Statewise quinquennial average of area and production of wheat.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5351",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Contemporary Challenges in Endocarditis",title:"Contemporary Challenges in Endocarditis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Endocarditis remains an elusive challenge for clinicians to master. As the population ages and their comorbidities increase, the risk of infecting cardiac structures - both native and, the ever-increasing use of, prosthetic support technology - also increases. In addition, the global epidemic of intravenous substance abuse has also resulted in a substantial increase in the number of infected patients. Fortunately, advances in the diagnostic testing, imaging, and recognition of the importance of a multidisciplinary management team have also contributed to advances in the care of these critically ill patients. Nevertheless, optimal therapies need to be individualized and considered in the ever-increasing body of scientific literature on this complex and difficult problem.",isbn:"978-953-51-2770-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2769-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7323-6",doi:"10.5772/62550",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"contemporary-challenges-in-endocarditis",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"7e56ebec7c0e74f37026b3ed08826e75",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",publishedDate:"November 9th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5351.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13872,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 15th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 19th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 17th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 17th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64343/images/system/64343.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Michael S. Firstenberg is a board-certified thoracic surgeon. He is the current Director of Research and Special Projects for the William Novick Global Cardiac Alliance. Previously, he was Chief of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at the Medical Center of Aurora and Rose Hospitals. He currently holds appointments in the Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies at Northeast Ohio Medical University. He attended Case Western Reserve University Medical School, received his General Surgery training at University Hospitals in Cleveland, and completed fellowships at Ohio State University (Thoracic Surgery) and the Cleveland Clinic (Surgical Heart Failure). He is an active member of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the American Association of Thoracic Surgeons (AATS), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and the American College of Academic International Medicine (ACAIM), for which he is a founding fellow and president-elect. He currently serves on several professional society committees. He is the author of more than 200 peer-reviewed manuscripts, abstracts, and book chapters. He has edited several textbooks on topics ranging from medical leadership, patient safety, endocarditis, and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, all of which include topics that he has lectured on worldwide.",institutionString:"William Novick Global Cardiac Alliance",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"22",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"989",title:"Pediatric Cardiology",slug:"pediatric-cardiology"}],chapters:[{id:"52847",title:"Introductory Chapter: Endocarditis - A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge",doi:"10.5772/66406",slug:"introductory-chapter-endocarditis-a-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-challenge",totalDownloads:1229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Michael S. Firstenberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52847",authors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],corrections:null},{id:"52336",title:"Antibiotic Prophylactic Regimens for Infective Endocarditis in Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures",doi:"10.5772/65255",slug:"antibiotic-prophylactic-regimens-for-infective-endocarditis-in-patients-undergoing-dental-procedures",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Castro, Javier Álvarez, Javier F. Feijoo, Marcio Diniz, Lucía\nGarcía-Caballero, Pedro Diz and Jacobo Limeres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52336",authors:[{id:"98186",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Diz-Dios",slug:"pedro-diz-dios",fullName:"Pedro Diz-Dios"},{id:"187405",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcio",surname:"Diniz-Freitas",slug:"marcio-diniz-freitas",fullName:"Marcio Diniz-Freitas"},{id:"187408",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacobo",surname:"Limeres",slug:"jacobo-limeres",fullName:"Jacobo Limeres"},{id:"194724",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Castro",slug:"miguel-castro",fullName:"Miguel Castro"},{id:"194725",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco-Javier",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"francisco-javier-alvarez",fullName:"Francisco-Javier Alvarez"},{id:"194726",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Fernandez-Feijoo",slug:"javier-fernandez-feijoo",fullName:"Javier Fernandez-Feijoo"},{id:"194727",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Garcia-Caballero",slug:"lucia-garcia-caballero",fullName:"Lucia Garcia-Caballero"}],corrections:null},{id:"52185",title:"Epidemiology of Infective Endocarditis",doi:"10.5772/65030",slug:"epidemiology-of-infective-endocarditis",totalDownloads:1763,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Fabian Andres Giraldo Vallejo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52185",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52185",authors:[{id:"188071",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabian",surname:"Giraldo",slug:"fabian-giraldo",fullName:"Fabian Giraldo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52157",title:"Advanced Echocardiography for the Diagnosis and Management of Infective Endocarditis",doi:"10.5772/64800",slug:"advanced-echocardiography-for-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-infective-endocarditis",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"John F. Sedgwick and Gregory M. Scalia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52157",authors:[{id:"185698",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory",surname:"Scalia",slug:"gregory-scalia",fullName:"Gregory Scalia"},{id:"205151",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Sedgwick",slug:"john-sedgwick",fullName:"John Sedgwick"}],corrections:null},{id:"52392",title:"Ocular Manifestations of Endocarditis",doi:"10.5772/65313",slug:"ocular-manifestations-of-endocarditis",totalDownloads:1274,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Cheima Wathek and Riadh Rannen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52392",authors:[{id:"185720",title:"M.D.",name:"Cheima",surname:"Wathek",slug:"cheima-wathek",fullName:"Cheima Wathek"}],corrections:null},{id:"52144",title:"Culture Negative Endocarditis: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/64920",slug:"culture-negative-endocarditis-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:2085,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Marion J. Skalweit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52144",authors:[{id:"186717",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marion",surname:"Skalweit",slug:"marion-skalweit",fullName:"Marion Skalweit"}],corrections:null},{id:"52390",title:"Infective Endocarditis in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients in Developing Countries: What is the Real Problem?",doi:"10.5772/64929",slug:"infective-endocarditis-in-end-stage-renal-disease-patients-in-developing-countries-what-is-the-real-",totalDownloads:1244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Díaz-García Héctor Rafael, Contreras-de la Torre Nancy Anabel,\nAlemán-Villalobos Alfonso, Carrillo-Galindo María de Jesús, Gómez-\nJiménez Olivia Berenice, Esparza-Beléndez Edgar, Ramírez-Rosales\nGladys Eloísa, Portilla-d Buen Eliseo and Arreola-Torres Ramón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52390",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52390",authors:[{id:"190685",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor",surname:"Díaz García",slug:"hector-diaz-garcia",fullName:"Héctor Díaz García"},{id:"193856",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Anabel",surname:"Contreras-De La Torre",slug:"nancy-anabel-contreras-de-la-torre",fullName:"Nancy Anabel Contreras-De La Torre"},{id:"193857",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",surname:"Alemán-Villalobos",slug:"alfonso-aleman-villalobos",fullName:"Alfonso Alemán-Villalobos"},{id:"193858",title:"Dr.",name:"María De Jesús",surname:"Carrillo-Galindo",slug:"maria-de-jesus-carrillo-galindo",fullName:"María De Jesús Carrillo-Galindo"},{id:"193859",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivia Berenice",surname:"Gómez-Jiménez",slug:"olivia-berenice-gomez-jimenez",fullName:"Olivia Berenice Gómez-Jiménez"},{id:"193861",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",surname:"Esparza-Beléndez",slug:"edgar-esparza-belendez",fullName:"Edgar Esparza-Beléndez"},{id:"193863",title:"Dr.",name:"Gladys Eloísa",surname:"Ramírez-Rosales",slug:"gladys-eloisa-ramirez-rosales",fullName:"Gladys Eloísa Ramírez-Rosales"},{id:"193864",title:"Dr.",name:"Eliseo",surname:"Portilla- De Buen",slug:"eliseo-portilla-de-buen",fullName:"Eliseo Portilla- De Buen"},{id:"193865",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",surname:"Arreola-Torres",slug:"ramon-arreola-torres",fullName:"Ramón Arreola-Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"52116",title:"Septic Embolism: A Potentially Devastating Complication of Infective Endocarditis",doi:"10.5772/64931",slug:"septic-embolism-a-potentially-devastating-complication-of-infective-endocarditis",totalDownloads:2280,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Thomas R. Wojda, Kristine Cornejo, Andrew Lin, Anthony Cipriano,\nSudip Nanda, Jose D. Amortegui, Barbara T. Wojda and Stanislaw P.\nStawicki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52116",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52116",authors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5202",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Advances in Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7c8f9c0cf1cf50455fba7e2607e9268",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5202.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6268",title:"Vignettes in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d2a1e477127a80d432276b11e6806d0",slug:"vignettes-in-patient-safety-volume-2",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6268.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3452",title:"Principles and Practice of Cardiothoracic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f381c5f7bd086fd7c551c266fb26ebeb",slug:"principles-and-practice-of-cardiothoracic-surgery",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5948",title:"Vignettes in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9aa14e866ecd2f473e4ff93be2525a2",slug:"vignettes-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5948.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6777",title:"Advances in Extra-corporeal Perfusion Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e52fb6e834ada962495c512111f684e",slug:"advances-in-extra-corporeal-perfusion-therapies",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6777.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6556",title:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2bbeca8acf93c99a265e3a81166a2833",slug:"advanced-concepts-in-endocarditis",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6556.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5839",title:"Embolic Diseases",subtitle:"Unusual Therapies and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90a4aef84f4b225516d006bb2868429e",slug:"embolic-diseases-unusual-therapies-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5281",title:"Microcirculation Revisited",subtitle:"From Molecules to Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f470d69a6403e887b362de09d244f73",slug:"microcirculation-revisited-from-molecules-to-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Helena Lenasi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68746",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",surname:"Lenasi",slug:"helena-lenasi",fullName:"Helena Lenasi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67216",slug:"corrigendum-to-open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",title:"Corrigendum to: Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67216.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67216",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67216",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67216",chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10725",leadTitle:null,title:"Paranasal Sinuses Anatomy and Conditions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe nose plays critical importance in our daily lives and it contributes to our wellbeing and safety as far as airway and smell are concerned. The nose is connected to the paired four sinuses through narrow openings known as ostium. During the past three decades, research on the anatomy of the paranasal and sino-nasal system disorders has seen an ever-growing interest in this exciting field of study.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book provides the reader with an overview of the latest developments in the anatomy of paranasal sinus and sino-nasal system disorders and focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in rhinology. The book will emphasize six different sections namely 'Normal anatomy and anatomical variations', 'Arterial supply of nasal cavity', 'Radiology of paranasal sinuses', 'Frontal/anterior and posterior ethmoid/maxillary/ sphenoid sinusitis', 'Orbit and lacrimal system' and ' Pituitary and para sellar region'. General otolaryngologists, rhinologists, anatomists, specialist related services, and general practitioners with interest in otolaryngology will find this book useful and of interest.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-690-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-689-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-691-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"745767840ecb866e31f906858abc6bc1",bookSignature:" Balwant Singh Gendeh",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10725.jpg",keywords:"Paradoxical Middle Turbinate, Haller Cell, Anterior Ethmoidal Artery, Posterior Ethmoidal Artery, Uncinate Process Attachments, Cribriform Plate, Frontal Sinus Cells, Supra Bulla Cell, Dacryocystocele, Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy, Pituitary Adenomas, Endoscopic Hypophysectomy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 8th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 27th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 26th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Gendeh is a senior consultant ENT surgeon with a sub-specialty interest in rhinology. He was an ENT registrar at the Royal Infirmary, Middlesbrough, the United Kingdom in 1993 and subsequently a JW Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, the USA in 1997. Dr. Gendeh has written 95 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals with more than 478 citations, HI of 13, and editor of 8 books and 7 book chapters.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67669/images/system/67669.png",biography:"Dr. Balwant Singh Gendeh is a senior consultant ENT surgeon with sub-specialty interest in rhinology (allergy, sinonasal diseases, endoscopic sinus, anterior and ventral skull base surgery, and functional and cosmetic nasal surgery). He was an ENT registrar at the Royal Infirmary, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom in 1993 and subsequently a JW Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, USA in 1997. During his Fulbright experience, he also worked at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Philadelphia and St Joseph’s Hospital, Chicago, USA with sub-specialty interest in rhinology and aesthetic nasal surgery. Dr. BS Gendeh retired as a consultant ENT surgeon at the National University of Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) in 2014, and is presently a Visiting Professor at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at UKMMC and is a resident ENT consultant at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur since 2014. Due to his vast contribution to the academia in research and clinical publication, he was elected as a Diploma of Fellowship Academy of Medicine Malaysia (FAMM) in October 2000, International Fellow of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in April 2004, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (FASc) in April 2016 and as Fellow of Malaysian Scientific Association (FMSA) in September 2017. He has written 95 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals with more than 478 citations, HI of 13 and editor of 8 books and 7 book chapters.",institutionString:"Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"346794",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Miskulin",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/346794/images/15795_n.png",email:"mia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1758",title:"Otolaryngology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b845def701f65d6ae3487686581983f",slug:"otolaryngology",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5911",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96eef6e794a6b96952fdd1ce1e46f411",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5911.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"36158",title:"Chinese Tourists' Satisfaction with International Shopping Centers: A Case Study of the Taipei 101 Building Shopping Mall",doi:"10.5772/37567",slug:"chinese-tourists-satisfaction-with-international-shopping-centers-a-case-study-of-the-taipei-101-bu",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/36158.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36158",totalDownloads:2868,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 31st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 27th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/36158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/36158",book:{slug:"quality-management-and-practices"},signatures:"Shu-Mei Wang",authors:[{id:"113308",title:"Prof.",name:"Shu-Mei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shu-Mei Wang",slug:"shu-mei-wang",email:"wsm@cc.shu.edu.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"Shih Hsin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1924",title:"Quality Management and Practices",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Quality Management and Practices",slug:"quality-management-and-practices",publishedDate:"April 27th 2012",bookSignature:"Kim-Soon Ng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1924.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0550-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5124-1",editors:[{id:"109304",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim-Soon",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",slug:"kim-soon-ng",fullName:"Kim-Soon Ng"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36150",title:"Quality Management System and Practices",slug:"quality-management-system",totalDownloads:2881,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ng Kim-Soon",authors:[{id:"109304",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim-Soon",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Kim-Soon Ng",slug:"kim-soon-ng"}]},{id:"36151",title:"The Strategic Approach of Total Quality and Their Effects on the Public Organization",slug:"the-strategic-approach-of-total-quality-and-their-effects-on-the-public-organization",totalDownloads:1297,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luminita Gabriela Popescu",authors:[{id:"113822",title:"Prof.",name:"Luminita Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Luminita Gabriela Popescu",slug:"luminita-gabriela-popescu"}]},{id:"36152",title:"The Criticality of Quality Management in Building Corporate Resilience",slug:"criticality-of-quality-management-in-building-corporate-resilience",totalDownloads:2447,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Simmy Marwa",authors:[{id:"117188",title:"Dr.",name:"Simmy",middleName:null,surname:"Marwa",fullName:"Simmy Marwa",slug:"simmy-marwa"}]},{id:"36153",title:"Quality Assurance for the POCT Systems",slug:"quality-assurance-for-the-poct-systems",totalDownloads:3883,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luděk Šprongl",authors:[{id:"109390",title:"Mr.",name:"Ludek",middleName:null,surname:"Sprongl",fullName:"Ludek Sprongl",slug:"ludek-sprongl"}]},{id:"36154",title:"Quality Management and Medical Education in Saudi Arabia",slug:"quality-management-and-medical-education-in-saudi-arabia",totalDownloads:2290,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ali M. Al-Shehri",authors:[{id:"110895",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shehri",fullName:"Ali Al-Shehri",slug:"ali-al-shehri"}]},{id:"36155",title:"Service Quality Dimensions in the Banking Industry and It's Effect on Customer Satisfaction (Case Study)",slug:"service-quality-dimensions-in-the-banking-industry-and-it-s-effect-on-customer-satisfaction-case-st",totalDownloads:6169,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Soleyman Iranzadeh and Farzam Chakherlouy",authors:[{id:"118465",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Iranzadeh",fullName:"Iranzadeh",slug:"iranzadeh"}]},{id:"36156",title:"Organizational Service Orientation as a Quality Predicator in Services",slug:"organizational-service-orientation-as-a-quality-predicator-in-services",totalDownloads:3325,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wieslaw Urban",authors:[{id:"113000",title:"Dr.",name:"Wieslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Urban",fullName:"Wieslaw Urban",slug:"wieslaw-urban"}]},{id:"36157",title:"The Case Studies of Using HR Practices for Improving SQ from Various Service Typologies",slug:"the-case-studies-of-using-hr-practices-for-improving-sq-from-various-service-typologies",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jui-Min Li",authors:[{id:"114849",title:"Dr.",name:"Jui-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jui-Min Li",slug:"jui-min-li"}]},{id:"36158",title:"Chinese Tourists' Satisfaction with International Shopping Centers: A Case Study of the Taipei 101 Building Shopping Mall",slug:"chinese-tourists-satisfaction-with-international-shopping-centers-a-case-study-of-the-taipei-101-bu",totalDownloads:2868,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Shu-Mei Wang",authors:[{id:"113308",title:"Prof.",name:"Shu-Mei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shu-Mei Wang",slug:"shu-mei-wang"}]},{id:"36159",title:"Control Systems for Quality Management",slug:"management-control-systems-for-quality-management",totalDownloads:3440,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Zulnaidi Yaacob",authors:[{id:"109636",title:"Dr.",name:"Zulnaidi",middleName:null,surname:"Yaacob",fullName:"Zulnaidi Yaacob",slug:"zulnaidi-yaacob"}]},{id:"36160",title:"Using Total Quality Management Model to Face the Economic Crisis: The Case of Mercadona",slug:"using-total-quality-management-to-face-the-crisis-the-case-of-mercadona",totalDownloads:3888,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Blanco Callejo",authors:[{id:"119200",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco",fullName:"Miguel Blanco",slug:"miguel-blanco"}]},{id:"36161",title:"Implementation of Quality Systems in Sociotechnical Systems",slug:"implementation-of-quality-systems-in-sociotechnical-systems",totalDownloads:1960,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mercedes Grijalvo",authors:[{id:"116955",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercedes",middleName:null,surname:"Grijalvo",fullName:"Mercedes Grijalvo",slug:"mercedes-grijalvo"}]},{id:"36162",title:"The Relationship Between ISO 17025 Quality Management System Accreditation and Laboratory Performance",slug:"iso-17025-quality-management-system-accreditation-and-laboratory-performance",totalDownloads:5356,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Esin Sadikoglu and Talha Temur",authors:[{id:"112142",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sadikoglu",fullName:"Esin Sadikoglu",slug:"esin-sadikoglu"},{id:"119033",title:"Mr.",name:"Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Temur",fullName:"Talha Temur",slug:"talha-temur"}]},{id:"36163",title:"The Role of Person-Organization Fit in TQM: Influence of Values and Value Congruence on TQM Orientation",slug:"the-role-of-person-organization-fit-in-tqm-influence-of-values-and-value-congruence-on-tqm-orientat",totalDownloads:3078,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Alper Ertürk",authors:[{id:"114790",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Ertürk",fullName:"Alper Ertürk",slug:"alper-erturk"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3276",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9b76f5f77b0ad5568b7f6b0feceb1",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38256",title:"Quality Control of Rheum and Cassia Species by Immunological Methods Using Monoclonal Antibodies Against Sennosides",slug:"quality-control-of-rheum-and-cassia-species-by-immunological-methods-using-monoclonal-antibodies-aga",signatures:"Osamu Morinaga and Yukihiro Shoyama",authors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama"},{id:"56199",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Morinaga",fullName:"Osamu Morinaga",slug:"osamu-morinaga"}]},{id:"37706",title:"Applications of Anti-natural Compound Immunoaffinity Purification on Quality Control",slug:"applications-of-anti-natural-compound-immunoaffinity-purification-on-quality-control",signatures:"Takuhiro Uto, Nguyen Huu Tung, Hiroyuki Tanaka and Yukihiro Shoyama",authors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama"},{id:"53752",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Hiroyuki Tanaka",slug:"hiroyuki-tanaka"},{id:"56069",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Uto",fullName:"Takuhiro Uto",slug:"takuhiro-uto"},{id:"56074",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen Huu",middleName:null,surname:"Tung",fullName:"Nguyen Huu Tung",slug:"nguyen-huu-tung"}]},{id:"38925",title:"Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenolic Compounds Contained in Plant Samples",slug:"standard-operating-procedures-sop-for-the-spectrophotometric-determination-of-phenolic-compounds-con",signatures:"Elba Lúcia Cavalcanti de Amorim, Valérium Thijan Nobre de Almeida de Castro, Joabe Gomes de Melo, Allan Jonathan Chernichiarro Corrêa and Tadeu José da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho",authors:[{id:"152667",title:"Dr.",name:"Elba Lucia",middleName:"Cavalcanti",surname:"Amorim",fullName:"Elba Lucia Amorim",slug:"elba-lucia-amorim"},{id:"153553",title:"MSc.",name:"Valérium",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Valérium Castro",slug:"valerium-castro"},{id:"153554",title:"Dr.",name:"Joabe",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Joabe Melo",slug:"joabe-melo"},{id:"153555",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadeu José Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto Sobrinho",fullName:"Tadeu José Da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho",slug:"tadeu-jose-da-silva-peixoto-sobrinho"},{id:"163486",title:"MSc.",name:"Allan Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Cernicchiaro",fullName:"Allan Jonathan Cernicchiaro",slug:"allan-jonathan-cernicchiaro"}]},{id:"38511",title:"Microbial Quality of Medicinal Plant Materials",slug:"microbial-quality-of-medicinal-plant-materials",signatures:"Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas Araújo and Taís Maria Bauab",authors:[{id:"153489",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"Gonzaga De Freitas",surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Marcelo Araujo",slug:"marcelo-araujo"},{id:"153551",title:"Dr.",name:"Tais Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bauab",fullName:"Tais Maria Bauab",slug:"tais-maria-bauab"}]},{id:"37719",title:"Application of ISO 9001 Industrial Standard to Herbal Drug Regulation",slug:"application-of-iso-9001-industrial-standard-to-herbal-drug-regulation",signatures:"Sunday Ameh, Florence Tarfa, Magaji Garba and Karniyus Gamaniel",authors:[{id:"62381",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Ameh",fullName:"Sunday Ameh",slug:"sunday-ameh"}]},{id:"37729",title:"QA: Fraud Control for Foods and Other Biomaterials by Product Fingerprinting",slug:"qa-fraud-control-for-foods-and-other-biomaterials-by-product-fingerprinting",signatures:"Edoardo Capuano and Saskia M. van Ruth",authors:[{id:"153179",title:"Dr.",name:"Saskia",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ruth",fullName:"Saskia Van Ruth",slug:"saskia-van-ruth"},{id:"153628",title:"Dr.",name:"Edoardo",middleName:null,surname:"Capuano",fullName:"Edoardo Capuano",slug:"edoardo-capuano"}]},{id:"37707",title:"Principle of Meat Aroma Flavors and Future Prospect",slug:"principle-of-meat-aroma-flavors-and-future-prospect",signatures:"Hoa Van Ba, Inho Hwang, Dawoon Jeong and Amna Touseef",authors:[{id:"153361",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ba",fullName:"Hoa Van Ba",slug:"hoa-van-ba"},{id:"163181",title:"Prof.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Amna",fullName:"Touseef Amna",slug:"touseef-amna"}]},{id:"41053",title:"Novel Analytical Tools for Quality Control in Food Science",slug:"novel-analytical-tools-for-quality-control-in-food-science",signatures:"Christian W. Huck",authors:[{id:"153144",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Huck",fullName:"Huck",slug:"huck"}]},{id:"41162",title:"Microbial Quality Concerns for Biopharmaceuticals",slug:"microbial-quality-concerns-for-biopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Farzaneh Lotfipour and Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi",authors:[{id:"153221",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzaneh",middleName:null,surname:"Lotfipour",fullName:"Farzaneh Lotfipour",slug:"farzaneh-lotfipour"},{id:"167868",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Hallaj-Nezhadi",fullName:"Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi",slug:"somayeh-hallaj-nezhadi"}]},{id:"37699",title:"New Approachs in Drug Quality Control: Matrices and Chemometrics",slug:"new-approachs-in-drug-quality-control-matrices-and-chemometrics",signatures:"Sigrid Mennickent, M. de Diego, B. Schulz, M. Vega and C. G. Godoy",authors:[{id:"52160",title:"MSc",name:"Sigrid",middleName:null,surname:"Mennickent",fullName:"Sigrid Mennickent",slug:"sigrid-mennickent"},{id:"53986",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"De Diego",fullName:"Marta De Diego",slug:"marta-de-diego"},{id:"155538",title:"Dr.",name:"Berta",middleName:null,surname:"Schulz",fullName:"Berta Schulz",slug:"berta-schulz"}]},{id:"41090",title:"Quality Control of Formulated Medicines",slug:"quality-control-of-formulated-medicines",signatures:"Alexandre S. Leal, Maria Ângela de B. C. Menezes, Ilza Dalmázio, Fernanda P. Sepe, Tatiana C. B. Gomes, Amalia S. Santana, Luzia H. da Cunha and Radojko Jaćimovic",authors:[{id:"152425",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Leal",fullName:"Alexandre Leal",slug:"alexandre-leal"}]},{id:"38212",title:"Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Medical Exposures in Ghana - A Medical Physicist’s Perspective",slug:"quality-assurance-in-diagnostic-medical-exposures-in-ghana-a-medical-physicist-s-perspective",signatures:"Stephen Inkoom",authors:[{id:"48333",title:"Mr",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Inkoom",fullName:"Stephen Inkoom",slug:"stephen-inkoom"}]},{id:"37841",title:"Quality by Design and Risk Assessment for Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Imaging",slug:"quality-by-design-and-risk-assessment-for-radiopharmaceutical-manufacturing-and-clinical-imaging",signatures:"Kung-Tien Liu, Jian-Hua Zhao, Lee-Chung Men and Chien-Hsin Chen",authors:[{id:"36122",title:"PhD.",name:"Kung-Tien",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Kung-Tien Liu",slug:"kung-tien-liu"},{id:"52886",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Men",fullName:"Lee-Chung Men",slug:"lee-chung-men"},{id:"90774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Jian-Hua Zhao",slug:"jian-hua-zhao"},{id:"153497",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Hsin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chien-Hsin Chen",slug:"chien-hsin-chen"}]},{id:"39070",title:"Unified Procedures for Quality Controls in Analogue and Digital Mammography",slug:"unified-procedures-for-quality-controls-in-analogue-and-digital-mammography",signatures:"Barbara Testagrossa, Giuseppe Acri, Federica Causa, Raffaele Novario, Maria Giulia Tripepi and Giuseppe Vermiglio",authors:[{id:"53220",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Vermiglio",fullName:"Giuseppe Vermiglio",slug:"giuseppe-vermiglio"},{id:"53249",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Acri",fullName:"Giuseppe Acri",slug:"giuseppe-acri"},{id:"53250",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Testagrossa",fullName:"Barbara Testagrossa",slug:"barbara-testagrossa"},{id:"53251",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Tripepi",fullName:"Maria Giulia Tripepi",slug:"maria-giulia-tripepi"},{id:"153304",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Causa",fullName:"Federica Causa",slug:"federica-causa"}]},{id:"38585",title:"The Quality Management of The R&D in High Energy Physics Detector",slug:"the-quality-management-of-the-r-d-in-high-energy-physics-detector",signatures:"Xuemin Zhu and Sen Qian",authors:[{id:"153549",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",fullName:"Qian Sen",slug:"qian-sen"},{id:"153598",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhu",middleName:null,surname:"Xuemin",fullName:"Zhu Xuemin",slug:"zhu-xuemin"}]},{id:"41063",title:"Cosmetics’ Quality Control",slug:"cosmetics-quality-control",signatures:"Bruna Galdorfini Chiari, Maria Gabriela José de Almeida, Marcos Antonio Corrêa and Vera Lucia Borges Isaac",authors:[{id:"35801",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Isaac",fullName:"Vera Isaac",slug:"vera-isaac"},{id:"56070",title:"MSc.",name:"Bruna",middleName:null,surname:"Chiari",fullName:"Bruna Chiari",slug:"bruna-chiari"},{id:"56072",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Corręa",fullName:"Marcos Antonio Corręa",slug:"marcos-antonio-correa"},{id:"154324",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria Gabriela José De",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",fullName:"Maria Gabriela José De Almeida",slug:"maria-gabriela-jose-de-almeida"}]},{id:"37593",title:"Standard Operating Procedures (What Are They Good For ?)",slug:"standard-operating-procedures-what-are-they-good-for-",signatures:"Isin Akyar",authors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar"}]},{id:"38721",title:"Postmortem DNA: QC Considerations for Sequence and Dosage Analysis of Genes Implicated in Long QT Syndrome",slug:"postmortem-dna-qc-considerations-for-sequence-and-dosage-analysis-of-genes-implicated-in-long-qt-syn",signatures:"Stella Lai, Renate Marquis-Nicholson, Chuan-Ching Lan, Jennifer M. Love, Elaine Doherty, Jonathan R. Skinner and Donald R. Love",authors:[{id:"18995",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald R.",middleName:null,surname:"Love",fullName:"Donald R. Love",slug:"donald-r.-love"},{id:"165225",title:"Ms.",name:"Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",fullName:"Stella Lai",slug:"stella-lai"},{id:"165226",title:"Dr.",name:"Renate",middleName:null,surname:"Marquis-Nicholson",fullName:"Renate Marquis-Nicholson",slug:"renate-marquis-nicholson"},{id:"165227",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Lan",fullName:"Chuan-Ching Lan",slug:"chuan-ching-lan"},{id:"165228",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Skinner",fullName:"Jonathan Skinner",slug:"jonathan-skinner"}]},{id:"41278",title:"Quality Assurance in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing",slug:"quality-assurance-in-antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing",signatures:"Onur Karatuna",authors:[{id:"157993",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Karatuna",fullName:"Onur Karatuna",slug:"onur-karatuna"}]},{id:"38217",title:"The Investigation of Gene Regulation and Variation in Human Cancers and Other Diseases",slug:"the-investigation-of-gene-regulation-and-variation-in-human-cancers-and-other-diseases",signatures:"Shihori Tanabe and Sun Ha Jee",authors:[{id:"48635",title:"Dr.",name:"Shihori",middleName:null,surname:"Tanabe",fullName:"Shihori Tanabe",slug:"shihori-tanabe"},{id:"153388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sun Ha",middleName:null,surname:"Jee",fullName:"Sun Ha Jee",slug:"sun-ha-jee"}]},{id:"38445",title:"Quality Control Considerations for Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation of Paraffin-Embedded Pathology Specimens in a Diagnostic Laboratory Environment",slug:"quality-control-considerations-for-fluorescence-in-situ-hybridisation-of-paraffin-embedded-pathology",signatures:"Lisa Duffy, Liangtao Zhang, Donald R. Love and Alice M. George",authors:[{id:"18995",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald R.",middleName:null,surname:"Love",fullName:"Donald R. Love",slug:"donald-r.-love"}]},{id:"39938",title:"Quality Control of Biomarkers: From the Samples to Data Interpretation",slug:"quality-control-of-biomarkers-from-the-samples-to-data-interpretation",signatures:"F. G. Ravagnani, D. M. Saidemberg, A. L. C. Faria, S. B. Sartor, D. N. Oliveira and R. R. Catharino",authors:[{id:"153576",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Catharino",fullName:"Rodrigo Catharino",slug:"rodrigo-catharino"},{id:"153578",title:"BSc.",name:"Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Ravagnani",fullName:"Felipe Ravagnani",slug:"felipe-ravagnani"},{id:"153580",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Ana Faria",slug:"ana-faria"},{id:"153581",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Saidemberg",fullName:"Daniel Saidemberg",slug:"daniel-saidemberg"},{id:"153582",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:"Noin",surname:"De Oliveira",fullName:"Diogo De Oliveira",slug:"diogo-de-oliveira"},{id:"165071",title:"MSc.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Sartor",fullName:"Sabrina Sartor",slug:"sabrina-sartor"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"67311",title:"Wheat Production in India: Trends and Prospects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86341",slug:"wheat-production-in-india-trends-and-prospects",body:'Cereals play a pivotal role to satisfy the global food demand of growing population, particularly in developing nations where cereal-based production system is the only predominant source of nutrition and calorie intake [1, 2]. The nutri-rich cereal is grown in diversified environments; globally wheat occupies around 217 million hectares holding the position of highest acreage among all crops with an annual production hovering around 731 million tonnes [3]. Wheat (
India, being blessed and enriched with a diverse agroecological condition, ensuring food and nutrition security to a majority of the Indian population through production and steady supply particularly in the recent past, is the second largest producer of wheat worldwide [4, 5, 6]. The crop has been under cultivation in about 30 million hectares (14% of global area) to produce the all-time highest output of 99.70 million tonnes of wheat (13.64% of world production) with a record average productivity of 3371 kg/ha [7]. Having a significant share in consumption of food basket with a 36% share in the total food grains produced from India and ensuring not only food security but also nutrition security, wheat is extensively procured by the government and distributed to a majority of the population; it ensures not only food security but also nutrition security. The cereal is one of the cheapest sources of energy, provides a major share of protein (20%) and calorie intake (19%) from consumption. Wheat is accessible across the country and consumed as various processed forms from prehistoric times [4].
After independence, India was net deficit in food production and had to import wheat for domestic consumption. During 1966–1967, India adopted new strategy which led the ‘Green Revolution’, especially in the production of wheat and rice. Coordinated research and several developmental and food security-based programmes in various phases have made the nation to progress closer towards ‘food and nutrition for all’ by achieving record and surplus production of wheat. After the Green Revolution, the nation has maintained strategic distance from famine even during unfavorable weather conditions. The impact of the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on wheat improvement is explicit and contributed significantly to the nation’s food security [8].
The All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project (AICWIP) was started in 1965 at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, the nodal centre of the coordinated research. The AICWIP is one of the largest crop improvement network projects which set the dawn for the ‘Green Revolution’ in India. Under this project, several high-yielding wheat varieties have been developed which became extensively popular and adopted by the farming community. For instance, C 306, HD 2009, WL 711, UP 262, HUW 234, HD 2189, WH 147, Lok 1, HI 617 (Sujata), HD 2285, HD 2329, PBW 343, Raj 3765, PBW 502, HD 2733, HD 2967, HD 3086, DBW 17, PBW 550, GW 273, GW 322 and GW 496 in bread wheat and Raj 1555, PBW 34, HI 8498 and PDW 233 in durum wheat were developed and became the popular deliverables of the project. Apart from the aforementioned varieties, viz., NP 4, Kalyansona, Sonalika, Sharbati Sonora, WL 711, HD 1220, HD 1931 ‘SIB’, HD 2009, HD 2172, UP 262, etc., developed through the AICWIP were also cultivated beyond national borders. Several changes happened post inception of the AICWIP, and during 2017, the project has been renamed as the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Wheat and Barley with ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research as its headquarter based at Karnal (Haryana). It is a premier organization under the aegis of ICAR coordinating the multidisciplinary and multilocation testing of varieties in different AICRP centres across the different ecosystems for enhancing and sustaining the wheat production [8]. At present, there are 29 funded centres located in different agroclimatic regions across the country supporting the multidisciplinary research. The project, hitherto, has contributed in the release of around 448 high-yielding improved wheat varieties comprising bread, durum and dicoccum wheat. Over the years, prominent improvements have been made in the development arena post inception of the coordinated project (Figure 1).
Major developments in the country post inception of the AICRP.
Since the establishment of the AICRP, the productivity of wheat has increased by 2.5-folds (308%: +2.54 tonnes/ha) as furnished in Figure 2. A decadal analysis of productivity growth across major food commodities indicates that wheat production growth has outperformed rice and pulses for the past 5 decades since 1950. Overall scenario indicated that wheat production has grown at 4.72 percent per annum since 1950, the highest among other food grains [9].
Productivity trend in Indian wheat pre- and post-AICRP.
In India wheat crop is cultivated in
State/UT | Area (million ha) | Change (%) | Production (million tonnes) | Change (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008–2009 to 2012–2013 | 2013–2014 to 2017–2018 | 2008–2009 to 2012–2013 | 2013–2014 to 2017–2018 | |||
Assam | 0.05 | 0.02 | −52.35 | 0.06 | 0.03 | −43.40 |
Bihar | 2.16 | 2.08 | −3.57 | 4.63 | 4.86 | 4.98 |
Chhattisgarh | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.59 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 13.22 |
Gujarat | 1.12 | 1.09 | −2.85 | 3.20 | 3.22 | 0.60 |
Haryana | 2.50 | 2.55 | 2.21 | 11.35 | 11.24 | −0.93 |
Himachal Pradesh | 0.36 | 0.34 | −4.26 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 24.79 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 0.29 | 0.29 | 1.83 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 10.52 |
Jharkhand | 0.12 | 0.19 | 50.99 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 70.04 |
Karnataka | 0.25 | 0.19 | −25.30 | 0.23 | 0.20 | −13.23 |
Madhya Pradesh | 4.52 | 5.73 | 26.76 | 9.45 | 16.32 | 72.72 |
Maharashtra | 1.01 | 1.05 | 4.79 | 1.61 | 1.48 | −8.27 |
Punjab | 3.52 | 3.51 | −0.40 | 16.25 | 16.61 | 2.21 |
Rajasthan | 2.63 | 2.98 | 12.99 | 8.12 | 9.31 | 14.62 |
Uttar Pradesh | 9.66 | 9.75 | 0.94 | 29.33 | 27.93 | −4.77 |
Uttarakhand | 0.38 | 0.34 | −9.89 | 0.85 | 0.81 | −4.64 |
West Bengal | 0.32 | 0.29 | −8.33 | 0.85 | 0.80 | −5.94 |
Others | 0.04 | 0.04 | −20.64 | 0.12 | 0.12 | −3.54 |
All India | 29.04 | 30.54 | 5.16 | 87.39 | 94.57 | 8.22 |
Statewise quinquennial average of area and production of wheat.
State/UT | 2008–2009 to 2012–2013 | 2013–2014 to 2017–2018 | Change (%) |
---|---|---|---|
India | 3009 | 3100 | 3.03 |
Punjab | 4617 | 4738 | 2.61 |
Haryana | 4544 | 4407 | −3.01 |
Others | 3083 | 3331 | 8.05 |
Rajasthan | 3038 | 3133 | 3.12 |
Gujarat | 2845 | 2922 | 2.69 |
Uttar Pradesh | 2724 | 2867 | 5.23 |
Madhya Pradesh | 2698 | 2843 | 5.38 |
West Bengal | 2241 | 2754 | 22.90 |
Uttarakhand | 2144 | 2375 | 10.76 |
Bihar | 2091 | 2339 | 11.87 |
Jharkhand | 1790 | 2005 | 12.01 |
Himachal Pradesh | 1602 | 1911 | 19.28 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 1511 | 1656 | 9.58 |
Maharashtra | 1466 | 1400 | −4.53 |
Assam | 1180 | 1373 | 16.39 |
Chhattisgarh | 1149 | 1328 | 15.59 |
Karnataka | 914 | 1057 | 15.64 |
Statewise quinquennial average of wheat yield (kg/ha).
The production of wheat has also showed an increasing trend, from 87.39 to 94.57 million tonnes from 2012–2013 to 2017–2018 with a magnitude of 7.18 million tonnes (8.22%). The major source of this increase in production is mainly attributed to expansion in area followed by marginal increase in productivity. Uttar Pradesh still holds the position of largest producer in the country accounting for about 28 million tonnes which is roughly 30% of the total production. Around 85 million tonnes (90%) of wheat has been produced from traditional wheat-growing regions such as Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan [10]. The maximum quantum jump has been noticed in Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand which almost doubled their production from 9.45–16.32 million tonnes to 0.22–0.38 million tonnes. However, 1.4 million tonnes reduction was noticed in Uttar Pradesh during the same period which is a matter of serious concern.
The national productivity trend for wheat showed a marginal improvement, which has increased from 3009 kg/ha to 3100 kg/ha from 2012–2013 to 2017–2018 (Table 2). This rise in productivity is due to adoption of high-yielding varieties coupled with other inputs. The traditional wheat-growing states Punjab and Haryana have highest productivity than the national productivity [10]. The maximum increase in productivity has been observed in nontraditional wheat-growing states like West Bengal (23%), Himachal Pradesh (19.28%) and Assam (16.39%). However, the productivity of Haryana has declined which pose a serious matter of concern.
Quinquennial data on wheat area, production and yield for India indicates that there is a variation in crop acreage that declined to 29.58 million hectare (Figure 3). However, the production of wheat has increased significantly from 95.85 to 99.70 million tonnes. Increase in production was largely attributed to rise in productivity levels registered across the wheat-growing regions.
Quinquennial scenario in area, production and yield of wheat.
Wheat is one of the predominant staple foods and a main cereal crop of many diets around the world. Table 3 furnishes the current scenario of area, production and yield of wheat in the world. Globally wheat is cultivated in an area about 220 million hectares with a record production of 763.06 million tonnes of grain. Maximum area under wheat is in India (14%), followed by Russia (12.43%), China (11.14%) and the USA (6.90%) which altogether accounts for about 45% of global area. However, China is the major producer of wheat with a record production of 136 million tonnes, followed by India (98.51mt), Russia (85mt) and the USA (47.35mt). Around 449 million tonnes (58%) of wheat has been produced from traditional wheat-growing countries like China, India, Russia, the USA, Canada, Ukraine and Pakistan. The average yield per hectare is maximum in New Zealand (10 tonnes/ha), followed by Zambia (7 tonnes/ha) and Mexico (6 tonnes/ha). However, the average wheat yield in major wheat-growing countries is significantly low, and only China has maximum yield (5.48 tonnes/ha) followed by Ukraine, India and the USA. Despite India’s productivity being on par with the world average, the per day productivity is relatively high (20 kg/day) in comparison to other countries, viz. the USA, Uzbekistan, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Bulgaria and Romania, which predominantly cultivates winter wheat with crop cycle hovering around 275 days. However, in India, in comparison to its competing country, China, the per day productivity is almost the same. It should be noted that the winter wheat-cultivating countries do not deal with any other crop in a year, while in India, in which spring wheat cultivation occurs around 150 days duration, farmers has the choice to grow at the maximum two sole crops apart from wheat [8].
Countries | Area (million ha) | Production (million tonnes) | Yield (tonnes/ha) |
---|---|---|---|
China | 24.51 (11.14) | 134.33 (17.60) | 5.48 |
India | 29.58 (14.00) | 99.70 (12.91) | 3.37 |
Russia | 27.34 (12.43) | 84.99 (11.14) | 3.11 |
USA | 15.19 (6.90) | 47.35 (6.21) | 3.12 |
Canada | 8.98 (4.08) | 29.98 (3.93) | 3.34 |
Ukraine | 6.64 (3.02) | 26.98 (3.54) | 4.06 |
Pakistan | 8.97 (4.08) | 26.67 (3.50) | 2.97 |
Australia | 12.25 (5.57) | 21.30 (2.79) | 1.74 |
Turkey | 7.8 (3.55) | 21.00 (2.75) | 2.69 |
Kazakhstan | 11.91 (5.41) | 14.80 (1.93) | 1.24 |
World | 220 | 763.06 | 3.47 |
Area, production and yield of major wheat-producing countries (2017–2018).
Note: Figure within parenthesis indicates the percent to world.
The global wheat production has increased around 7 million tonnes (0.9%) in the year 2017–2018 in comparison to its past. The major source for the increase in production is mainly attributed to increase in productivity followed by marginal increase in area in major wheat-growing countries (Figure 4).
Annual growth in area, production and yield (2017–2018 over 2016–2017).
At the national level, there is a shift in area, production and yield under wheat during 2008–2009 to 2012–2013 vis-à-vis 2013–2014 to 2017–2018. Currently, wheat acreage is around 30 million hectares. Comparing the past two periods, the change was more prominent in wheat production, followed by area and yield (Tables 1 and 2). The average change in production was around 9%. The country on an average produced 7.3 million tonnes more than the past period. The major wheat-growing states like Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have witnessed positive change in area and yield and production [6]. Surprisingly, Jharkhand registered positive change in area, yield and production, while Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, the major traditional wheat-growing states, witnessed a negative change in production due to negative change in yield. Regional disparities in area and yield had a significant impact on the wheat production. Average production in Madhya Pradesh showed an increase by 6.87 million tonnes, followed by Rajasthan (1.2 million tonnes). However, the production has declined in Uttar Pradesh (1.41 million tonnes) and Haryana (0.11 million tonnes).
Statewise comparison of area and production for 2017–2018 shows that Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana were the major contributors to the national production (Figure 5). However, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh retained the status of higher productivity for many years. The scope for additional production of these states has been limited due to stagnation of wheat acreage and yield. This indicates that these states almost reached their saturation in wheat cultivation and production. Potential exists for states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh to explore for additional wheat production in the coming years. Area under these states has to increase in yield at farmers’ field so as to attain higher production. The current production from these states is around 29 million tonnes which has to be doubled by 2050 with an overall production target of 140 million tonnes [11, 12, 13].
Statewise comparison of wheat area and production (2017–2018).
Production constraints are manifold and vary from crop to crop and between regions. Burgeoning population vis-à-vis increasing demand for food; growing competition for cultivable land, irrigation water and energy; intensive cropping especially in the Indo-Gangetic Plains resulting in irrational use of resources; pest-environment interaction; reduction of natural resource base; declining total factor productivity; and yield plateau (Figure 6) are the prominent challenges put forth against crop production [11, 12, 13, 14]. Wheat production not only faces the above routine challenges, but the intensity gets magnified in the context of climate change owing to its vulnerability [15, 16, 17, 18].
Production challenges in Indian setting.
In India a significant part of wheat area is under heat stress, and Gangetic plains and central and peninsular India are the most heat-stressed regions, whereas it is moderate in northwestern parts of Indo-Gangetic Plains [19]. Variability in climate is also one of the biggest environmental threats to Indian agriculture, potentially impacting the wheat production and security. In India, it has been predicted that with every rise in 1°C temperature, the wheat production will be decreased by 4–6 million tonnes. Rainfed wheat will experience a reduction in yield with 9–25% profit loss for every 2–3.5°C rise in temperature [20].
After the Green Revolution, the productivity of wheat has been significantly increased with the increase in input usage, plant protection chemicals and irrigated areas. The excessive use of fertilizer, chemicals and irrigation has degraded the fertility of the soil and also caused a reduction in groundwater table. The monocropping system led to deterioration in soil quality. If the current trend continues, the country will face a serious problem in utilization of scarce natural resources.
In India about 4.5 million hectares salt affected area is under wheat cultivation posing a major problem for canal irrigated areas [21]. Even though soil amendments and proper drainage are the more constructive solution, pace of reclamation is not substantial. This will significantly reduce the wheat yield.
As year passes, the pests of wheat have developed some resistance even though controlled under contingent situation. If not, a new range of pests and diseases have been emerging putting a serious constraint on the wheat productivity.
Adoption system and germplasm dissemination in India have been made in formal (organized) and informal (unorganized) ways [22]. Even though new improved varieties are developed and made available to farmers by NARS around, 80% of all seeds are saved by the farmers [19]. Further, a majority of farmers in India have lack of awareness of improved wheat varieties due to weak linkages [19]. The development and diffusion of improved varieties are crucial for achieving target production of wheat.
Volatility in prices of agricultural commodities has received considerable attention in the recent past among producers, consumers and policy makers. Price fluctuations create an uncertain farming situation threatening wheat production and have a negative impact on the welfare of wheat growers. Further, volatility in prices of wheat in international market hinders the smooth flow of trade across nations.
Over the years, a visible declining trend in farm holding size has been observed and is another major concern for the nation as a whole. This is caused by fragmentation of farmland owing to nuclear family system and decline in cultivable area due to urbanization. Estimate from the agricultural census (2010–2011) reports that the average operational holding in India was 1.16 ha. Among major wheat-growing states, average operational holding was highest in the case of Punjab (3.77 ha) and lowest in Bihar (0.39 ha). Declining farm size and conversion of farmland to residential area are the major setbacks with respect to food production in general and wheat production in particular.
A major concern among policy makers is the declining total factor productivity over the years owing to stagnating yield levels with increased use of inputs and resource services. It is a major concern in the intensive cropping areas wherein rice-wheat is widely under cultivation. This can be countered by adoption of improved technologies coupled with the use of optimal resources.
The constraints in wheat production are region-specific (Table 4), and it requires setting research priorities to address them. Rust, infestation of weeds such as
Zone | Major production constraints |
---|---|
Northern hills zone | Lack of accessibility of seed of newly released variety, |
Northwestern plains zone | High cost of inputs, low price of wheat, erratic power supply, |
Northeastern plains zone | Small land holdings, inadequacy of seeds of newly released variety, lack of information among the farmers about recently developed new technologies, late sowing, temperature fluctuations during growth, high-priced inputs, poor quality of seeds, non-availability of labour, low organic matter in the soil, non-availability of farm machinery |
Central zone | Non-availability of labour, imbalanced use of fertilizer, high temperature at maturity, limited accessibility to seed of newly released variety, temperature fluctuation during crop growth, high cost of inputs, lack of irrigation facilities, small land holding, decline in water table, untimely rain |
Peninsular zone | Low price of wheat, irregular power supply, high cost of inputs, non-availability of labour, non-availability of electricity, higher rate of custom hiring, untimely rain, lack of facilities of canal irrigation, poor accessibility to seeds of newly released variety, temperature fluctuation during crop growth |
Zone-wise production constraints in wheat.
With a limited scope for increasing the crop acreage besides the production threats and challenges at the forefront [12, 13], the production target has been fixed at 140 mt by 2050 (Figure 7) [11]. Under stable wheat acreage and given the optimistic production target, the existing average yield has to be increased from 33 to 47 Qtls/ha by 2050. Concerted research should focus to break the yield barriers in gradual manner and develop genotypes tailored for specific wheat-growing regions.
Existing production and target for 2050.
The following are the strategies set for increasing the crop productivity to achieve the set target of 140 million tonnes [9, 23, 24]:
Improvement of wheat under conventional methods
Exploitation of heterosis for developing the hybrids
Pre-breeding programme by broadening the varieties’ genetic base
Capitalizing exotic germplasm and extensive utilization
Precision phenotyping of germplasm
Mining novel alleles for genes of known function
Production of segregating populations for lines of interest identified in primary germplasm screens
Use of existing landrace x elite segregating populations to identify QTL controlling traits of interest
Production of NILs for QTL and allelic variants
Assessing agronomic performance of NILs
Development of informative genetic markers and their use in commercial wheat breeding programmes
Development of new plant types
Desired canopy structure
Rapid leaf area development
Rapid nutrient uptake
Increasing lodging resistance (robust stem)
Biotechnological interventions
Marker-assisted breeding
Wheat genome sequence and associated genomic tools
Allele mining on the basis of probing germplasm sets for specific gene sequences
Innumerable new molecular markers in genomic regions of choice to facilitate large-scale cloning of new genes
A plethora of approaches for understanding the function of each and every gene
Understanding temporal and tissue-specific gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues
Uncovering molecular basis of complex adaptation syndromes including tolerance to various abiotic stresses
Designing of a genome-wide perfect marker system based on SNPs in entire gene space of the species
Potential of wheat transgenics and possibilities of greater public acceptance
Functional characterization of genome
Tackling disease resistance
Tackling abiotic stress-climate change
Resource management
Quality improvement
Policy reorientation [6]
Price policy
Seed policy
Credit policy
Institutional innovations like e-National Agriculture Market
Extension: transfer of technology
Economic assessment of various improved technologies for upscaling and outscaling
Promotion of resource conservation technologies [25]
Awareness among farmers of new improved varieties and production technologies for yield as well as income enhancement [26, 27]
Wheat atlas: creation and updating regional-level database on parameters like area, production, yield, yield gaps and input usage.
Analysis of benefit-cost ratio (BCR) in wheat production and development
Access to critical inputs for timely sowing like improved seeds particularly in eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh; access to fertilizers, irrigation water and farm machinery [28]
Infrastructure development (roads, storage structures, market)
Agriculture transformation is of utmost importance for regional development. Cutting-edge research involving multidiscipline is the need of the hour and is expected to develop superior genotypes breaking the yield barrier. Despite being cost-intensive, development is mandatory which warrants for higher public and private investment in R&D. In addition, productivity has to be increased through massive efforts from extension personnel who serve as change agents among the farming community. A reorientation in price policy (fair price system benefiting both producers and consumers, deficient payment system to producers for difference between the market and procurement price and cash transfers to producers under colossal loss), seed policy (quality seed production and ensuring its availability for all) and credit policy (timely distribution with minimum administrative work) is highly required to support the existing production system and to carry forward. Increased access to input and output markets, revamped distributions systems, investment in rural infrastructures and skilling of the rural labour force will help immensely to increase the crop productivity. On the whole, a synergy between research-extension-policy-institutions will play an impending role to achieve the desired level of production as well as to ensure food security for future generation. The realization of the expected increase in production in agriculture will only be possible with high efficiency, high quality, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and by offering them to the service of the farmer by improving the stable varieties in breeding programmes.
IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
",metaTitle:"Access policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5818},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5287},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1757},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10539},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15929}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119317},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10672",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cfe87b713a8bee22c19361b86b03d506",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10674",title:"Topics on Quantum Information Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sergio Curilef and Dr. Angel Ricardo Plastino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10852",title:"Electromagnetic Compatibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5d2cce3a2adbd5d108d3301ee97025b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10852.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"150146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10921",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c45670ef4b081fd9eebaf911b2b4627b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Aamir Shahzad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10956",title:"Pulsed Lasers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"88bd906b149fc3d1c5d6fdbd9916826c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10956.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:47},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5319},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"474",title:"Environmental Economics",slug:"environmental-economics",parent:{title:"Sustainable Development",slug:"business-management-and-economics-sustainable-development"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:45,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-economics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6823",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4db72204a34eff9b5143955463b293cf",slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",bookSignature:"Soner Gokten and Pinar Okan Gokten",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6823.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Soner",middleName:null,surname:"Gokten",slug:"soner-gokten",fullName:"Soner Gokten"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2015",title:"Sustainable Development",subtitle:"Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d2fbda1c194835efdcee1c4c58291b7",slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",bookSignature:"Chaouki Ghenai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2015.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14569",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaouki",middleName:null,surname:"Ghenai",slug:"chaouki-ghenai",fullName:"Chaouki Ghenai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29276",doi:"10.5772/26613",title:"Mapping is a Key for Sustainable Development of Coastal Waters: Examples of Seagrass Beds and Aquaculture Facilities in Japan with Use of ALOS Images",slug:"mapping-is-a-key-for-sustainable-development-of-coastal-waters",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Teruhisa Komatsu, Tatsuyuki Sagawa, Shuhei Sawayama, Hideaki Tanoue, Akihiko Mohri and Yoshihiko Sakanishi",authors:[{id:"67315",title:"Dr.",name:"Teruhisa",middleName:null,surname:"Komatsu",slug:"teruhisa-komatsu",fullName:"Teruhisa Komatsu"}]},{id:"29275",doi:"10.5772/27624",title:"Sustainable Building in Malaysia: The Development of Sustainable Building Rating System",slug:"sustainable-building-in-malaysia-the-development-of-sustainable-building-rating-system",totalDownloads:8719,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Ar Zuhairuse MD Darus and Nor Atikah Hashim",authors:[{id:"70881",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuhairuse",middleName:null,surname:"Darus",slug:"zuhairuse-darus",fullName:"Zuhairuse Darus"},{id:"135807",title:"Ms.",name:"Nor Atikah",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"nor-atikah-hashim",fullName:"Nor Atikah Hashim"}]},{id:"62818",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79220",title:"Methodologies for Assessing Sustainability in Farming Systems",slug:"methodologies-for-assessing-sustainability-in-farming-systems",totalDownloads:1202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting"},signatures:"Jaime Fabián Cruz, Yolanda Mena and Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez",authors:[{id:"101973",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Estévez",slug:"vicente-rodriguez-estevez",fullName:"Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez"},{id:"256388",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Mena",slug:"yolanda-mena",fullName:"Yolanda Mena"},{id:"256393",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fabian",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"fabian-cruz",fullName:"Fabian Cruz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62818",title:"Methodologies for Assessing Sustainability in Farming Systems",slug:"methodologies-for-assessing-sustainability-in-farming-systems",totalDownloads:1202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting"},signatures:"Jaime Fabián Cruz, Yolanda Mena and Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez",authors:[{id:"101973",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Estévez",slug:"vicente-rodriguez-estevez",fullName:"Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez"},{id:"256388",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Mena",slug:"yolanda-mena",fullName:"Yolanda Mena"},{id:"256393",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fabian",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"fabian-cruz",fullName:"Fabian Cruz"}]},{id:"29276",title:"Mapping is a Key for Sustainable Development of Coastal Waters: Examples of Seagrass Beds and Aquaculture Facilities in Japan with Use of ALOS Images",slug:"mapping-is-a-key-for-sustainable-development-of-coastal-waters",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Teruhisa Komatsu, Tatsuyuki Sagawa, Shuhei Sawayama, Hideaki Tanoue, Akihiko Mohri and Yoshihiko Sakanishi",authors:[{id:"67315",title:"Dr.",name:"Teruhisa",middleName:null,surname:"Komatsu",slug:"teruhisa-komatsu",fullName:"Teruhisa Komatsu"}]},{id:"29277",title:"Sustainable Development of the Built Environment: The Role of the Residential/Housing Sector",slug:"sustainable-development-of-the-built-environment-the-role-of-the-residential-housing-sector",totalDownloads:2166,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Tom Kauko",authors:[{id:"71916",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Kauko",slug:"tom-kauko",fullName:"Tom Kauko"}]},{id:"61998",title:"Using a Social Accounting Matrix for Analysing Institutions’ Income: A Case from Portugal",slug:"using-a-social-accounting-matrix-for-analysing-institutions-income-a-case-from-portugal",totalDownloads:688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting"},signatures:"Susana Santos",authors:[{id:"244283",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"susana-santos",fullName:"Susana Santos"}]},{id:"62051",title:"Comprehensive Assessment of the Sustainability of Coastal Systems of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation",slug:"comprehensive-assessment-of-the-sustainability-of-coastal-systems-of-the-arctic-zone-of-the-russian-",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting"},signatures:"Gogoberidze George and Rumiantceva Ekaterina",authors:[{id:"247558",title:"D.Sc.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Gogoberidze",slug:"george-gogoberidze",fullName:"George Gogoberidze"},{id:"248161",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Rumiantceva",slug:"ekaterina-rumiantceva",fullName:"Ekaterina Rumiantceva"}]},{id:"62189",title:"Accounting for Mineral Depletion Under the UN-SEEA Framework",slug:"accounting-for-mineral-depletion-under-the-un-seea-framework",totalDownloads:422,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting"},signatures:"Antonio Valero and Alicia Valero",authors:[{id:"243686",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"Valero",slug:"alicia-valero",fullName:"Alicia Valero"},{id:"243689",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Valero",slug:"antonio-valero",fullName:"Antonio Valero"}]},{id:"62872",title:"Sustainability Reporting and Income Smoothing: Evidence from Saudi-Listed Companies",slug:"sustainability-reporting-and-income-smoothing-evidence-from-saudi-listed-companies",totalDownloads:518,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainability-assessment-and-reporting",title:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting",fullTitle:"Sustainability Assessment and Reporting"},signatures:"Lassaad Ben Mahjoub",authors:[{id:"242339",title:"Dr.",name:"Lassaad",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Mahjoub",slug:"lassaad-ben-mahjoub",fullName:"Lassaad Ben Mahjoub"}]},{id:"29275",title:"Sustainable Building in Malaysia: The Development of Sustainable Building Rating System",slug:"sustainable-building-in-malaysia-the-development-of-sustainable-building-rating-system",totalDownloads:8719,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Ar Zuhairuse MD Darus and Nor Atikah Hashim",authors:[{id:"70881",title:"Prof.",name:"Zuhairuse",middleName:null,surname:"Darus",slug:"zuhairuse-darus",fullName:"Zuhairuse Darus"},{id:"135807",title:"Ms.",name:"Nor Atikah",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"nor-atikah-hashim",fullName:"Nor Atikah Hashim"}]},{id:"29284",title:"Temporal-Spatial Changes of the Oasis in the Heihe River Basin over the Past 25 Years",slug:"spatio-temporal-changes-of-the-heihe-river-basin-oasis-in-northwest-china-over-the-last-25-years",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Yaowen Xie, Linlin Li, Xiaojiong Zhao and Chunxia Yuan",authors:[{id:"75065",title:"Prof.",name:"Yaowen",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"yaowen-xie",fullName:"Yaowen Xie"}]},{id:"29281",title:"Sustainable Farming Systems vs Conventional Agriculture: A Socioeconomic Approach",slug:"sustainable-farming-systems-vs-conventional-agriculture-a-socioeconomic-approach-",totalDownloads:8745,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-education-business-and-management-architecture-and-building-construction-agriculture-and-food-security",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Education, Business and Management - Architecture and Building Construction - Agriculture and Food Security"},signatures:"Athanasios Theocharopoulos, Stamatis Aggelopoulos, Panoraia Papanagiotou, Katerina Melfou and Evangelos Papanagiotou",authors:[{id:"70520",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Theocharopoulos",slug:"athanasios-theocharopoulos",fullName:"Athanasios Theocharopoulos"},{id:"78057",title:"Prof.",name:"Evangelos",middleName:null,surname:"Papanagiotou",slug:"evangelos-papanagiotou",fullName:"Evangelos Papanagiotou"},{id:"123093",title:"Prof.",name:"Stamatis",middleName:null,surname:"Aggelopoulos",slug:"stamatis-aggelopoulos",fullName:"Stamatis Aggelopoulos"},{id:"123094",title:"Prof.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Melfou",slug:"katerina-melfou",fullName:"Katerina Melfou"},{id:"129010",title:"MSc.",name:"Panoraia",middleName:null,surname:"Papanagiotou",slug:"panoraia-papanagiotou",fullName:"Panoraia Papanagiotou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-economics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/197451/hubert-antolak",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"197451",slug:"hubert-antolak"},fullPath:"/profiles/197451/hubert-antolak",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()