Simulation parameters of single-degree-of-freedom passive vibration isolation system.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5682",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The purpose of this book is to highlight novel advances in the field and to incentivize scientists from a variety of fields to pursue angiogenesis as a research avenue. Blood vessel formation and maturation to capillaries, arteries, or veins is a fascinating area which can appeal to multiple scientists, students, and professors alike. Angiogenesis is relevant to medicine, engineering, pharmacology, and pathology and to the many patients suffering from blood vessel diseases and cancer, among others. We are hoping that this book will become a source of inspiration and novel ideas for all.",isbn:"978-953-51-3024-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3023-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4101-3",doi:"10.5772/64121",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",numberOfPages:464,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"847efcb8c059798ea2a963d9578de2f5",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",numberOfDownloads:35616,numberOfWosCitations:67,numberOfCrossrefCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:85,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:184,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 24th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/66196/images/system/66196.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dan Simionescu is the Harriet and Jerry Dempsey Professor of Bioengineering and Director of the Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratories at the Clemson University, Clemson, SC. He has published more than 95 peer-reviewed papers in highly ranked journals such as Circulation, Cardiovascular Pathology, American Journal of Pathology, Tissue Engineering, and Biomaterials and has more than 180 peer-reviewed conference proceedings presented worldwide. Dr. Simionescu’s general research interests include cardiovascular biology, pathology, and regeneration using scaffolds, stem cells and bioreactors. His current interest is preclinical validation of translational tissue engineering approaches and is being generously funded by the NIH and the biomedical industry for his efforts in the field of cardiovascular biology, pathology, and regenerative medicine.",institutionString:"Clemson University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Clemson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"191041",title:"Dr.",name:"Agneta",middleName:null,surname:"Simionescu",slug:"agneta-simionescu",fullName:"Agneta Simionescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191041/images/5341_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Agneta Simionescu received her PhD degree in Biochemistry/Cell Biology for the study of matrix remodeling in cardiac diseases. Agneta has research interests in translational tissue engineering, angiogenesis, remodeling, and mechanotransduction. She was the first to show that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in degeneration of implanted cardiovascular biomaterials and that matrix-derived degradation products (matrikines) induce pathologic osteogenic activation of cardiovascular cells. She has also shown that stabilization of biomaterials and scaffolds with mild and reversible cross-linking agents might counteract these effects. In recent years, she has developed a passion for investigating the effects of diabetes on cardiovascular tissue engineering, including diabetes-related alterations of biomaterials and scaffolds, stem cell differentiation, matrix remodeling, and microvascular network formation in vitro and in vivo models of diabetes.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"985",title:"Cardiogeriatrics",slug:"cardiogeriatrics"}],chapters:[{id:"53316",title:"TGF-β Activation and Signaling in Angiogenesis",doi:"10.5772/66405",slug:"tgf-activation-and-signaling-in-angiogenesis",totalDownloads:2483,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway regulates various cellular processes during tissue and organ development and homeostasis. Deregulation of the expression and/or functions of TGF-β ligands, receptors or their intracellular signaling components leads to multiple diseases including vascular pathologies, autoimmune disorders, fibrosis and cancer. In vascular development, physiology and disease TGF-β signaling can have angiogenic and angiostatic properties, depending on expression levels and the tissue context. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the mechanisms that contribute to the activation and signaling of TGF-β in developmental, physiological and pathological angiogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the importance of TGF-β signaling in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS).",signatures:"Paola A. Guerrero and Joseph H. McCarty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53316",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53316",authors:[{id:"193482",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Guerrero",slug:"paola-guerrero",fullName:"Paola Guerrero"},{id:"195670",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"McCarty",slug:"joseph-mccarty",fullName:"Joseph McCarty"}],corrections:null},{id:"53457",title:"Role of Notch, SDF-1 and Mononuclear Cells Recruitment in Angiogenesis",doi:"10.5772/66761",slug:"role-of-notch-sdf-1-and-mononuclear-cells-recruitment-in-angiogenesis",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA) known also as splitting angiogenesis is a recently described mechanism of vascular growth alternative to sprouting. It plays an essential role in the vascular remodeling and adaptation of vessels during normal and pathological angiogenesis. It is an “escape” mechanism during and after irradiation and anti-VEGF therapy, both inducing angiogenic switch from sprouting to IA by formation of multiple transluminal tissue pillars. Our recently published data revealed the significant induction of IA after inhibition of Notch signaling associated with an increased capillary density by more than 50%. The induced IA was accompanied by detachment of pericytes from basement membrane, increased vessel permeability and recruitment of mononuclear cells toward the pillars; the process was dramatically enhanced after injection of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells. The extravasation of mononuclear cells with eventual bone marrow origin was associated with upregulation of chemotaxis factors SDF-1 and CXCR4. In addition, SDF-1 expression was upregulated in the endothelium of liver sinusoids in Notch1 knockout mouse, together with vascular remodeling by intussusception. In this chapter, we discuss this important mechanism of angiogenesis, as well as the role of Notch signaling, SDF-1 signaling and mononuclear cells in the complex process of angiogenesis.",signatures:"Ivanka Dimova and Valentin Djonov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53457",authors:[{id:"193572",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivanka",surname:"Dimova",slug:"ivanka-dimova",fullName:"Ivanka Dimova"},{id:"195601",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Djonov",slug:"valentin-djonov",fullName:"Valentin Djonov"}],corrections:null},{id:"53381",title:"Angiogenesis Meets Skeletogenesis: The Cross-Talk between Two Dynamic Systems",doi:"10.5772/66497",slug:"angiogenesis-meets-skeletogenesis-the-cross-talk-between-two-dynamic-systems",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe the complex relationship between angiogenesis and skeletogenesis. While much is known about the interactions of these two dynamic systems for bones that ossify via a cartilage template, comparatively little is known about directly ossifying bones. Most of the bones of the head develop from osteogenic condensations and undergo intramembranous (direct) ossification during development. Our understanding of the relationship between osteogenic cell condensations (in particular) and angiogenesis is currently inadequate and prevents a comprehensive understanding of vertebrate head development. This chapter highlights our understanding of both direct and indirectly ossifying bones shedding light on where there are important gaps in our understanding.",signatures:"Tamara A. Franz-Odendaal, Daniel Andrews and Shruti Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53381",authors:[{id:"192854",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Franz-Odendaal",slug:"tamara-franz-odendaal",fullName:"Tamara Franz-Odendaal"},{id:"197559",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Andrews",slug:"daniel-andrews",fullName:"Daniel Andrews"},{id:"197560",title:"Ms.",name:"Shruti",surname:"Kumar",slug:"shruti-kumar",fullName:"Shruti Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"53374",title:"Corneal Angiogenesis: Etiologies, Complications, and Management",doi:"10.5772/66713",slug:"corneal-angiogenesis-etiologies-complications-and-management",totalDownloads:1843,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A large subset of corneal pathologies involves the formation of new blood vessels, leading to compromised visual acuity. Additionally, neovascularization of the cornea worsens the prognosis of subsequent penetrating keratoplasty, keeping the patient in a vicious circle of poor prognosis. Ocular angiogenesis results from the upregulation of proangiogenic and downregulation of antiangiogenic factors. There is a tremendous need for developing effective measures to prevent and/or treat corneal neovascularization. Topical steroid medication, cautery, argon and yellow dye laser, and fine needle diathermy have all been advocated with varying degrees of success. The process of corneal neovascularization is primarily mediated by the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins, and current therapies are aimed at disrupting the various steps in this pathway. This article aims to review the clinical causes and presentations of corneal neovascularization caused by different etiologies. Moreover, this chapter reviews different complications caused by corneal neovascularization and summarizes the most relevant treatments available so far.",signatures:"Sepehr Feizi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53374",authors:[{id:"37619",title:"Dr.",name:"Sepehr",surname:"Feizi",slug:"sepehr-feizi",fullName:"Sepehr Feizi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53142",title:"Angiogenesis-Related Factors in Early Pregnancy Loss",doi:"10.5772/66410",slug:"angiogenesis-related-factors-in-early-pregnancy-loss",totalDownloads:1531,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The habitual loss of early pregnancy is one of the major problems of obstetrics nowadays, provided that the cause of more than 50% of all early pregnancy losses is unknown. Adequate angiogenesis is one of the main indicators of proper formation of placental system, making the basis of fetal life support. The objective description of angiogenesis in physiological development of pregnancy and in pathological conditions is complicated by the difficulties in obtaining and characterizing placental tissue in early pregnancy. Thus, angiogenesis‐related factors are promising indicators to characterize angiogenesis in pregnancy. This chapter draws attention to alteration in angiogenesis‐related factors in peripheral blood of patients with habitual early pregnancy losses. Investigation of factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sFlt‐1, sKDR, metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, MMP‐9, tissue inhibitor (TIMP)‐1, TIMP‐2 and placental growth factor (PLGF)), which specifically and nonspecifically regulate angiogenesis in pregnancy, was performed in the most significant terms for placentogenesis: 6 weeks, 7–8 weeks and 11–14 weeks of pregnancy. It was found that in a missed abortion there was a significant imbalance of angiogenesis‐related factors compared with normal pregnancy. These results reflect a disturbance of angiogenesis in a missed abortion and point to the importance of the studied factors in the pathogenesis of early pregnancy losses.",signatures:"Marina M. Ziganshina, Lyubov V. Krechetova, Lyudmila V. Vanko,\nZulfiya S. Khodzhaeva, Ekaterina L. Yarotskaya and Gennady T.\nSukhikh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53142",authors:[{id:"193025",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marina",surname:"Ziganshina",slug:"marina-ziganshina",fullName:"Marina Ziganshina"},{id:"196923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lyubov V.",surname:"Krechetova",slug:"lyubov-v.-krechetova",fullName:"Lyubov V. Krechetova"},{id:"196924",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyudmila V.",surname:"Vanko",slug:"lyudmila-v.-vanko",fullName:"Lyudmila V. Vanko"},{id:"196925",title:"Prof.",name:"Zulfiya S.",surname:"Khodzhaeva",slug:"zulfiya-s.-khodzhaeva",fullName:"Zulfiya S. Khodzhaeva"},{id:"196926",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina L.",surname:"Yarotskaya",slug:"ekaterina-l.-yarotskaya",fullName:"Ekaterina L. Yarotskaya"},{id:"196927",title:"Prof.",name:"Gennady T.",surname:"Sukhikh",slug:"gennady-t.-sukhikh",fullName:"Gennady T. Sukhikh"}],corrections:null},{id:"53441",title:"Pathogenic Angiogenic Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease",doi:"10.5772/66403",slug:"pathogenic-angiogenic-mechanisms-in-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vascular dysfunction is a crucial pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have reported that beta amyloid (Aβ) causes increased blood vessel growth in the brains of AD mouse models, a phenomenon that is also seen in AD patients. This has given way to an alternative angiogenesis hypothesis according to which, increased leakiness in the blood vessels disrupts the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and allows unwanted blood products to enter the brain causing progression of disease pathology, promoting amyloid clumping and aggregation along with impaired cerebral blood flow. Furthermore, the expression of melanotransferrin in AD model and patients may contribute to angiogenesis. The objective of this chapter is to attempt to establish a link between the vascular damage and AD pathology. Curbing the vascular changes and resulting damage seen in the brains of AD model mice and improving their cognition by treating with FDA‐approved anti‐angiogenic drugs may expedite the translational potential of this research into clinical trials in human patients. This direction into targeting angiogenesis will facilitate new preventive and therapeutic interventions for AD and related vascular diseases.",signatures:"Chaahat Singh, Cheryl G. Pfeifer and Wilfred A. Jefferies",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53441",authors:[{id:"193311",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilfred",surname:"Jefferies",slug:"wilfred-jefferies",fullName:"Wilfred Jefferies"},{id:"196143",title:"Dr.",name:"Singh",surname:"Chaahat",slug:"singh-chaahat",fullName:"Singh Chaahat"},{id:"196144",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheryl G",surname:"Pfeifer",slug:"cheryl-g-pfeifer",fullName:"Cheryl G Pfeifer"}],corrections:null},{id:"53523",title:"Hypoxia, Angiogenesis and Atherogenesis",doi:"10.5772/66714",slug:"hypoxia-angiogenesis-and-atherogenesis",totalDownloads:1858,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The balance between vascular oxygen supply and metabolic demand for oxygen within the vasculature is tightly regulated. An imbalance leads to hypoxia and a consequential cascade of cellular signals that attempt to offset the effects of hypoxia. Hypoxia is invariably associated with atherosclerosis, wound repair, inflammation and vascular disease. There is now substantial evidence that hypoxia plays an essential role in angiogenesis as well as plaque angiogenesis. It controls the metabolism, and responses of many of the cell types found within the developing plaque and whether the plaque will evolve into a stable or unstable phenotype. Hypoxia is characterized in molecular terms by the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a subunit of the heterodimeric nuclear transcriptional factor HIF-1 and a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The expression of HIF-1 is localized to perivascular tissues, inflammatory macrophages and smooth muscle cells where it regulates several genes that are important to vascular function including vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1 and erythropoietin. This chapter summarizes the effects of hypoxia on the functions of cells involved in angiogenesis as well as atherogenesis (plaque angiogenesis) and the evidence for its potential importance from experimental models and clinical studies.",signatures:"Lamia Heikal and Gordon Ferns",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53523",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53523",authors:[{id:"195461",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",surname:"Heikal",slug:"lamia-heikal",fullName:"Lamia Heikal"},{id:"199995",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordon",surname:"Ferns",slug:"gordon-ferns",fullName:"Gordon Ferns"}],corrections:[{id:"79243",title:"Corrigendum to: Hypoxia, Angiogenesis and Atherogenesis",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-hypoxia-angiogenesis-and-atherogenesis",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"54134",title:"Coronary Collateral Growth: Clinical Perspectives and Recent Insights",doi:"10.5772/67164",slug:"coronary-collateral-growth-clinical-perspectives-and-recent-insights",totalDownloads:1499,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter summarizes recent research on the coronary collateral circulation. The chapter is focused on clinical perspectives and importance of a well-developed coronary collateral circulation, the mechanisms of growth induced by chemical factors and a role for stem cells in the process. Some discussion is devoted to the role of shear stress and mechanical signaling, but because this topic has been reviewed so extensively in the recent past, there is only small mention of its role in the growth of the coronary collateral circulation.",signatures:"Bhamini Patel, Peter Hopmann, Mansee Desai, Kanithra Sekaran,\nKathleen Graham, Liya Yin and William Chilian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54134",authors:[{id:"192680",title:"Dr.",name:"Wiliam M.",surname:"Chilian",slug:"wiliam-m.-chilian",fullName:"Wiliam M. Chilian"},{id:"203403",title:"Dr.",name:"Liya",surname:"Yin",slug:"liya-yin",fullName:"Liya Yin"},{id:"203404",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Hopmann",slug:"peter-hopmann",fullName:"Peter Hopmann"},{id:"203405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",surname:"Graham",slug:"kathleen-graham",fullName:"Kathleen Graham"},{id:"203406",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhamini",surname:"Patel",slug:"bhamini-patel",fullName:"Bhamini Patel"},{id:"203407",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanithra",surname:"Sekaran",slug:"kanithra-sekaran",fullName:"Kanithra Sekaran"},{id:"203408",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansee",surname:"Desai",slug:"mansee-desai",fullName:"Mansee Desai"}],corrections:null},{id:"53407",title:"Angiogenesis and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Emerging Role of HDACs",doi:"10.5772/66409",slug:"angiogenesis-and-cardiovascular-diseases-the-emerging-role-of-hdacs",totalDownloads:1982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be the leading cause of death in the world despite recent therapeutic advances. Although many CVDs remain incurable, enormous efforts have been placed in harnessing angiogenesis as therapeutics for these diseases. Epigenetics, the modification of gene expression post-transcriptionally and post-translationally, are important in regulating many biological processes. One of the main post-translational epigenetic modifications, modification of chromatin structure by the acetylation of histone tails within the chromatin by either histone deacetylases (HDACs) or histone acetyltransferases (HATs), is important in modulating gene transcription and has emerged as an important regulatory player from pathogenesis to therapeutics in CVDs. Particularly, HDACs, which are largely involved in promoting chromatin compaction and hence inhibitions of gene transcription, have been implicated in the pathogenic signalling underlying many aspects of CVDs. Recently, histone modifications have been demonstrated to play important roles in the angiogenesis process. Pharmacological inhibitions of HDACs have displayed promising therapeutic potentials in several pre-clinical models of CVDs where angiogenesis is of paramount importance. There are many evidences proving that pro- and anti-angiogenic therapies—and the impact of epigenetics in these processes—can help to artificially reconstruct the vasculature in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, utilising knowledge of HDACs in angiogenesis might help to develop anti-angiogenic therapies in tackling diseases that are characterised with excessive pathological angiogenesis, including cancer and age-related macular degeneration. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HDACs in modulating angiogenesis will undoubtedly benefit future therapeutics development. This chapter focuses on the emerging role of HDACs in angiogenesis and discuss their potentials and challenges in utilising HDAC inhibitors as therapeutics in several major cardiovascular diseases.",signatures:"Ana Moraga, Ka Hou Lao and Lingfang Zeng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53407",authors:[{id:"192735",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingfang",surname:"Zeng",slug:"lingfang-zeng",fullName:"Lingfang Zeng"},{id:"193673",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Moraga",slug:"ana-moraga",fullName:"Ana Moraga"},{id:"196605",title:"Dr.",name:"Ka Hou",surname:"Lao",slug:"ka-hou-lao",fullName:"Ka Hou Lao"}],corrections:null},{id:"53248",title:"Unique Phenotypes of Endothelial Cells in Developing Arteries: A Lesson from the Ductus Arteriosus",doi:"10.5772/66501",slug:"unique-phenotypes-of-endothelial-cells-in-developing-arteries-a-lesson-from-the-ductus-arteriosus",totalDownloads:1288,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in regulating vascular pathophysiology. Various growth factors and relaxation factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO), which are derived from ECs, are known to maintain homeostasis and regulate vessel remodeling. Although the inner lumens of all types of vessels are covered by an EC monolayer, the characteristics of ECs differ in each tissue and developing stage of a vessel. Previously, we identified the heterogeneity of ECs of the ductus arteriosus (DA) by analyzing its gene profiles. The DA is a fetal artery that closes immediately after birth due to the changes in concentrations of oxygen and vasoactive factors such as NO and prostaglandin E. Studying the unique gene profile of ECs in the DA can therefore uncover the novel key genes involved in developing vascular function and morphology such as O2 sensitivity and physiological vascular remodeling. A comprehensive gene analysis identified a number of genes related to morphogenesis and development in the DA. In this chapter, we discuss the heterogeneity of vascular ECs in the developing vessel in the DA.",signatures:"Norika Mengchia Liu and Susumu Minamisawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53248",authors:[{id:"160350",title:"Prof.",name:"Susumu",surname:"Minamisawa",slug:"susumu-minamisawa",fullName:"Susumu Minamisawa"},{id:"192875",title:"MSc.",name:"Norika",surname:"Liu",slug:"norika-liu",fullName:"Norika Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54438",title:"Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",doi:"10.5772/67485",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",totalDownloads:1753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vascular remodeling is alterations in the structure of resistance vessels contributing to elevated systemic vascular resistance in hypertension. In this review, physiopathology of vascular remodeling is discussed, and the impact of antihypertensive drug treatment on remodeling is described, emphasizing on human data, fundamentally as an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Then we discussed a vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) that play important roles in the regeneration of the vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The normal arterial vessel wall is mostly composed of ECs, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and macrophages. Endothelial impairment is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Reendothelialization can effectively inhibit VSMC migration and proliferation and decrease neointimal thickening.",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54438",authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",surname:"Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna"},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",fullName:"Rodrigo García"},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",surname:"Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez"},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",surname:"Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello"}],corrections:[{id:"79244",title:"Corrigendum to: Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"53018",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis: A Focus on the Role of Cancer Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/66402",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-a-focus-on-the-role-of-cancer-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1789,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Angiogenesis is the process of growth of new blood vessels. Tumor angiogenesis plays pivotal roles in tumor development, progression, and metastasis. The conventional notion of tumor vasculature is that new tumor blood vessels sprout from preexisting vasculature near the tumor; hence, tumor endothelial cells are derived from normal endothelial cells. However, recent evidence suggests that CD133‐positive cancer stem cells (CSCs) in glioblastomas generate tumor endothelial progenitor cells, which further differentiate into tumor endothelial cells. This chapter offers an overview of current knowledge on the role of CSCs in tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss our recent discoveries related to human hepatoblastoma stem cells. Future efforts to elucidate the characteristics of tumor angiogenesis should enable the development of effective new anti‐angiogenic therapies.",signatures:"Keiko Fujita and Masumi Akita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53018",authors:[{id:"26281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masumi",surname:"Akita",slug:"masumi-akita",fullName:"Masumi Akita"},{id:"192582",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiko",surname:"Fujita",slug:"keiko-fujita",fullName:"Keiko Fujita"}],corrections:null},{id:"53461",title:"VEGF-Mediated Signal Transduction in Tumor Angiogenesis",doi:"10.5772/66764",slug:"vegf-mediated-signal-transduction-in-tumor-angiogenesis",totalDownloads:1741,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) plays a crucial role in tumor angiogenesis. Through its primary receptor VEGFR-2, VEGF exerts the activity of a multitasking cytokine, which is able to stimulate endothelial cell survival, invasion and migration into surrounding tissues, proliferation, as well as vascular permeability and inflammation. The core components of VEGF signaling delineate well-defined intracellular routes. However, the whole scenario is complicated by the fact that cascades of signals converge and branch at many points in VEGF signaling, thus depicting a complex signal transduction network that is also finely regulated by different mechanisms. In this chapter, we present a careful collection of the best-characterized VEGF-induced signal transduction pathways, attempting to offer an overview of the complexity of VEGF signaling in the context of tumor angiogenesis.",signatures:"Lucia Napione, Maria Alvaro and Federico Bussolino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53461",authors:[{id:"193680",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Napione",slug:"lucia-napione",fullName:"Lucia Napione"},{id:"196917",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Alvaro",slug:"maria-alvaro",fullName:"Maria Alvaro"},{id:"196992",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",surname:"Bussolino",slug:"federico-bussolino",fullName:"Federico Bussolino"}],corrections:null},{id:"54103",title:"Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer Angiogenesis",doi:"10.5772/66529",slug:"noncoding-rnas-in-lung-cancer-angiogenesis",totalDownloads:1719,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lung cancer is the major death-related cancer in both men and women, due to late diagnostic and limited treatment efficacy. The angiogenic process that is responsible for the support of tumor progression and metastasis represents one of the main hallmarks of cancer. The role of VEGF signaling in angiogenesis is well‐established, and we summarize the role of semaphorins and their related receptors or hypoxia‐related factors role as prone of tumor microenvironment in angiogenic mechanisms. Newly, noncoding RNA transcripts (ncRNA) were identified to have vital functions in miscellaneous biological processes, including lung cancer angiogenesis. Therefore, due to their capacity to regulate almost all molecular pathways related with altered key genes, including those involved in angiogenesis and its microenvironment, ncRNAs can serve as diagnosis and prognosis markers or therapeutic targets. We intend to summarize the latest progress in the field of ncRNAs in lung cancer and their relation with hypoxia‐related factors and angiogenic genes, with a particular focus on ncRNAs relation to semaphorins.",signatures:"Ioana Berindan-Neagoe, Cornelia Braicu, Diana Gulei, Ciprian\nTomuleasa and George Adrian Calin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54103",authors:[{id:"193102",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Berindan-Neagoe",slug:"ioana-berindan-neagoe",fullName:"Ioana Berindan-Neagoe"},{id:"193316",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",surname:"Braicu",slug:"cornelia-braicu",fullName:"Cornelia Braicu"},{id:"193317",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciprian",surname:"Tomuleasa",slug:"ciprian-tomuleasa",fullName:"Ciprian Tomuleasa"},{id:"193318",title:"BSc.",name:"Diana",surname:"Gulei",slug:"diana-gulei",fullName:"Diana Gulei"},{id:"193319",title:"Prof.",name:"George Adrian",surname:"Calin",slug:"george-adrian-calin",fullName:"George Adrian Calin"}],corrections:null},{id:"53402",title:"Recent Advances in Angiogenesis Assessment Methods and their Clinical Applications",doi:"10.5772/66504",slug:"recent-advances-in-angiogenesis-assessment-methods-and-their-clinical-applications",totalDownloads:1833,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Angiogenesis, a natural phenomenon of developing new blood vessels, is an integral part of normal developmental processes as well as numerous pathological states in humans. The angiogenic assays are reliable predictors of certain pathologies in particular tumor growth, metastasis, inflammation, wound healing, tissue regeneration, ischemia, cardiovascular, and ocular diseases. The angiogenic inducer and inhibitor studies rely on both in vivo and in vitro angiogenesis methods, and various animal models are also standardized to assess qualitative and quantitative angiogenesis. Analogously, the discovery and development of anti-angiogenic agents are also based on the choice of suitable angiogenic assays and potential drug targeted sites within the angiogenic process. Similarly, the selection of cell types and compatible experimental conditions resembling the angiogenic disease being studied are also potential challenging tasks in recent angiogenesis studies. The imaging analysis systems for data acquisition from in vivo, in vitro, and in ova angiogenesis assay to preclinic, and clinical research also requires novel but easy-to-use tools and well-established protocols. The proposition of this pragmatic book chapter overviews the recent advances in angiogenesis assessment methods and discusses their applications in numerous disease pathogenesis.",signatures:"Imran Shahid, Waleed H. AlMalki, Mohammed W. AlRabia,\nMuhammad Ahmed, Mohammad T. Imam, Muhammed K. Saifullah\nand Muhammad H. Hafeez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53402",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53402",authors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"},{id:"191256",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",surname:"Almalki",slug:"waleed-almalki",fullName:"Waleed Almalki"},{id:"191259",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Hassan Hafeez",slug:"muhammad-hassan-hafeez",fullName:"Muhammad Hassan Hafeez"},{id:"195198",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"muhammad-ahmed",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmed"},{id:"195199",title:"MSc.",name:"Muhammed",surname:"Saifullah",slug:"muhammed-saifullah",fullName:"Muhammed Saifullah"},{id:"195200",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Imam",slug:"mohammad-imam",fullName:"Mohammad Imam"},{id:"195201",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Al Rabia",slug:"mohammed-al-rabia",fullName:"Mohammed Al Rabia"}],corrections:null},{id:"53313",title:"Novel Methods to Study Angiogenesis Using Tissue Explants",doi:"10.5772/66400",slug:"novel-methods-to-study-angiogenesis-using-tissue-explants",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tissue explants of skeletal muscles, brain, kidney, liver and spleen from mice were cultured using collagen gel. Electron microscopic observation revealed that formation of capillary tubes with pericyte-like cells occurred only from the tissue explant of skeletal muscles. The capillary tubes formed in the collagen gel were positive for tomato lectin and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PCAM)-1 antibody. Formation of capillary tubes in the rat was more predominant than in the mouse. Plasmalemmal vesicles were clearly observed in the capillary tubes from rat tissue explant. Muscle fiber-type differences were also observed. In the soleus muscle, the formation of capillary tubes was predominant than the tibialis anterior muscle. Using this culture model from the rat soleus muscle, effects of α-isoproterenol (β-adrenergic receptor agonist) and low-frequency electrical stimulation were examined on the formation of capillary tubes and fine structures of skeletal muscle explant. The formation of capillary tubes was promoted by α-isoproterenol administration. At low-frequency electrical stimulation, the formation of capillary tubes was inhibited. Both α-isoproterenol and electrical stimulation reduced the degeneration of skeletal muscles. This culture method of skeletal muscles may provide a useful model that can examine the effects of various drugs and physical stimulations.",signatures:"Tomoko Takahashi, Keiko Fujita and Masumi Akita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53313",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53313",authors:[{id:"26281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masumi",surname:"Akita",slug:"masumi-akita",fullName:"Masumi Akita"},{id:"192582",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiko",surname:"Fujita",slug:"keiko-fujita",fullName:"Keiko Fujita"},{id:"192585",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomoko",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"tomoko-takahashi",fullName:"Tomoko Takahashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53219",title:"Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Foundations and Practical Application",doi:"10.5772/66411",slug:"therapeutic-angiogenesis-foundations-and-practical-application",totalDownloads:1433,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Angiogenesis as therapeutic target has emerged since early works by Judah Folkman, yet his “holy grail” was inhibiting vascular growth to block tumor nutrition. However, in modern biomedicine, “therapeutic angiogenesis” became a large field focusing on stimulation of blood vessel growth for ischemia relief to reduce its detrimental effects in the tissues. In this review, we introduce basic principles of tissue vascularization in response to ischemia exploited in this field. An overview of recent status in therapeutic angiogenesis is given with introduction to emerging technologies, including gene therapy, genetic modification of cells ex vivo and tissue engineering.",signatures:"Pavel Igorevich Makarevich and Yelena Viktorovna Parfyonova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53219",authors:[{id:"75221",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelena",surname:"Parfyonova",slug:"yelena-parfyonova",fullName:"Yelena Parfyonova"},{id:"192434",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Makarevich",slug:"pavel-makarevich",fullName:"Pavel Makarevich"}],corrections:null},{id:"53828",title:"Platelet Lysate to Promote Angiogenic Cell Therapies",doi:"10.5772/66934",slug:"platelet-lysate-to-promote-angiogenic-cell-therapies",totalDownloads:1416,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cellular therapies for patients with ischemic muscle have been limited by poor cell retention and survivability. Platelets are a robust source of growth factors and structural proteins, and extracts from this peripheral blood component may be manipulated to improve both cell retention and survivability in percutaneous delivery methods. Human platelet lysate is generated from pooled human platelets and contains a growth factor milieu that promotes robust human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation without risk of xenogenic contamination. As such, platelet lysate is a practical alternative to animal serum for MSC culture and, with minor adjustments to the production process, can also be used as a scaffold for cell delivery. Human platelet lysate is a promising substrate that can provide nutritive delivery both in vitro and during cell implantation, potentially improving retention and survivability of MSCs that may improve angiogenic function for cell therapy in treatment of ischemic tissues.",signatures:"Scott T. Robinson and Luke P. Brewster",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53828",authors:[{id:"193297",title:"Dr.",name:"Luke",surname:"Brewster",slug:"luke-brewster",fullName:"Luke Brewster"},{id:"193532",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott",surname:"Robinson",slug:"scott-robinson",fullName:"Scott Robinson"}],corrections:null},{id:"53483",title:"Anti-VEGF Therapy in Cancer: A Double-Edged Sword",doi:"10.5772/66763",slug:"anti-vegf-therapy-in-cancer-a-double-edged-sword",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a mitogen that plays a crucial role in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. It is involved in tumor survival through inducing tumor angiogenesis and by increasing chemoresistance through autocrine signaling. Because of its importance in tumor formation and survival, several medications have been developed to inhibit VEGF and reduce blood vessel formation in cancer. Although these medications have proven to be effective for late-stage and metastatic cancers, they have been shown to cause side effects such as hypertension, artery clots, complications in wound healing, and, more rarely, gastrointestinal perforation and fistulas. Current research in using anti-VEGF medication as a part of cancer treatments is focusing on elucidating the mechanisms of tumor resistance to VEGF medication, developing predictive biomarkers that assess whether a patient will respond to VEGF therapy and creating novel treatments and techniques that increase the efficacy of antiangiogenic medication. This chapter aims to review the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, the structure and function of VEGF and its receptors, and VEGF’s role in cancer are discussed. Furthermore, tumor therapies targeting VEGF along with their side effects are presented and, finally, new directions in anti-VEGF therapy are considered along with the challenges.",signatures:"Victor Gardner, Chikezie O. Madu and Yi Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53483",authors:[{id:"40915",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",surname:"Lu",slug:"yi-lu",fullName:"Yi Lu"},{id:"195224",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Gardner",slug:"victor-gardner",fullName:"Victor Gardner"},{id:"195226",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikezie",surname:"Madu",slug:"chikezie-madu",fullName:"Chikezie Madu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53575",title:"Antiangiogenic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/66503",slug:"antiangiogenic-therapy-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:1640,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in many pathological processes, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This indicates that antiangiogenic agents could be promising candidates for chemoprevention against HCC. Several inhibitors targeting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) for the regulation of tumoral vascularization have been developed and employed in clinical practice, including sorafenib. However, there seem to be several issues for the long-term use of this agent as some patients have experienced adverse effects while taking sorafenib. Therefore, it is desirable for patients with chronic liver diseases to be administered sorafenib as little as possible by combining other safe-to-use antiangiogenic compounds. Various factors, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and insulin resistance (IR), reciprocally contribute to the promotion of angiogenesis. A blockade of RAAS with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin-II (AT-II) receptor blocker (ARB) markedly attenuates HCC in conjunction with the suppression of angiogenesis. Moreover, the IR status has demonstrated direct acceleration in the progression of HCC via the augmentation of tumoral neovascularization. These findings suggest that a combination therapy involving a lower dose of sorafenib with other clinically used agents [e.g., RAAS blockers, insulin sensitizer agents, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)] may reduce the adverse effects of sorafenib without attenuating the inhibitory effect against HCC in comparison to a high-dose administration.",signatures:"Kosuke Kaji and Hitoshi Yoshiji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53575",authors:[{id:"192883",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosuke",surname:"Kaji",slug:"kosuke-kaji",fullName:"Kosuke Kaji"},{id:"195636",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",surname:"Yoshiji",slug:"hitoshi-yoshiji",fullName:"Hitoshi Yoshiji"}],corrections:null},{id:"53335",title:"MCAM and its Isoforms as Novel Targets in Angiogenesis Research and Therapy",doi:"10.5772/66765",slug:"mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",totalDownloads:1555,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) (CD146) is a membrane glycoprotein of the mucin family. It is one of the numerous proteins composing the junction of the vascular endothelium, and it is expressed in other cell types such as cancer cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes. Some recent works were designed to highlight its structural features, its location in the endothelium, and its role in angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and monocyte transmigration, but also in the maintenance of endothelial junctions and tumor development. MCAM exists in different splice variants and is shedded from the vascular membrane by metalloproteases. Studies about MCAM spliced and cleaved variant on human angiogenic physiological and pathological models permit a better understanding on the roles initially described for this protein. Furthermore, this knowledge will help in the future to develop therapeutic and diagnostic tools targeting specifically the different MCAM variant. Recent advances in research on angiogenesis and in the implication of MCAM in this process are discussed in this chapter.",signatures:"Jimmy Stalin, Lucie Vivancos, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-\nGeorge and Marcel Blot-Chabaud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53335",authors:[{id:"192897",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",surname:"Stalin",slug:"jimmy-stalin",fullName:"Jimmy Stalin"},{id:"195979",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucie",surname:"Vivancos",slug:"lucie-vivancos",fullName:"Lucie Vivancos"},{id:"195980",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",surname:"Bardin",slug:"nathalie-bardin",fullName:"Nathalie Bardin"},{id:"195981",title:"Prof.",name:"Francoise",surname:"Dignat-George",slug:"francoise-dignat-george",fullName:"Francoise Dignat-George"},{id:"195982",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",surname:"Blot-Chabaud",slug:"marcel-blot-chabaud",fullName:"Marcel Blot-Chabaud"}],corrections:[{id:"79245",title:"Corrigendum to: MCAM and its isoforms as novel targets in angiogenesis research and therapy",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"830",title:"Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis",subtitle:"from Embryonic Development to Regenerative Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c8f85e5c4786ba9d585dfcdef77aa2e",slug:"vasculogenesis-and-angiogenesis-from-embryonic-development-to-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Dan T. 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There is a need for transporting man, machines, materials and munitions through Earth’s atmosphere at high speed. Engines that propel fast airplanes are either rockets, or engines of airbreathing type. Turbojets, ramjets and scramjets (supersonic combustion ramjets) are types of airbreathing engines for propelling airplanes in the sensible atmosphere. The practical airbreathing engine for hypersonic speeds (above 5000 km/h) is the scramjet. A schematic is shown in Figure 1. The key components of the scramjet engine are the intake, the combustor and the nozzle. Mission studies have shown that a scramjet-propelled vehicle can provide a 2-hour travel time to most places on Earth or it can aid in the task of boosting vehicles to Earth orbit.
\nThe scramjet and its three components.
The air intake is one of the three essential components of supersonic and hypersonic airbreathing engines. It conditions the approaching freestream airflow for the combustor and the nozzle, compressing the airflow for best performance of the downstream components. For best overall engine performance, it must do so with minimal losses. The intake’s performance can be thought of in terms of what the intake does and how well it is doing it-the
The hypersonic intake decelerates and compresses the freestream airflow as it flows into the combustion chamber. In doing this, (a) the intake flow must start and achieve the required decrease in Mach number with a high thermodynamic efficiency; (b) the compressed airflow, flowing into the combustor, should be uniform and stable; (c) the intake should operate efficiently and stably over the entire flight envelope bounded by flight Mach number, altitude and angle of attack; (d) the intake structure should be as light as possible; (e) drag of external surfaces and aerodynamic heating loads should be minimal; (f) for useful engine operation, the intake duct shape and flight conditions must be such that the intake airflow is predictable, properly conditioned (uniform in some sense) and aligned with the combustor walls as it flows into the combustor. These requirements for intake design are often contradictory, making it difficult to attain optimum individual operating conditions simultaneously. For example, in a fixed-geometry intake, flow starting and the need for substantial Mach number reduction pose a very serious geometric flowpath contraction contradiction that leads to an onerous design task.
\nThermodynamic cycle calculations of high Mach number airbreathing engines, such as scramjets, have shown that the engines should have air intakes that contract and compress the flow by factors of 6–10 and 10–20 respectively and that this contraction and compression should be done with minimal loss of total pressure. Aside from high contraction and compression, the attainment of efficient intake performance is critically dependent on the freestream Mach number and the lateral and stream-wise contours of the intake surface, both being factors in determining the character of the flow in the intake and its performance.
\nSince all these design concerns are intake shape-dependent, it is most convenient and reasonable to start an iterative type intake design procedure with the selection of an intake shape that is known to produce a geometrically simple, compressive flow. Flow on a plane inclined wedge, Prandtl-Meyer flow and flow over a circular cone, as well as their combinations, have been used extensively as starting points for supersonic intakes because their aerodynamic characteristics are simple and easily predictable analytically. These “textbook” flows are usually adaptable to physical variations in geometry where shape change may be required for optimised performance over a range of Mach numbers and to ensure intake flow startability. In selecting such simple and easily predictable flows and their streamlines, for intake applications, we search for geometric streamlines that join a uniform and parallel freestream entry flow to an equally uniform and parallel exit flow. For most intakes the exit flow direction should be the same as that of the freestream. The flow compression in the intake should be longitudinally distributed so as to be isentropic at the high Mach number, upstream end of the intake. Minimal shock losses are obtained when compression through shock waves occurs at the lower Mach number, downstream end. So as to minimize viscous losses, all surfaces should contribute usefully to the compression task by individually supporting positive pressure gradients. The desirable qualities should not deteriorate significantly at off-design conditions of flight Mach number, altitude or angle of attack.
\nScramjet engine thermodynamic cycle calculations and combustor performance place a requirement on the hypersonic air intake to reduce the freestream Mach number by a factor of about three and to do so with a total pressure recovery of at least 0.5. These design targets can be met by employing combinations of simple inviscid flows that are assembled to form the intake flowpath. The simple flows can be based on either planarly symmetric (planar) or axially symmetric (axial) supersonic “text-book” flows. In planar flows, flow properties are the same in parallel geometric planes. In axial flows, flow properties are invariant in planes around a common axis. Because of planar or axial symmetry, the number of independent spatial geometric variables, needed to specify the flow, is reduced from three to two—a great simplification for design and analysis. These simple flows also possess radial symmetry in that there is no variation of flow properties along flat planes (planar flow) or cones (conical Taylor-Maccoll flow). Use of simple flows with flat plate and conical symmetry allows the number of spatial variables that are required to specify and describe the flow, to be further reduced by one, so that only one independent geometric variable remains—a further simplification for intake design and analysis. Examples of such commonly used simple planar flows are the flow behind a flat oblique shock and Prandtl-Meyer flow. Commonly used simple axial flows are the flow over a cone and the Busemann flow. Simple flows and their combinations do not carry shocks that are curved in the flow plane; this keeps the intake flows irrotational and uniform. An important part of intake design consists of combining and connecting the simple flows to yield the desired intake performance. The other part consists of using selected streamline sheets of these flows to form desired flowpath shapes—a technique called
The focus in this paper is on the use of
Problems of viscous losses and flow starting are eased by use of wavecatcher technology, providing leading edge truncation and sweep and by the fact that high adverse pressure gradients occur in the inviscid core flow rather than in the wall surface boundary layers. Hypersonic intakes that utilize axisymmetric compressive basic flows with specified entrance and exit shapes have received attention because of their high performance (capability and efficiency) and analytical simplicity [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].
\nA preferred geometry for a scramjet combustor is a duct with a circular cross section because of its superior ability to withstand both heat and pressure loads. Frictional losses are also at a minimum for such a duct since a cylinder has the smallest surface area for a given cross-sectional area. This leads to a cylindrical (axially symmetric) geometry as being desirable also for the intake that is attached to the front of the combustor duct. The same circular exit geometry for the intake is demanded by a gas turbine engine, in this case because the axial compressor face is circular. Towards these ends, it is pertinent to study an axisymmetric flow and it is entirely fortuitous that axisymmetric, conical, Taylor-Maccoll flow provides a streamtube shape [1, 2] that satisfies the above intake design requirements, both geometric/structural as well as aerodynamic [3]. In recognition of Adolph Busemann’s pioneering work [1] on such streamtube shapes, they are called Busemann flows and Busemann intakes. References [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 24] all concern Busemann flow.
\nThe reduction of Mach number, in the various basic flows, is accomplished by one or more fluid mechanical mechanism: (a) compressive flow
The three modes of compression are illustrated in the Prandtl-Meyer intake, the Oswatitch intake and the Busemann intake (Figure 2). The Prandtl-Meyer intake obtains performance by isentropic
Schematics of three intakes tested in a gun tunnel at Mach 8.33 [
The design technique of replacing known streamline sheets garnered from simple flows, by solid surfaces to generate aerodynamic shapes, known as “streamline tracing” has been applied to wing-body shapes [20]. The resulting airplane shapes are named “waveriders.” The objective in waverider design has been to generate airplane-like shapes that produce high ratios of airplane lift-to-drag force. The same streamline tracing technique, in this case called “wavecatching,” is applied to intake flowpath design [4, 7, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26] to generate intake surfaces. The objective, in this case, is to generate intake surfaces that capture, support and contain internal flows that have a high performance as supersonic/hypersonic air intakes. Both waverider and wavecatcher applications rest on the fluid-mechanical principle of replacing impervious streamline sheets by solid wall surfaces. In both applications the design starts with the selection of a freestream capture area cross-sectional shape. The shape is projected, as a closed trace, onto the leading shock wave of a prescribed simple flow. In the case of wavecatchers, the trace becomes the leading edge of the intake and the shock wave or Mach wave covers the leading edge of the intake at the design condition. All the mass flow passing through the trace is captured into the intake. The streamtube extending downstream from every point of the closed trace forms the shape of the intake’s flowpath. By selecting a suitable shape for the entry flow trace, much design flexibility is available in integrating the resulting engine flowpath with the airframe shape and the intake’s exit flow shape to suit the combustor. Pre-selecting the simple flow determines the internal flow as well as the intake performance. The technique is equally applicable to planar and axial flows as well as to non-symmetric flows. The basic wavecatcher technique, when applied to symmetric flows, produces geometrically similar flowpath cross sections. Various methods of morphing can be applied to gradually change the flowpath shape if the entry and exit cross sections are not to be geometrically similar [7, 11, 26]. Two very important extra virtues of the wavecatcher design method are that it produces flow paths with swept leading edges, much like a sugar scoop where, at the design Mach number, the leading shock is everywhere attached to the leading edge; there is no flow spillage. However, at off-design conditions, such a swept leading edge does permit overboard mass spillage during intake flow starting, making otherwise non-startable intakes startable. Experimental results on wavecatcher intake shapes, based on Busemann flow, were presented in [4]. Using streamline tracing methodology, based on the flow in a straight conical duct, the notion of selecting portions of the axisymmetric versions of internal flow was used also in [21, 22, 23, 27]. The significant virtues of wavecatcher intakes has been utilized in many subsequent intake studies [10, 13, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30]. The technique of streamline tracing, to produce modular flowpaths of arbitrary cross sectional shape (wavecatching), results in the following attractive aspects: (a) the total mass flow is divided between individual modules, reducing the mass flow demand of test facilities, both wind tunnels and flight test, (b) thrust vector control is easier to implement with flow in individual modules, (c) highly swept module leading edges make mass flow spillage possible for intake flow starting, (d) module freestream capture shapes are easily integrated with airframe shapes, (e) modules can be raised off the airframe surface so as not to ingest the fore-body boundary layer, (f) properly designed modules are self-startable.
\nWavecatching and morphing techniques for modular Busemann intakes will be discussed in Section 7; module startability in Section 8.
\nFor spontaneous ignition and supersonic combustion, the Mach number at combustor entry should be about one-third of the flight Mach number. In a flight Mach number range 4–25, the intake cross-sectional area must decrease by a factor of 5–20. Such a highly convergent duct can support two distinctly different flow configurations at any given supersonic flight Mach number. One flow type produces a bow shock in front of the intake that diverts much flow overboard and, in this case, the intake flow is subsonic with unacceptably low performance. This is termed “subcritical” or “unstarted” flow. The other possible flow configuration has no bow shock, no overboard spillage and is supersonic throughout. This “supercritical,” or “started” flow, is required for efficient scramjet engine operation. Attainment of supercritical flow in high contraction ratio intakes present a problem in that the intake flow will not assume the started flow state spontaneously under steady flight conditions. Starting requires that the near-normal bow shock, in front of the unstarted intake, moves downstream into the intake to be “swallowed” and that a stable hypersonic/supersonic flow is established throughout the converging portion of the intake. Spontaneous starting will not occur in intakes whose exit-to-entry area ratio is below 0.6. Unfortunately, startable intakes with exit-to-entry area ratios at or above this value do not produce enough compression to be useful as scramjet intakes. Methods of intake flow starting must be found and implemented for high contraction intake flowpaths. Intake starting is not open to design compromises; it is a critical, non-negotiable requirement that presents challenges and places severe conditions on intake design. Since startability is determined, to a limited extent, by flight Mach number, there is some design flexibility in choosing the start Mach number. Various methods of promoting intake flow starting have been explored in [9, 11, 18, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. Section 8 presents an analytical approach to the design of spontaneously starting, modular Busemann intakes.
\nUnstarting of started flow is also a concern in that flight at an extreme angle of attack or at combustor overpressure conditions can cause the intake to regurgitate a stopping shock and the intake flow to revert from a started condition to a condition of unstart. Such an event must be prevented since it is followed by a catastrophic loss of thrust. A review of research progress on detection and control of unstart mechanisms of hypersonic inlets is described in [27, 34].
\nBusemann [1] described an axisymmetric, conical flow that starts in the uniform freestream, compresses and contracts isentropically and passes through a conical shockwave to become uniform and parallel to the freestream flow. Courant and Friedrichs [2] make a brief reference to Busemann flow, suggesting its use as an air intake. Molder and Szpiro [3] used the Taylor-Maccoll equations to calculate the inviscid Busemann flow and present a capability/efficiency performance map for the flow as a hypersonic air intake. Experiments, at Mach 8.33, on a full Busemann intake and on modular, wavecatcher surfaces, based on Busemann flow were conducted by Mölder and Romeskie [4] and by Jacobsen et al. [25]. VanWie and Molder [12] suggested applications of the Busemann intake to hypersonic flight vehicles.
\nThe Busemann intake shape is analytically defined by only two numerical parameters [3]. This has made it easily “transportable” and led to its proposed use as a benchmark standard for internal flow CFD verification [38], and a basis for more general studies of intake flows as well as experiments for such issues as flow starting [18, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37], viscous effects [15, 39], truncation [16, 18], drag measurement [11], wavecatcher configurations [13], leading edge blunting [10] and cross section morphing [7]. Viscous effects and truncation and stunting are found in [15, 18, 39]. Experimental results for full and modular Busemann intakes are found in [11, 13, 18, 21, 23, 25, 33, 37, 40]. A four-module Busemann-based intake on a scramjet engine was launched at Mach 5, from a large ballistic gun [41].
\nThe high performance [24] and analytical simplicity of the Busemann intake has made it a subject for some 60 publications.
\nThe basic Busemann intake surface is axisymmetric (Figure 3). It is a converging duct with its axis aligned with the freestream. When started, it captures freestream flow (
Busemann intake contour is
Flow which is both axially and conically symmetric is best described in spherical polar coordinates
The coordinates (
Busemann flow, and axisymmetric conical flow are governed by the Taylor-Maccoll equation, the same equation that governs the supersonic flow over an axisymmetric cone at zero angle of attack. The original Taylor-Maccoll equation is a non-linear, second order total differential equation with the spherical polar angle,
This is the model equation that governs steady, axisymmetric, conical flow of a perfect gas. No explicit algebraic solution has been found, nor are there any numerical schemes for solution of the second-order Eq. (2) as given above. However, the equation can be converted to two first order Eqs. (3) and (4), at the price of acquiring the additional dependent variable,
The first-order versions of Eq. (1) are the momentum equations, in spherical polar coordinates, in the
where
The Taylor-Maccoll (T-M) Eqs. (3) and (4) have been recast in terms of the radial and angular Mach numbers
These two equations seem more complicated than their parents (3) and (4). However, it will be shown that the use of Mach number components
In terms of Mach number components, the streamline Eq. (1) is,
\nand the flow Mach number is,
\nHaving the T-M equations in this form reveals their singular nature at
As a result of using the Mach number variables
Eqs. (5) and (6) are simultaneous, first-order, total differential equations that can be solved by standard methods, such as in Ralston and Wilf [45], for the two Mach numbers
Integration of Eqs. (5) and (6) requires the starting values
The angular location of the shock, which is the starting value for the variable of integration,
This ensures that the flow behind the shock is parallel to the axis, which is the most common requirement of flow entering a combustor. The starting values for the radial and circumferential Mach numbers are then:
\nThe radial variable,
and the capability from the exit Mach number,
\nwhere \n
Eqs. (5) and (6) are then numerically integrated from
Flow Mach number contours in the axisymmetric Busemann intake for inviscid flow. Top half is obtained by integrating the Taylor-Maccoll equations. Bottom half is a CFD calculation [by Ogawa] of flow in the same intake shape as the top half.
Note the conical nature of the contours. The calculated Busemann shape is then used as input to a CFD code to predict the flow as shown in the lower half of Figure 5. Although the CFD code is not “told” anything about conicality, the conical nature of the flow is well represented by the CFD calculations. Both methods predict a uniform exit flow downstream of the conical shock (courtesy Dr. Ogawa). This is an illustration of the use of Busemann flow as a benchmark for verifying the application of a CFD code to internal flow. Graphical results of an integration of Eqs. 5–7 are shown in Figure 6 for a Busemann intake that reduces the Mach number from 5.22 to 1.93 with a total pressure recovery of 0.94.
\nBusemann intake contour (black curve) with conical shock (red) and cone of inflection points (green). Mach number distribution (blue). Pressure distribution, normalized with respect to exit pressure (red, on the right side ordinate), for an intake that reduces the Mach number from 5.22 to 1.93 with a total pressure recovery of 0.94.
At the entry, Busemann flow joins to the freestream at a conical Mach wave. The Mach number normal to this wave,
This section describes some features of Busemann-type intake flow that are unique to axisymmetric conically symmetric flow. First, there is the geometric simplicitly that arises from the axial and conical symmetries. These symmetries require that conditions on a circle, which circumscribes the axis, are constant and conditions are constant also on any circular cone surface whose axis is aligned with the symmetry axis and whose apex is confocal with all other such cones.
\nAnother very important feature is the fact that all solutions of the T-M equations, starting from an acute angled, conical shock, always end up at a straight and parallel freestream flow. Busemann flow would be useless, as the basis for an air intake, if this were not so. This fortuitous feature must be inherent in the T-M Eqs. (5) and (6). This property of the T-M equations holds whether the downstream flow is set to be uniform or not, as long as it is conical.
\nThe downstream end of the Busemann flow has an inflection point where the surface turns away from the axis, towards being parallel with the exit flow. This lessens the flow deflection required from the terminal shock and also lessens the strength and loss produced by the terminal shock. This feature contributes directly to the high efficiency of the Busemann intake flow.
\nIn a parallel, uniform, freestream a conical axisymmetric shock is produced by a conical body and the shock strength is proportional to the cone angle. In Busemann flow there is no solid cone, yet a conical shock is produced. This “free-standing” shock is possible because the flow in front of the shock is converging towards the center line and the center line behind the shock is acting as a zero-angle cone to force the flow into a parallel and uniform downstream direction. Such a free-standing conical shock, with uniform post-shock flow, is unique to Busemann flow.
\nExperiments were conducted, in a Mach 3 wind tunnel, at the Defence Research and Development Canada (Valcartier) laboratories to demonstrate the existence of the free-standing conical shock [40]. Since a full Busemann intake would not start spontaneously in the steady wind tunnel flow and, also, since the shock would be hidden from tunnel optics by a full Busemann duct, only an annular, leading edge portion of the Busemann duct was constructed and tested (Figure 7b). The tip of the conical shock, produced by the annulus, is in the region of influence of the annulus and that was sufficient to produce a freestanding conical shock at the center line that was in the field of view of the tunnel optics (Figure 8). Compression waves, from the annulus, converge to the center line and reflect as a conical shock as calculated by CFD in Figure 7a. No incident shock or Mach reflection is apparent. Calculated post-shock Mach number is 1.48, and pressure is 10.1 and temperature is 1.94 times their freestream values.
\n(a) Freestanding conical shock at center line, produced by axisymmetric Busemann leading edge annulus in a Mach 3 freestream. CFD calculation by E.V. Timofeev. (b) Busemann leading edge annulus in Mach 3 wind tunnel at DRDC [
Freestanding conical shock in Busemann flow at Mach 3 (DRDC). Blue arrow points to apex of conical shock.
The yellow arrow points to the focal point where the converging compression fan and the free-standing conical shock meet. The analytically predicted Busemann flow and its features have been confirmed by both CFD and experiment. The approach presented here is the only method for establishing a centered axial compression followed by a conical shock at the center line in a steady flow. Flow properties inside the apex of the conical shock can be precisely set and the shape of the required Busemann annulus calculated so as to create a local high pressure hot spot for igniting a supersonic fuel/air mixture at a precise location.
\nCharacteristics are two sets of intersecting lines in supersonic flow. The characteristics carry a physical significance in that they delineate the region of space that influences flow conditions at a particular point as well as the region of space that depends on the flow conditions at a point. The characteristic lines are selected such that, along these lines, the governing partial differential equations become total differential, finite difference equations, allowing numerical solutions of the flow-field [42, 46].
\nAlternatively, once a supersonic flow-field has been calculated by some non-characteristic methods, the characteristic lines can be calculated and superimposed and inferences about influences, causes and effects can be drawn. The
Characteristics
where the plus sign is for the
and the
Integration of the characteristics is easily performed inside the routine for integrating the T-M equations. This method was used to superimpose characteristics on the T-M solution above. Resulting characteristic lines are shown in Figure 10 for the same Mach 5.22 intake as in Figure 6.
\nThe Taylor-Maccoll equations point to the existence of a confocal, conical, compression fan—the axisymmetric analogue to a Prandtl-Meyer fan. Such a fan of coalescing characteristics, preceding a free-standing conical shock, is shown to exist experimentally (Figure 8), as well as by CFD calculations (Figures 7a and 10).
\nThe characteristics mesh in Figure 11 is a schematic overlay on the Busemann flow. The
Schematic of characteristics in Busemann flow. Centered compression fan (
An examination of the inclinations of the characteristics shows that the angular width of the centered compression fan, \n
An equation for the curvature of the T-M streamline is derived to show that the streamline can have points of zero curvature—inflection points. The Busemann streamline has two points of zero curvature where one of these points has significance in the starting of a Busemann-type intake. The conical surface containing all inflection points in a typical Busemann flow is shown in green in Figure 11 where the portion of the surface (icf) is turning towards the axis and the portion (fk) is turning away.
\nTo derive an expression for the curvature of the T-M streamline we use the defining equation of the streamline,
\nwhere
In polar coordinates, (
Eliminating the derivatives of
In this expression the derivatives
This equation gives the curvature of the T-M streamline in terms of the polar coordinates,
There is an asymptotic condition, (
When
There is a point of zero curvature also when (
When the angular component of Mach number
The quantity (
Surface curvature (
The streamline equation may be written,
\nThe flow Mach number,
So that,
\ngiving,
\nwhere the derivative terms, in the square brackets, are given by the Taylor-Maccoll Eqs. (5) and (6), when multiplied by
so that,
\nThis is the Mach number gradient, expressed in terms of the coordinates (
In the isentropic flow, from the freestream to the shock, the gradients of Mach number and pressure are related by [47],
\nwhere \n
The pressure gradient is expressed in terms of the radial and azimuthal coordinates
As a check on the various algebraic results we have plotted them against the acute (20–90°) and obtuse (90–160°) angles of conical shocks for Mach 3 in Figure 13. The left half of this figure is for acute shocks and the right half is for obtuse shocks, i.e., cone flow and M-flow.
Mach number components (
An integration of the TM-Eqs. (5) and (6) from the initial conditions (10–12) is terminated when (
Inviscid performance of Busemann intake.
High performance intakes have to have a very weak leading edge shock. Such a weak shock is inclined at near the Mach angle. This leads to the length-to-height ratio of the intake to be approximately
A comparison of inviscid and viscous flow in the Busemann intake is shown in Figure 15 by Mach number contours. The blue, low Mach number boundary layer, appears in the viscous flow. The effect of the boundary layer has led directly to the presence of a shock from the leading edge and a noticeable change in the flow at the center line, a change of exit Mach number from 5.3 to 4.8 and a reduction in total pressure recovery from 0.97 to 0.43. The boundary layer has a significant effect on the inviscid flow even when it appears to stay attached.
\nInviscid and viscous flow in the Mach 8 Busemann intake at 30 km flight altitude [
Flow displacement by the boundary layer causes a conical shock to appear and focus to a point on the center line ahead of the Busemann flow focal point and a reflected, conical shock appears downstream that impinges on the surface ahead of the corner, Figure 16. To restore the inviscid flow topology and pressure distribution of the Busemann flow it is necessary to correct the surface shape of the intake by the boundary layer displacement thickness. The importance of viscous correction methodologies has attracted considerable attention and research efforts as accurate calculation of the boundary layer displacement thickness plays a pivotal role in intake performance assessment. Complex interactions of the shock waves and boundary layers developed on the curved surface of the Busemann intakes pose a challenge to accurate detection of the boundary layer edge. A viscous correction was applied [39, 49] to the full and truncated Busemann intakes by using the displacement thickness obtained through numerical integration of the CFD-generated boundary layer properties. Reasonable detection of the boundary layer edge was attained by examining the total enthalpy profile [50, 51]. Viscous correction is applied typically once only to produce the final geometry. However, the importance of repeating the process, with subsequent iterations, has been highlighted in [52] with the application of an updating procedure of the displacement thickness. The results of correcting for the boundary layer effect are shown in Figure 17 where the bottom half of the figure shows the inviscid and viscous flow on a surface that has been obtained by enlarging the inviscid surface by the boundary layer displacement thickness. There is close resemblance between the inviscid and the boundary layer corrected inviscid flows in this figure. Both Figures 16 and 17 were calculated by H. Ogawa.
\nMach 8 Busemann intake flows, upper half without and lower half with boundary layer showing the effect of boundary layer on the wave structure of the inviscid flow in the unmodified Busemann intake.
Upper half contains inviscid Busemann flow. Lower half of flow is contained in a Busemann surface that has been corrected (enlarged) for boundary layer presence [
The basic Busemann flow is contained in an axisymmetric streamtube of high contraction. As an intake, such a shape will not start at steady flow conditions. Also the axisymmetric shape may not conform well to the shape of the rest of the airplane surface nor the desired combustor entry and a need arises to modify its cross-sectional shape. Such modifications can be done while still retaining the basic Busemann flow characteristics by tracing the streamlines of the Busemann flow. This process depends on scaling and assembling adjacent, scaled streamlines into streamline sheets that form the wall surfaces of the intake module. The technique produces a wavecatcher intake module. In such constructions a chosen freestream capture cross-section shape becomes mirrored in a smaller, but geometrically similar, intake exit cross-section shape. If done properly, a wavecatcher module has a swept leading edge that captures the leading shock wave and mass flow at design conditions but permits flow spillage and promotes intake flow starting at design and off-design conditions. So a wavecatcher design gets away from an axisymmetric flowpath shape and it also leads to a startable intake as a separate outcome.
\nThe wavecatcher intake shape, that integrates well with the airplane, may have an exit shape that is not necessarily the best shape for the combustor. The combustor shape is very likely wanted to be circular because it is to join to the contiguous combustor duct which is strongest and least aerodynamically lossy when it is circular. There is thus a need to deform the intake flow path gradually from the freestream entry to the exit; typically, from a segment of a circle to that of a full circle or possibly to an ellipse, (Figure 18). The method of doing this is called morphing [5, 7, 22, 23].
\nWavecatcher intake modules traced from full Busemann flows.
The Busemann intake has a large amount of surface immediately behind the leading edge. This surface carries a thin boundary layer and a high shear stress, contributing disproportionately to boundary layer losses. The question arises: Can boundary layer losses be decreased by foreshortening some of the surface aft of the leading edge? Realizing that truncation of the leading edge or stunting the intake will result in leading edge flow deflection and shock losses which counter gains achieved from decreased boundary layer losses.
\nDifficulties of cooling sharp leading edges lead to the adoption of leading edge blunting. Even a small amount of leading edge blunting can have a significant effect on the Busemann flow both in the boundary layer and in the inviscid stream [10].
\nThe objective of wavecatching is to generate intake flowpath surfaces different from the basic axisymmetric surface of the Busemann flow. The design starts with selecting the desired Busemann flow and calculating its streamline shape, \n
Two streamline traced intake modules are shown in Figure 18. Both are based on Busemann flow. In Figure 18a, the freestream capture tube shape is a quarter circle. The exit is also a quarter circle. Four such modules were placed back-to-back to construct the intake in Figure 19. Such four-module intakes were tested in a gun tunnel at Mach 8.33 [4] and this intake, on a scramjet, was launched from a ballistic gun at Mach 5 [41]. Figure 18b shows an intake, also traced from Busemann flow, from a circular capture tube shape, where the exit shape is also circular. Such a module was tested in a wind tunnel at Mach 4 [25].
\nFour-module Mach 5 scramjet intake based on Busemann flow.
The swept leading edges of modular wavecatcher surfaces permit flow spillage at design and below-design conditions thus promoting intake flow starting. Once started, the apparent three-dimensional intake flowpath contains a started, steady flow with the original Busemann flow properties. These are the two significant virtues of wavecatcher intake modules.
\nThe technique of generating wavecatcher intakes, described in Section 7.1, produces exit flow cross-section shapes that are geometrically similar to the freestream capture streamtube shapes. The purpose of morphing is to produce cross-sectional shapes of the intake flow path that gradually transform the intake’s entry shape to a geometrically different exit shape while, as much as possible, preserving the cross-sectional areas as well as the flow characteristics. For example, the flow from a quarter-circle entry is to be morphed to feed a circular combustor.
\nFigure 20 shows three orthogonal views of a wavecatcher intake and its cross sections when morphed from a quarter-circle to a full-circle. A detailed morphing method, as applied to the Busemann intake streamline \n
Three (blue) orthogonal views of a wavecatcher module and cross sections of the modular intake (black) when morphed from a quarter circle to a full circle.
Morphing of streamline-traced square (blue) and circular (red) streamlines into composite (purple) yielding cross section transition from large blue square to small red circle: (a) is exit geometry; (b) is entry geometry; (c) shows front view of streamlines; and (d) shows side view of streamlines.
We illustrate by morphing a large, square (blue) inflow cross section into a (red), small circular exit section. A typical morphed Busemann intake design starts from specifying the initial conditions at the Busemann shock. A Busemann streamline \n
Morphing can be used also if the axes of the entry and exit flows are offset, but still parallel.
\nAlthough morphing is applied to Busemann flow streamlines, Busemann flow is not preserved in the morphed intake. The morphing process is a purely geometric exercise and its arbitrary nature makes it necessary to verify the morphed intake’s flow features and performance, by CFD or experiment. VanWie et al. [7] examined the results of applying various weighting functions and calculated the performance of the morphed intakes using CFD.
\nAs discussed in Section 1, full Busemann intakes are inherently long and hence subject to substantial viscous losses and high structural weight. An examination of the Busemann intake flow-field reveals that the surface at the leading edge has no deflection or curvature in the streamwise direction, presenting no compression of the ingested freestream flow. Thus the leading surface makes little contribution to the task of compressing the flow in the intake. Even worse, it supports a boundary layer with high shear and attendant losses of intake efficiency. There is then a good reason to expect an improvement in efficiency as a result of eliminating the leading edge surface by foreshortening the intake surface. At the same time one can expect a deterioration of efficiency because the foreshortened intake now has a positive deflection generating a leading edge shock that produces an efficiency loss in the inviscid flow. There is a design trade-off here, between boundary layer and shock losses, which arises from intake foreshortening and it becomes of interest to find an amount of intake foreshortening that minimizes the sum of the boundary layer and the shock losses—maximizes the efficiency. This section describes two representative geometric methods of achieving foreshortening of air intakes,
CFD-generated intake performance data is presented for a Mach 8, full Busemann intake, flying at an altitude of 30 km, when foreshortened by various amounts of truncation or stunting. Figure 22 is a plot of intake total pressure recovery against fractional foreshortening of the full Busemann intake calculated by a Navier-Stokes code. The Busemann intake, with applied boundary layer and terminal shock losses lead to a total pressure recovery of 42% for the un-shortened intake.
\nEffects of truncation and stunting on Busemann intake total pressure recovery.
The effect of truncation on total pressure recovery by various amounts of truncation is shown by the blue curve in Figure 22. Truncation produces a modest increase of total pressure recovery from 42 to 46% at near 30% truncation and it appears that intake efficiency is not very sensitive to the amount of truncation.
\nThe effect of stunting, on total pressure recovery, by various amounts is shown by the red curve in Figure 22. Total pressure recovery peaks at 47% near 15% foreshortening; decreasing noticeably as stunting increases.
\nVariation of intake compression and contraction as caused by truncation and stunting.
Intake performance, both efficiency and capability, are not affected much by considerable amounts of either truncation or stunting. This is due to the fact that the high-loss leading edge boundary layer flow is not eliminated but merely moved downstream. Also there is some increase in inviscid flow losses from the finite angle leading edge from truncation. However, an estimated 15–30% weight saving is available through wall materials elimination resulting from intake foreshortening. It appears that the significant advantage of truncation and stunting is not to intake performance but to the saving of structural weight. Similar results were found in [10].
\nBusemann flow has no deflection at the leading edge so that the leading edge tends to be sharp and thin. Such leading edges are difficult to cool at hypersonic speeds. Transpiration cooling is made possible by a slight rounding of the leading edge. Rounding or blunting affects both the viscous as well as the inviscid flow in the intake [10]. The strong bow shock causes a hot entropy layer to overlay the boundary layer and cause it to thicken. The same shock focuses on the symmetry axis producing a Mach reflection at the center line. It was shown in [10] that a 1 mm diameter leading edge on a 500 mm diameter Busemann intake, flying at Mach 10 and 30 km altitude, is optimal in reducing the viscous and inviscid losses. It seems that the combination of blunting and stunting should be such that the conical shock is kept incident on the Busemann surface corner, so that no reflected shock waves are formed, keeping the exit flow uniform.
\nThe Kantrowitz criterion for intake starting [26] says that the normal shock, in front of an intake duct, will move downstream and out of the duct if the flow at the exit of the duct is not choked—the duct flow will start. This criterion applies to the normal shock at the entry of the duct as well as at any other position in the duct. On a wavecatcher intake, Figures 18 and 19, overboard flow spillage will allow the shock to move downstream, over the external/open portion of the intake, until it reaches the V-notch at the beginning of the internal flow. This is made possible by an effectively large flow area, on the moving, post-shock side, allowing overboard flow spillage. If the Kantrowitz condition, for the shock at the point of inflection, at the V-notch, is satisfied the shock will continue moving downstream, out through the internal flow section, and the intake will start.
\nThe entry area of the internal flow,
Note that, for given
The determination of startability for a wavecatcher Busemann intake is as follows. At first we examine the startable weak-shock Busemann flow to show that it does not provide sufficient compression:
At a prescribed
Halt the integration when reaching the inflection point, (of) in Figure 3, where
Calculate surface area of the conical surface at inflection point,
Apply the Kantrowitz criterion to
If a start is indicated the intake is practical and integration can be continued to find the freestream (entry) Mach number,
Many such calculations, starting from
Busemann intake startability based on weak shock design: green—full Busemann start; green and yellow—wavecatcher start with spillage; and red—no start.
Startability calculations for the full and wavecatcher Busemann intakes were done also by starting the integration of Eqs. (5) and (6) from strong shock waves, following the (a–e) steps above.
\nThe outcomes are plotted in Figure 25. Each result is shown as a dot that is coloured green if the totally internal flow Busemann intake duct starts, green or yellow if the wavecatcher Busemann intake module starts (as determined in d) above) and red if there is no start.
\nBusemann intake startability regimes based on strong shock design. green—full Busemann start; green and yellow—module start with spillage; and red—no start.
The strong shock version has high overall contraction but low internal contraction so that it will self-start at overall contractions useful to the scramjet as a wavecatcher, but the strong shock and subsonic exit flow are not useful to the scramjet engine. In a wavecatcher module the about-to-start strong shock will be held in place by the appropriate back-pressure. It will move downstream if the back-pressure is lowered to be replaced by a weak shock structure. This now opens a possibility. We calculate a Busemann intake module, with a strong shock, such that it starts spontaneously, at a high overall contraction ratio, and then reduce the back-pressure to remove the strong shock and obtain a supersonic exit flow, with a weak shock. This yields an exit flow which is suitable for scramjet operation. In doing this, we note that the flow, from the freestream to the location of the strong shock has not changed as we switch to the weak shock, so that the intake remains on the strong-shock design flow up to the corner while being started. Also, the amount of internal contraction remains the same and we could really start the intake with the weak shock structure in the first place. The strong Busemann shape is really a design tool which leads to a modified Busemann flow but with a started intake of high compression and efficiency having a supersonic exit Mach number-an intake with a high overall contraction but with a low
In comparison to the weak shock case (Figure 24) there is a considerable enhancement of startability in the enlarged yellow domain so that starting can be expected near the S = 0.1 curve, which is acceptable for scramjet applications.
\nThe reason for this improvement in startability stems from the fact that, for the strong shock option, the angular distance between the strong shock (at the corner) and the inflection cone is small so that
Figure 26 is a schlieren picture of four quarter-circle Busemann intake modules each with flows started by the unsteady gun tunnel starting flow [4]. Arrow points to weak shock emanating from the v-notch in the cowl of one of the modules. Exit Mach number is 5.23.
\nImpulsively started 4-module Busemann intake in the gun tunnel at Mach 8.33 (model is similar to
A review and summary is presented of hypersonic air intake technology highlighting design objectives, basic flows, airframe integration, flowpath modification and intake flow startability. Taylor-Maccoll equations and Busemann flow are presented as the basis for constructing modular Busemann intakes. The first-order Taylor-Maccoll equations are recast with Mach number components as dependent variables. These equations illustrate the free-standing conical shock, the axisymmetric centered compression fan, characteristics, surface curvature and inflection point, surface pressure gradient, surface Mach number gradient and gradients at conical shock waves. A chart is presented for assessing the performance of the Busemann-flow-based intake on the basis of its capability to reduce Mach number and its efficiency as measured by total pressure recovery. Experimental results indicate that viscous effects cause the total pressure recovery to drop from near 1 to 0.5 for a Busemann intake at Mach 8 and 30 km flight altitude.
\nWavecatching (streamline tracing), morphing and foreshortening, as attempts at conditioning and improving the performance of the basic Busemann intake flow, are presented to show that (a) wavecatching is a useful technique to create modular startable intakes; (b) morphing is useful in integrating the intake shape with other geometric requirements of the airframe and combustor; (c) foreshortening leads to minor gains in intake performance but large weight savings; (d) small amounts of leading edge blunting cause large changes in the intake’s shock structure.
\nA novel,
Busemann flow contains unique fluid mechanical features: (a) a flow passage from a uniform, high Mach number flow, to another uniform, lower Mach number flow; (b) internal, convergent flow with an inflected surface; (c) conical flow where high gradients are near the center line and milder gradients are at the walls; (d) an axisymmetric and conically symmetric centered compression fan; (e) a free-standing conical shock, bounding irrotational flow; (f) the last two features combining to preserve conical flow throughout. These are unique and fortuitous virtues, being significant in making the Busemann streamtube and its flow characteristics useful as a basis for designing high performance air intakes for hypersonic airbreathing engines.
\nMost CFD calculations were done by E.V. Timofeev, R.B. Tahir and Hideaki Ogawa. G. Emanuel provided useful comments. Many thanks.
\nMechanical vibration exists in various machines in working conditions, such as precision machine tools, aircrafts, ships, etc. Strong vibration will affect the accuracy and stability of mechanical parts. In severe cases, it will also lead to fatigue failure and shorten the life of the structure or cause resonance to damage the structure. Therefore, suppressing the unfavorable vibration response has become an urgent problem to be solved in the industry.
The passive vibration suppression system commonly used in the engineering field achieves the purpose of vibration suppression by installing elastic damping elements to consume and absorb vibration energy. The system has high reliability but cannot adjust the vibration suppression characteristics and cannot adapt to changes in the external environment. Therefore, the active vibration suppression system with active adjustment capability and wide adaptive frequency range has become a research hotspot.
The active vibration suppression system is composed of sensors, actuators, and control systems, so the current research mainly focuses on two directions. One is the study of active control strategies; the other is the study of new materials and corresponding actuators. The active control strategies currently used in the field of vibration suppression include PID control [1], adaptive control [2, 3], intelligent control [4, 5], and so on. The actuator is one of the key elements that affect the vibration suppression performance of the entire active vibration suppression system. In recent years, the development of smart material structures has provided conditions for the development of actuators, which has greatly promoted the research and application of active vibration control technology. At present, the smart materials used in the design of active vibration suppression actuators mainly include electro/magnetorheological fluids [6, 7], shape memory alloys [8, 9], magnetostrictive materials [10, 11], piezoelectric materials [12], and so on. Among them, the piezoelectric materials can be used as both actuators (inverse piezoelectric effect) and sensors (positive piezoelectric effect) due to their positive and inverse piezoelectric effects. As actuators, they have many advantages such as fast frequency response, wide control frequency range, high displacement resolution, small size, easy integration, no mechanical friction, and so on [13]. They have been widely used in active vibration suppression systems.
Most of the active suppression methods based on piezoelectric actuators reduce the vibration by directly suppressing the excitation force. That is, when the piezoelectric actuators are arranged, the direction of the output force/displacement of the actuators is consistent with the direction of the system vibration. In order to improve the vibration suppression effect, it is usually required that the piezoelectric actuator can output a sufficiently large displacement and control force at the same time, but its realization is limited by the electromechanical coupling characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator. This chapter discusses an active-passive composite vibration suppression system based on piezoelectric actuators. The active control element adopts a piezoelectric stack actuator with a mechanical displacement amplifying mechanism. The piezoelectric stack actuator has the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, low operating voltage, and large output force. The mechanical displacement amplifying mechanism has a compact structure and can effectively amplify the displacement of the actuator. The second section of the chapter will analyze the driving characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator and the magnification of the displacement amplifying mechanism in the active control element, and discuss the compensation of hysteresis that affects the control accuracy of the piezoelectric actuator. Section 3 will analyze and construct the structure of the active-passive composite vibration suppression system based on the piezoelectric actuator, and establish its dynamic model. Section 4 will analyze the vibration control theory of the active-passive composite vibration suppression system using different control algorithms and control loops on the basis of the system dynamics model, and simulate the effectiveness of the algorithms. Section 5 will build an experimental platform to verify the active vibration suppression effect of the active-passive composite vibration suppression system based on the piezoelectric actuator. Section 6 is the conclusion, which will summarize the content of this chapter.
The piezoelectric constitutive equation states that the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric actuators can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, resulting in small displacement and force changes with high resolution. The piezoelectric stack actuator used in this chapters is formed by stacking many thin piezoelectric ceramic sheets, and its structure is shown in Figure 1. Each piezoelectric ceramic sheet is equipped with electrodes and is separated by an insulating layer. The elongation of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet along the polarization direction is mainly related to the applied electric field strength but has nothing to do with its thickness. With the layered stack structure, the elongation of the piezoelectric ceramic sheets can be accumulated, so that the piezoelectric stack actuator can still generate a relatively large displacement at a lower operating voltage.
Structure diagram of piezoelectric stack actuator.
According to the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials, only considering the longitudinal force and elongation of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet under the action of the driving voltage, and assuming that the strain is uniformly distributed in the longitudinal polarization direction, then the longitudinal stress of a single piezoelectric ceramic sheet can be expressed as:
where
Assuming that the force-bearing area of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet is
The force on the piezoelectric ceramic sheet can be expressed as the stress
Let
According to the output force expression Eq. (5), the output displacement of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet can be obtained as:
Since the piezoelectric stack actuator cascades several piezoelectric ceramic sheets in voltage parallel and physical series, its output force is the same as that of a single piezoelectric ceramic sheet, and its output displacement is the sum of the output displacement of all piezoelectric ceramic sheets:
where
Although the output displacement of the piezoelectric stack actuator is the sum of the output displacements of all piezoelectric ceramic sheets, its stroke is still in the order of microns. In practical applications, it is usually necessary to cooperate with a displacement amplifying mechanism [14, 15, 16]. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the displacement amplification characteristics of the displacement amplifying mechanism.
The mechanical displacement amplifying mechanism adopted in this chapter is based on the principle of triangular amplification to mechanically amplify the displacement of the piezoelectric actuator, to make up for the shortcoming of its insufficient stroke and expand its effective stroke. Dimensions such as the coordinate direction and angle of the displacement amplifying mechanism are shown in Figure 2a. The piezoelectric stack actuator with length A is placed in the x-direction of the displacement amplifying mechanism, and the inclination angle formed by the horizontal direction and the hypotenuse of the amplifying mechanism is
Displacement amplifying mechanism: (a) dimension labeling diagram; (b) amplifying schematic diagram.
The amplification principle of the mechanical displacement amplifying mechanism is shown in Figure 2b. When the displacement changes in the
According to the geometric transformation relationship shown in Figure 2b, we can get:
Then the displacement magnification can be organized as:
Since the stroke of the piezoelectric actuator is in the order of microns, the variation in length
It can be seen from Eq. (11) that the magnification of the triangular mechanical displacement amplifying mechanism is not related to the length but is only related to the size of the inclination angle
Relationship between magnification and inclination angle.
It can be seen from Figure 3 that the smaller the inclination angle, the larger the magnification (regardless of positive and negative). As the inclination angle increases, the change in magnification becomes insignificant. When the inclination angle reaches 45 degrees, the magnification is close to 1.
According to Eqs. (6–7), under ideal conditions, the output displacement of the piezoelectric actuator is proportional to the driving voltage, as shown by the red solid line in Figure 4. But, in fact, due to the difference in structure and the complexity of its working mechanism, piezoelectric actuators have the inherent characteristics of hysteresis [17], which leads to the fact that the voltage rise and drop curve of the output displacement do not overlap, as shown by the green and blue lines in Figure 4. This affects the control accuracy of the piezoelectric actuator to a certain extent. In general engineering applications, the displacement error is relatively small, and the piezoelectric actuator can be used approximately linearly. However, in some applications that require high control accuracy, it is necessary to perform hysteresis compensation [18, 19, 20, 21]. The hysteresis in the piezoelectric actuator can be compensated by the hysteresis inverse compensation method. The specific compensation control block diagram is shown in Figure 5. This method can avoid complex modeling and parameter identification of the piezoelectric actuator, and the error output can be directly used for compensation control to achieve the effect of eliminating hysteresis and improve the control accuracy of the piezoelectric actuator.
The relationship between voltage and displacement of piezoelectric actuator.
Hysteresis adaptive inverse compensation control block diagram of piezoelectric actuator.
The passive vibration suppression system has a simple structure and good high-frequency vibration suppression performance, but it is powerless to low-frequency vibration, and the resonance peak suppression conflicts with high-frequency vibration suppression. The vibration suppression performance of the active vibration suppression system is good, but due to the limitation of the working bandwidth and power of the actuator, it is difficult to realize the active vibration suppression only. Therefore, active actuators are usually used in combination with passive elements to form an active-passive composite vibration suppression system to achieve the best vibration suppression effect [22, 23, 24].
The active control element based on the piezoelectric actuator has high stiffness. In order to reduce the overall stiffness of the vibration suppression system, thereby reducing the natural frequency of the system and increasing the vibration suppression bandwidth, the active control element and the leaf spring with relatively low stiffness are connected in series to form a vibration suppression system with an active-passive composite structure in this paper, as shown in Figure 6a. The vibration suppression system is a single-degree-of-freedom system. The modular design reduces the mass and size of the system to the greatest extent, which makes it more suitable for applications in those fields with strict space and mass constraints, such as aerospace, ships, etc. In addition, according to the needs of the application, it can be conveniently used as the branch chain of the multi-degree-of-freedom vibration suppression platform through the flexible hinges [13, 25, 26, 27]. Its simplified model is shown in Figure 6b.
Single-degree-of-freedom vibration suppression system: (a) three-dimensional model diagram; (b) simplified model diagram.
According to Newton’s second law, the dynamic equation of the system can be obtained as:
where
By combining the two equations in Eq. (12) and eliminating the relevant variables at the intermediate connection point, the dynamic model of the single-degree-of-freedom vibration suppression system is obtained as follows:
where
It can be seen from Eq. (13) that the active control element in series with the leaf spring can effectively reduce the overall stiffness of the vibration suppression system, and the establishment of the structure and dynamic model of the active-passive composite vibration suppression system provides the object and theoretical basis for the subsequent active vibration suppression control.
Passive vibration suppression refers to the introduction of one or more mass-spring damping systems in the propagation path of the vibration source. Although this technical solution is simple and reliable, it can only effectively attenuate high-frequency vibrations in a wide frequency band. With the rapid development of smart sensors and smart actuators and high-speed microprocessors, active vibration suppression is becoming more and more attractive in vibration suppression. In piezoelectric active control, it is classified according to the control structure, which can be divided into feedforward control and feedback control. In precision vibration isolation, different vibration active control structures need to be adopted for different vibration isolation objects in actual work.
In the piezoelectric active vibration suppression system, the overall control block diagram of feedforward and feedback is shown in Figure 7. In Figure 7, The vibration suppression closed-loop consists of a table feedback loop with a signal filter function and a ground-based feedforward loop with a signal filter function. The feedback loop is implemented as: The feedback acquisition sensor collects the table vibration, and then filters the excess noise signal, and then transmits it to the feedback controller for algorithm calculation, and adjusts the gain of the entire feedback loop to change the feedback characteristics. The implementation of the feedforward loop is as follows: The feedforward acquisition sensor collects the ground vibration signal, then filters the excess noise signal, and then transmits it to the feed-forward controller for algorithm calculation, and adjusts the feedforward control parameters to change the feedforward characteristics. The piezoelectric feedback active control algorithm can be realized by sky-hook damping, integral force feedback (IFF), and other algorithms, and the feedforward control algorithm can be realized by adaptive control algorithm or phase compensation algorithm. Finally, the hybrid operation of the two active controllers is output to the piezoelectric actuator, and the active vibration suppression system is controlled to complete the active control. Compared with using one of the control structures or algorithms alone, the active hybrid control (AHC) can achieve better vibration suppression performance. The following will introduce a piezoelectric active hybrid control design method, including an IFF control and a recursive least square (RLS) adaptive feedforward control, the feedback control realizes the sky-hook damping effect, and the adaptive feedforward control realizes the ground-based advance response.
Piezoelectric active vibration suppression control block diagram.
Active feedback control can effectively solve the problem that the signal at the natural frequency is amplified, that is, the problem of formant attenuation. At present, the sky-hook technology is widely used in piezoelectric active feedback control. Generally, the sky-hook effect is established by absolute speed feedback control to reduce the formant peak value while maintaining high-frequency attenuation. This section introduces sky-hook technology based on piezoelectric actuators, which uses a combination of dynamic force sensors and piezoelectric actuators to design an integral force active control algorithm to achieve the control effect of sky-hook.
According to the structure above, the schematic diagram of the piezoelectric IFF control is shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8, the amount of elongation of the piezoelectric actuator is represented by δ, F represents the dynamic force signal. The active vibration control method of piezoelectric IFF control is: The dynamic force sensor collects the dynamic force signal, and after noise removal and filtering, the integral calculation compensation is completed in the active control unit, and the control signal is output to the piezoelectric actuator to complete the piezoelectric active feedback control.
Schematic diagram of piezoelectric IFF principle.
The IFF control law based on sky-hook damping technology is:
where
According to Figure 8, the motion control equation of the piezoelectric IFF control system can be expressed as:
The open-loop transfer function between the elongation
According to the integral gain coefficient of the IFF algorithm in Eq. (14), after sorting and calculation, the displacement
According to the above derivation, the transmissibility curve of the piezoelectric vibration isolation system under the IFF control algorithm is:
where
The natural frequency and damping ratio of the piezoelectric vibration isolation system under the IFF control algorithm are expressed as:
The natural frequency of the vibration isolation system under IFF control is consistent with the natural frequency of the passive system and does not change. The damping ratio of the vibration isolation system under the IFF control is proportional to the integral gain coefficient. By increasing the integral gain coefficient, the formant peak value at the natural frequency can be effectively reduced to achieve the sky-hook effect. It is worth noting that an excessively large gain coefficient will lead to system stability errors, making the vibration isolation system unstable.
According to the theoretical analysis of IFF, the simulation analysis is carried out in Matlab. The passive system parameters are shown in Table 1, and the parameters of the subsequent simulation are also consistent with Table 1. The simulation results are shown in Figure 9. It can be found that with the increase of the integral gain coefficient, the value of the resonance peak of the vibration isolation system decreases continuously, which plays a good role in suppressing vibration. This shows that the piezoelectric IFF control can achieve the effect of sky-hook damping control and can effectively suppress the formant.
Simulation type | Passive Parameters |
---|---|
Load Mass (Kg) | 1 |
System Stiffness (N/m) | 3.41e4 |
System Damping (N.m/s) | 7.65 |
Simulation parameters of single-degree-of-freedom passive vibration isolation system.
Transmittance curve of piezoelectric vibration isolation system under passive control and IFF control.
The most direct way to improve the performance of feedback control is to increase its feedback gain. However, with the increase of the feedback gain, a large steady-state error will be introduced into the system. Therefore, a ground-based feedforward control strategy emerges as the times require. The ground-based feedforward control can effectively improve the local frequency-domain vibration suppression performance of the system by predicting the vibration signal in advance and implementing active control in the active algorithm. In piezoelectric feedforward control, the use of adaptive feedforward control is an extremely effective method. This section introduces an RLS adaptive feedforward control method.
The adaptive controller
Transverse filter with time-varying tap weights.
The RLS adaptive control algorithm is a transversal filter based on the least-squares criterion. The algorithm recursively deduces the weight vector of the current time according to the filter tap weight vector of the previous time. Assuming that N data
where
Then the estimated error of the filter with time-varying tap weights can be written as:
Then the cost function under the least-squares criterion using the pre-windowing method can be expressed as:
where
The RLS adaptive feedforward controller is built-in Matlab for simulation, and the simulation results are shown in Figure 11. Under the action of piezoelectric RLS adaptive feedforward control, the effective suppression rate of active control to amplitude can reach 80%, which is obviously better than passive control.
Time domain comparison of RLS adaptive feedforward control and passive control.
After the above description of IFF control and RLS adaptive feedforward control, a design scheme of piezoelectric AHC can be given. The block diagram of the AHC is shown in Figure 12. The principle is as follows: Given an additional external excitation signal, the signal
Piezoelectric AHC block diagram.
As shown in Figure 12,
According to Eq. (26), combined with the AHC block diagram, the system error
In the real-time control of the active vibration system, due to the real-time control operation of the system, the sensor can only measure the vibration signal of the ground foundation and the vibration signal after the active hybrid control of the table, and cannot directly measure the vibration response
Then the system expansion error
According to Eq. (27), the cost function after using AHC is:
The goal of the adaptive feedforward control algorithm is to find an optimal discrete filter and optimal weights so that the objective function of the cost function can be minimized, that is, the gradient of the cost function is zero:
where
Then, the gradient of Eq. (32) is zero, and the arrangement can be obtained:
For the convenience of description, define an inverse matrix
where
According to Eqs. (35)–(37), when the optimal solution of the tap weight vector has been obtained, the update formula of the weight vector can be further derived:
Then, the initialization of the AHC algorithm is set to
The simulation analysis of the AHC is carried out in Matlab, and the transmissibility curve in Figure 13 can be obtained. In passive control, the vibration of the load platform is not effectively suppressed at all, and it is significantly attenuated at high frequencies. In the IFF control, the resonance peak at the natural frequency of the system is obviously suppressed, but the high-frequency attenuation is not improved. When the AHC is adopted, the formant of the system is further reduced, and the high frequency also shows a higher attenuation. The piezoelectric AHC has a better vibration isolation effect.
Simulation comparison curves of transmissibility under different control modes.
Through the above theoretical analysis, to verify the vibration suppression performance of the proposed AHC algorithm in the piezoelectric vibration suppression system, an experimental test system is built, as shown in Figure 14. Figure 14a shows a single-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric vibration suppression platform, which mainly includes a piezoelectric actuator and a passive suppression unit. The piezoelectric actuator is responsible for active suppression, and the passive vibration isolation unit provides system stiffness. The two ends of the vibration suppression platform are respectively provided with a load mass block and a basic mass block, and the basic mass block relates to the output shaft of the vibration exciter so that the suppression platform can receive external excitation. The whole vibration suppression platform is suspended horizontally by hanging ropes, which can ensure the free boundary conditions and introduce the influence of low stiffness and damping.
Piezoelectric vibration suppression system: (a) single-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric vibration sup-pression platform; (b) experimental equipment.
Figure 14b shows a photograph of the experimental equipment setup integration. The experimental system is mainly divided into a real-time active control system and spectrum test and analysis system. The real-time active control system consists of a charge amplifier, an NI controller, and a piezoelectric driver. The active control process is as follows: The charge amplifier amplifies the feedback signal of the force sensor into a voltage signal and outputs it to the NI controller. After the real-time active control algorithm in the NI controller, the control signal is generated and output to the piezoelectric driver for real-time active control of the linear piezoelectric actuator.
The spectrum test and analysis system include an LMS spectrum analyzer, an excitation signal output unit and an exciter power amplifier. The spectrum testing and analysis process are as follows: The LMS spectrum analyzer can output the excitation signal that simulates micro-vibration through the built-in simulation signal generator, and simulate the micro-vibration environment of the exciter through the exciter power amplifier. The LMS spectrum analyzer collects the vibration signals of the load platform and the base platform respectively through the acceleration sensor and performs postprocessing and spectrum analysis.
After completing the construction of the experimental system, the active control experiment was carried out in the piezoelectric suppression system. First, the system transmissibility curve is measured. The transmissibility curve measures the vibration transfer characteristics from the perspective of the frequency domain, which is a very important criterion. Figure 15 shows the comparison curves of the system’s transmissibility under different control methods. The blue line is the open-loop transmissibility curve of the system, which is not actively controlled and adopts pure passive vibration suppression. In the passive situation, the system has a peak near 30 Hz, which is the resonance peak, which means that the vibration amplitude will increase sharply here, and the vibration suppression effect is poor. At high frequencies, the passive transmissibility curve decays rapidly, which can be considered to have a suppressive effect. When IFF is used for piezoelectric active control, the resonance peak of the system at the natural frequency is attenuated to a certain extent, but the overall attenuation is not large, especially at high frequencies, the attenuation performance cannot be improved. When the AHC is used, the natural frequency of the system is moved forward, the resonance peak at the original natural frequency is greatly attenuated, and better attenuation is also reflected at high frequencies, which can effectively broaden the vibration isolation bandwidth. The specific values of the transmissibility curves under different control modes are shown in Table 2.
Transmissibility curves under passive, IFF, and AHC.
Passive | IFF | AHC | |
---|---|---|---|
Natural Frequency (Hz) | 30 | 30 | 15 |
Resonance Peak (dB) | 28 | 14.9 | 7.2 |
Decrease of Resonance Peak (dB) | / | 13.1 | 20.8 |
Amplitude of 30 Hz (dB) | 28 | 14.9 | −1.9 |
Decrease of Amplitude in 30 Hz (dB) | / | 13.1 | 29.9 |
Initial attenuation frequency (Hz) | 43 | 43 | 22 |
The specific value of the experimental transmissibility curve.
The time-domain vibration signal can reflect the control effect more intuitively, but more details in the frequency domain cannot be revealed. Figure 16a shows the time domain acceleration signal when the piezoelectric vibration suppression system is without active control. The red line is the basic excitation signal, the blue line is the load response signal, and the load response signal is the final control target. It can be found that the piezoelectric system can also achieve a certain vibration suppression effect through passive vibration suppression, but it is generally difficult to meet the application requirements. Figure 16b shows the time domain information of the piezoelectric vibration suppression system under the AHC. Compared with the pure passive vibration suppression, after the AHC is turned on, the vibration signal at the load end is greatly attenuated. In the piezoelectric vibration suppression system, the AHC method can greatly improve the vibration suppression performance.
Time domain amplitude comparison curve: (a) without AHC; (b) with AHC.
Figure 17 shows the self-power spectrum (PSD) curves with different control methods. In the case of passive vibration suppression (without control), the vibration energy of the load platform at the natural frequency is increased, which means that the vibration signal at the natural frequency is amplified. When AHC is used, the energy around the natural frequency is significantly suppressed because the piezoelectric actuator dissipates part of the energy.
Self-power spectral density comparison curve: (a) without AHC; (b) with AHC.
Figure 18 shows one-third of octave curves with different control methods. When the piezoelectric vibration suppression system adopts passive vibration suppression (without control), the signal of the load platform near the natural frequency is significantly improved, which is also consistent with the self-power spectrum in Figure 17. When the AHC is turned on, the signal of the load platform near the natural frequency is attenuated, and the energy is dissipated by the piezoelectric actuator. This also shows that the piezoelectric AHC has a better inhibitory effect on the signal at the natural frequency.
One-third octave comparison curve: (a) without AHC; (b) with AHC.
In this chapter, the active vibration suppression of an active-passive composite vibration suppression system based on piezoelectric actuators is studied. On the basis of fully analyzing the characteristics of piezoelectric actuator and displacement amplifying mechanism and the dynamic model of vibration suppression system, an active composite control strategy based on IFF and RLS adaptive feedforward for vibration suppression on the piezoelectric system is discussed. The experimental results show that using the active control method, the vibration suppression system based on piezoelectric actuator has not only lower natural frequency, wider active vibration suppression bandwidth, but also reduces the value of the resonance peak, and maintains the attenuation rate at high frequency. Therefore, piezoelectric actuators are a good choice for vibration suppression, especially active vibration suppression.
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant No. 61903242]; Shanghai Sailing Program [grant No. 19YF1416200].
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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In order to meet the consumers’ growing demands for high-quality protein, the poultry industry focused on selection of fast-growing broilers, which reach a body mass of about 2.5 kg within 6-week-intensive fattening. Relatively low sales prices of chicken meat, in comparison to other types of meat, speak in favor of the increased chicken meat consumption. In addition, chicken meat is known by its nutritional quality, as it contains significant amount of high-quality and easily digestible protein and a low portion of saturated fat. Therefore, chicken meat is recommended for consumption by all age groups. The technological parameters of chicken meat quality are related to various factors (keeping conditions, feeding treatment, feed composition, transport, stress before slaughter, etc.). Composition of chicken meat can be influenced through modification of chicken feed composition (addition of different types of oils, vitamins, microelements and amino acids), to produce meat enriched with functional ingredients (n-3 PUFA, carnosine, selenium and vitamin E). By this way, chicken meat becomes a foodstuff with added value, which, in addition to high-quality nutritional composition, also contains ingredients that are beneficial to human health.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević and Danica Hanžek",authors:[{id:"207236",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"gordana-kralik",fullName:"Gordana Kralik"},{id:"227281",title:"Prof.",name:"Zlata",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"zlata-kralik",fullName:"Zlata Kralik"},{id:"227283",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Grčević",slug:"manuela-grcevic",fullName:"Manuela Grčević"},{id:"227284",title:"BSc.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Hanžek",slug:"danica-hanzek",fullName:"Danica Hanžek"}]},{id:"39624",doi:"10.5772/50320",title:"Dairy Propionibacteria: Less Conventional Probiotics to Improve the Human and Animal Health",slug:"dairy-propionibacteria-less-conventional-probiotics-to-improve-the-human-and-animal-health",totalDownloads:5805,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"2991",slug:"probiotic-in-animals",title:"Probiotic in Animals",fullTitle:"Probiotic in Animals"},signatures:"Gabriela Zárate",authors:[{id:"150953",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Zárate",slug:"gabriela-zarate",fullName:"Gabriela Zárate"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56612",title:"Reproduction in Goats",slug:"reproduction-in-goats",totalDownloads:2933,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Reproductive activity of the goat begins when the females reach puberty, which happens at 5 months of age. The ovarian or estrous cycle is the period between two consecutive estrus. It is also the time that lasts the development of the follicle in the ovary, until rupture occurs and ovulation takes place, which coincides with the appearance of estrus. This chapter will describe the physiological and endocrinological bases of estrus in the goat. Likewise, factors affecting the presence of estrus and ovulation will be described. At another point, synchronization of estrus and ovulation, factors affecting the presence of estrus and external symptoms of estrus, will be described. To achieve synchronization of estrus or induction of ovulation within or outside the breeding season, it may be necessary to manage light hours, male effect, and/or use of hormones. The importance of artificial insemination is described, as well as the current situation of this technique worldwide. Currently, the techniques of artificial insemination in goats have been limited worldwide, due to the lack of resources of producers and trained technicians. The techniques of artificial insemination with estrous synchronization programs and ovulation with current research results will be described.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"Fernando Sánchez Dávila, Alejandro Sergio del Bosque González\nand Hugo Bernal Barragán",authors:[{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila"},{id:"206127",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Del Bosque-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-sergio-del-bosque-gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Sergio Del Bosque-Gonzalez"},{id:"206128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Barragán",slug:"hugo-bernal-barragan",fullName:"Hugo Bernal-Barragán"}]},{id:"58095",title:"The Innovative Techniques in Animal Husbandry",slug:"the-innovative-techniques-in-animal-husbandry",totalDownloads:3826,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Technology is developing rapidly. In this development, the transfer of computer systems and software to the application has made an important contribution. Technologic instruments made farmers can work more comfortable and increased animal production efficiency and profitability. Therefore, technologic developments are the main research area for animal productivity and sustainability. Many technologic equipment and tools made animal husbandry easier and comfortable. Especially management decisions and applications are effected highly ratio with this rapid development. In animal husbandry management decisions that need to be done daily are configured according to the correctness of the decisions to be made. At this point, smart systems give many opportunities to farmers. Milking, feeding, environmental control, reproductive performance constitute everyday jobs most affected by correct management decisions. Human errors in this works and decisions made big effect on last product quality and profitability are not able to be risked. This chapter deal with valuable information on the latest challenges and key innovations affecting the animal husbandry. Also, innovative approaches and applications for animal husbandry are tried to be summarized with detail latest research results.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Serap Göncü and Cahit Güngör",authors:[{id:"215579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Goncu",slug:"serap-goncu",fullName:"Serap Goncu"},{id:"218971",title:"Dr.",name:"Cahit",middleName:null,surname:"Güngör",slug:"cahit-gungor",fullName:"Cahit Güngör"}]},{id:"58486",title:"Quality of Chicken Meat",slug:"quality-of-chicken-meat",totalDownloads:3354,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Chicken meat is considered as an easily available source of high-quality protein and other nutrients that are necessary for proper body functioning. In order to meet the consumers’ growing demands for high-quality protein, the poultry industry focused on selection of fast-growing broilers, which reach a body mass of about 2.5 kg within 6-week-intensive fattening. Relatively low sales prices of chicken meat, in comparison to other types of meat, speak in favor of the increased chicken meat consumption. In addition, chicken meat is known by its nutritional quality, as it contains significant amount of high-quality and easily digestible protein and a low portion of saturated fat. Therefore, chicken meat is recommended for consumption by all age groups. The technological parameters of chicken meat quality are related to various factors (keeping conditions, feeding treatment, feed composition, transport, stress before slaughter, etc.). Composition of chicken meat can be influenced through modification of chicken feed composition (addition of different types of oils, vitamins, microelements and amino acids), to produce meat enriched with functional ingredients (n-3 PUFA, carnosine, selenium and vitamin E). By this way, chicken meat becomes a foodstuff with added value, which, in addition to high-quality nutritional composition, also contains ingredients that are beneficial to human health.",book:{id:"6384",slug:"animal-husbandry-and-nutrition",title:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Animal Husbandry and Nutrition"},signatures:"Gordana Kralik, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević and Danica Hanžek",authors:[{id:"207236",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"gordana-kralik",fullName:"Gordana Kralik"},{id:"227281",title:"Prof.",name:"Zlata",middleName:null,surname:"Kralik",slug:"zlata-kralik",fullName:"Zlata Kralik"},{id:"227283",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Grčević",slug:"manuela-grcevic",fullName:"Manuela Grčević"},{id:"227284",title:"BSc.",name:"Danica",middleName:null,surname:"Hanžek",slug:"danica-hanzek",fullName:"Danica Hanžek"}]},{id:"56453",title:"Goat System Productions: Advantages and Disadvantages to the Animal, Environment and Farmer",slug:"goat-system-productions-advantages-and-disadvantages-to-the-animal-environment-and-farmer",totalDownloads:4388,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Goats have always been considered very useful animals. Goats success is related to its excellent adaptability to the difficult mountain conditions, extreme weather and low value feed acceptance, versatile habits and high production considering their size. These are some reasons because goats are among the first animals to be domesticated. In terms of evolution, goats could be separated by their dispersion area in three large groups: the European, the Asian, and the African. Global goat populations, mainly in Africa and in Asia, have increased for centuries but very strongly in the past decades, well above the world population growth. They are also used for forest grazing, an integrated and alternative production system, very useful to control weed growth reducing fire risk. Despite some exceptions, no large‐scale effort to professionalize this industry has been made so far. There are consumers for goat dairy products and there is enough global production, but misses a professional network between both. Regarding goat meat, the world leadership also stays in Africa and Asia, namely in China, and there is a new phenomenon, the spreading of goat meat tradition through Europe due to migrants from Africa and other places with strong goat meat consumption.",book:{id:"5987",slug:"goat-science",title:"Goat Science",fullTitle:"Goat Science"},signatures:"António Monteiro, José Manuel Costa and Maria João Lima",authors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"},{id:"203680",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"maria-joao-lima",fullName:"Maria João Lima"},{id:"203683",title:"MSc.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"jose-manuel-costa",fullName:"José Manuel Costa"}]},{id:"70760",title:"Induction and Synchronization of Estrus",slug:"induction-and-synchronization-of-estrus",totalDownloads:1759,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Estrus cycle is a rhythmic change that occur in the reproductive system of females starting from one estrus phase to another. The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"297",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. 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