Table 2. Dimensions and Measures of Globalization Source: Adapted from Sirgy et al. (2004)
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9403",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book is mainly of interest to researchers in the field of the human microbiome. A lot of new useful knowledge can also be learned from this book by doctors who use scientific achievements for diagnosis and treatment, as well as postgraduate students who participate in research projects on the role of microbiota in pathophysiological processes. This book reflects current data on both methods of studying the microbiota and methods of its correction. Special attention is paid to the role of the microbiota in diseases such as stroke, cancer, autism, allergies, psoriasis, colitis, liver diseases, etc.; the mechanisms of interaction of the microbiota with drugs and natural products are considered. The scientific editors were happy to work on this book and hope that it will be useful to readers.",isbn:"978-1-78984-849-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-848-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-261-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85279",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"human-microbiome",numberOfPages:166,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3108,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 22nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 9th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 8th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 27th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 25th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"895",title:"Medical Microbiology",slug:"medical-microbiology"}],chapters:[{id:"71502",title:"Genomic Techniques Used to Investigate the Human Gut Microbiota",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91808",slug:"genomic-techniques-used-to-investigate-the-human-gut-microbiota",totalDownloads:324,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The human gut is the complex microbial ecosystem comprises more than 100 trillion microbes also known as microbiota. The gut microbiota does not only include about 400–500 types of bacterial strains, but it also contains archaea, bacteriophage, fungi, and protozoa species. In order to complete the characterization of the gut microbial community, we need the help of many culture-dependent and culture-independent genomic technologies. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS), mediated metagenomics that rely on 16S rRNA gene amplification, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) have provided us deep knowledge related to important interactions such as host-microbiota and microbe-microbe interactions under various perturbation inside the gut. But, we still lack complete knowledge related to unique gene products encoded by gut meta-genome. Hence, it required the application of high-throughput “omics-based” methods to support metagenomics. Currently, a combination of high-throughput culturing and microfluidics assays is providing a new method to characterize non-amenable bacterial strains from the gut environment. The recent additions of artificial intelligence and deep learning to the area of microbiome studies have enhanced the capability of identification of thousand microbes simultaneously. Given above, it is necessary to apply new genome editing tools that can be used to design the personalized microflora which can be used to cure lifestyle-related diseases.",signatures:"Akhlash P. Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71502",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71502",authors:[{id:"290179",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhlash",surname:"P. Singh",slug:"akhlash-p.-singh",fullName:"Akhlash P. Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"73917",title:"“Dialogue” between the Human Microbiome and the Brain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94431",slug:"-dialogue-between-the-human-microbiome-and-the-brain",totalDownloads:250,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In conditions of severe gut dysbiosis, there is a risk of developing diseases of the host organism in general and of the brain in particular, as evidenced by a growing number of studies. This chapter focuses on several groups of low-molecular-weight compounds that originate primarily from the gut microbiota. It discusses the results of experimental and clinical studies on the effect of microbial metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids, phenolic metabolites of tyrosine, indolic metabolites of tryptophan, trimethylamines) on the brain. Several studies have proven that the microbial metabolite profiles in the gut and serum are interlinked and reflect a disruption of the gut microbial community. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, it was found that the gut microbiota of patients with positive or negative dynamics of neurological status differ taxonomically. The chapter also presents data obtained from animal germ-free (GF) models. Many researchers would like to consider the gut microbiota as a new therapeutic target, including for the treatment of brain diseases, stroke prevention, reduction of neuroinflammation, and more successful neurorehabilitation of patients.",signatures:"Natalia Beloborodova and Andrey Grechko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73917",authors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko"}],corrections:null},{id:"72586",title:"Intestinal Dysbiosis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92972",slug:"intestinal-dysbiosis-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:481,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 20–30% of the population, with an increased prevalence in industrialized regions. Some patients with NAFLD develop an inflammatory condition termed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that is characterized by hepatocellular injury, innate immune cell-mediated inflammation, and progressive liver fibrosis. In clinical practice, abdominal imaging, which reveals hepatic steatosis, is sufficient for NAFLD diagnosis if other diseases have been rejected. However, a liver biopsy is needed to differentiate NASH from simple steatosis. Therapeutic strategies used to treat obesity and metabolic syndrome improve NAFLD, but there is no specific treatment effective for NASH. The gut microbiota (GM) is composed of millions of microorganisms. Changes in the GM have a significant impact on host health. Intestinal dysbiosis is an imbalance in the GM that can induce increased permeability of the epithelial barrier, with migration of GM-derived mediators through portal vein to the liver. These mediators, such as lipopolysaccharides, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids (BAs), choline, and endogenous ethanol, seem to be involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. Given this evidence, it would be interesting to consider GM-derived mediator determination through omics techniques as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for NASH and to focus research on microbiota modulation as a possible treatment for NASH.",signatures:"Teresa Auguet, Laia Bertran and Jessica Binetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72586",authors:[{id:"319378",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Auguet",slug:"teresa-auguet",fullName:"Teresa Auguet"},{id:"319379",title:"Mrs.",name:"Laia",surname:"Bertran",slug:"laia-bertran",fullName:"Laia Bertran"},{id:"319380",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jessica",surname:"Binetti",slug:"jessica-binetti",fullName:"Jessica Binetti"}],corrections:null},{id:"72388",title:"Skin and Gut Microbiota in Psoriasis: A Systematic Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92686",slug:"skin-and-gut-microbiota-in-psoriasis-a-systematic-review",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Paying attention to a microbial approach may lead to improvements in diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis of psoriasis. A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines searching strategy to identify the pattern of the microbiome and the association of skin and gut microbiota with psoriasis, including the factors that may affect the results of the microbial study. In total, 16 studies were included in this systematic review. Ten studies investigated the skin microbiome, of which six studies were cross-sectional and four studies were prospective studies. Six studies investigated the gut microbiome, including five cross-sectional studies and one prospective study. The understanding of the relationship between microbiota and psoriasis may lead to diagnostics and treatment improvements. Currently, there is a slight consensus on some specific features that define psoriasis. However, no specific taxa have been identified as biomarkers of the disease, even from large-scale cohort studies. Thus, future cohort studies with standardized methodologies and proof-of-concept investigations in animal models may uncover the role of microbiota and the microbial pathways in psoriasis.",signatures:"Atiya Rungjang, Jitlada Meephansan and Hok Bing Thio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72388",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72388",authors:[{id:"205398",title:"Dr.",name:"Jitlada",surname:"Meephansan",slug:"jitlada-meephansan",fullName:"Jitlada Meephansan"},{id:"320033",title:"Dr.",name:"Hok Bing",surname:"Thio",slug:"hok-bing-thio",fullName:"Hok Bing Thio"},{id:"320526",title:"Dr.",name:"Atiya Rungjang",surname:"Rungjang",slug:"atiya-rungjang-rungjang",fullName:"Atiya Rungjang Rungjang"}],corrections:null},{id:"72563",title:"Contribution of Gut Microbiome to Human Health and the Metabolism or Toxicity of Drugs and Natural Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92840",slug:"contribution-of-gut-microbiome-to-human-health-and-the-metabolism-or-toxicity-of-drugs-and-natural-p",totalDownloads:544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trillions of microorganisms with a complex and diverse community are in the human gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbial genomes have much more genes than human genome, thus having a variety of enzymes for many metabolic activities; therefore, gut microbiota is recognized as an “organ” that has essential functions to human health. There are interactions between host and gut microbiome, and there are correlations between gut microbiome in the healthy state and in certain disease states, such as cancer, liver diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Gut microbiota can produce metabolites from nutrients of dietary sources and from drug metabolisms; these metabolites, for example, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have substantial effects on human health. Drug-microbiome interactions play a crucial role in therapeutic efficiency. Some drugs are able to change compositions of gut microbiota, which can lead to either enhance or reduce therapeutic efficiency. This chapter provides an overview of roles of gut microbiota in human health and diseases and recent research studies on the metabolism or toxicity of drugs and natural products. Since gut bacteria considerably contribute to drug metabolism, research on the influence of gut microbiome on drug candidates (or natural products) should be part of the drug development processes.",signatures:"Prasat Kittakoop",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72563",authors:[{id:"319171",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Prasat",surname:"Kittakoop",slug:"prasat-kittakoop",fullName:"Prasat Kittakoop"}],corrections:null},{id:"71233",title:"Is a Fecal Microbiota Transplant Useful for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91444",slug:"is-a-fecal-microbiota-transplant-useful-for-treating-inflammatory-bowel-disease-",totalDownloads:434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease represent the major groups of idiopathic disorders in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The etiology includes environmental factors, genetic factors, and immune responses. The pathogenesis is diversified; however, no guaranteed curative therapeutic regimen has been developed so far. This review contains information related to pathophysiology and current treatment options for IBD. It is known that IBD is caused by tissue-disruptive inflammatory reactions of the gut wall; that is why downregulation of the immune responses allows the healing of the damaged mucosa and allows the resetting of the physiological functions of the gut back to normal. The main treatment options are still corticosteroids, immunomodulators, antibiotics, probiotics, and a series of new agents. Their effects include modulation of cytokines, neutrophil-derived factors, adhesion molecules, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen metabolites. The monoclonal antitumor necrosis factor as infliximab recombinant anti-inflammatory cytokines or related gene therapy is also used nowadays. Still, the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is considered to revolutionize the therapy in IBD, considering the abnormal inflammatory response due to the complicated relationship between microbiota and the immune system. It is imperative to mention the critical role dysbiosis may have in the pathogenesis of IBDs. This review summarizes the available literature concerning the efficacy of FMT in IBDs.",signatures:"Andra-Iulia Suceveanu, Andrada Dumitru, Marilena Musat, Claudia Voinea, Felix Voinea, Irinel Parepa, Anca Pantea Stoian, Laura Mazilu and Adrian Paul Suceveanu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71233",authors:[{id:"94569",title:"Dr.",name:"Irinel",surname:"Parepa",slug:"irinel-parepa",fullName:"Irinel Parepa"},{id:"165823",title:"Dr.",name:"Andra-Iulia",surname:"Suceveanu",slug:"andra-iulia-suceveanu",fullName:"Andra-Iulia Suceveanu"},{id:"166632",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian-Paul",surname:"Suceveanu",slug:"adrian-paul-suceveanu",fullName:"Adrian-Paul Suceveanu"},{id:"202493",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Voinea",slug:"felix-voinea",fullName:"Felix Voinea"},{id:"206380",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Mazilu",slug:"laura-mazilu",fullName:"Laura Mazilu"},{id:"235515",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Voinea",slug:"claudia-voinea",fullName:"Claudia Voinea"},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian"},{id:"316512",title:"Dr.",name:"Marilena",surname:"Musat",slug:"marilena-musat",fullName:"Marilena Musat"},{id:"316513",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrada",surname:"Dumitru",slug:"andrada-dumitru",fullName:"Andrada Dumitru"}],corrections:null},{id:"72989",title:"Probiotic Bacteria in Microbiome against Allergy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93385",slug:"probiotic-bacteria-in-microbiome-against-allergy",totalDownloads:396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"According to the World Allergy Organization (WAO), approximately 20% of the global population suffers from allergies. As per ongoing investigations, their pervasiveness is expanding comprehensively. Allergic diseases are significant because of the high prevalence and constant increase in their costs and adverse effects on human life. Probiotics are proposed as an intervention for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Various mechanisms are considered for the anti-allergic effects of probiotic properties, like detecting related molecular patterns, including DNA motifs or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria, through interaction with host immune systems by Toll-like receptors. In this chapter, the microbiome, allergy, and the role of immunomodulatory probiotics against allergy are discussed.",signatures:"Najaf Allahyari Fard, Zakie Mazhary and Nahid Javanshir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72989",authors:[{id:"197582",title:"Dr.",name:"Najaf",surname:"Allahyari Fard",slug:"najaf-allahyari-fard",fullName:"Najaf Allahyari Fard"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"14",series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",issn:"2632-0983",editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Over the past twenty-plus years, the changing global motor vehicle industry enabled the development of a vibrant automotive industry in the U.S. Southeast (Lambert & Miller, 2011). Detroit remains the hub of the U.S. automotive industry. However, instead of an east-west geographical orientation of the industry emanating from Michigan, the geographic distribution of auto assembly and supplier plants now displays a north-south orientation, with a concentration of plants along a corridor running from Detroit southward, principally through Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and into Alabama. Today, there are 11 vehicle assembly plants located in the US Southeast and three more facilities have been announced.
The Southern Auto Corridor—including the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia—has an embedded role within the global automotive industry. It is dominated by foreign owned firms and primarily serves as a production center within the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) automotive region. Because the newly developed regional industry is so embedded in a global context it makes a fruitful case for studying the impact of globalization.
The global automotive industry is characterized by production being conducted primarily in multi-country regions. The majority of parts production, assembly, and vehicles sales occur in integrated regions. These car production regions include NAFTA, the European Union (EU), MERCOSUR in Latin America, CIS for the former Soviet Block countries, and ASEAN in Asia. There are some countries (i.e., China, Korea, Japan, and India) that have a “go-it-alone” approach and are mostly integrated along national boundaries. Within the regions and countries, the automotive industry clusters in growth poles. In the last ten years, the Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) regions have significantly increased their share of world vehicle production while the developing country share has shrunk, but the basic geographic pattern of the industry appear to be holding. Sturgeon et al. (2009) have described the geographic and organizational pattern of the automotive industry as nested.
The conceptual model describing possible impacts of globalization on the quality of life (QOL) at the country level developed by Sirgy et al. (2004) is useful for understanding the implications of this globalization driven change in the geography of the U.S. automotive industry. The conceptual model provides the necessary research questions that should be investigated empirically to assess the impact of the globalization of the automotive industry on the region’s quality of life. The model defined globalization as
The “Southern Auto Corridor” arose mainly through the flows of capital, goods, and technology. The diffusion of services and people (workers) across national borders was less of a factor so these factors will not be a focus of this chapter. The diffusion of people (workers) that most significantly influenced the QOL of the region was migration of people from the northern parts of the U.S. to the southern states rather than across national boundaries. The foreign firms did send managers and experts, but their impact was more localized (e.g., the teaching of Japanese in some local schools). There was also a flow of services as service providers to the foreign automotive and parts manufacturers followed their customers (e.g., third party logistics providers). However, the story of globalization of the Southern Auto Corridor is mostly captured by understanding how the flow of capital, technology, and goods impact the region.
The diffusion of foreign capital to the region led to the flow of technology and goods. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Japan, Germany, and recently from Korea, was a major force in shaping the Southern Auto Corridor. This capital came in the form of assembly plants and parts suppliers. Along with this capital investment came flows of technology. For example, Japanese manufacturing practices such as Just-in-Time (JIT) and kanban systems flowed into the region. The plants built with foreign capital needed imported parts for production so this lead to an inflow of goods into the region. The foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) use their American assembly plants to a limited extent as an export platform so more goods are flowing from the region. Albeit, because of the regional nested structure of the industry the amount of exports from the NAFTA production region are limited.
The Southern Auto Corridor, including the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, has an embedded role within the global automotive industry. It primarily serves as a production center within the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) automotive region. Due to political and industry factors, production in the global automotive industry is dominated by multi-country regional production bases (e.g., NAFTA, MERCOSUR in South America, European Union), albeit some countries (e.g., China, India) constitute their own production region. This structure makes it unlikely that despite globalization and the “flattening” of the world that the Southern auto corridor will become a major global export base, but it is connected with the global automotive industry that is in a state of flux. Nevertheless, the regional nested structure of the global automotive industry, in addition to the characteristics of the foreign-domestic automotive industry in the south, makes the local industry rather globally secure albeit tied to U.S. automotive sales. Thus the flows of capital, technology, and goods that created the Southern Auto Corridor in the last 30 years is only likely to experience minor ebbs and flows despite the turbulent times.
There are massive changes occurring in the global automotive industry. That is, the perceived demise of Detroit, financial crisis resulting in governmental bailouts, the emergence of huge new markets in Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC), alliances, and consolidations, as well as new fuel efficient and alternate energy vehicles. Nevertheless, the basic structural framework of “nested” global, regional, national, local business operations with growth poles at the local level remain. The global changes are likely play out within this structure of nested growth poles. The financial troubles of the "The Big Three" (i.e., GM, Ford, and Chrysler) helped accelerate these trends that had been occurring in the global automotive industry since the 1990s (Hiroaka, 2001). These changes are likely to influence the auto industry in the U.S., and accordingly the QOL in the region, but only peripherally because the industry is dominated by regional production.
The first trend is the traditional global market dynamics are changing as market growth is occurring in emerging markets and the world\'s automobile manufacturers continue to invest into production facilities in emerging markets in order to tap into the new markets and reduce production costs. Pricewaterhouse Coopers (2008) forecasts that, by 2015, 95%of light vehicle
The U.S. and foreign-domestic automotive companies with facilities in the U.S. Southeast are active in the BRIC markets, but ventures in these markets are mostly in the form of foreign investment rather than exports from U.S based facilities. Some U.S. suppliers found that while they are having difficulties at home, their foreign operations were profitable so more investment is expected in production facilities in the growing markets (Office of Transportation and Machinery, 2009). The export statistics also show that the growing developing markets will not be major export markets. Exports to Canada and Mexico accounted for 73 percent of the total U.S. automotive parts exports in 2008, while the BRIC countries account for a mere 4% of automotive parts during the same period. The U.S. Southeast should experience some increased exports of autos and parts, but the volume will not be dramatic.
The emerging BRIC automotive industries also could be a source of increased imports of autos and parts, but Mexico and Canada should remain the main importers into the region because of the nested geographic structure of the industry. As the major automotive companies establish facilities in BRIC countries, especially China, this has resulted in the importation of more original equipment parts (Klier & Rubenstein, 2006). For example, GM imports V6 engines from China to install in North American built Equinox sports utility vehicle. Currently, most of the imported Chinese auto parts are for the aftermarket, but imported parts could become more significant competition for the original equipment parts suppliers in the U.S. Southeast. Fully assembled vehicles from the BRIC could also impact the region. GM plans to double its imports of Chinese made vehicles into the American market to 736,547 units from 371,547 units over the next five years and make imports 7% of North American vehicle sales (Gao, 2009). Chinese automakers Chery and Geely, as well as, India-based Mahindra plan to import vehicles to the U.S. market. These BRIC imports are unlikely to capture a significant share of the U.S. market and the same political, transportation, and market factors that lead the Japanese and Europeans to set up U.S. production facilities will likely drive the BRIC automakers to do the same. For example, Nanjing Automobile Corp., China’s oldest carmaker, announced plans in 2006 to locate a manufacturing facility and parts distribution center in Oklahoma.
The second global industry trend is a consolidation of the industry. There has been the establishment of global alliances as U.S. automakers have merged with, and in some cases established commercial strategic partnerships with foreign automobile manufacturers (Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2008). Examples include GM and Fiat’s strategic industrial alliance and Daimler forming a wide-ranging partnership with the Renault-Nissan alliance. Further, there has been industry consolidation.
OEMs are minimizing the number of suppliers that they use leading to fewer, but larger auto parts suppliers. Contracts are being offered to only a handful of suppliers causing consolidations (Mc Craken, 2005). These suppliers now interact with smaller supplier tier 2 firms instead of the automaker. Further, these consolidated parts makers supply multiple OEMs. For example, close to half of Toyota\'s U.S. parts supplies, in revenue terms, are produced by component manufacturers that also supply Detroit\'s automakers. Platform Originally, “platform” was a shared chassis or architecture of previously engineered vehicles. Typically, it consisted of the underbody and suspension. A platform is now defined as a collection of fixed hard points, so that different vehicles with the same points can be built on a single assembly line, with similar crash characteristics.
The data on mergers and acquisitions supports the view that the industry is consolidating. According to data compiled by Bloomberg (2010), the number of auto parts deals peaked at 338 acquisitions completed in 2007 before falling to 294 in 2008 and 161 in 2009. However, recovery in U.S. automobile sales may spur a wave of auto-parts business acquisitions, drawing interest from hedge funds, private-equity investors, and rival manufacturers. Mac Duffie (2010) claims the result will be the rise of “mega-suppliers,” and he notes that already 180 first-tier suppliers control 80% of the global value of supplied parts. Nonetheless, the just-in-time nature of automotive production means that even the larger suppliers will need to keep a geographic presence near the final assembly.
Automotive production in the U.S. is concentrated in a north-south oriented region that runs between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Traditionally, the auto region had stretched east-west emanating from Detroit, but the growth area now stretches southward from Detroit following the I-65 and I-75 corridors. The southern end of this corridor is differentiated from the northern part of the corridor by the prominence of foreign plants that tend to focus on cars rather than light trucks. (Foreign domestics produce over 50% of the passenger cars for the NAFTA region, but less than 20% of the light trucks.) Beginning in the 1980s, auto plants and suppliers clustered in Michigan and the northern part of the corridor began migrating south seeking to lower their production costs and to move closer to the growing markets of the south. Meanwhile, foreign automakers and their related suppliers entered the US market, choosing to locate in the region. Realizing the economic development opportunity created by this trend, southern states launched aggressive programs and offered lucrative incentives to attract the industry. The combination of spatialization within the U.S., agglomeration economics, and globalization lead to development of the automotive industry in the U.S. Southeast.
In additions to demographics, developable tracts of land, economic development efforts, lower employee costs and right-to-work laws have been a major factor in attracting auto makers and suppliers to the region. Nationwide, the percentage of production workers belonging to a union in the industry has dropped in the past twenty years from 90% in the 1980s to only 33% of suppliers’ plants and 75% of assembly plant production workers belonging to union. Foreign-owned companies have been leading the way in this non-unionized southward shift, particularly the parts suppliers. Contrary to popular opinion, the cost per hour for a fully trained employee in the automotive industry appears to be generally consistent throughout the US, but inflexible work rules that foster inefficiency, redundant operations, and legacy benefits skew the workforce advantage to the South (AccuVal Associates, 2009; Mc Callum, 2004). Whether the jobs are union or not, they provide high pay for the region.
Until the 1970s, sales of vehicles in the U.S. were dominated by the “Big Three” U.S. automakers (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) based in Detroit. However, globalization and the entry of foreign automakers into the U.S. market led to changes in the U.S. automotive industry. The Japanese car companies in particular began importing small, high-quality cars and introduced new approaches to manufacturing that revolutionized the industry. Coinciding with the 1970s oil embargo, the smaller, more fuel efficient cars quickly gained popularity. The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard also aided the foreign competition (Kleit, 2004). Imported vehicles went from 6% of U.S. vehicle sales (400,000 units) in 1961 to 33% (3.4 million units) in 2008. The Big Three’s comfortable oligopoly was threatened by the global competition.
It was in the 1980s that several foreign-owned automakers located outside of the traditional Midwest region. In the 1990s and early 2000s more foreign-owned assembly plants choose to locate in the south strengthening the shift from north to south (see Table 1).
Global Automotive Assembly Plants in the U.S. Southeast
The end result of the movement away from Detroit is that the Southern States represent a larger part of the domestic auto industry. In 2009, the Southern states produced 1.6 million cars and light trucks, a decline from 3 million in 2006 according to Automotive News (2010) . This production accounted for almost 30% of the cars and light-trucks produced in the U.S. Kentucky and Alabama are currently the top vehicle producing southern states. In 2005, Tennessee was ranked in 5th place in vehicle and production and Georgia in 10th place, but Big 3 plant closings in those states led to significant declines in production. In 2009, Kentucky produced 649,422 cars and light trucks and accounted for 11.5% of U.S. production while Alabama produced 467,817 cars and light-trucks accounting for 8.3% of U.S. production. The U.S. Southeast is now a major region in the global automotive industry serving primarily the U.S. market, but connected to world markets.
Despite being globally competitive, the Southern states including Kentucky, Louisiana, and Tennessee have lost automotive assembly jobs recently due to Big 3 plant closings, but far fewer than in traditional auto assembly states because of foreign-domestic assembly plants. While the Big 3 were closing plants such as GM’s 3,000 person Hummer and pick-up plant in Louisiana and a 1,200 employee minivan plant in Georgia, foreign-domestics such as Kia created 2,500 direct jobs with an assembly plants in Georgia producing SUV crossovers and Toyota plans to add over 2,000 assembly plant workers in Mississippi assembling Corollas. In the Southeast, auto assembly facilities directly employ more than 32,000 people and create numerous other jobs at parts suppliers located near auto plants. The overall impact of these countervailing employment trends can be seen in assembly employment in Alabama, which is all foreign-domestic auto assembly plants, and Kentucky, which has both the Big 3 and foreign-domestics. Since 2000, Alabama’s motor vehicle manufacturing employment increased from 2,600 to 10,800 in 2009, while Kentucky’s decreased from 20,400 to 12,600. The diffusion of foreign capital made the region more resilient, but hurt domestic competitors.
The end result of these trends is the automotive industry is a major employer for the region. Employment in the auto parts industry for the Southern Auto Corridor is estimated at about 150,809 and accounts for around 30 percent of total employment in the U.S. automotive parts industry. Employment in this industry for the region has decreased by about 15% since 2001 versus 30% nationally. (According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in NAICS 3363 dropped from 774,700 in 2001 to 543,700 in 2008.) In the South, bodies and body parts had the highest number employed and was the only category to show an overall increase since 2001; however, miscellaneous automotive parts were the only category to have an increase from 2007-2008. In addition to greater a significant amount of quality jobs, the industry represents a significant part of the region’s overall economy.
Motor Vehicle, Body, Trailer, and Parts Manufacturing (NAICS 3361-3) is a major contributor to the state economies of the U.S. Southeast and represents 27% of the U.S. total according to the most recent U.S. Census Bureau data. The industry represented over $26 billion of the value added by industries within the region in 2007. This is a 16% increase from 1997. Kentucky ($5.9 billion) led the way with the highest gross domestic product (GDP) for the motor vehicle industry in the 12 study states, with Tennessee ($5.15 billion) coming in second and Alabama ($3.2 billion) is third. The diffusion of global capital in the automotive industry has had a significant impact on the U.S. Southeast.
With the development of highways in the 20th century, the U.S. automotive industry grew into an “hour-glass pattern” centralized in Detroit (Hurley, 1959). Fordist mass production methods and oligopolistic features of the industry encouraged an agglomeration of component suppliers around Michigan. In order to reduce transportation costs, the Detroit automakers shipped “knocked-down” cars mostly by rail to regional assembly plants. Some of these reassembly branch plants were in Southern states; however, the diffusion of advanced Japanese manufacturing technology made these branch plants obsolete.
Starting in the 1960s, the Japanese car companies in particular began importing small high quality cars and introduced new approaches to manufacturing (e.g., Just-in-Time, Kanban, Kaizen) that revolutionized the industry. Coinciding with the 1970s oil embargo, the smaller more fuel efficient cars quickly gained popularity. However as explained earlier, political forces, transportation costs, and the need to be near the final customer led the foreign automakers to bring their technology to U.S. assembly facilities. The Japanese transplants were soon able to achieve productivity and quality levels similar to plants in Japan by bringing their technology along with their FDI (Pil and MacDuffie, 1999). The diffusion of technology in the automotive industry helped the region to become globally competitive.
The foreign-owned assembly locating in the Southern Auto Corridor led to a significant increase in imported auto parts. These foreign-owned plants have different characteristics than traditional plants. For one, these plants are more dependent on ports (and airports) to meet supply chain requirements. For example, the Port of Charleston experienced a significant increase in auto trade volume with the opening of the BMW plant in 1993. The plants also have different production processes. The Mercedes plant in Alabama is not completely the equivalent of one of Mercedes’ production facilities in Europe. It does not produce engines, which come from Germany, and it relies heavily on modular production, like the Nissan plant in Canton, MS, taking out some of the complexity of building automobiles (Maynard, 2004). However, developments in technology, in particular modularity of production, maintained quality.
According to Klier and Rubenstein (2007) vehicles built by foreign-owned carmakers at assembly plants located in the U.S. and Canada for sale in the U.S. had 66.2% domestic content. This level is only slightly below the 79.4% recorded by the Detroit Three. BMW currently has about 60% local content, but plans to increase this amount to cut currency and logistics costs. The new version of Toyota’s Tundra truck went from 60% locally sourced parts to 90% local parts, with the remaining 10% mostly from Japan (Hannon, 2008). On the other hand, according to the American Automotive Trade Policy Council (AAPC), which represents the domestic manufacturers in trade issues, the Big Three derived about 77% of their parts from U.S. and Canadian factories, whereas the Japanese companies sourced slightly less than half from domestic sources. Honda had the most domestic content at 59%. It should be noted that the domestic content figures can be misleading because they can include transportation, distribution costs, and even dealer profits--domestic costs that would be necessary even if the vehicle were wholly produced abroad (Parker, 1990). Today, the distinction between "American" and "foreign" vehicles is becoming less clear because of the global diffusion of goods.
Even though the South Auto Corridor is not a major export base for the foreign automotive companies, their presence did lead to an increase in exports from the region. After 15 years of building cars and SUVs in South Carolina, BMW has now shipped over one million cars to overseas markets. Nissan exports U.S.-built light trucks to the Middle East and has shipped Quest minivans to China. Providing production for the North American market is the main business objective for the foreign plants in the Southern Auto Corridor, but they have resulted in greater vehicle exports from the region.
Sirgy et al. (2004) developed a conceptual model describing possible impacts of globalization on the QOL at the country level. The conceptual model provides the necessary research questions that should be investigated empirically to assess the impact of globalization on a country’s quality of life. The model also provides fruitful conceptual resources to help formulate public policies guided by this quality-of-life assessment. Specifically, globalization was defined as
In regards to
Globalization Measures | |
Global diffusion of goods | Increased outflows of goods: Total volume of the country’s exports to foreign countries, Total value of the country’s exports to foreign countries, Number of exporting firms in the country, and Proportion of foreign sale to total sale among the country\'s exporting firms. |
Increased inflows of goods: Total volume of the country’s imports from foreign countries, Total value of the country\'s imports from foreign countries, Number importing firms in the country, and Proportion of foreign goods purchased to total good purchases among the country\'s importing firms. | |
Increased inflows of hospitality services Number and dollar sales of foreign travel companies established in the country in question, Number and dollar sales of foreign lodging facilities established in the country in question, and Number and dollar sales of foreign restaurant established in the country in question. | |
Increased outflows of hospitality services Number and dollar sales of state travel companies established in foreign countries, Number and dollar sales of state lodging facilities established in foreign countries, and Number and dollar sales of state restaurant established in foreign countries. | |
Increased inflows of entertainment services Number of units of foreign theatre plays, musical concerts, and other entertainment shows and events consumed by the residents of the country in question, and Dollar sales of foreign theatre plays, musical concerts, and other entertainment shows and events consumed by the residents of the country in question | |
Increased outflows of entertainment services Number of theatre plays, musical concerts, and other entertainment shows and events provided by entertainment firms from the country in question in foreign countries, and Dollar sales of theatre plays, musical concerts, and other entertainment shows and events provided by entertainment firms from the country in question in foreign countries. | |
Increased inflows of education service Number of foreign primary and secondary schools established in the country in question, Number of foreign institutions of higher learning established in the country in question, and Number of foreign training facilities established in the country in question. | |
Increased outflows of education service Number of state primary and secondary schools established in foreign countries, Number of state institutions of higher learning established in foreign countries, and Number of state training facilities established in foreign countries. | |
Increased inflows of capital Amount of foreign direct investment into the country by foreign firms and Number of firms in the country that are subsidiaries to foreign firms. | |
Increased outflows of capital Amount of foreign direct investment by the state-affiliated firms in foreign markets, Number of firms in foreign countries that are subsidiaries to state-affiliated firms. | |
Increased inflows of technology Number and dollar value of international patents acquired by firms incorporated within the country, Number and dollar value of technology license contracts granted to the country\'s firms by foreign firms, Number and dollar value of franchise, management, and consulting contracts granted to the country\'s firms by foreign firms, and Total value of importation of software. | |
Increased outflows of information Number and dollar value of patents belonging to state-affiliated firms sold to foreign firms, Number and dollar value of technology license contracts granted to foreign firms by state-affiliated firms, Number and dollar of franchise, management, and consulting contracts sold to foreign firms by state-affiliated firms, and Total value of exports of software. | |
Increased inflows of workers Number of immigrants admitted into the country Number of foreign skilled workers working for firms in the US Number of foreign unskilled workers working for firms in the US | |
Increased outflows of workers Number of domestic citizens who immigrated to other countries Number of domestic skilled workers working temporarily in foreign countries. Number of domestic unskilled workers working temporarily in foreign countries |
Table 2. Dimensions and Measures of Globalization Source: Adapted from Sirgy et al. (2004)
With respect to the
Turning to
The third dimension of the model focuses on
The final globalization dimension is
Sirgy et al. have made a case of how globalization impacts the quality of life of a country through economic, consumer, and social well-being of the country residents. Their theoretical argument is mostly captured through the theoretical propositions shown in Table 3.
Export of goods and services | Job creation in the export-related industry (+) Increase in per-capita income (+) Increase in efficiency (+) Increase in trade retaliation from the importing countries (-) Increase in low paying jobs (-). | Increased accessibility to high quality products due to high spending power (+) Availability of high quality goods resulting from the firm’s exporting effort and R&D (+) Availability of low priced products resulting from full utilization of production capacity (+) Increased public sector spending for consumers such as enhanced consumer safety (+) | Increase in public sector spending resulting from increased tax revenues (+) Decreased environmental well being (pollution and deletion of natural resources) (-) | Develop export promotion programs Use increased tax revenues to provide higher quality public sector services for consumers (e.g., better consumer protection) Develop export assistance programs that help reduce trade retaliations from importing countries | |
Import of goods and services | Job creation in the import-related industry (e.g, distribution) (+) Increase in competitiveness of domestic firms (+) Loss of jobs in domestic competing firms (-) | Availability of higher quality and low priced goods (+) Low cost of living from low priced importers (+) Increase in consumer choices (+) Increased public sector spending for consumers (+) | Increased public sector spending for the society (+) Increase in leisure well being (+) Increase in cultural well being resulting from the importation of cultural services (+) Increase in cultural diversity (ethnic and religious diversity) (+) Decrease in public spending resulting from the loss of tax revenue in the domestic competing firms (-) | Encourage importation of lower priced and higher quality goods than domestic products Help domestic firms compete against imports Provide financial assistance and placement services to the displaced workers Provide training for displaced workers | |
Outflow of capital | Increase in competitiveness of domestic firms (+) Multinational domestic firms can provide technologically advance, high paying jobs at home (+) Reduction of job opportunities for domestic workers (-) Allow domestic firms to bypass trade barriers (+) | Low priced products and services to domestic consumers resulting from low production costs abroad (+) High quality products and services to domestic consumers (+) High import price resulting from devaluation of local currencies (-) | Enhanced public service quality resulting from increased tax revenue from more competitive domestic firms (+) Long-term benefits to the society through increased public spending (+) | Develop policies to help domestic firms’ foreign investment Develop policies to provide support and training for displaced workers | |
Inflow of capital | Increased competitiveness of domestic firms (+) Job creation from the operations of foreign firms (+) Facilitate export into nearby countries (+) Substitute imports (+) Drive domestic firms out of competition (-) | Increased product availability from local production (+). Low production cost and price of domestically produced foreign products (+) Increased public spending for consumers (+) | Improved quality of public services resulting from increased public spending (+) Environmental pollution and degradation (-) Misuse of labor (e.g, child labor; labor abuse) (-) | Develop open market policies to remove restrictions on foreign capital Provide incentives for foreign investment Develop policies to encourage social responsibi-lity of foreign firms | |
Outflow of technology | Increased income of domestic firms through licensing or technology transfer (+) Job creation through exports related to the transferred technology (+) | Availability of low priced high quality products through foreign manufacturing (+) | Increased public spending through increased income (+) | Develop policies to facilitate technological transfer | |
Inflow of technology | Enhanced organizational productivity (+) Improve job opportunities through enhanced worker skills (+) Enhance organizational performance through management technique (+) | Availability of better and cheaper products to domestic consumers (+) Better service to consumers through new management technology (+) | Increased public spending resulting from local firm’s high performance (+) | Develop foreign investment policies to facilitate technology transfer Develop policies to protect intellectual property | |
Outflow of workers | Repatriation of foreign income into the country (+) Reduction of unemployment rate at home (+) | Enhanced customer service and product quality resulting from the demands of cosmopolitan customers (+) Additional income (+) | Increase in leisure well being (+) Increase in cultural well being (+) | Develop policies to reduce restrictions on employ-ment in foreign countries | |
Inflow of workers | Enhanced technological know-how (+) Increase in productivity of domestic firms resulting from skillful workers (+) Increase in production efficiency through the inexpensive labor (+) Reduced job opportunities for domestic workers (-) | Enhance product and service quality through the skilled foreign labor (+). Availability of low price products and services through inexpensive labor (+) | Increase in cultural well being (ethnic, racial, and religious diversity) (+) Increase in social conflict (-) | Develop policies for public sector services to accommodate foreign workers Simplify restrictions on the use of foreign workers Develop policies to help and train displaced domestic workers. |
Table 3. Impact of Globalization on Quality of LifeSource: Adapted from Sirgy et al. (2004)
Table 3 shows the impact of each of the five globalization dimensions on the economic, consumer, and social well-being of the countries in questions. For example, the model asserts that the economic well-being of a country can be impacted both positively and negatively. Examples of positive impact associated with the export of goods and services may be job creation in the export-related countries, and increase in per capita income and efficiency. In contrast, increase in trade retaliation from the importing country and low paying jobs may be examples of negative impact associated with the export of goods and services (see Table 3).
The global diffusion of capital allowed the Japanese, German, and Korean vehicle and parts manufacturers to establish assembly plants in U.S. Southeast. This had a major impact on the economic well-being of the region. Following the model, this forced the Big 3 automakers to become more competitive and produce better quality vehicles. The foreign-domestic plants created thousands of well paying jobs in the Southern states. To a limited extent these assembly plants led to exports of complete vehicles. Further, there was import substitution as the foreign OEMs produced vehicles locally rather than importing complete vehicles. However on the downside, due to the increased competition from foreign domestics, the Big 3 were forced to close down numerous assembly plants.
Consumer well-being was generally positive as U.S. consumers had more and higher quality choices in automobiles. The foreign-domestics were able to lower their transportation costs and take advantage of currency differentials to provide vehicles at lower costs to the consumer. The results were increased purchases of vehicles.
The impact on social well-being was more mixed. There is some debate whether the economic development incentives handed out to the automakers outweighed the public benefit, but generally the foreign companies and their employees pay more to the government in taxes than was extracted in the site location negotiations. Also, the increased vehicle sales provided taxes and the end result was that the public services could be increased. The Japanese, German, and Korean automotive companies place a heavy emphasis on being environmentally friendly and green, but they almost all selected greenfield sites. The United Automotive Workers claim these foreign-domestics are anti-union so this could have a negative impact on social well-being particular for union members.
Economic well-being was positively impacted by the increase in vehicle exports from the U.S. Southeast. As discussed earlier, the foreign-domestics mainly established plants in the Southern Auto Corridor to serve the NAFTA market, but there are examples of these plants being sources of vehicles to serve markets outside of NAFTA. These exports created more jobs at the assembly plants and the parts manufacturers who supply the assembly plants. These jobs lead to increases in per capita income. There is the potential for trade retaliation from importing countries, but this does not appear to be the case with the exports from companies such as Nissan and BMW.
Consumer and social well-being also received peripheral benefits. The export related jobs allowed southerners to have greater spending power, not just for exports, but for improved quality vehicles. Further, the foreign domestics established U.S.-based R&D centers that impact consumer well being. For example, Toyota, along with Ford and GM, established a national battery manufacturing center in Kentucky that has great potential to help develop better quality products. The exports allowed the plants to better utilize production lines to balance NAFTA sales. The taxes derived from these exports allowed greater public spending. These benefits of exports are only marginal compared to the vehicles made for NAFTA consumption, but they were positive.
The globalization of the automotive industry lead to an increase of vehicle and parts imports into the U.S. Southeast that positively and negatively impacted economic well being. Logistics based companies grew and were attracted to the region to handle the increase in imports and this created distribution related jobs. For example, Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics of Sweden, which handles the vehicle processing and yard management business at Volkswagen’s new plant in Chattanooga, created eighty new jobs. Imports of vehicles and parts forced the Big 3 to adopt more competitive practices; however the increased imports also forced significant lay-offs by American vehicle manufacturers.
Consumers generally benefited from the imports as they had the choice of higher quality vehicles at competitive prices. This resulted in increased consumer spending. Social well-being also generally increased, but the loss of tax revenue from the Big 3 dampened this impact.
The foreign automakers brought new technology, such as manufacturing techniques, that improved the economic, consumer, and social well being of the region. Practices such as JIT and lean manufacturing were not just adopted by the automotive industry, but across the spectrum of manufacturers and service providers. These techniques improved organizational productivity and for those workers willing and able to adopt the new approaches, increased job opportunities. Lean manufacturing allowed products to be made better and at lower costs by reducing waste in the system. These more profitable companies paid more taxes which allowed increased public spending. Although some might have been left behind by these new technologies, overall the diffusion of these new technologies improved the region’s quality of life.
The chapter uses the integrated model of globalization developed by Sirgy et al. (2004) to frame the complicated impact of the globalization of the automotive industry on the QOL of the residents of the U.S. Southeast. Over the past twenty plus years, the changing global motor vehicle industry enabled the development of a vibrant automotive industry in the U.S. Southeast dominated by foreign-owned firms at the expense of the Big 3 based in Detroit (Klier & Rubenstein, 2008). These foreign automakers initially started out as importers, but due to business and political factors began establishing production in the North American region (Sturgeon et al., 2009). As a result, the U.S. Southeast accounts for roughly 30% of the U.S. auto industry and is home to the most stable and competitive component of the market. Over 400,000 residents of the region are employed in living wage jobs with the transportation equipment manufacturing sector and the industry contributes over $26 billion to the regional economy. This economic boom was a recent phenomena caused by globalization.
The integrated model of globalization developed by Sirgy et al. (2004) helps show how the globalization of the automotive industry impacted the QOL of the U.S. Southeast. The inflows of foreign capital, technology, and goods along with outflows of goods generally improved the economic, consumer, and social well-being of the region. There were some negative impacts particularly related to the increased global pressure faced by the Big 3 automakers and their suppliers. This led to some plant closing and jobs losses in the region, but overall the region is more globally competitive and well positioned to face global because of the infusion of foreign capital and technology.
The model includes public policy implications and the Southern states predominately did what the model recommends. Regarding the diffusion of global capital, the region opened their markets to foreign firms, launched aggressive economic development programs to provide incentives for foreign investment, and encouraged the auto assembly plants to be socially responsible. The states facilitated the technology transfer process through such programs as university research centers and technology transfer programs. The states established export promotion programs to increase the outflow of goods from the new automotive facilities. The inflows of goods were not impeded and the states established worker displacement programs including retraining and financial assistance. The public policies of the states facilitated the beneficial aspects of globalization.
This chapter only examined the impact of the globalization of the automotive industry. Overall, globalization had a much more mixed impact on the region. Traditional industries for the Southern U.S., such as textiles and furniture, have been decimated by the forces of globalization. While other industries, such as aerospace, have emerged (Gates 2009). A complete examination of the impact of globalization on the QOL on the U.S. Southeast is a complicated and ongoing process beyond the scope of this chapter. In order to get a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of globalization, each industry would need to be examined and their interrelationships uncovered.
Wind is an abundant resource available in the earth’s atmosphere, and the need for renewable energy is demanding due to climate change and the energy crisis. Wind energy is low carbon footage leads to importance in research increasing the efficiency and use of the wind resource even in low wind speed. In the case of renewable and carbon-free emission energy production; firstly, solar power gains less attraction due to the less efficient and cannot produce energy on a night or cloudy days. Secondly, hydropower depends on rainfall; has a high impact on river ecosystems and forest environments. Additionally, tidal power and geothermal energy are far away from mass energy production. At last, carbon-free energy production can be achieved in nuclear energy but gain a vast life risk during a disaster and handling nuclear waste is a big challenge. Therefore, wind energy gains significance in the technological and political community in fighting climate change without compromising the modern depend and national economy.
In Denmark, 28% of wind energy is generated at total consumption in 2018 [1], and wind energy capacity almost doubled in 2020, where China had a major part of 72 GW [2]. The wind farm located in China (Gansu Wind Farm) with a capacity of 7965 MW is the world’s largest and the second-largest is located in India (Muppandal Wind Farm) with a capacity of 1500 MW [3]. Wind energy production is increasing globally by installing wind turbines in large offshore farms located in agricultural lands, valleys and hills. In addition, onshore wind turbines on the sea bed and new initiatives for installing wind turbines in urban areas (University Campus or highway street lights) [4].
The power extraction from the wind is by converting the wind energy into useful mechanical energy by rotating the turbine or through vibration. The latest research trends in wind energy are in the construction of horizontal wind turbines (liftbased rotation), vertical wind turbines (drag-based rotation) and bladeless wind turbines (aero-elastic-based vibration). The other significant research focused on the pattern of sitting wind to gain more aerodynamic efficiency to get more power output in farm and urban areas, the aerofoil and flow control mechanism in the blade increase the power output efficiency and decrease the cutoff wind velocity. The major challenges in wind energy are turbine transportation and installation, especially in the hilly area, bird’s attack in turbines, the need for extensive land acquisition and recycling of retired wind turbines.
The wind played an important role in ancient civilization in developing sailing boats, kites, agriculture, and metrology. In the ancient period, there are a lot of myths about wind being raised and a hole in the sky which blew it from the sky to earth. In Greek mythology, the God of the Sea, Aeolus, is a guardian of the wind. Feng Po (Wind God) had a sack with an opening that controlled the wind in China. In 3500 BC, Egyptians used wind power to sail the boat in the Nile river, and in Persia, 500 BC millstone, the water pump is driven using wind power. In 1300–1850 AD windmill was designed for water pumping and large-scale milling, which is similar to modern wind turbine design [5]. In 1887, a wind turbine was firstly used to generate electricity built by Prof. James Blyth in Scotland. In 1900, 30 MW of power was generated with around 2500 windmills in Denmark. A Smith Putnam 75—feet wind turbine blade generated 1.25 MW of power for local energy needs gained colossal importance and possibilities in the wind energy sector. In 1975, a wind turbine was developed by NASA—with a composite material blade with pitch control, steel tube tower installed with aerodynamics and structural design ignited more possibilities in the max power output and led to building large wind turbines for energy production [6]. Today, the Sea Titan three-bladed wind turbine can generate 10 MW of power with a rotor diameter of 190 m.
Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics, the study of the motion of air with forces and moments that act on the body. Aerodynamics plays a vital role in the flight of the aeroplane and helicopter, rocket technology, designing high speed and fuel-efficient cars, reducing the drag on the athlete in sports events and a lot more engineering applications. For example, the aerodynamics of the wind turbine is an important area to increase power output and design a large turbine blade.
The forces and moments on the body are due to pressure and shear stress distribution (Figure 1). The pressure acts perpendicular to the surface, which acts as a load on the wind turbine and shear stress is the frictional force tangential to the surface. The pressure difference between the bottom of the blade and the top of the blade generates the lift force (Eq. (1)) (perpendicular to freestream velocity) the wind turbine blade generates the power by rotating the generator.
Aerodynamic forces in the aerofoil.
Where,
The lift force on the wind turbine blade is proportional to the square of the wind velocity gains essential parameters in the wind energy generation. The blade span area depends on the length and width of the blade throughout the cross-section and
Reynolds number (Re) is a non-dimensional number used to predict the behavior of the fluid at varying environments and used to model the scale-down model [8]. The Reynolds number is named after Irish-born Osborne Reynolds, who predicted the different flow patterns by inducing die in the pipe flow. Reynolds number (Re) is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force (Eq. (2)).
Where,
Re = Reynolds number
η´ = dynamic viscosity of air (Pa.s/Kg m−1 s−1)
The flow pattern is differentiated into laminar flow and turbulent flow. Both possess different characteristics in nature. Laminar flow is a smooth and regular streamline pattern, whereas turbulent flow is a random and irregular flow pattern. The critical Reynolds number is 5 × 105 transition between the laminar to turbulent flow over a flat plate.
In 1904, Ludwig Prandtl developed the theory boundary layer [9], the flow field around the body had two areas where flow is frictional and non-frictional. The boundary layer is the area where the friction of the flow is considered due to viscous characteristics. The thickness of the boundary layer is a distance between the surface to freestream velocity of flow, the velocity at the surface is zero (
Velocity profile in boundary layer.
Pressure is a dimensional quantity (Eq. (3)) (SI unit N/m2) and important variable to express the force that acts on the body. The pressure must be expressed in the dimensionless quantity pressure coefficient (
To measure the pressure coefficient, the pressure tapping is distributed around the model’s surface in the wind tunnel. To measure the pressure coefficient, on the surface of the model in the wind tunnel the pressure tapping will be distributed around the surface. The tubes will be connected to multi-tube manometer or pressure sensors to measure the pressure difference at the tappings (
Aerodynamics lift is a complex topic for understanding, the lift generated by wings made the heavier than air flight possible. There is much debate on how the wing or turbine creates lift with aerofoil cross-sections. When the fluid flow over an object, the force exited due to the fluid motion where the lift is perpendicular to the freestream and drag is parallel to the freestream. Concentrating on the lift produces a high lift with minimum drag on the streamlined body like an aerofoil.
The aerofoil shape is used in aeroplane wings, wind turbines and propellers to generate the lift and based on the application and need the different aerofoil profiles are used. Consider a wind turbine aerofoil where the wind flow over it causes a pressure distribution with high pressure in the bottom and low pressure on the top cause a lift generation on the turbine to rotate the generator to produce electricity. The shape of the aerofoil creates an uneven pressure when fluid moves over it to generate the lift, but how is the uneven pressure distribution formed on the aerofoil? It is a tricky question to answer. We discuss two widely accepted explanations of lift generation in the aerofoil. The following explanation is based on Newton’s third law of motion, where the fluid nature is considered in lift generation. When fluid flows over an aerofoil, the fluid will suddenly experience the aerofoil where the flow moves upward, called upwash and downward called downwash. Due to the large fluid volume displacement, every action has an equal and opposite reaction, the aerofoil creates lift as a reaction force by turning down the incoming air. In conclusion, the lift is created due to uneven pressure distribution, but the pressure distribution is complex and has a different explanation based on the approach.
We will now discuss how the aerofoil shape and orientation affect lift generation. At freestream velocity
(a)
The flow control technique (flaps and slats) alters the lift slope and increases the
(a)
A wind turbine is a mechanical device that converts the kinetic energy of the incoming airflow striking the blade surface, producing considerable lift on the airfoils; thereby, rotation of blades is effected and successfully converted to electrical power through gearbox assembly. According to the mode of operation, wind turbines can be classified as follows.
Each type of wind turbine mentioned in (Figure 5) above can be summarized as:
Horizontal axis wind turbine: It is a type of wind turbine in which the rotor’s axis of rotation is parallel to wind flow.
Dutch type grain grinding windmill: It operates at the thrust exerted by wind, and the number of blades in a turbine is four. Wooden slats have been used for making the blades of the turbine.
Multiblade water pumping windmill: Blades of this type of turbine are made of metal or wood and the selection of a site depends on the water availability of the area. It operates at low velocities and is also called a fan mill.
High-speed propeller-type wind machines: The working of this turbine is only dependent on the aerodynamic force generated when wind flows on the airfoil surface of the blade section. They find their applications in the electricity generation of our modern era. The selection of the airfoil section forms the core of the blade design of modern wind turbines.
Vertical axis wind turbine: It is a type of wind turbine in which the rotation axis is placed vertical or perpendicular to the ground.
The Savonius rotor: This wind turbine consists of a drum cut into two halves and attached opposite to the vertical shaft. The rotor torque is generated due to wind flow on concave and convex surfaces.
The Darrieus turbine: This type of wind turbine has two or more blades made flexible and attached in the shape of a bow to the vertical shaft. The rolling action of blades generates the torque.
Classification of wind turbines.
Rotor: Rotor blades of wind turbines work under the principle of an aircraft wing. The airflow on their surface creates pressure difference; blades rotate to produce electrical power.
Nacelle: It forms the housing, which contains gearbox, generator, drive train, brakes, etc.
Blades: Blade is a critical part of any wind turbine design as they are responsible for lift and power by rotation. The blade section close to the rotor is the hub, whereas the section away from the rotor is the tip of the blade. Hub is designed thicker, and the blade’s tip is thinner to facilitate the airflow.
Tower: It is designed to hold the rotor blades and whole assembly off the ground. Usually, a tower is constructed 50–100 m above the ground surface or water (in the case of offshore wind turbines).
Brake: The braking system is specifically designed to stop the whole machine when there is a flaw or damage in a component of the turbine. The braking system demands higher cycle rates and reliability. The brake pad of the modern turbine is coated with Kevlar to ensure longevity and robustness.
Gearbox: The gearbox is used to is to increase the rotational velocity of the low-speed rotor to an electrical generator by gearing arrangement. The gearbox ratio varies from 15:1 to 30:1, depending on the power output of turbines.
Anemometer: Instrument used to measure the velocity of incoming wind flow, and it transmits the wind speed to the controller.
Controller: A wind turbine controller is a series of systems connected to monitor the operation of the wind turbine and adjacent turbines (wind farm). It is responsible for the initiation and shutdown of the system in adverse conditions.
Yaw system: The orientation of the wind turbine towards the incoming wind is done by the yaw system. It has two systems; active and passive yaw systems and comprises mainly of yaw drive, yaw brake, and yaw bearing.
Horizontal axis wind turbine (Figure 6) blades demand a pre-requisite of specific terminologies and mathematical formulas, which converge to a critical section called blade element momentum theory [10]. The preliminary step in blade element momentum theory is dividing the blade into equal sections and let each sectional element has a radius “
Horizontal axis wind turbine mechanism.
The output power (
Where,
Betz law states that “The power extracted from the wind is independent of wind turbine design in the open flow. Therefore, it is impossible to capture more than 59.3% of Kinetic energy from the wind.” From the Betz law, power is validated from the above equation.
The angle of attack (
Tip speed ratio: Tip speed ratio of the wind turbine is defined as the ratio of blade tip velocity to the wind velocity as mentioned in (Eq. (5)).
The tip speed ratio of wind turbines should be greater than 4 for electrical power generation applications. The optimum value for TSR is 6 for a horizontal axis wind turbine blade.
The number of blades (B) is an essential criterion in the power performance of blades. In horizontal axis wind turbines, the number of blades is chosen to be three as it is 40% more efficient when blades are reduced (wobbling) or increased (high drag). In the case of vertical axis wind turbines, blade number varies from 2, 3, or 4 depending on the operating conditions.
Once the number of blades is fixed, the immediate next step in blade design is evaluating the relative wind angle (
In Eq. (6),
Schematic representation of blade elements.
The design lift coefficient is measured from the properties of airfoil used in a wind turbine blade. For example, if the analyst uses NACA 4418 airfoil [10] for the wind turbine analysis, the aerodynamic properties of an airfoil can be extracted from the lift curve and lift-drag curve.
Maximum lift coefficient, (
Critical angle of attack, (
Zero lift angle,
Design lift coefficient,
The next step in the design process is the evaluating the chord length of airfoil sections in the blade by using (Eq. (7)) below:
Pitch angle (
Mathematically pitch angle is calculated using (Eq. (8)) by the difference between blade angle and angle of attack.
The twist angle at each section of the blade is calculated using (Eq. (9)) by subtracting the blade pitch with the pitch at the tip:
In this expression,
The twist angle reduces from the hub to zero at the tip. From the above data, we can create a table for the geometric design of the horizontal axis wind turbine blade, as shown in Table 1. The geometrical modeling of the blade can be done using commercial software ANSYS (or) SOLIDWORKS.
S. No. | Radius of element ( | Chord length ( | Twist angle ( |
---|---|---|---|
1 | |||
2 | |||
… | … | … | … |
10 |
Blade geometry.
Computational analysis (3D) of the blade is a tedious process as modeling of the blade is a complex process to the core. The computational domain involves a stationary element and a rotational element to perform the moving reference frame approach, as shown in (Figure 8). Moving reference frame involves varied translation and rotational velocities of individual cell zones of the mesh. Stationary equations are generated and solved for stationary element. The rotating element is solved by moving reference frame equations such as centripetal acceleration and Coriolis acceleration in the momentum equation. The flow variables in one zone are extracted to calculate the adjacent zone by transforming the local reference frame in the interface between the cell zones.
Computational domain of wind turbine blade.
Usually, the computational domain for horizontal axis wind turbine blade is designed as follows.
Diameter of inner cylinder = 1.5 D
Length of inner cylinder = 0.5 D
Diameter of outer cylinder = 5 D
Length of outer cylinder = 20 D
Distance between the cylinder and upstream domain =
The meshing of domain involves creating unstructured mesh [11] around the domain with tetrahedral elements as they give good results during the simulation. The exploded view of mesh and meshing elements around the blade (Figure 9).
Mesh elements of wind turbine blade.
Simulation of the turbine blade is done using commercial software such as ANSYS-FLUENT/CFX. The turbulence model suitable for external flows [12] such as wind turbine flows is the
Experimental analysis of wind turbine blades involves modeling and fabrication of blade setup as its preliminary step. Fabrication of blade is done using 3D printing of reinforced composite material.
The velocity profile of the rotor is extracted by fixing a pitot tube with equal holes in the X and Y-axis along the surface. Then, the pressure difference readings can calculate the velocity using (Eq. (10)) derived from (Eq. (3)).
Flow control [12] is one of the essential phenomena to be addressed in aerodynamics. As the name says, the flow control mechanism aims to control the flow of wind, thereby delaying the flow separation leading to the generation of lift and power output. Flow control is primarily classified into two types: active flow control and passive flow control mechanism.
Active flow control mechanism involves an instantaneous change in the design of the installation the installed device to increase the
Vortex generator was introduced by Taylor [18] during 1947 as thin plates arranged in a spanwise manner projecting on the airfoil surface. Intensive research in Vortex generators had its roots in the 1970s when Kuethe [19] performed analysis on wave-type vortex generators with (
Effect of leading-edge VG on the power curve.
Triangular Vortex generator.
The performance comparison is shown in (Figure 12) depicts the increment in output power due to the addition of vortex generators. The vortex generators placed in the airfoil surface’s whole span predominantly produce a 6% increase in power output with a mean wind speed of 7.15 m with a counter-rotating arrangement. The optimum dimensions suggested are pair width of vortex generators should be 0.1 c and pair spacing between generators is 0.15 c where “c” is chord length of airfoil. It also deduces vortex generators used to suppress the sensitivity of the blade to dirt accumulation on the leading edge. The following research step is optimizing the design and performance prediction of turbines [22] installing vortex generators [23]. Integrating vortex generators in wind turbines is the next giant leap in aerodynamic research.
Influence of span-wise location of vortex generator on power output.
Design risks and modifications in the vortex generators are studied [24] thoroughly for different radius as tabulated in Table 2.
Radius | Radius | Modification |
---|---|---|
0–30 m | Laminar flow is observed at 25% radius. Forward placement of VG leads to early transition and increased drag penalty. | VGs are placed aft outboard of the blade. |
0–45 m | Vortex generators are positioned to stall at a velocity range of 14.3–15.6 m/s where a portion of the blade is installed sharply, leading to adverse effects. | The slope of the chordwise VG locations is increased, leading to the smooth progression of the stall. |
5–60 m | A stall angle closer to maximum peak rotor power may lead to an unwanted increase in the rotor power. As a result, outboard sections are less significant and sometimes lead to additional drag. | Removal of unwanted outboard vortex generators will compromise the drag penalty. |
Design risk and modification for varied dimension.
The design of the vortex generator depends on parameters such as:
Height of vortex generator: In most analyses, the boundary layer thickness (
Spacing between generators: The spacing between a pair of vortex generators depends on the chord length of the airfoil element of the surface and flow characteristics.
Position of vortex generator: The position of the vortex generator is fixed by the prediction of flow separation point in the blade surface extracted from the CFD analysis of the blade.
A triangular vortex generator [25] is designed for a wind turbine blade as a sample analysis as it is simple and effective under varied operating conditions.
In a preliminary analysis, one of the airfoil elements in BEM analysis is taken, and the vortex generator is placed at different locations in the chordwise direction. The meshing of an airfoil with VG involves special near-wall mesh. The flow can be captured on the surface without any jumps in this mesh type.
From the wall shear analysis, we can predict the flow separation point, forming the underlying basics for consequent 3-dimensional analysis.
The flow separation point is decided by fixing the vortex generator in different positions on the elemental surface and it is evident from CL vs. angle of attack (Figure 13) and recirculation zone (Figure 14) that the highest lift is obtained when the vortex generator is placed on the flow separation point [26]. The experimental analysis is validated from the CFD analysis to get qualitative results [27].
Lift coefficient vs. angle of attack.
Recirculation zone behind the vortex generator.
Wind turbine aerodynamics is one of the intriguing sections in the field of aerodynamics with much varied scope in the future years. Wind turbine blade analysis is practically a tedious and challenging area as the design parameters are vast, and each of them has a specified impact on the turbine performance either directly or indirectly. Effects of climatic change, terrain location, the wind rose of a particular area, environmental effects of the wind turbine, impact of blade materials in performance, height of tower and impact of the surrounding environment on the turbine’s performance. Research on offshore turbines and bladeless turbines has started and improvement of performance with considerable cost will be the key objective. The effect of ocean currents, ecosystem, and airflow in the ocean are exciting areas to ponder as energy conservation will be the prime focus for the future. Wind energy, the cheapest energy source, will be looked upon in the immediate future. The chapter gives a preface to the concept of aerodynamics and explains wind turbine terminologies to briefly explain the design and analysis of turbines to form a formidable and appealing pre-requisite for researchers to begin their work on wind turbine analysis.
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Mostafa",authors:[{id:"68104",title:"Prof.",name:"Soha",middleName:"Sayed Mohammad",surname:"Mostafa",slug:"soha-mostafa",fullName:"Soha Mostafa"}]},{id:"68218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87069",title:"Neglected and Underutilized Legume Crops: Improvement and Future Prospects",slug:"neglected-and-underutilized-legume-crops-improvement-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Sustainable agricultural productivity is hampered by over-dependency on major staple crops, neglect and underutilization of others, climate change, as well as land deterioration. Challenges posed by these limiting factors are undoubtedly contributing to global food insecurity, increased rural poverty, and malnutrition in the less developed countries. Miscellaneous neglected and underutilized grain legumes (MNUGLs) are crops primarily characterized by inherent features and capabilities to withstand the effects of abiotic stress and climate change, significantly replenish the soil, as well as boost food and protein security. This chapter provides insight into the benefits of MNUGLs as food and nutritional security climate smart crops, capable of growing on marginal lands. Exploring and improving MNUGLs depend on a number of factors among which are concerted research efforts, cultivation and production, as well as utilization awareness across global populace geared toward reawakening the interest on the abandoned legumes. The emergence of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/cas9) technology combined with marker-assisted selection (MAS) offers great opportunities to improve MNUGLs for sustainable utilization. Advances in improvement of MNUGLs using omic technologies and the prospects for their genetic modification were highlighted and discussed.",book:{id:"8168",slug:"recent-advances-in-grain-crops-research",title:"Recent Advances in Grain Crops Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Grain Crops Research"},signatures:"Jacob Popoola, Omena Ojuederie, Conrad Omonhinmin and Adegoke Adegbite",authors:[{id:"246358",title:"Prof.",name:"Conrad",middleName:null,surname:"Omonhinmin",slug:"conrad-omonhinmin",fullName:"Conrad Omonhinmin"},{id:"294662",title:"Dr.",name:"Omena",middleName:null,surname:"Ojuederie",slug:"omena-ojuederie",fullName:"Omena Ojuederie"},{id:"294740",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",slug:"jacob-popoola",fullName:"Jacob Popoola"},{id:"294766",title:"Prof.",name:"Adegoke",middleName:null,surname:"Adegbite",slug:"adegoke-adegbite",fullName:"Adegoke Adegbite"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63134",title:"Transgenic Plants: Gene Constructs, Vector and Transformation Method",slug:"transgenic-plants-gene-constructs-vector-and-transformation-method",totalDownloads:5560,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"The human population has reached 7 billion by 2015 and is estimated to exceed 10 billion by the end of 2050. As such, crops which are the main food source must be produced at a higher pace in order to cater in tandem with the food demand. In the past, traditional plant breeders practice classical breeding techniques to propagate plants with desirable traits. However, traditional breeding technique lies in that only individuals of the same or closely related species can be crossbred. Moreover, traditional breeders will not be able to obtain traits which are not inherent within the gene pool of their target plants through classical breeding. With recent advancements in the field of genetic engineering, it is now possible to insert beneficial genes from a completely different species or even kingdom into a target plant, yielding transgenic plants with multiple ideal traits. To develop a transgenic plant, parameters such as vector constructions, transformation methods, transgene integration, and inheritance of transgene need to be carefully considered to ensure the success of the transformation event. 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A brief intercountry comparison of productivity, production and area coupled with regional comparison within India has been attempted to give an idea about the contribution of country and regions, respectively, for global and national food security. The milestones in Indian wheat programme and research outcomes were highlighted post-AICRP along with the vision and strategies set for 2050 against diverse production challenges. Regional disparities, zone-wise production constraints and research programmes for achieving the set production target were briefed. The chapter concludes with possible interventions in strengthening the complete wheat value chain for ensuring food security for the future generation.",book:{id:"8168",slug:"recent-advances-in-grain-crops-research",title:"Recent Advances in Grain Crops Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Grain Crops Research"},signatures:"Sendhil Ramadas, T.M. 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Therefore, a full understanding of plant-NP interaction and phytotoxicological mechanism is required for accurate risk assessment to ensure the safe use of nanoparticle. A range of analytical techniques have been developed to detect and characterize the uptake, translocation, cellular internalization and intracellular biotransformation of nanoparticles in plants. Imaging methodologies, including various electron microscopy, spectrometry-based techniques, together with ICP-based techniques such as ICP-OES, ICP-MS and SP-ICP-MS, have been widely used to obtain information about NPs size, morphology, size distribution, cellular localization, elemental speciation, mass concentration and so on. Due to the complexity of biological samples to be analyzed, these techniques are often combined accordingly to provide complementary information regarding plant-NP interaction. This review provides an introduction to the most widely used techniques in the study of interactions between plants and nanoparticles. 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He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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