapping and polishing conditions.
The component accuracy can be improved by adjusting the vacuum pressure values to compensate for its lost thickness during the lapping step. The vacuum pressure is defined through FEA results. Figure 10 shows that the deformation curve of the workpiece is close to the desired curve when the vacuum pressure is fixed at 42 kPa. Therefore, the vacuum pressure should be reduced from 50 to 42 kPa in the experiment. Figure 12 illustrates the deflection and deviation results of the experimental results and the theoretical calculations.
\nThe experimental results of deflection and deviation against theoretical results.
Depending on reducing pressure from 50 to 42 kPa and keeping stable through the entire lapping step, the experimental results agree greatly with theoretical calculations. The peak-valley value is reached at 1.6 μm.
\nIn the elastic deformation machining process without mold, the thickness of the plate is reduced while the vacuum pressure remains unchanged. Thus, the workpiece deformation to increase as lapping progresses. This will cause large deviation in surface form between finished workpiece and theoretical calculation. The mold with its surface approximates the desired surface form of the lens which is used for improving the machining precision. When vacuum pressure is supplied, the top surface of the workpiece will be deformed and then contacts the molded surface. Figure 13 shows the basic concept of elastic deformation molding process [23].
\nBasic principle of elastic deformation molding process.
The mold and workpiece surfaces are polished to flatness before fabricating as shown in Figure 13a. When uniform vacuum pressure is supplied to the workpiece through small holes of the mold, the workpiece will be deformed and then contacted with the aspheric surface of the mold as presented in Figure 13b. While deformed workpiece is kept stable under vacuum pressure, the bottom side of the workpiece is polished to flatness as illustrated in Figure 13c and d. Then, the vacuum pressure is not supplied; hence, the lapped side of workpiece will be formed into the mold surface while the opposite surface returns to its original flatness surface due to material elasticity as shown in Figure 13e.
\nThe standard aspheric formula is:
\nwhere
The radius (
The sag of aspheric lens.
An aspherical surface is built by using spherical surface combined with the higher order terms. Most optical designers use only the even-order terms from A2 to A20. The conic constant
Conic constant | \nSurface type | \n
---|---|
K = 0 | \nSpherical | \n
K = −1 | \nParaboloid | \n
K < −1 | \nHyperboloid | \n
−1 < K < 0 | \nEllipsoid | \n
K > 0 | \nOblate ellipsoid | \n
The relationship between conic constants and surface types.
In elastic deformation machining method, the accuracy of aspheric lens depends on the ability of elastic deformation and completely contacting the mold surfaces. The mold surface is defined by choosing the closest spherical surface (as shown in Figure 15). The FEA is designed for establishing the spherical surface through a simulation of contacting process between workpiece and mold surface.
\nThe aspheric surface from best fit sphere.
In the simulation process, the thickness (
(a) The simulation model and (b) FEM simulation model.
The axisymmetric model is selected in this simulation process. The mold is chosen as an analytical rigid shell and the workpiece is a deformable shell. The analytical step of model is “Dynamic, Explicit”. The interaction and the contact property are “Surface to surface contact” and “Penalty contact method,” respectively. All elements of the workpiece are divided in meshing with
It is clear to see that Figure 17 shows the deflection and deviation of workpiece under different vacuum pressures with the conic constant
(a and b) Deflection and deviation under different vacuum pressures (
According to the results, the model with the conic constant
The accuracy one can be innovated by modifying the mold profile to adopt with bending stress of workpiece material. This mold profile is redesigned by using the profile of workpiece after the deformed stage. An axisymmetric FEM model is established, and it consists of the new mold and workpiece. The uniform vacuum pressure is chosen as −95 kPa. The mold surface is redesigned with the conic constant
The modified mold is chosen.
It can be noted that Figure 19a and b presents the deflection and deviation results between the workpiece and the new mold under supplied vacuum pressures, P = −95 kPa and K = −3.
\n(a and b) Deflection and deviation results between the workpiece and modified mold.
The form accuracy of workpiece is enhanced by using the new mold surface. The maximum deviation is less than
Figure 20 presents that the experiment was conducted to a precision polishing machine Preci-Polish 300. The B270 glass with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 1.0 mm is utilized in the experiment process. In addition, Table 4 points the parameters for the machining process, in which the vacuum pressure is fixed as −95 kPa.
\nExperimental set-up in the lapping processes. 1-Lapping machine; 2-digital pressure switch; 3-regulator; 4-vacuum pump. 5-accumulator; 6-vacuum pipeline; 7-condition ring; 8-load; 9-mold; 10-lapping plate; and 11-slurry pipeline.
According to the simulation results, the new mold surface with the conic constant
Items | \nLapping | \nPolishing | \n
---|---|---|
Abrasive | \n#1000 SiC | \n#10,000 CeO2 | \n
Abrasive concentration in slurry (wt%) | \n10% | \n10% | \n
Machining load (N) | \n30 | \n20 | \n
Rotating speed of lapping plate (rpm) | \n60 | \n40 | \n
Machining time (min) | \n120 | \n30 | \n
Lapping and polishing parameters.
Figure 21a and b shows that experimental results are compared to FEA with new mold surface under applied vacuum pressure
(a and b) Experimental and FEA results with modified mold surface.
Based on the experimental and FEA results, the deviation of workpiece is less than
Based on the elasticity of the material, the elastic deformation machining is a method in which the vacuum pressure is used for fabricating complex aspheric surfaces. The amount of deflection of circular plate can be determined by solving the differential equations of an appropriate plate theory. The workpiece will be deformed into aspheric shape prior to the lapping process under the vacuum pressure. While the vacuum pressure is remained, the opposite side is polished to optical flatness by the lapping wheel. Then, the vacuum pressure is not supplied and hence, the bottom surface will be formed into the aspheric shape and the top surface will be restored to its flat surface form. Therefore, the method is suitable for manufacturing of optical lens with large aperture and low thickness glass materials.
\nIn the elastic deformation machining process without mold, the manufactured workpiece accuracy can be increased by adjusting the vacuum pressure during the machining process because of the changed workpiece thickness. The vacuum pressure is defined through FEA results. According to the FEA, the deformation curve of the workpiece is reached to the desired curve when the vacuum pressure is fixed at 42 kPa. Depending on reducing the vacuum pressure from 50 to 42 kPa and keeping stable through the entire machining process, the experimental results agree greatly with theoretical calculations. The best peak-valley value
In order to achieve form accuracy of the workpiece in the elastic deformation machining process with mold, the mold with its surface approximates the desired surface form of the lens which is used for improving the machining precision. The accuracy one can be innovated by modifying the mold profile to adopt with bending stress of workpiece material. This mold profile is redesigned by using the profile of workpiece after the deformed stage. According to the simulation results, the new mold surface with the conic constant
Historically, the earliest descriptions about the danger of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) were described in 1713 by the Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714). In his book “De Morbis Artificum” (Diseases of Workers), he firstly demonstrated the impact of hearing loss together in a relation to prolonged exposure to noise by his observations based on his examinations on coppersmith workers who were constantly exposed to noise and gradually suffered from hearing loss [1].
\nDuring the eighteenth century with onset of rapid industrialisation, the incidence of NIHL increased drastically and lead to the first ideas of preventive actions.
\nAlmost 200 years later, the Hungarian biophysicist Georg von Békésy (1899–1972) analysed the travelling wave of sound in the cochlea, for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1961 and simultaneously set the cornerstone for the start of investigations of noise and hearing loss in relation to exposure time [2].
\nThe origin of the noun “noise” is found in Latin language from the term “nausea”, which later via detours through French language was introduced as “noise” to the English language [3]. Both words have much more in common than suspected before.
\nSubstantially, there is no difference between sound and noise. But enlightening the differences more closely, sound refers to the sense of perception that usually occurs on voluntary basis and delights the listener as it is for example by listening to music. On the other hand, noise is defined as an unwanted sound that may cause displeasure, annoyance and pain or, referring back to its word origins, nausea.
\nInvestigations have shown that continuous noise exposure has an enormous damaging impact not only on hearing but also on the general health status of the population.
\nAlthough preventable, NIHL is one of the most widespread irreversible occupational diseases worldwide and thus was declared as a serious occupational hazard [4].
\nSeveral studies gave evidence that noise creates physical and psychological stress, commonly presented as reduced assessment, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular dysfunction and mental health alteration [5, 6].
\nThe protection of health and safety from hazards at work should be our all interest. Therefore, our research is aimed at evaluating the impact of occupational noise on hearing, general security of health, quality of life and productivity of those working in stressful environments shown at the example of emergency service working personnel, who give constantly their best to protect and save our health during emergency.
\nNoise can be described as rapid fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, which affects the human body as vibrations that are perceived by the human ear and finally can be classified as sound.
\nSound propagates as a pressure wave and is able to travel through any elastic medium (e.g., air, water, wood, and metal).
\nImportant units for measurements of noise attributes are hertz (Hz) and decibels (dB), and together with some basic knowledge of physics of waves, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, refraction, absorption and transmission, we are able to understand the behaviour of noise and can develop controls and preventions. When molecules start to move due to atmospheric pressure changes, the moving air molecules pass their energy on to neighbouring molecules, which results in the spread of their energy over and over until an increasingly larger volume is created. This principle can be compared to the ripples when a stone is thrown into water. These described pressure changes are detected by the eardrum, which in return vibrates as response. In return, the vibrations are further transferred to the middle ear, which is constructed of three tiny bones facing towards the fluid-filled inner ear. The inner ear contains tiny inner and outer hair cells, which convert the vibrations into electrical nerve impulses that then are sent to the brain. Finally, the brain is then able to process these impulses into meaningful sounds [5, 7].
\nThe perception of loudness of a sound is determined by two factors: sound pressure and frequency. The frequency (number of vibrations per second) is related to “pitch”. The higher the frequency, the shaper the sound heard by the subject [7].\n
\nImportant issues about noise perception are as follows: Sound pressure levels are measured in (dB). They describe the amplitude of the sound waves. They are related to the loudness of the sound. The A-weighted sound pressure levels are measured in dB(A). A-weighting considers the non-linear response to sound of the human ear, and also its non-homogeneous response to sounds of different frequencies and intensities. This level is determined by using a standardised weighting at different frequencies and then, summing logarithmically these sound pressure levels. The A-weighted sound pressure levels better represent the auditee’s perception of noise. They are used for many applications, from community noise ordinances to occupational noise exposure regulations.
\nEvery day, we are naturally exposed to loud, distracting and possibly hazardous noise. A common experience for everyone may be the example of continues ringing after a great concert or muffled sounds after working with loud tools (chainsaw, grass cutter, etc.).
\nNoise at prolonged exposure at 80 dB has unsafe effects to the auditory system but also to general health [5, 7, 8].
\nStudies proved that the risk for NIHL increases exponentially in noise-exposed population, who are exposed to noise level beyond 85 dB(A) for a prolonged time [9].
\n\nTable 1 shows critically how noise is correlated with health that is shown in three different stages of noise levels in dB(A).
\nNoise level and body reaction | \nType of noise | \nSound pressure levels in dB(A) | \nSound sense | \n
---|---|---|---|
30–65 dB(A) Mental reaction | \nFine ticking of a clock, whispering | \n30 dB(A) | \nVery quiet | \n
Library, bedroom at night | \n40 dB(A) | \nPretty quiet | \n|
Conversation | \n50 dB(A) | \nNormal | \n|
Quiet office | \n60 dB(A) | \nModerate to loud | \n|
65–90 dB(A) Physical reaction | \nShouting, car in 10 m distance | \n70 dB(A) | \nLoud to very loud | \n
Street noise in heavy traffic | \n80 dB(A) | \nVery loud | \n|
90–120 dB(A) Hearing loss, ear pain | \nLoud factory hall | \n90 dB(A) | \nVery loud | \n
Car horns in 7 m distance | \n100 dB(A) | \nVery loud to unbearable | \n|
Full symphony orchestra | \n110 dB(A) | \nVery loud to unbearable | \n|
Jet engine, live rock band | \n120 dB(A) | \nUnbearable to painful | \n|
\n | 130 dB(A) | \nIntolerable | \n
Overview of noise level and impact on human body.
At the example of “Conversation”, it can be nicely illustrated in what manner noise level has an impact on health.
\nA standard conversation is measured at approximately 50 dB(A), which at a prolonged exposure may lead to mental reactions (e.g., low concentration and annoyance); at 80 dB(A), for communication, the voice needs to be elevated remarkably that interferes with health shown in physical reactions (e.g., hypertonus); and at 90 dB(A), communication is not possible anymore, which in return in long term is unbearable and triggers pain threshold.
\nDetermining the limit of noise exposure is crucial to take three components in consideration:
Worker (genetic predisposition)
Character of noise: sound pressure level and frequency
Duration of exposure
Generally, the potential and stage for hearing loss by noise are related to the workers’ duration of noise exposure and stage of noise loudness.
\nHalving acoustic energy can be done reducing sound pressure level by the 3 dB or halving the exposure time [10].
\nFor better understanding, see the following examples. These noise exposures are the same:
80 dB for 8 h
83 dB for 4 h
86 dB for 2 h
89 dB for 1 h
92 dB for 30 min
International standards recommend an “equivalent sound pressure level of 85 dB(A) at 8-h working day average as the exposure limit for occupational noise” for preservation of the personnel’s hearing when working in a noisy environment. However, in reality, it shows that this limit does not guarantee safety, especially for the hearing system of workers, since 80 dB(A) is already indicating harmful effects [11].
\nTherefore, Noise at Work Regulations recommend a “three action levels for occupational noise level” depending on equivalent noise level for 8-h working day (see Table 2).
\nAction level | \nLAeq8h | \n
---|---|
First action level (minimum) provide protection | \n80 dB(A) | \n
Second action level mandatory protection | \n85 dB(A) | \n
Maximum exposure limit value | \n87 dB(A) | \n
Three action levels for occupational noise level.
Hearing loss can be categorised depending which parts of the hearing system are damaged. There are three basic types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss [12].
\nConductive hearing loss occurs due to damage of outer structures of the auditory system.
\nThe sound waves are not properly conducting through the outer ear canal, the eardrum and ossicles of the middle ear. It is characterised by a reduction of sound level perception or the ability to hear weak sounds. Good treatment options are surgery or medication depending on issue.
\nCauses of conductive hearing loss are as follows:
Fluid in the middle ear
Ear infection (otitis media or otitis externa)
Poor eustachian tube function
Trauma, e.g., perforated eardrum
Obstacle such as cerumen, tumour or foreign body
Sensorineural hearing loss appears in case of damage to inner structures such as cochlea or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain.
\nCharacteristically, it is described by the reduced ability to hear faint sounds. Even when speech is loud enough to hear, it may still appear to be unclear or sound muffled. Unfortunately, there is no treatment option.
\nExamples:
Ototoxic medication
Genetic or hereditary
Ageing
Head trauma
Exposure to loud noise
NIHL is one of the most common occupational illnesses, because it is often ignored since there are no visible effects or pain sensation in early stages.
\nFactors that especially predispose one to NIHL are found in high-frequency noise exposure, which is known to be much more harmful than low-frequency noise, and also continuous stimuli are more damaging than interrupted stimuli.
\nNIHL starts with a temporary threshold shift (TTS). Physiologically explained, while the ear is exposed to the noise, there originates a release of ATP from stria cochlearis, which provides the necessary energy for the function of the hair cells. In case of prolonged elevated noise exposure, a mismatch occurs between energy supply and consumption, as the ATP needs to reach the hair cells by diffusion. The hair cells get tired due to energy depletion and result to be less sensitive. This leads to a shift in hearing threshold but has still potential to recover completely when the harmful stimulus is removed [13].
\nIf the exposure to the harmful noise still continues, the cellular integrity of the hair cells of the Corti organ disrupts gradually and ultimately the nerve fibres that innervate the hair cells will disappear, thus resulting in permanent threshold shift (PTS), and henceforth, irreversible hearing loss at higher frequencies will be noted. In most cases, it is described affecting both ears symmetrically [14].
\nNIHL can be classified into four stages: mild, moderate, severe and profound [15].
Mild NIHL is a high-frequency hearing loss of sounds between 20 and 40 dB.
Moderate NIHL, between 40 and 60 dB.
Severe NIHL, between 60 and 80 dB.
Profound NIHL, greater than 80 dB.
Limitations in hearing are evident when listening to high frequencies. First noticed problems are trouble understanding speech during present background noise. NIHL progresses gradually, and people have difficulty understanding high-pitched voices (e.g., women and children) even in quiet conversational situations, whereas conversation on the telephone is generally unaffected.
\nTTS slowly progresses to PTS, post exposure tinnitus, and TTS serves as warning signs of impending permanent NIHL [14].
\nHearing loss is detectable by performing an audiogram and is presented as a graph that shows the weakest sounds a person can hear at different frequencies. It can be used to detect the concrete severity of sensorineural hearing loss or for check-up reasons.
\nFor TTS, there is a chance that the shift regresses again after the noise is removed.
\nTherefore, the sound pressure level during the recovery period is kept below 70 dB(A) and a recovery time of at least 10 h.
\nIn case the recovery period is not respected, an accumulation of the individual TTS may occur and leads to PTS, which can be detected in the audiogram (see Figure 1).
\nAudiogram characterising early NIHL.
NIHL is typically shown with selective loss of hearing at around 4000 Hz, which is apparent in the audiogram as a notch-like depression.
\nIf exposure to harming noise is continued, the notch gradually deepens and widens. It can also take over to the middle frequencies. In very severe cases, even the lower frequencies may eventually become involved [5].
\nConsequences of NIHL may severely interfere with both social and occupational environment. NIHL as a reason for limited communication ability with co-workers and family may develop anxiety, irritability and decreased self-esteem resulting in loss of productivity and, eventually, social isolation.
\nIn terms of safety, NIHL often runs together with a reduced ability of assessment and to monitor work environment such as warning signals or equipment sounds and immensely increase the danger of injuries.
\nNoise creates physical and psychological stress that can interfere with health leading to extra aural health risks. Common early symptoms can be found psychosocially as sleep disturbances, concentration difficulties and clumsiness.
\nDepending on the extent of sound pressure level, it can influence the vegetative system by a shift in favour towards the sympathetic nervous system. Examples are tachycardia, hypertonia, tachypnoea, increased adrenal secretion of stress hormones such as cortisol and decrease in gastric secretion for protection of gastric mucosa. In the long term, these symptoms have potential to interfere severely with health [16].
\nThe data were collected through a retrospective cohort study using a questionnaire with a total sample size of 207 workers from two main emergency ambulance service centres located in Riga, Latvia, and Aurich, Germany.
\nAdditionally, the noise level was detected by measurements with a sound level meter.
\nMaterials of use:
Questionnaire (14 questions)
Sound level meter
The collection of data is divided into two parts.
\nThe first part includes the collection of basic personal and working information via a questionnaire of 14 questions. Hundred and five Latvian and hundred and two German emergency service workers responded to the questionnaire. The questionnaire was shared as electronic survey at http://www.visidati.lv and also distributed as printed paper to the different working stations. The collection of personnel information started in January 2016 and ended in May 2016.
\nThe research data were collected and statistically processed in Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and SPSS 22.0.
\nThe second part refers to the measurement of noise level by use of a sound level meter reviewing non-signal and signal noise exposures during 12-h shifts and by this giving the basis to analyse the average noise level that an emergency service personnel is presented to.
\nThe collection of measurement started in January 2016 and ended in February 2016.
\nDigital sound level meter model LUTRON SL-4013 conforms to IEC 651 Type 2 with 0’. Noise was measured using a standard microphone head that was placed in the front passenger compartment of an ambulance during emergency driving. The equipment was programmed to collect data in fast mode, using the weighting curve “A”. Also, a protective foam in the microphone in order to minimise the other noise effects was used.
\nThe measurements were recorded during 20 emergency trips with a duration range from 10 to 15 min. These measurements were performed in different days, periods and shifts. The noise levels were carefully recorded at different velocities under the following conditions:
Asphalt street and good surface conditions of the street
Measuring device placed in the centre of the cabin at level of the ears of workers
Taking measured number at stable driving of 50, 70 and 100 km/h
Mostly free field as surrounding (no high density of high houses)
No talking, no funk communication
Radio turned off
Windows closed
No rain, calm wind
The ambulance car is analysed in terms of technical specification and physical dimensions.
\nFor proper comparison of the ambulance service in Germany and Latvia, we chose similar cars in model and age.
\nBoth countries use the Mercedes-Benz, Sprinter 315, CDI model, 4-door, manual and manufacturing year 2010 (Riga, Latvia) and a similar model from year 2012 (Aurich, Germany) This model is a standard Sprinter with high ceilings. The front cabin design layout constituted likewise.
\nThe sirens are located bilaterally on the roof and front spoiler of the ambulance car. The type of sirens and frequency for Latvia and Germany differ especially in frequency of sound melody. Germany is using sirens of type “Martin-Horn 2298 GM” DIN 14610 EC with a 4′ membrane-bell and sound pressure level of 125 dB(A) at a distance of 1 m.
\nIn Latvia, there is no standardised sound melody throughout a signal trip. During signal trips, the driver can choose manually between different frequencies.
\nThe average sound levels based on the measurements performed during numerous emergency trips are as shown in Table 3.
\n\n | Germany | \nLatvia | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|
Without signal | \nWith signal | \nWithout signal | \nWith signal | \n|
Average | \n66.5 | \n84.7 | \n71.9 | \n86.6 | \n
50 km/h | \n63.5 | \n84.4 | \n67.2 | \n83.3 | \n
70 km/h | \n65.2 | \n84.8 | \n72.4 | \n85.9 | \n
100 km/h | \n71.4 | \n84.8 | \n76.1 | \n90.7 | \n
Measured sound pressure level in dB(A) according to speed and considering all data together, for Germany and Latvia.
In Germany, the minimum noise level is measured at 50 km/h without signal use with 63.5 dB(A) and the maximum is measured at 100 km/h with signal use with 84.8 dB(A).
\nIn comparison, in Latvia, the minimum is measured at 50 km/h without signal use with 67.3 dB(A) and the maximum is measured at 100 km/h with signal use with 90.7 dB(A).
\nFor both countries, it is noticeable that the noise level during signal use is enormously elevated than during trips without signal use. Comparing the Latvian with German emergency cars, non-signal trips are measured with a higher average noise level with an average difference of 5.2 dB(A) and during signal use the noise level in Latvian emergency cars is also higher by a difference average of 2.4 dB(A). This means, the Latvian emergency personnel is exposed to an overall higher noise level during emergency trips than German emergency personnel.
\nThe research included in total count 207 emergency workers from different emergency service centres. Hundred and two German and hundred and five Latvian emergency workers answered fourteen questions in an electronic form at http://www.visidati.lv or in printed version.
\nIn total, the respondents are defined by 116 (56%) men and 91 (44%) women aged between 18 and 65 years.
\nIn Germany, the majority of personnel is formed by men (35%), while in Latvia, the majority is dominated by female workers (30%) (see Figure 2).
\nThe percentage of survey population by gender.
The age distribution shows that the Latvian emergency personnel in general are composed of a rather young team in the age range of 18–30 years (18–25 years = 57.1%, 26–30 years = 30.5%), and in return, the German personnel show a wider range of age distribution, which majorly is observed to be between 18 and 40 years (18–25 years = 46.1%, 26–30 years = 22.5%, 31–40 years = 16.7%). Consequently, the emergency workers in Germany are older compared to the Latvian emergency workers (see Figure 3).
\nThe distribution in absolute numbers of survey population by age, Latvia and Germany in comparison.
Relating the personnel’s age and years of employment, a correlation is apparent. The vast majority of the young Latvian workers have been working for 1–5 years (84.8%) and then an abrupt decrease of employment time by approximately 80% is seen, while the investigated German ambulance service also has its peak employment time at 1–5 years (54.9%) but then gradually decreases by 50% (see Figure 4).
\nThe distribution in absolute numbers of survey population by years of employment, Latvia and Germany in comparison.
According to the amount of shifts per week and the density of emergency occurrence, both countries have four shifts of 12 h during a 7-day working week and parallels are seen for the average amount of trips that are set at approximately six non-signal and five signal trips for both countries.
\nEvaluating the amount of hours the worker is exposed to noise during trips, the German ambulance service personnel are approximately 1.5 h (63 min) longer exposed to noises from signal and 0.71 h (43 min) longer exposed to non-signal noises during a 12-h shift. Comparing both countries for their total emergency trip-related noise exposure during a 12-h shift, German personnel are in total 68% exposed to noise and Latvian personnel in total 53% (see Figure 5).
\nTime of exposure of the survey population to signal and non-signal trips during a 12-h shift. *Others include the time during the 12-h shift outside the emergency car.
The time that the worker is not sitting in the car and presented to the evaluated noise is categorised as “other” in Figure 5, which stands for the time, e.g., in the hospital, patient house or guardhouse. It is impossible to measure these noise levels; nonetheless, it should be taken into consideration, since presentation to noise is ubiquitous and affecting the body.
\nIn the questionnaire, respondents were allowed to choose more than one symptom and indeed, most respondents indicated more than one symptom. In comparison, Germans assigned 1–2 fitting symptoms and Latvians choose 2–3 (see Figure 6).
\nPrevalence of chronic hearing symptoms for each country of the survey population in absolute number, Germany and Latvia in comparison.
For both countries, a common pattern of complaints and also highest incidences were found in following two symptoms: difficulties of understanding during background noises (Germany 30.2%,
Other similarities but with lower frequency are given for hyperacusis (Germany 6%,
Comparing main differences, Latvian emergency workers show a much higher incidence of symptoms such as vertigo (23.8%,
German emergency personnel showed higher prevalence only for difficulties understanding electronic audio devices such as TV and radio and thus the need to increase the volume (20.9%,
Concluding, Latvian emergency personnel clearly dominate in 8 from 10 auditory symptoms with higher absolute number.
\nFor a closer accurate evaluation risks for NIHL, also an average noise exposure during free time was requested giving a defined range from 1 (low noise exposure) to 10 (high noise exposure). Both indicated an average free time exposure to noise at 5.
\nStatistical investigations for relations according to the study showed that there is no significant relation between countries, age, gender or length of employment towards symptoms (
When persons with normal hearing are exposed to high noise levels over a prolonged period of time and by this reaching or exceeding the limit of permissible noise level exposure equivalent of 85 dB(A) during 8 h, a shift of hearing threshold may result. Under a threshold shift is meant an average deterioration of hearing of 10 dB(A) or more in the frequency ranges of 2000, 3000 and 4000 Hz in both ears, defined by Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
\nThis deterioration of hearing can be of a temporary nature (TTS), or in opposite at continuous exposition can result to a permanent threshold shift (PTS) and hearing loss.
\nThe amount of hearing loss results from the sound pressure level, the duration of exposure, the frequency of noise and the individual predispositions.
\nThe study focuses on the distribution of symptoms that determine the current state and assess the future trend of NIHL risks. The Latvian ambulance service personnel are exposed up to 5.2 dB(A) (non-signal) and 2.4 dB(A) (with signal) louder noise than German personnel. Both countries demonstrate an exposure to hazardous noise level of approximately 85–90 dB(A) during signal trips, which reaches and partly exceeds the exposure limits of 85 dB(A).
\nSound measurements of this study show that during non-signal trips, the noise pressure level varies depending on speed by 2–6 dB(A). The faster the speed level, the greater the noise level. During signal trips, for Latvians, the increase in noise level is by 2–4 dB(A) depending on speed level seen, but for Germans, the noise level stays almost constant at different speed levels.
\nHowever, during a 12-h shift, the Latvian survey population is exposed for approximately 2 h to signal trips with an average noise level of approximately 87 dB(A) and the German survey population approximately 3 h to signal trips with an average noise level of 85 dB(A).
\nReferring to OSHA regulations, both countries are not exceeding the limit of permissible noise level exposure equivalent. Thus, the exposure to noise during emergency trips with signal is considered to be safe for the auditory system.
\nNonetheless, especially the Latvian emergency personnel indicate a great dominance for auditory changes, as clearly shown in my study data.
\nPossible explanations for the contrary facts may be found when considering the sirens of the ambulance vehicles. The frequencies of ringtones that can be selected in Latvian cars are usually higher and thus more harmful to the hearing system. Also the majority of streets are in rather poor condition, which increases the noise level by its vibrations. Furthermore, accumulations of numerous unrecovered TTS by short and extreme fluctuations of noise level may also trigger NIHL. Moreover, the natural limitations of the study need to be taken into account. Firstly non-job-related noise exposure such as listening to a walkman loudly for long time or being a member of an orchestra and giving a concert has a great impact on hearing, which limits the accuracy of the study. Secondly, during the last 5 years, both ambulance services invested enormously into new cars and equipment. Thus, the symptoms can be a result from the older cars, where presumably the noise level must have been presented far louder.
\nPersonal:
Regular medical examinations of workers
Personal protective devices (e.g., filter-type earplugs)
Education of both workers and the management staff in order to prevent NIHL
Planning and organisation to avoid streets of bad quality, which produce excessive noise or need of prolonged signal use due to a crowded traffic
Intelligent planning of the duty roster to provide rest from loud noise exposure
Keeping the noise level and its exposure during leisure time safe
Audiogram check-ups to make the personnel more aware of the auditory status
Vehicle:
Acoustic insulation and sound proofing to doors, walls and ceilings
Fixing all loose equipment in the cabin for safety reasons but also noise reduction
Positioning of sirens as far away as possible from the personnel, e.g., front of the spoiler
\n
NIHL is one of the oldest and most common occupationally induced health issues worldwide.
Common pattern and highest prevalence for auditory symptoms for both Latvian and German ambulance services are:
Difficulties of understanding during background noises
Tinnitus
Vertigo
Difficulties understanding electronic audio devices such as TV and radio and thus the need to increase the volume
The Latvian ambulance service personnel have a higher risk of developing NIHL reasoned by high frequency of sound melody of the sirens and exposure to higher sound level during signal trips, caused by poor street conditions.
For both countries, the noise level is remarkably elevated during signal trips compared to non-signal trips.
Speed level influences the noise level during trips without signal by 2–6 dB(A). The higher the speed, the higher the noise level during non-signal trips.
During emergency trips with signal use, the noise level is reaching and partly exceeding the safety limits of 80–85 dB(A).
Education of the ambulance workers and management about preventive measures, the importance of NIHL development and risk as well as regular audiometry check-ups are needed.
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This chapter aims to present the main good practices, challenges, and opportunities related to Industry 4.0 paradigm.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Raffaele Cioffi and Federico\nZomparelli",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"},{id:"208748",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaele",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"raffaele-cioffi",fullName:"Raffaele Cioffi"}]},{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41085,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"38973",doi:"10.5772/51460",title:"Risk Management in Construction Projects",slug:"risk-management-in-construction-projects",totalDownloads:102568,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"2175",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",title:"Risk Management",fullTitle:"Risk Management - Current Issues and Challenges"},signatures:"Nerija Banaitiene and Audrius Banaitis",authors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"},{id:"149658",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitis",slug:"audrius-banaitis",fullName:"Audrius Banaitis"}]},{id:"37707",doi:"10.5772/51110",title:"Principle of Meat Aroma Flavors and Future Prospect",slug:"principle-of-meat-aroma-flavors-and-future-prospect",totalDownloads:7493,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:53,abstract:null,book:{id:"3276",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control"},signatures:"Hoa Van Ba, Inho Hwang, Dawoon Jeong and Amna Touseef",authors:[{id:"153361",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ba",slug:"hoa-van-ba",fullName:"Hoa Van Ba"},{id:"163181",title:"Prof.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Amna",slug:"touseef-amna",fullName:"Touseef Amna"}]},{id:"12330",doi:"10.5772/10393",title:"Drilling Fluid Technology: Performances and Environmental Considerations",slug:"drilling-fluid-technology-performances-and-environmental-considerations",totalDownloads:34605,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:null,book:{id:"3726",slug:"products-and-services--from-r-d-to-final-solutions",title:"Products and Services",fullTitle:"Products and Services; from R&D to Final Solutions"},signatures:"Mohamed Khodja, Malika Khodja-Saber, Jean Paul Canselier, Nathalie Cohaut and Faïza Bergaya",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27687,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. 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Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. 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Community service is among the three pillars of the university’s business along with teaching and research tasks. Employing a qualitative case study design, this research inspects the practices of community services against the ascribed principles and identifes the pitfalls of community service in Debre Markos University. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected through key informants interviews, semistructured interviews, and non-participant observation. Thirteen participants, five through key informant interview and eight through a semistructured interview were addressed. Participants were purposively selected from both the university and the nearby community. Lecturers, vice-presidents, and directors have participated in the interview. Articles, books, different reports, newspapers, and magazines were reviewed and used as sources of secondary data. Thematic data analysis technique was employed to analyze the primary data, and document analysis was used to analyze the data gained from secondary sources. The results show that, though community service is rendered since 2006 at Debre Markos University, there are still limitations in adhering to the principles of community service. These include shortage of budget, low level of University-Industry Linkage (UIL), less commitment of the staff, and the low level of monitoring and evaluation.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Mengist"},{id:"82845",title:"Revisiting Crisis Governance: Toward Collaborative Crisis Management",slug:"revisiting-crisis-governance-toward-collaborative-crisis-management",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106129",abstract:"This chapter attends to three main modes of crisis governance: centralization, decentralization, and collaborative crisis management (CCM). While the first two modes focus almost exclusively on government actors, CCM goes beyond them by involving private sectors and civil society. CCM is a more robust form of crisis governance since it combines knowledge and resources from multiple actors, which is a key to managing the more complex nature of modern crises. This chapter uses the case of Indonesia in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic to show the dynamics of crisis governance. Indonesia moved from a centralized mode of crisis governance toward a more decentralized one. Simultaneously, there were several collaborative initiatives involving multiple stakeholders to deal with the crisis, such as in the case of SONJO. The case illustrates that while CCM provides a more effective response, it has some limitations as it has a smaller scale, may create internal conflict, lacks sustainability, and has a nonbinding character. The experience of Indonesia lends the lesson that for CCM to be robust crisis governance, and there needs to be a clear arrangement to boost its scale, manage internal conflict, improve sustainability, and induce a more permanent and binding framework.",book:{id:"11439",title:"Crisis Management - Principles, Roles and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11439.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriel Lele"},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",abstract:"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) connotes Government agencies and private enterprises services for effective change and in this regards the recreational provision. The inadequate provision of the recreational services thwarted recreation, resulting to unsuitable funding of recreational facilities and unsuccessful synergy between government and the private enterprises embarking on CSR. This paper examines the roles of government and the private enterprises in the services of CSR with the view to enhance their performances in the provision of recreational facilities. The paper applied the qualitative method using atlas ti.8 for the data analysis. The findings reveal inadequate facilities provision for recreation resulting from lack of funding, lacklustre attitude and poor synergy of the stakeholders. The paper recommends that government should be positive in implementing policies that promote recreational activities and improving the efforts of the private enterprises for CSR. With the effectiveness and efficiency of the provision of recreation facilities, CSR will be acknowledged as a case of Greater Jos. Plateau State, Nigeria.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa"},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",abstract:"This chapter discusses the potential and prospects of consumers purchasing virtual digital nature and smart tourism. During the lockdown period, people experienced a trend toward increased subjective well-being as a result of their familiarity with the digital nature. In order to academically validate these experiences, this study examines how interaction with nature in the digital environment stimulates new consumer behavior in post-pandemic life. The study will apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to 300 data collected through a questionnaire to develop the discussion, with a particular focus on the mediating effects of digital forest bathing. The results show that digital forest bath ing has a mediating effect in stimulating people’s environmentally oriented behavior, and that the more active they are in digital space and interact with others, the more consumers enjoy interacting with nature in cyberspace and, in turn, the more willing they are to commune with digital nature through smart tourism. This can be expected to provide an effective reference for marketing strategies that contribute to the promotion of smart tourism in the age of symbiosis with COVID.",book:{id:"11581",title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg"},signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka"},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",abstract:"Sustainability remains an underestimated concept when assessing the impact of philanthropic and social investments in communities due to the difficult task of conciliating human development, economy, and environmental protection. Currently, financial cost-effectiveness is one of the main criteria for decision-making. However, under a social investing and climate justice framework, monetary valuation of impacts is never enough to assess the complexity of livelihoods. A multi-stakeholder approach, based on common objectives and synergy among entities, is key for sustainability and social investments. Public institutions, private sector, international cooperation, and local civil society organizations work together in the development of initiatives that promote integral development. In the Dominican Republic and Haiti, community microhydropower systems have proved to be an effective model of social investment, climate justice, and sustainability. The response to a social need, such as access to electricity, has turned into a means for promoting a different approach, based on community empowerment. This article contains the experience of the successes and challenges of more than 50 community microhydropower systems, managed by local groups, which are working and demonstrating the meaning of sustainability and the positive nonmonetary impacts of social investing, opening future opportunities to expand the present 5% of private investment.",book:{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg"},signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca"},{id:"81403",title:"Do the Collaboration Dimensions Pay in Manufacturing Reverse Supply Chain? An Empirical Approach",slug:"do-the-collaboration-dimensions-pay-in-manufacturing-reverse-supply-chain-an-empirical-approach",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103068",abstract:"The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the enablers and practices of collaboration in relation to reverse supply chain. The research method used in this research was a quantitative method using a survey approach to empirically test if the following collaboration enables and practices are applicable. The statistical approach was AMOS 26. The findings revealed that, the relationship building and management for implementing collaboration was ranked highest, resource investment and development in reverse supply chain was ranked the next. Furthermore, quick response on returned goods and information sharing with suppliers on the returned products were highest ranked. The research was limited because the study was based in the Gauteng region, which means that a generalised statement cannot be made of the finding, as well there is a need for the study to be industry specific such as electronics, online retailers. The practical implications of the findings are that the enablers and practices are needed for reverse supply practices to achieve its aims. There is lack of research in the reverse collaboration space, this has paper has fulfilled the following gap.",book:{id:"11253",title:"Sustainable Rural Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11253.jpg"},signatures:"Ifije Ohiomah, Clinton Aigbavboa and Nita Sukdeo"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:72},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. 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He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. 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She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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