\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9925",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Quality Control - Intelligent Manufacturing, Robust Design and Charts",title:"Quality Control",subtitle:"Intelligent Manufacturing, Robust Design and Charts",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Quality control is changing along with the manufacturing environment. A series of revolutionary changes will occur in management contents, methods, capabilities, and real-time effectiveness and efficiency of management. As an essential factor in intelligent manufacturing, quality control systems require real and comprehensive innovation. Focused on new trends and developments in quality control from a worldwide perspective, this book presents the latest information on novel approaches in quality control. Its thirteen chapters cover three topics: intelligent manufacturing, robust design, and control charts.",isbn:"978-1-83962-498-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-497-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-499-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87736",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"quality-control-intelligent-manufacturing-robust-design-and-charts",numberOfPages:242,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"865332c5f031b481c1359793edc79fe5",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li, Paulo António Rodrigues Pereira and Helena Navas",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9925.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5511,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 10th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 1st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 30th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 18th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 17th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19636/images/system/19636.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pengzhong Li is a professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering and a teaching director in the Sino-German School of Postgraduate Studies (CDHK), Tongji University, Shanghai, China. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Tongji University in 2004. From 1995 to 2001, he was the manager in the Business and Warehousing Management Departments of Guilin Daewoo Bus Co., LTD. He is a Director of Intelligent Manufacturing and Services Branch of China Creative Studies Institute and Director of East China Branch of National College Institute of Manufacturing Automation. Dr. Li’s research interests include intelligent manufacturing systems and quality control technology in manufacturing. At present, he is committed to research on man–machine coordination in the application of artificial intelligence.",institutionString:"Tongji University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Tongji University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178637/images/system/178637.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Pereira received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology from the Catholic University of Portugal. He has been recruited as a quality and laboratory expert for seminars and professional laboratory meetings throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. He has more than twenty-five years of experience working in medical laboratories, having held key scientific leadership roles: 15+ years as a senior researcher; 10+ years as a consultant for a metrology laboratory based on ISO/IEC 17025 specifications and related standards; 20+ years as a consultant and auditor of quality management systems based on ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 17025, and ISO 15189 standards; 16+ years as the quality manager in the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, including more than 6 years in national coordination; and 6+ years as a professor of Quality Assurance. Currently, he is the head of the R&D Department at the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, Lisbon, Portugal. Dr. Pereira is the author of several peer-reviewed scientific articles and indexed books and chapters. He is an editor for several books. He serves as a member of several editorial boards. He is a member of the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute and Eurachem. Dr. Pereira is an expert on in vitro diagnostic medical devices at the European Commission / European Medicines Agency.",institutionString:"Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"153832",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",middleName:"V. G.",surname:"Navas",slug:"helena-navas",fullName:"Helena Navas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/153832/images/system/153832.jpg",biography:"Helena Navas is a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Portugal, and a Researcher for the Unit for Research and Development in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (UNIDEMI). She represents the Portuguese Association for Quality (APQ) in the Portuguese Technical Standardization Committee on Research Activities, Development, and Innovation (RDI) and represents FCT NOVA in the Portuguese Standardization Committee on Project Management. She is a member of the Scientific Council of the Portuguese Society of Metrology (SPMet). She was a member of the International Executive Board of the European TRIZ Association (ETRIA) for the 2011–2012 term. She has been a columnist for the Innovation and Entrepreneurship newsletter since April 2014. She is a lean leader and completed the Six Sigma Black Belt Manufacturing course from The Lean Six Sigma Company. Professor Navas has been a guest speaker at several seminars, round tables, and events dedicated to innovation. She is a researcher, consultant, and trainer in innovation, systematic innovation, TRIZ methodology, and lean and continuous improvement.",institutionString:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"806",title:"Quality Control Management",slug:"industrial-engineering-and-management-quality-control-management"}],chapters:[{id:"74232",title:"Introduction to Intelligent Quality Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94971",slug:"introduction-to-intelligent-quality-management",totalDownloads:445,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Intelligent manufacturing is becoming more and more attractive for industrial societies especially after the introduction of industry 4.0 where most of industrial operations are to be carried by robots equipped with intelligent capabilities. This explicitly implies that the manufacturing systems will entirely be integrated and all manufacturing functions including quality control and management will have to be made as much intelligent as possible in operating with minimum human intervention. This Chapter will present a brief overview of some implications about intelligent quality systems. It intends to provide the readers of the book to understand how the concept of artificial intelligence is to be embedded into quality functions. It is known that the interoperability is the rapid transformation requirement of industry specific operations. This requires the integration of quality functions to other manufacturing functions for sharing the quality related knowledge with other manufacturing functions in order to sustain total intelligent collaboration. Achieving this, on the other hand, ensures the improvement of manufacturing processes for better performance in an integrated manner. Note that, although some general information about intelligent manufacturing systems are given, this chapter is particularly focused on discussing intelligent quality related issues.",signatures:"Ercan Oztemel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74232",authors:[{id:"306974",title:"Prof.",name:"Ercan",surname:"Oztemel",slug:"ercan-oztemel",fullName:"Ercan Oztemel"}],corrections:null},{id:"74372",title:"Smart Manufacturing: Quality Control Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95143",slug:"smart-manufacturing-quality-control-perspectives",totalDownloads:388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quality Control (QC) is a guideline or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. Smart manufacturing is where the work is interfaced work pieces and associated tools that include logistics operations, Cyber Physical Systems, Artificial Intelligence, and Big Data Analytic tools. These form the norm of manufacturing operations to generate large amounts of data, which are used for analysis and prediction. Therefore, help to optimise the quality of manufacturing operations and manufactured products. The change in technologies have, however, altered the traditional way of manufacturing process as well as QC systems. Therefore, to address the challenge of data reliability, the sensors, actuators and instruments used at various levels of integration in the manufacturing process often operating under adverse physical conditions need to provide adequate levels of data accuracy and precision. Methodologically, the Chapter followed critical literature review on QC concepts and Industry 4.0 revolution, thereby culminating into conceptual framework of QC in Smart Manufacturing, which is the main contribution of this Chapter.",signatures:"Joseph Evans Agolla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74372",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74372",authors:[{id:"210562",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Agolla",slug:"joseph-agolla",fullName:"Joseph Agolla"}],corrections:null},{id:"74690",title:"An Intelligent Access Control Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95459",slug:"an-intelligent-access-control-model",totalDownloads:458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cybersecurity is a critical issue as the world is moving towered IR4 era (Industrial Revaluation 4.0) where technology is involved, and access to the internet is an imperative need. The traditional computing systems are not able to meet the huge computing demand and growing data (Big-Data). Therefore; new technologies have been evolved such as cloud computing. This chapter is exploring the need for a dynamic access control approach to enhance the Cybersecurity. The scope in this chapter is focusing on IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) layer of cloud computing. The research approach aims to enhance the basic ABAC (Attribute-Based Access Control) model by adding a context-aware feature and SoD principle. The enhanced model called ABACsh. This proposed enhancement is implemented through a framework based on AI (Artificial Intelligent) to meet the requirements of dynamic systems. The framework is tested in the OpenStack testbed. The results show better performance in the term of computation speed.",signatures:"Shadha Mohamed Sulaiyam ALAmri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74690",authors:[{id:"321795",title:"Dr.",name:"Shadha",surname:"ALAmri",slug:"shadha-alamri",fullName:"Shadha ALAmri"}],corrections:null},{id:"75153",title:"Adapting Disruptive Applications in Managing Quality Control Systems in Intelligence Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93979",slug:"adapting-disruptive-applications-in-managing-quality-control-systems-in-intelligence-manufacturing",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Controlling quality has become a major trend in the circle of manufacturers and production managers that engage in intelligent manufacturing all over the world, on account of industry 4.0, in recent times. Intelligent manufacturing therefore is the use of advanced applications, analytics, sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) to improve manufacturing. The aim of the study is to carry out a study on application of disruptive application in managing quality system in intelligent manufacturing with a view to improving manufacturing process in organizations. Survey methods was used in collating responses from production managers of manufacturing companies at selected locations censoring production managers and supervisors on some parameters such as areas of disruptions in the quality assurance monitoring and calibration in production process, issues and challenges involved in quality control systems in manufacturing, Man-Whitney U Test, T-test, Pearson’s Test were used to analyze the collated data. Also, this study presents advanced analytical tools and applications to improve quality in manufacturing process. The study finally presents areas of disruptions in the quality assurance monitoring and calibration in production process, issues and challenges involved in quality control systems in manufacturing, emerging areas of application and recommendation for improvement.",signatures:"Amusan Lekan, Clinton Aigbavboa, Moses Emetere and James Owolabi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75153",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75153",authors:[{id:"190876",title:"Dr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Emetere",slug:"moses-emetere",fullName:"Moses Emetere"},{id:"281262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amusan",surname:"Lekan",slug:"amusan-lekan",fullName:"Amusan Lekan"},{id:"328948",title:"Prof.",name:"Clinton",surname:"Aigbavboa",slug:"clinton-aigbavboa",fullName:"Clinton Aigbavboa"},{id:"328949",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Owolabi",slug:"james-owolabi",fullName:"James Owolabi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74435",title:"Analysis and Two-Dimensional Modeling of Directional Coupler Based on Two Coplanar Lines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95142",slug:"analysis-and-two-dimensional-modeling-of-directional-coupler-based-on-two-coplanar-lines",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is dedicated to physical modeling and numerical characterization of directional coupler based on two coplanar lines using the general theory of coupled lines. The modeling in this chapter is two-dimensional due to the chosen numerical method (MOMs), for that purpose the analysis is divided into steps, we started by analyzing and modeling a micro-coplanar line in the quasi-TEM approximation using Green’s functions and the integral equation method then we conclude by using the telegraphist equations and the results of the first step to modeling a couple of micro-coplanar lines.",signatures:"Anouar Acheghaf and Naima Amar Touhami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74435",authors:[{id:"326091",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Anouar",surname:"Acheghaf",slug:"anouar-acheghaf",fullName:"Anouar Acheghaf"},{id:"331845",title:"Prof.",name:"Naima",surname:"Amar Touhami",slug:"naima-amar-touhami",fullName:"Naima Amar Touhami"}],corrections:null},{id:"73423",title:"Improving Product Quality through Functional Analysis Approach: Case of Dual Axis Solar Tracker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93951",slug:"improving-product-quality-through-functional-analysis-approach-case-of-dual-axis-solar-tracker",totalDownloads:321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Product quality determines how well a product meets the customer’s requirements. One way of measuring and ensuring that the product’s quality is achieved is through incorporating the functional analysis approach in the design process of the product, especially at early stage of lifecycle. A case study involving the design of a dual axis solar tracking system is used to illustrate the approach. In the study, the designed solar tracking concept was compared to existing mechanisms. The designed concept was found to be, generally, less complex than existing models.",signatures:"Emmanuel Karabo Mpodi, Zeundjua Tjiparuro and Oduetse Matsebe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73423",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73423",authors:[{id:"323948",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Emmanuel Karabo",surname:"Mpodi",slug:"emmanuel-karabo-mpodi",fullName:"Emmanuel Karabo Mpodi"},{id:"323950",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjiparuro",surname:"Zeundjua",slug:"tjiparuro-zeundjua",fullName:"Tjiparuro Zeundjua"},{id:"329552",title:"Dr.",name:"Oduetse",surname:"Matsebe",slug:"oduetse-matsebe",fullName:"Oduetse Matsebe"}],corrections:null},{id:"74437",title:"Taguchi Method as a Robust Design Tool",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94908",slug:"taguchi-method-as-a-robust-design-tool",totalDownloads:517,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Taguchi Method is a powerful technique to optimize performance of the products or process. Taguchi’s main purpose is to reduce the variability around the target value of product properties via a systematic application of statistical experimental design which called robust design. Robust Design is an important technique for product manufacturability and product life. Taguchi simplified the usage of orthogonal arrays to setup experimental design. Thanks to this development, researchers and engineers saved both time and money. Furthermore, Taguchi proposed the usage of S/N ratio in order to measure the effects of factors on the performance characteristics. In this study a brief knowledge about the Taguchi Method is given. Orthogonal Arrays and S/N ratios are described. Summary of a case study is given.",signatures:"Coşkun Hamzaçebi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74437",authors:[{id:"326874",title:"Prof.",name:"Coşkun",surname:"Hamzaçebi",slug:"coskun-hamzacebi",fullName:"Coşkun Hamzaçebi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74408",title:"Optimized Portfolios: All Seasons Strategy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95122",slug:"optimized-portfolios-all-seasons-strategy",totalDownloads:302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Our study explores the efficient frontier of optimal investment, taking behind the Markowitz’s theory, while advocating a diversified portfolio to reduce risk. To perform it, six portfolio models are proposed, and its formation are made by a solver, where the selected solving method is the GRG Nonlinear engine for linear solver problems. Our main goal is to design portfolios that resists to financial crisis but at the same time persists in a wealthy period. We analyze the decade where we assisted to two crashes (2000–2010) and a semi-decade where we assist to a wealthy period (2011–2018). The assets used are varied, such as Equities indexes form various countries, sector equities, bonds, commodities, EURUSD exchange and VIX. Results show that the GRG Nonlinear engine is powerful, providing excess returns in all six models.",signatures:"Raúl D. Navas, Sónia R. Bentes and Helena V.G. Navas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74408",authors:[{id:"153832",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",surname:"Navas",slug:"helena-navas",fullName:"Helena Navas"},{id:"255620",title:"Prof.",name:"Raul",surname:"Navas",slug:"raul-navas",fullName:"Raul Navas"},{id:"255621",title:"Prof.",name:"Sónia R.",surname:"Bentes",slug:"sonia-r.-bentes",fullName:"Sónia R. Bentes"}],corrections:null},{id:"74331",title:"Influence of Injection Molding Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Injected PC/ABS Parts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95089",slug:"influence-of-injection-molding-parameters-on-the-mechanical-properties-of-injected-pc-abs-parts",totalDownloads:505,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study optimized the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties during injection molding (IM) of PC/ABS blend. The Taguchi method of design of experiments (DOE) was employed to optimize the process parameters and to increase the tensile strength and the elasticity module. Taguchi’s L9 (34) orthogonal array design was employed for the experimental plan. Process parameters of the injection molding such as material temperature, injection pressure, holding time, and mold temperature were studied with three levels. The Signal to noise (S/N) ratio for mechanical properties of PC/ABS blend using the Taguchi method was calculated. Taguchi’s results proposed two sets of optimal injection parameters conditions to achieve the best mechanical characteristics (σ, E). The (S/N) ratio results proved that the injection pressure was the more prominent than the other IM process parameters for the tensile strength, and the material temperature was the more prominent for the elasticity module.",signatures:"Fatma Hentati and Neila Masmoudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74331",authors:[{id:"328656",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma",surname:"Hentati",slug:"fatma-hentati",fullName:"Fatma Hentati"},{id:"337025",title:"Prof.",name:"Neila",surname:"Masmoudi",slug:"neila-masmoudi",fullName:"Neila Masmoudi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74137",title:"Application of Taguchi Method in Optimization of Pulsed TIG Welding Process Parameter",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93974",slug:"application-of-taguchi-method-in-optimization-of-pulsed-tig-welding-process-parameter",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pulsed TIG welding is one of the most widely used welding processes in the metal manufacturing industry. In any fusion arc welding process, the bead width plays an important role in determining the welding strength and mechanical properties of the weld joint. This study present optimization of the pulsed TIG welding process parameter using Taguchi Philosophy. AISI 316/3136L austenite stainless steel 4mm is used for welding and for the establishment of the optimum combination of the process parameter and depending upon the functional requirement of the welded joint, the acceptable welded joint should have optimum bead width and minimum heat affected zone (HAZ) etc. An experiment was conducted using different welding condition and a mathematical model was constructed using the data collected from the experiment based on Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. Optimum parameter obtained for bead width is peak current 180 ampere, base current 100 ampere, pulse frequency 125Hz and pulse on time 40%.",signatures:"Asif Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74137",authors:[{id:"327696",title:"Dr.",name:"Asif",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"asif-ahmad",fullName:"Asif Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"71100",title:"Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages of Counting Processes When the Time between Events Is Weibull Distributed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90873",slug:"exponentially-weighted-moving-averages-of-counting-processes-when-the-time-between-events-is-weibull",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are control charts for Poisson counts, zero-inflated Poisson counts, and over dispersed Poisson counts (negative binomial counts) but nothing on counting processes when the time between events (TBEs) is Weibull distributed. In our experience the in-control distribution for time between events is often Weibull distributed in applications. Counting processes are not Poisson distributed or negative binomial distributed when the time between events is Weibull distributed. This is a gap in the literature meaning that there is no help for practitioners when this is the case. This book chapter is designed to close this gap and provide an approach that could be helpful to those applying control charts in such cases.",signatures:"Ross Stewart Sparks and Hossein Hazrati-Marangaloo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71100",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71100",authors:[{id:"227601",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Hossein",surname:"Hazrati-Marangaloo",slug:"hossein-hazrati-marangaloo",fullName:"Hossein Hazrati-Marangaloo"},{id:"312548",title:"Dr.",name:"Ross Stewart",surname:"Sparks",slug:"ross-stewart-sparks",fullName:"Ross Stewart Sparks"}],corrections:null},{id:"70939",title:"Simulation-Based Comparative Analysis of Nonparametric Control Charts with Runs-Type Rules",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91040",slug:"simulation-based-comparative-analysis-of-nonparametric-control-charts-with-runs-type-rules",totalDownloads:480,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we study well-known distribution-free Shewhart-type monitoring schemes based on order statistics. In order to empower the in- and out-of-control performance of the control charts being under consideration, several runs-type rules are enhanced. The simulation-based experimentation carried out reveals that the proposed schemes achieve remarkable efficiency for detecting possible shifts in the distribution of the underlying process.",signatures:"Ioannis S. Triantafyllou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70939",authors:[{id:"315076",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ioannis S.",surname:"Triantafyllou",slug:"ioannis-s.-triantafyllou",fullName:"Ioannis S. Triantafyllou"}],corrections:null},{id:"71177",title:"Combining Capability Indices and Control Charts in the Process and Analytical Method Control Strategy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91354",slug:"combining-capability-indices-and-control-charts-in-the-process-and-analytical-method-control-strateg",totalDownloads:699,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Different control charts in combination with the process capability indices, Cp, Cpm and Cpk, as part of the control strategy, were evaluated, since both are key elements in determining whether the method or process is reliable for its purpose. All these aspects were analyzed using real data from unitary processes and analytical methods. The traditional x-chart and moving range chart confirmed both analytical method and process are in control and stable and therefore, the process capability indices can be computed. We applied different criteria to establish the specification limits (i.e., analyst/customer requirements) for fixed method or process performance (i.e., process or method requirements). The unitary process does not satisfy the minimum capability requirements for Cp and Cpk indices when the specification limit and control limits are equal in breath. Therefore, the process needs to be revised; especially, a greater control in the process variation is necessary. For the analytical method, the Cpm and Cpk indices were computed. The obtained results were similar in both cases. 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Analysis of programming learning for purposes of assisting and qualifying a learning process from beginning to end represents an onerous task to programming practice, since the practice of assisted programming spends time and effort in activities, assessment, especially when there is the application of a lot of exercises and there are many students in a class. Thus, applying learning analysis that makes it possible to compare programming solutions developed by different students and to verify how a student’s solution evolve over time represent a real challenge for the evaluation of programming.
\nAlthough there are already several solutions for representing and comparing programming students’ profiles [1, 2], there are few solutions for a temporal analysis of the learning of these students during a programming course.
\nA more recent proposal to analyze programming learning aims to map source codes into software metrics that quantify effort and quality of programming [3]. Through these metrics, for each programming activity, it is possible to compare student’s solutions under different variables to identify classes of solutions, common learning difficulties, good practices of programming and even plagiarism.
\nAlthough the proposal of [3] makes it possible to compare student profiles of a class in each programming activity, it is laborious for a teacher through this instrument to verify how these evaluation metrics evolve over time, that is, to each activity of a course, for each student. This type of monitoring allows the programming teacher to identify in which students develop better in their learning processes and where students begin to present learning difficulties.
\nIn order to meet this need by offering programming teachers an instrument to monitor the learning process of their students, this chapter extends the proposal of [3] generating 3D views of student profiles mapped into selected software metrics. These metrics characterize each student’s efficiency, style, and programming effort with each programming solution they develop over a course.
\nIn addition to the 3D representation to analyze learning, this system selects dynamically programming solution samples for a teacher to score until finding a representative set of rubric representations to inform evaluation criteria. This functionality may contribute later to generate a representative set of programs to train automatic assessment system of programming exercises.
\nAnother feature of this system that is still in the testing phase is the prediction of students’ performances in an activity based on their history of solving activities or the solutions of that same activity developed by other students.
\nThe main contribution of this chapter is, therefore, offering a tool to support evaluation, decision-making in the field of programming, enabling teachers to analyze and monitor their students’ learning for each programming activity under a wide range of variables, anticipating a predictable future of poor performance.
\nIn order to present the fundamentals and the functionalities of the proposed system, this chapter is organized in the following order. Section 2 presents the related work. Section 3 describes the system architecture with 3D representations of profiles and the selection of rubric representations. Section 4 highlights reports of application of our system in a programming distance course. Section 5 concludes this work highlighting the main results, future work and final considerations.
\nStatic analysis is an automatic assessment approach to programming learning based on analysis of code. Through static analysis, it is possible to analyze effort, complexity, efficiency and quality of programming [4, 5, 6].
\nThe main advantages of static analysis are lower cost, less reliance on the teacher’s reference solution and the possibility of offering an evaluation closer to human evolution, although many programming teachers have prioritize the dynamic analysis, which is an analysis based on the correct and efficient execution of programs. Static analysis can therefore be used in the analysis of programming codes for the following purposes:
Effort measurement and coding complexity [4]
Recognition of signs of plagiarism [3]
Recognition of rubrics [11]
Recommendation of activities [1]
Programming proficiency analysis [12]
Analysis of learning difficulties and good programming practices [3].
Among the technological solutions of programming learning analysis based on static analysis already proposed, we highlight: the metrics of Halstead and McCabe [4, 5, 13], the evaluation of programming skills by software metrics [10], the recommendation system of activities according to learning difficulties [1], the analysis of difficulties by software metrics [3], the evaluation of how programming students learn from the analysis of their programming codes [14] and the programming proficiency analysis of SCALE system [12].
\nThe main static analysis strategies of programming developed from the 1960s to the present day were based on software evaluation metrics that evolved from the purposes of measuring codes and software quality for educational purposes of diagnosing learning difficulties and evaluating difficulties, skills and even programming skills.
\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, the software metrics were used to analyze programming codes for the purposes of estimating effort, complexity and programming style. Thus, some developed strategies were associated the programming process with the psychological complexity to evaluate performance in programming without necessarily having the concern to help those who had more difficulties [4, 9].
\nDuring the 90s until the year 2010, strategies of static analysis based on metrics for learning analysis, but in times when the Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) were high, it was sought to represent the model or profile of a student, focusing more on his learning.
\nIn more recent research on programming learning analysis, in addition to having a concern to better understand the students’ learning profiles, there have been attempts to remedy learning difficulties [3]. Other trends in programming learning analysis are proficiency assessment [12], prediction of performances [15] and the classification of profiles by learning levels [2].
\nThe main related works to our proposal are the assessment system based on the software metrics of [3], the instruments of visualization of programming students’ profiles of [16], the recognition strategy of profiles by source code analysis metrics of [2], the selection model of features of [17], the system of recognition of rubrics with dimensionality reduction of [11] and the study of [18] involving the discovery of longitudinal patterns.
\nPCodigo II is an online system of automatic mapping of students’ profiles in software metrics to analyze programming learning [3]. In addition to profiling mapping in 348 software metrics, PCodigo II has massive execution, similar profile graphing, information visualization, and plagiarism analysis capabilities.
\nThe first applications of PCodigo II of [3] in real programming exercises demonstrate the effectiveness of this system for the diagnostic assessment of programming learning. Thus applying PCodigo II in real programming exercises it was shown that teachers, taking into account what the metrics say, can recognize the learning difficulties, good programming practices and classes of learning profiles of a whole class in a fast, detailed and holistic way.
\nThe chapter of [16] presents some information visualization instruments in a multidimensional perspective to help teachers in the analysis of programming learning with mapping of profiles on software metrics. Through generated visualizations, we can analyze and compare profiles under different variables to recognize learning difficulties and classes of solutions from similar characteristics.
\nThe strategy of profile recognition by static analysis of codes based on metrics of [2] aims to infer profiles of programmers from analysis of their Java code, classify them according to skills and continually evaluate their progress in the practice of programming in a course. The detected profiles are a novice, advanced beginner, proficient and expert.
\nSome metrics used in this strategy are a number of sentences, conditional control and repetition structures, types of data, classes, operators, lines of code, and other code. The advantage of this strategy in relation to our system is to classify and qualify students. However, we automatically select the most appropriate metrics to evaluate each type of programming solution.
\nFor an automatic selection of evaluation variables, we highlight the selection model of the characteristics of [17], which combines clustering techniques and algorithm to create a feature map by selecting relevant terms in the texts of the groups of notes of the evaluation of a teacher. In our proposal, the relevant characteristics, that is, the most important metrics for each programming solution, we can visualize through heat maps comparing different solutions from five or more software metrics.
\nRegarding the composition of rubrics, a strategy to highlight is the proposal of [11], which is based on clustering and Principal Component Analysis techniques to recognize, from solutions developed by students, examples of solutions that represent, in a rubric scheme, the scores attributed by a teacher. This work complements these proposals by generating a ranking of samples of programming solutions for a teacher to score until finding the best set of rubric representations with a diversity of marks awarded.
\nAccording to [18], to understand how learning unfolds in the over time, it is necessary to move to a new learning perspective in which the units of analysis are separate but interrelated learning events.
\nFollowing this idea, the study of [18] investigates and validates longitudinal patterns in online participation as a measure to differentiate student performances.
\nThe proposal of the system of this work, based on the study of [18], seeks to understand how programming learning unfolds and analyze longitudinal patterns.
\nIn this way, following this proposal, in relation to the other Works Presented, we advanced in the 3D representation of profiles of programming students, in the view of characteristics represented by software metrics over time and the composition of rubrics from a ranking of selected solutions automatically for a teacher to score.
\nThe system of representation of profiles presented in this chapter is an evolution of
Thus our system extends the students’ profiles representation of
Figure 1 shows the system’s architecture proposed in a scheme of inputs, processing and outputs come an integration of our system to the 1.0 and 3. x versions of
Architecture of the 3D representation system of students’ profiles.
According to Figure 1, for version 1.9 of
The course data imported from
Each vector representation on software metrics of a student’s programming solution we call
In order to analyze solutions in a generic way, we have reduced each
Then, bringing together the cognitive matrices for each programming solution of a course, a
The Reduced Matrix generation process is performed by
The timeline consists of a vector representation of the five fundamental metrics or selected metrics most closely related to a teacher’s grade from each course programming exercise. This representation contributes to the analysis of how the evaluation metrics evolve for each student during a course and to generate a training set from to predict future exercise performance from history of exercises and performances associated with them.
\nA hierarchical approach we have used s to form clusters of similar solutions. In this way, a representative would be selected from each of these clusters to receive a teacher’s grade and that grade would be reproduced for the other standards in the same cluster.
\nUnlike PCodigo II [3], in which clustering is performed with a previously defined number of clusters, a dendrogram based on centroid was generated, from which can be extracted the amount of clusters required, which, in this work, was placed as half of the samples from the algorithm BFS (
According to Figure 1, for
In order to select this small set of representative codes, we have used a hierarchical representation of clusters by
Through this representation, a search in depth not aware of plagiarism is performed starting with the more atypical samples and accumulating distances (from root to node) which are expressed at each node of the dendrogram. Then, after the selected samples are scored by a teacher and the metrics that most impact the grades assigned by him are verified to analyze possible correction inconsistencies.
\nIn order to begin the performance prediction experiments, we have chosen two prediction methods: based on cluster analysis and based on previous performance histories.
\nIn prediction based on cluster analysis, we used the selection ranking that selects representative samples of the
In the prediction of performances based on a history of previous performances, through a time series generated from the 3D representation (students × activities × metrics), a regressor model of each metric is trained and a regressor of metrics for grades, then the metrics of the next exercise are predicted as well as your grade. In this case, the training set is represented by the solutions solved by the same student along the course and the note to be predicted is the next solution to the history samples of that set.
\nThe first experiments of the system functionalities proposed in this chapter were in a Moodle’s classroom of a distance course of C Programming Language in Brazil. Through the access credentials of a programming teacher, we obtained a zipped copy of the classroom from this course to the processing of learning analysis from students’ codes. Next, all C programming code files were extracted along the programming distance course by about 25 programming students.
\nAfter the generation of 3D representations of learning profiles (
For each activity, the list of metrics that were considered the most relevant to assign marks.
For a class as a whole, a list of selected metrics from 348 metrics, that were considered the most relevant to assign marks.
Dendrogram automatically generated on all the metrics that make up the student profile.
Dendrogram automatically generated on all the metrics that make up the student profile, after normalization to values between 0 and 1.
A heat map for each activity with selected metrics that best represent each activity.
A heat map for each activity with the metrics that best represent the marking criterion for the class as a whole.
A heat map for each student (historical in time) with the metrics that best represent the correction criterion for the class as a whole.
A heat map for each activity with five metrics representing skills and difficulties programming.
A heat map for each student (historical in time) with five metrics representing the students’ programming skills and difficulties.
Prediction of student grades, where grades are assigned to submissions that are similar to each other.
One of the activities we use for this experiment was applied in a C programming distance course and contains the following statement:
\nWe chose this activity for learning analysis because the use of logical expressions and conditional and repetitive control structures allows us to differentiate the solutions in order to recognize which solutions show difficulties to construct logical expressions in control structures. In this way, a good solution of this activity will present few comparisons and a few lines of programming code. On the other hand, a solution with several comparisons, instructions and control structures built into the arrangement evidences programming effort and difficulties to construct logical sentences.
\nIn Figure 2, using this activity as an example of results 1 and 2, and views 5, 6, we highlight two modes of analysis of programming solutions of our system for a programming activity: first, from software metrics
Analysis of solutions by software metrics.
In graphs of Figure 2, the columns indicate students’ solutions and columns, metrics. In each column, the white color (scale 1) indicates the highest value and the black color (scale 0), the smallest value of a metric. The interpretation of whether the higher value is better depends on the level of information of each code. However, the teacher can perform this interpretation comparing value of the best solutions and the worst solution. In this way, it would have an instrument to evaluate which indicators characterize good programming solutions and those that express the most difficulties.
\nAccording to Figure 2, in the first graph, high value of
In Figure 3, where there is an example of view 9, we highlight how the five major metrics evolve each exercise for a same student over a course. It is observed that this student, indicated in the first line of the graph by a green arrow, has a predominance of the black color in his programming solution, indicating low values, and meaning good performances in the easiest exercises. On the other hand, in the last exercise by a red arrow he did, the colors appear lighter, indicating more complex activities and more difficulties. That more evident when, from this exercise that has higher
Evolution of metrics for each activity.
The graph of Figure 4 is the ranking view for a teacher to assign marks to activities with the least effort of correcting. This graph is a dendrogram that presents the hierarchy of developed solutions for a programming activity represented by software metrics normalized to values between 0 and 1. Distances are marked in gray and pink.
\nDendrogram of solutions of a programming activity represented on normalized software metrics (without grades).
The graph of Figure 5 is a ranking view for a teacher to assign marks to activities with the least effort of correcting. This graph is a dendrogram that presents the hierarchy of developed solutions for a programming activity. Distances are marked in gray and pink, and the selected samples are marked in yellow.
\nDendrogram of solutions of a programming activity selected from a correction ranking (with grades).
According to Figure 5, first selecting the samples of greater dissimilarity, the teacher punctuates the most different ones and then some of the more similar ones.
\nAs this teacher follows the ranking of samples suggested by the system, he himself can identify how far he can correct to obtain a minimum set of representation of the diversity of the solutions developed for composition of rubrics and, in the future, for to train automatic assessment exercises of programming exercises with a set of examples of teachers’ marks. In this case, we consider 50% for training and 50% for testing of the prediction model.
\nFigure 6 presents our first prediction results performed at a distance learning C programming. In this graph, we present performance results of all the programming solutions developed by a student (
Timeline with prediction of performance in programming.
According to the graph of Figure 6, it is observed that the prediction of a student’s performance in an activity based on a history of exercises solved by that student and in the solutions of that exercise developed by other students still present themselves divergent from the assigned marks by a teacher, although in higher performances these approaches approximate the evaluation of a teacher. In addition, the predictive results of these approaches approximate as the history of solved exercises used increases. Thus, we present good expectations to advance in the studies of these methods to predict the performance of programming students.
\nIn conclusion, with some examples of the results generated by the system of this chapter, we shown the potential of this tool for programming teachers to accompany the process of learning their students from the beginning to the end of a course from a broad or reduced set of metrics and with less teachers’ evaluation effort.
\nThe system proposed in this chapter was presented as a relevant tool to assist teachers in their evaluation decisions, enabling them to assist the learning process of their students in each programming exercise.
\nFor this, our system can recognize where the learning difficulties begin, monitor how students evolve along a course, generate rubric representation and, soon, predict future performances of programming students.
\nThese possibilities of learning analysis contribute a lot to reducing teachers’ efforts in the onerous task of evaluating programming exercises so that they can better track the learning process of students and reorient their formative actions.
\nSome future works from this research are using samples indicated for manual correction as training references of a semi-automatic programming evaluation system and improving our strategy to predict performances in activities from the timeline of solved programming exercises or from students’ solutions that solved exercises similar to the one we intend to predict a grade.
\nThrough this work we offer, therefore, a multidimensional and the clinical analysis tool to help teachers in their formative assessment actions and students to be better assisted in their difficulties and skills in the practice of programming.
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\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"