the yield of rhamnolipid on biomass (g g-1)b volumetric production rate (g L-1 h-1)Summary of results obtained in an integrated bioreactor for the production of rhamnolipid produced by
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"831",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",title:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Liver biopsy, first performed by Paul Ehrlich in 1883, remains an important diagnostic procedure for the management of hepatobiliary disorders and the candidate/donated organ for transplantation. The book "Liver biopsy in Modern Medicine" comprises 21 chapters covering the various aspects of the biopsy procedure in detail and provides an up-to-date insightful coverage to the recent advances in the management of the various disorders with liver biospy. This book will keep up with cutting edge understanding of liver biopsy to many clinicians, physicians, scientists, pharmaceutics, engineers and other experts in a wide variety of different disciplines.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-883-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6748-8",doi:"10.5772/1342",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"liver-biopsy-in-modern-medicine",numberOfPages:390,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7b41e87c701a255c1a5ef8c5a15a3a56",bookSignature:"Yoshiaki Mizuguchi",publishedDate:"October 10th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/831.jpg",numberOfDownloads:78178,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:66,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 2nd 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 6th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 5th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"62797",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Mizuguchi",slug:"yoshiaki-mizuguchi",fullName:"Yoshiaki Mizuguchi",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Yoshiaki Mizuguchi is currently Assistant professor of Surgery at the Nippon Medical School Hospital in Japan. He is living in Shibuya, a central town of Tokyo and he loves swimming and Sumo wrestling. Besides working as a general/hepatobiliary surgeon for over a decade - he possess a remarkable research profile too. Dr. Mizuguchi’s recent research interests are profiling of microRNA in hepatobiliary cancer and find novel microRNAs which are associated with cancer biology. He made a land mark achievement in this field when he recently reported for the first time the massive sequencing analysis of microRNAs in Hepatitis B virus associated Hepatocellular carcinoma. One of his major achievements other than microRNA is the report and Japanese patent in which he demonstrated that Silencing with RNA interference for Transforming beta receptor 2 can control acute liver injury.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology"}],chapters:[{id:"21424",title:"Liver Biopsy in Transplantation: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Eosinophils",doi:"10.5772/22920",slug:"liver-biopsy-in-transplantation-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-and-the-eosinophils",totalDownloads:2385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yasuhiko Sugawara, Norihiro Kokudo and Yoji Kishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21424",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21424",authors:[{id:"49800",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuhiko",surname:"Sugawara",slug:"yasuhiko-sugawara",fullName:"Yasuhiko Sugawara"},{id:"52383",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoji",surname:"Kishi",slug:"yoji-kishi",fullName:"Yoji Kishi"},{id:"52384",title:"Dr.",name:"Norihiro",surname:"Kokudo",slug:"norihiro-kokudo",fullName:"Norihiro Kokudo"}],corrections:null},{id:"21425",title:"Histopathological Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",doi:"10.5772/19403",slug:"histopathological-diagnosis-of-non-alcoholic-and-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:3445,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrea Tannapfel and Berenike Flott-Rahmel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21425",authors:[{id:"34863",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Tannapfel",slug:"andrea-tannapfel",fullName:"Andrea Tannapfel"},{id:"53108",title:"Prof.",name:"Berenike",surname:"Flott-Rahmel",slug:"berenike-flott-rahmel",fullName:"Berenike Flott-Rahmel"}],corrections:null},{id:"21426",title:"Metabolic Steatosis & Fibrosis: Review of the Non-Invasive Tools for Diagnosis and Screening",doi:"10.5772/20794",slug:"metabolic-steatosis-fibrosis-review-of-the-non-invasive-tools-for-diagnosis-and-screening",totalDownloads:5204,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Véronique Miette, Meriem Abdennour, Laurent Sandrin and Magali Sasso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21426",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21426",authors:[{id:"40269",title:"Dr",name:"Laurent",surname:"Sandrin",slug:"laurent-sandrin",fullName:"Laurent Sandrin"},{id:"40531",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronique",surname:"Miette",slug:"veronique-miette",fullName:"Veronique Miette"},{id:"54117",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",surname:"Abdennour",slug:"meriem-abdennour",fullName:"Meriem Abdennour"},{id:"54118",title:"Dr.",name:"Magali",surname:"Sasso",slug:"magali-sasso",fullName:"Magali Sasso"}],corrections:null},{id:"21427",title:"Reversal of Liver Fibrosis: A Review",doi:"10.5772/20753",slug:"reversal-of-liver-fibrosis-a-review",totalDownloads:4399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mona H. 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Surface active agents or surfactants or are amphiphilic compounds that are chemically synthesized which can greatly reduce the surface tension of a liquid. They are widely used industrially for various purposes such as detergents, wetting agents, foaming agents, emulsifiers, dispersants, lubricants and penetrants (Mulligan & Gibbs, 1993). To date, a large majority of surfactants used are chemically synthesized including alkylbenzene sulfonates (detergents) and lauryl sulfate (foaming agent) (Mukherjee et al., 2006). These synthetic surfactants have been used in the oil industries to aid the clean up of oil spills, rapidly removing large amounts of oil from the ocean/soil surface (Banat, 1995). However, much like the oil they remove, these compounds exhibit poor biodegradability, are toxic to the environment and consequently, have limited applications.
\n\t\t\tIn recent years, environmental compatibility and biodegradability have become increasingly important factors in the selection of industrial chemicals (Banat, 1995). For this reason, natural biosurfactants appear as a promising candidate to replace or reduce the usage of chemically synthesized surfactants. Biosurfactants are surface active biomolecules produced by a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi. As with surfactants, they too are amphipathic molecules, comprising hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. The simultaneous existence of these domains provides biosurfactants the ability to partition themselves at the interphases between different fluid phases (Banat et al., 2000). They show similar capability of reducing the surface and interfacial tensions using the same mechanisms as the synthetic surfactants. Owing to their unique characteristics which include lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, environmental compatibility and stable activity at extreme pH, salinity and temperature, biosurfactants have gained attention and importance in various fields (Maier, 2003; Mullican et al., 2005).
\n\t\t\tIn general, biosurfactants are still unable to compete with the synthetic surfactants for commercial purposes due to their high production and recovery costs. As reported by Mukherjee et al., (2006), three main factors that hinder the commercialization of biosurfactant are: i) the high cost of raw materials; ii) the high recovery and purification costs; and iii) the low yields in the production processes. Thus, in order to reduce the production cost of biosurfactants and to increase the efficiency of biosurfactant production, several techniques and approaches have been adopted worldwide. Inexpensive alternative substrates, optimized culture conditions in bioreactor operations, cost-effective recovery processes and strain improvements have been investigated to enhance biosurfactant yields (Chen
Efficient downstream processing techniques are required to minimize the overall production costs of any biotechnological products, including biosurfactants. Moreover, approximately 60% of the total biosurfactant production expenditure is from the downstream processes. Thus, it is prudent to recover and purify the biosurfactants in a cost-effective manner as this will contribute significantly in minimizing the total cost of production. In most reported studies, biosurfactants are recovered from the culture media using a combination of several techniques such as precipitation, centrifugation and solvent extraction (Desai and Desai, 1993). However, the solvents that are generally used for biosurfactant recovery, such as methanol, chloroform, acetone and dichloromethane are air-polluting, costly and toxic to environment.
\n\t\t\tFoam fractionation has drawn the most attention for the recovery of surface active molecules as this technique offers high effectiveness and requires a low cost of operation. It was originally proposed by Leonard and Lemlich in 1965 and has recently been practiced by a number of researchers (Davis et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2006a; Chen et al., 2006b; Sarachat et al., 2010). In this technique, foam is allowed to overflow from the bioreactor through a fractionation column, resulting in a highly concentrated product. To date, due to the outstanding features of this technique, such as high effectiveness, high purity of product, low space requirements and environmentally friendly, there are a number of reports that presented foam fractionation as one of the most proficient methods in biosurfactant recovery (Chen et al., 2006a; Davis et al., 2001; Noah et al., 2002; Sarachat et al., 2010).
\n\t\t\t\tThe present study focused on the production and recovery of a biosurfactant produced by
Batch cultivation was carried out in 3.0 L bioreactor (Bioflo 115, New Brunswick, USA), integrated with a foam fractionation system for the primary rhamnolipid recovery. The foam fractionation system consisted of two main parts: i) a 3.0 L bioreactor and ii) a foam recycler system (Figure 1). The foam recycler system was equipped with a foam collector vessel (500 mL flask) and a foam recycler pump. The rapid stirring and aeration supplied during the fermentation ensured excessive foam and the overflowed foam was allowed to flow out of the bioreactor through an integrated foam tube. The resulting foamate was directed into the foam collector vessel and was continuously recycled into the bioreactor using the foam recycler pump until the rhamnolipid concentration in the foam remained constant. The foamate containing the concentrated product can be directly used for a suitable application or can be further purified should a higher concentration of rhamnolipid be required.
\n\t\t\t\tSchematic figure of modified bioreactor with integrated foam recycler system
The agitation speed and the aeration rate were manipulated throughout the study by setting the desired parameter values in the bioreactor controller, Biocommand OPC Version 1.30 (New Brunswick Scientific, USA).
\n\t\t\tThe formulas used to calculate the rhamnolipid recovery and enrichment in foam fractionation are as follows:
\n\t\t\t\tRhamnolipid recovery:
Rhamnolipid enrichment:
In a normal bioprocess practice, foam formation is avoided at all costs as it will cause several problems, such as stripping of product, nutrients and cells into the foam. In most fermentation systems, the excessive foam can be controlled chemically or mechanically. The addition of chemical antifoams can often suppress a highly foaming culture. However, this technique will raise the cost of cultivation and lower its productivity as the antifoam (usually a surface tension lowering substance) can be costly and its presence may reduce the oxygen transfer rate and the nutrient uptake (Davis et al., 2001). Moreover, antifoam often works upon addition, but the foam build-up will soon ensue as the fermentation progresses. On the other hand, mechanical foam breakers or any mechanical devices are only applicable for a moderately foaming culture as this technique can cause high energy consumption (Heinzle et al., 2006).
\n\t\t\tThe simultaneous rhamnolipid production and primary recovery using the foam fractionation system developed in this work was able to address the foaming problem associated with rhamnolipid production without the addition of an antifoam agent. As reported by Yeh et al., (2006), the biosurfactant product preferentially distributed into the foam fraction, resulting in a higher concentration of biosurfactants in the foam. Consequently, this approach gave a concentrated biosurfactant product while at the same time, alleviated the foaming problem.
\n\t\t\tBesides establishing a bioreactor design that can control foaming and recover the product, the other interest in this work is to study the effect of aeration and agitation speed towards rhamnolipid production and foam formation. These two parameters are highly correlated with the oxygen transfer efficiency in the bioreactor (Davis et\n\t\t\t\t\t\tal., 2001, Yeh et al., 2006). Thus, the effect of the aeration rate towards rhamnolipid production was investigated by fixing the stirrer speed at 400 rpm. As indicated in Figure 2, the cell dry weight of
\n\t\t\t\t\tYeh and co-workers (2006) reported that efficient mass transfer and sufficient oxygen supply played major roles in rhamnolipid production. The influence of agitation rates in enhancing rhamnolipid yield and productivity was further investigated. The highest rhamnolipid concentration in the foamate (2.93 g/L) was achieved using the foam recycler system, with the bioreactor aerated at 0.5 vvm and agitated at 500 rpm. As shown in Figure
\n\t\t\t\tTime profile of cell dry weight of
Time profile of rhamnolipid concentration produced by
5, the highest concentration of rhamnolipid was detected from the recycled foam, not from the culture broth. This finding provides valuable information regarding the rhamnolipid enrichment and recovery process as summarized in Table 1, confirming that rhamnolipid was being concentrated in the foam.
\n\t\t\t\tThus, this approach would be beneficial for subsequent downstream processes, providing an alternative source for rhamnolipid recovery as it was recovered from the froth rather than the spent broth. In addition, it presents a significant process cost reduction since the foamate is much smaller in volume relative to the spent broth. Rhamnolipid productivity in the foam recycler system was double the value of that in the conventional cultivation. In particular, the foam recycler system improved rhamnolipid production but did not contribute much to the growth of
Cultivation condition | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYield a\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tProductivity b\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRhamnolipid enrichment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRhamnolipid recovery (%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRemarks \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||
Aeration rate (vvm) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAgitation rate (rpm) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFoam recycler system | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t|||||
1.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t400 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t√ | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.203 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.015 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo overflow foam | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t400 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t√ | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.196 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.012 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo overflow foam | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.144 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.014 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 % of culture broth was loss | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
0.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t500 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t√ | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.233 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.028 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t65.40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOverflowed foam was recycled | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
the yield of rhamnolipid on biomass (g g-1)b volumetric production rate (g L-1 h-1)Summary of results obtained in an integrated bioreactor for the production of rhamnolipid produced by
Direct utilization of the foam produced can be applied in many fields, such as in bioremediation where the foam can be used to flush contaminated soils. For example, in a study conducted by Mulligan & Wang, 2006, the feasibility of rhamnolipid foam to enhance the remediation of heavy metals in contaminated soils was evaluated.
\n\t\t\t\tTime profile of cell growth during batch fermentation agitated at 500 rpm under an aeration rate of 0.5 vvm
Time profile of rhamnolipid concentration during batch fermentation agitated at 500 rpm under an aeration rate of 0.5 vvm
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Comparison of foam fractionation for biosurfactant recovery from this work with other studies
At the end of this experiment, 2.93 g/L rhamnolipid was successfully obtained from the foam collected. The suitable agitation rate is very important to maintain the homogeneity of the medium and bacterial cells in the bioreactor. Using this combination (500 rpm and 0.5 vvm), a uniform distribution of the gas phase and sufficient gas-liquid mass transfer was achieved. With the foam recycler system, the foam was successfully fractionated and yielded a much higher rhamnolipid concentration. Severe foam formation was kept under control throughout the cultivation without the addition of an antifoam agent. Further research is needed to improve the system, namely to enhance the production where the other modes of cultivation (fed-batch or continuous) can be explored.
\n\t\tThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work in the form of the Postgraduate Incentive Grant, University Sains Malaysia (USM) and the National Science Fellowship, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia (MOSTI). All equipment and facilities are provided by USM.
\n\t\tAround 96% of the total coal production in India is currently being produced by opencast mining method and the contribution of underground mining is on a declining trend from 22% in 2001 to 4% in 2019. Opencast is favoured due to availability of reserves at shallow depth of cover and heavy earth moving mechanised technologies over underground as the former has rock mechanics issues as only slope/dump stability. However, opencast mining method has limitations of depth and associated environmental concerns. Underground mining is a way forward towards clean coal production technology and sustainable development. Depletion of coal at shallow depth is paving the way towards underground mining.
Indian coal mining industry had rampantly developed a number of coal seams using Bord and Pillar (B&P) mining method on square/rectangular pillars and galleries with around 20–30% coal recovery as per Regulation 111 of the Coal Mines Regulation [1]. Development of coal seam using B&P mining method requires less technical knowledge of rock mechanics. Depillaring of the developed coal pillars becomes challenging due to complex geomining conditions of Indian coalfields namely nature of roof, geological discontinuities and surface/subsurface structures. Conventional depillaring (CD) using drilling-blasting faced issues of goaf encroachment, high induced stresses and failure of underground structures. Coal producing industries started looking for suitable mass coal producing underground technologies to meet the desired coal production. Longwall mining method was introduced long back in India during 1970s but did not get success due to the direct application of foreign technology in Indian complex geomining conditions without any
Continuous miner (CM) based mechanised depillaring (MD) has been introduced as a mass coal producing technology to extract the standing coal pillars. It has proved to be successful in India and CM has been deployed in a number of Indian coal mines and many more are yet to come. It has gained the faith of industry by proving its potential of safety and production. Reason of success of CM based MD in Indian coalfields are indigenous design of different geotechnical elements like irregular shaped heightened rib/snook, roof bolts-based breaker-line as goaf edge support, warning limit of roof sagging in geotechnical instrument and cut-out distance in different geomining conditions. Average daily production from a CM face is around 2000 t which is around 10 times of the daily production from a CD face using drilling-blasting. Success of any underground mining method depends upon the performance of underground structures under extreme difficult high induced stress condition. Table 1 shows the details of MD during development and depillaring in Indian coalfields using CM.
Name of mine | Depth | Pillar size (m × m) | Gallery width (m) | Immediate roof | Manner of pillar extraction | Snook size (m2) | Roof sagging limit in AWTT (mm) | Cut-out distance (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 50–163 | 33 × 33 | 6.6 | Sandy shale | Split and slice | 26 | 5 mm as both warning and withdrawal limits | 14 m in split and 10 m in slice |
G | 160–325 | 35 × 36 | 6.0 | Sandstone | Split and slice | 102 | 5 mm as warning and 10 mm as withdrawal limits | 15 m in split and 12 m in slice |
P | 50–120 | 18.5 × 19.5 | 6.6 | Shale | Christmas tree | 22 | 5 mm as warning and 8 mm as withdrawal limits | 12 m in split and 9.5 m in slice |
V | 50–100 | 18.5 × 19.5 | 6.6 | Shale | Christmas tree | 22 | 5 mm as warning and 8 mm as withdrawal limits | 12 m in split and 9.5 m in slice |
Details of mechanised depillaring operations at different Indian coalfields.
Underground mining in India has not boomed to that extent due to the less rock mechanics advances in B&P mining method. Depillaring continues to be one of the most challenging and hazardous activities in underground coal mining due to different accidents by roof/side falls and poor performance of structures. It is the main stage of production with around 60–80% of coal recovery. MD was first introduced in 2003 at Anjan Hill Mine of Chirimiri Area of South Eastern Coalfields Limited a subsidiary of Coal India Limited. Irregular shaped rib/snook created during pillar extraction and resin grouted roof-bolts are used as goaf edge support for the first time in India. Due to non-availability of empirical formulation to design such rib/snook and roof bolts-based goaf edge support, MD achieved mixed results in Indian coalfields. Also, the time interval between flashing of light in auto warning tell-tale instrument and roof fall was recorded to fix a warning threshold limit of roof sagging. It was successful at Anjan Hill Mine and MD was further introduced at a number of Indian coal mines to extract standing coal pillars and virgin coal seams.
It was found that the resin grouted roof-bolts as breaker line support (RBBLS) installed directly at the goaf edge did not work effectively and the roof fall extended inside the working and caused collapse of rib/snook and burial of CM [2, 3]. A small increase in area of rib/snook by 20–40% increased the stand-up time of roof in goaf by 5–10 hours. Hanging roof is a serious problem during MD as it creates the issue of front abutment stress causing goaf encroachment and burial of CM. Safety and productivity are the main concern during the underground mining. Geotechnical investigations found that caveability of overlying strata and size of remnants are the two important factors which affect the safety and productivity. Insufficient knowledge of geological discontinuities further aggravates these issues. Rock mechanics challenges at the goaf edge during MD are very complex which needs to be addressed indigenously.
Natural supports (pillar/fender/rib/snook/stook) are an important element for the success of MD. Size of pillar remnant is critical for the regular caving of overlying hanging strata in goaf during MD. Different countries used different nomenclature for the remnants like snook/stook ‘x’/final stump/rib/narrow fender (Figure 1). Risk of sudden major roof falls is reduced by leaving a proper sized rib/snook against the goaf. It acts like a barrier between the slicing operation and goaf. Pillar is split into two equal halves and each half is called fender/stook. After splitting, one fender keeps supporting the slicing operation in another reduced sized fender. Rib/snook is remains of fender left to temporarily support the cantilevering/beaming roof to permit safe extraction and fall gradually after the extraction is completed. Stability and competency of fender and rib/snook is important for the maximum possible extraction during MD. Natural supports provide more support to the roof than any artificial designed support (cog/chock/bolt/mobile breaker-line roof support). Interaction between the support (natural/artificial) and roof determines the safety and efficiency of the MD.
Different sizes of rib/snook created during the conventional and mechanised depillaring (modified after Singh et al. [
During the retreat rib/snook created are further reduced judiciously for regular caving of roof in the goaf which involves dangerous risk of accident. Narrow rib/snook crushes easily compared to wider snook and size of snook decides the fall area, pattern and filling. Massive/strong overlying strata are more affected by the rib/snook size compared to weak/laminated strata. The practice of leaving too large and too many rib/snook in the goaf over supports the roof cantilever/beam resulting in increased stand-up time of roof. This results in transfer of abutment stress towards fender and solid pillars in the working. Laminated/weak strata and shallow depth cover strata have less tendency of bridging compared to strong/massive at higher depth of cover. For weaker strata even a small rib/snook acts like a solid pillar at shallow depth of cover.
Small increase in area of rib/snook may lead to increased stand-up time of roof. Different shapes and sizes of rib/snook created during the three different manner of extraction are shown in Figure 1. The shape of rib/snook is often irregular in shape due to the manoeuvrability of CM and existing rectangular/square pillars. Shapes and estimation of area of such shapes of rib/snook formed during CD and MD is shown in Figure 2. No empirical formula is applicable or available to estimate the strength of such irregular rib/snook Figure 2(b) and (c). Seam height, depth of cover and nature of roof strata plays important role in deciding the competency of a given size of rib/snook. A conceptual model is developed for establishing a relationship of stand-up time of different nature of roof with the different sizes of rib/snook during MD as shown in Figure 3.
Area of different shapes and sizes of rib/snook created during the conventional and mechanised depillaring. (a) Shape of snook during conventional depillaring method. (b) Shape of snook during Christmas tree/fish bone method. (c) Shape of snook during split and fender method.
Stand-up time of different nature of roof in goaf with variation with rib/snook area.
Singh et al. [4] studied the performance of rib/snook at different underground mines practising MD at different depths and nature of roof. CM carried out the slicing operation under the shadow of created competent rib/snook. Therefore, stability of rib/snook becomes a concern for the safety of men and machineries. Some cases of burial of CM occurred at few mines due to failure of incompetent rib/snook explained in Singh et al. [2]. Singh et al. [4] conducted a parametric study based on the field studies on numerical models by varying the nature of roof and depth of cover. This study found to be useful in designing a competent rib/snook during MD.
Goaf edge during MD poses a challenging rock mechanics issue especially during the reduction of fender into rib/snook. Rib/snook formed cannot alone act against the goaf encroachment as it needs the support of breaker/hinge-line to break the bridging beam/cantilever roof. Performance of RBBLS in different mines had been monitored visually and also, using instrumented roof bolt. It was found that the position of hinge/breaker-line is affected by the nature of roof rock and size of competent fender/rib/snook/stook ‘x’, split gallery and out-bye intersections. Function of the hinge/breaker-line is to enhance the strength of rib/snook against caving roof and prevent the encroachment inside the working.
RBBLS forms an important geotechnical element of MD for its success. Pillar/fender at the goaf edge experienced fracturing of its sides (called spalling) which leads to shifting of position of RBBLS by 0.5–2.0 m towards the out-bye side depending upon the extent of spalling. After shifting the position, the efficiency of RBBLS enhanced (Figure 4). Ram et al. [5] designed the roof bolts-based breaker line as goaf edge support in Indian MD coalfields using the field and numerical simulation studies based on parametric variation of nature of roof and depth.
Controlled caving inside the goaf after placement of an efficient breaker line supports at the goaf edge.
Auto warning tell-tale is a geotechnical instrument which has a LED light for flashing in dark environment when the roof sagging crosses the threshold limit fixed in it. There are two important factors which decide success of AWTT in MD, namely, setting of safe roof sagging threshold limit and the fixation of anchorage point. Generally, the anchorage is fixed at a horizon of 10 m in the roof which is found to be a successful practice as the roof below it is vulnerable to failure during local fall after extraction. Roof sagging value is found to be varying in different methods of mining and factors like size of remnant, thickness and elasticity of roof affected it. Therefore, Kumar et al. [6] studied the roof sagging limit set in AWTT at different MD faces. Further, a parametric study to estimate a safe warning roof sagging limit is decided based on field studies and numerical simulation.
A typical observation by AWTT is shown in Figure 5 indicating the time-interval between flashing and roof fall in a MD panel. Initially, due to the support by barrier pillar from three sides and solid pillar from one side, the time taken for roof fall is the maximum. As the extraction progresses away from the barrier on dip-side, the time-interval between flashing of AWTT and roof fall reduced due to the formation of cantilever from beam. Variation in recording of roof displacement is studied in a MD panel through tell-tales (auto warning/single height/rotary). Most of the observations of roof sagging is found to be between 11 and 20 mm (Figure 6) as recorded from different tell-tales used in the mine.
Time-interval between flashing and roof fall in a MD panel measured using auto warning tell-tale.
Range of roof displacement observed in a panel through tell-tales.
Rock load height increases with increase in width of a gallery and found to be independent of its height. Cut-out distance defines the productivity of CM; therefore, it becomes an important geotechnical element to be designed in a panel. It is defined as the safe and stable span for a fixed width of gallery excavated by CM in a single lift without application of any applied/reactive support. Field studies are conducted at a number of Indian MD coalfields. It is found that width of the excavated gallery and nature of overlying strata are the two most influencing parameters which affects the cut-out distance to be practised in a given geo-mining conditions.
It has been also found that cut-out distance is to be kept different for a development and depillaring operations. Lesser rock mechanics issues are encountered during development activity by CM whereas depillaring involves dynamic activity where overlying strata are highly vulnerable to large induced stresses compared to development. However, it is kept to be a constant value in both development and depillaring operation for easier practice and understanding by the miners. It can be increased during development for faster preparation of the panel and reduced during depillaring for safety and productivity of the mine.
Thickness is a serious issue in Indian coalfields as a major amount of coal is lost due to unplanned development of a seam along roof/floor/middle horizon. A number of thick coal seams in the country are left developed along different horizons locking huge amount of coal [7]. Extraction of full thickness of a thick coal seam at a time is important for Indian underground coal mines. Earlier blasting gallery (BG) method was used by the Indian industry to extract the complete thickness of a thick coal seam in a single lift [8, 9]. But this method failed to improve the safety as well as faster and efficient recovery of coal extraction from BG panels. Height of the pillars at the goaf edge increased from the inbye side due to full extraction of the coal seam thickness during BG. Barrier pillars and pillars at the goaf edge in the panel were vulnerable to goaf encroachment and their premature collapse occurred due to strength dilution by indirect increase in height. Stability of heightened coal pillar was studied by Kumar et al. [10] using numerical simulation and established a relation between strength estimated through numerical modelling with that of CSIR-CIMFR formula, shown below.
where SNM = pillar strength estimated through numerical modelling and SCMRI = pillar strength estimated through empirical formulation.
Modification in manner of pillar extraction by CM helped in complete recovery of a 6 m thick coal at a time. CM extracted the floor coal up to 1.5–2.0 m during retreat in a slice. This created an issue of heightened irregular shaped rib/snook. Stability of such heightened rib/snook during MD was studied by Kumar et al. [7] by changing the heights of rib/snook from 3.0 to 6.0 m for a given area, nature of roof and depth. It needs to be further studied by changing the depth of cover and nature of roof with the variation in heights of rib/snook.
Depth is a major issue for design of underground mining structures as B&P mining method is no more feasible at overburden cover greater than 400 m. Longwall is feasible at such depth of cover but indigenous design of barrier/chain/rib pillar is important. A new concept of barrierless design of longwall panel has been introduced in China. Similar concept can be used in B&P for the design of barrier pillars. Optimum design of pillars helps in maximum coal recovery and minimum wastage as left-out remnants in goaf. Worldwide available empirical formula for estimation of pillar strength does not explain the effect of depth on their strength except Sheorey [11]. Higher depth creates the case of high value of vertical in-situ stress which affects the performance of underground structures [12]. Available empirical formulation becomes redundant for the strength estimation of underground structures at higher depth. CSIR-CIMFR empirical strength formula may be used to estimate pillar strength but it did not consider the failed and stable cases of pillar at such high depth of cover [13].
Experiences of working at higher depth are important for the Indian industry as it is planning to go deeper for coal extraction in near future. Recent experiences gained by IGN, Czech Republic in collaboration with CSIR-CIMFR, are beneficial for the Indian mining industry. Underground structures at higher depth of cover needs to be designed judiciously for the maximum coal recovery by leaving less amount of coal in the goaf. Further, it would not create the issues of spontaneous heating, goaf encroachment and coal bump. Also, there is a need to design an optimum barrier pillar at higher depth of cover exceeding 300 m which crushes with retreat of working in the panel. Concept of rib/snook design in MD needs to be used for design for pillar at higher depth of cover. It should be capable to support the roof and stand stable till the extraction is over under its shadow and should fail in a controlled manner in goaf due to increase stresses. Following such design norm would help in sustainable development with maximum utilisation of resources with less wastage.
Different nature of overlying strata has different unsupported span for its caving. During first row of coal pillar extraction in MD, the goaf span is not sufficient for caving and therefore it is suggested to go for the maximum possible extraction due to the support from barrier and solid pillars from all the sides. Generally, roof fall is experienced when the length of the goaf span is equal to the panel length. Presence of thick difficult to cave massive competent strata does not cave even after this span due to the higher strength and thickness [14]. Hanging of such strata creates issues of goaf encroachment, over riding of pillars and sometimes air blast and coal/rock bump.
Different techniques have been used to deal with such strata during MD. MD is practised in Pinoura and Vindhya mine having easily caveable roof with frequent roof fall to VK-7 and Churcha mine having massive Deccan trap/sill delaying roof fall. Bulking factor plays a major role in caving of roof and estimation of subsidence on the surface. Sometimes the difficult to cave massive strata is located after a parting in the roof. In this case the bulking of the caved material fills the void. If the roof is difficult to cave-in and present as immediate strata then it remains hanging in goaf for a longer span of exposure and remedial measures like induced blasting or small panel (non-effective width) technique is adopted. High induced stress is created due to large span of overhang in the goaf. Figure 7 shows the area of exposure and progressive area of fall in a MD panel.
Details of area of exposure and roof falls occurred in MD panel.
The value of caveability index (
where
This caveability index developed for Longwall mining is not applicable in case of MD as it has a number of openings around the goaf edge and left-out ribs/snooks. There is a need to develop such index for MD which would help to extract coal by CM especially under extremely difficult to cave massive strata.
Underground mining operation has witnessed failure of roof during widening and heightening of the developed galleries for adaptability and manoeuvrability of CM (Figure 8). This failure occurs due to hidden joints/slips with wash-outs, intercalation, and cross-stratification of shale and sandstone (Figure 8). Further, this failure was controlled by using the appropriate support system as per the results of numerical simulation and field investigations. Support becomes an important element under such disturbed nature of roof. Artificial supports in the immediate roof are installed generally after a length of 12 m (cut-out distance of CM) in a gallery width of 6 m. Geological discontinuities (hidden slips, wash-outs, cross-stratifications and intercalations of shale and sandstone) in immediate roof strata affected the advancement of drivages using CM in a panel. Freshly exposed immediate roof strata up to 1.8 m failed over the remotely operated CM. The local fall was dangerous to the drivages as it affected the safety, production and productivity of the mine. After the roof fall, cut-out distance was reduced to 4 m but the roof instability continued in the drivages. Further, support system was redesigned (increased density and length of bolts with wire mesh) to successfully control the roof instability for the reduced cut-out distance of 4 m.
Wash-outs exposed in the roof of dip rise gallery reduced the cut-out distance of CM during development.
It is easier to estimate the physico-mechanical properties of coal and rock in the laboratory using different rock testing equipment. These properties do not reflect the actual properties of in-situ coal/rock mass. There is available Sheorey failure criterion but it is age old and needs to be re-established for the higher depth of cover cases. Also, the strength estimated in laboratory are on a higher side and if these are considered for design of underground structures then there are likely chances of an under design which is vulnerable to fail.
Strength of rock mass is important for the stability of underground structures in rock and its realistic assessment for coal measure strata presents a unique challenge. Rock mass classifications have tried to quantify the behaviour of the rock mass. Failure criterion is helpful in prediction of strength of rock mass. But, the anisotropic and inhomogeneous behaviour of coal pillar restricts the scope of rock mass failure criteria for higher depth of cover. There is a need to revisit RMR classification system for failure criteria of intact coal measure formations at higher depth of cover.
Stress concentration on underground structures results into accumulation of strain energy inside it resulting into coal bump/rock burst. Coal measure formations have the capability to store large amount of strain energy before failing. It involves the violent failure of rock/coal around an excavation causing severe injury to the miners. Indian coalfields have rare experience of dealing with coal bump/rock burst due to working under moderate nature of roof at shallow depth of cover. Some incidences of coal bump/rock burst have been experienced due to hanging of overlying strata for a longer span in goaf after pillar extraction which creates high abutment stresses over the solid pillars. It is difficult to deal with such strata as their sudden caving lead to sometimes air blast.
Deep coal mines with massive/strong roof and high stress-conditions experience coal bump/rock burst. Severity of the rock bump increases with increase in depth and stress. Instrumentation and monitoring using geotechnical instruments and micro seismic methods are helpful in understanding and prevention of such occurrences. Energy stored depends upon the physico-mechanical properties of strata. Various destressing techniques have been practised worldwide to deal with such issues.
Parametric study by varying the nature of roof and depth of cover was carried out in FLAC3D by Singh et al. [4] to estimate the size of irregular shaped rib/snook during MD of existing square/rectangular shaped pillars. Further, height of rib was also varied [7] during extraction of complete thickness of a thick coal seam at a time using numerical simulation to estimate a stable competent size. Results of field and numerical simulation were used to estimate a competent rib/snook. Conceptual model was formulated to have a general idea about variation in size of rib/snook with depth of cover and nature of roof strata.
Area of competent sizes of ribs/snooks with variation in depth of cover and nature of the roof strata are analysed through a multivariate regression. A relationship is developed based on the analysis to estimate a competent size of the rib/snook (S), which is given as:
where H = depth of cover (m) and R = CMRI-RMR.
Rock load height (RLH) estimated at the goaf edge using numerical models with variation in RMR and depth of cover and analysed using multivariate regression by Ram et al. [5]. Based on field studies and numerical simulation observations, relationships are developed for the design of RBBLS at three different locations around the goaf edge which are given below.
For 0 m out-bye from goaf edge
For 1 m out-bye from goaf edge
For 2 m out-bye from goaf edge
Kumar et al. [6] did a multivariate analysis of the roof sagging recorded from the numerical models with variation in thickness and elastic modulus of immediate roof, size of remnants and distance from the goaf edge. This analysis helped in derivation of an Eq. 9 to calculate the limiting roof sagging value as:
where C is the roof sagging observed in model (mm), D is the goaf edge distance (m), E is the elastic modulus of immediate roof (GPa), A is the size of remnants left in or around goaf edge (m2), and T is the immediate roof thickness (m).
Taking into account the anisotropic and heterogeneous natures of rock, a safety factor of 2 is selected for fixation of the sagging value for a warning limit in AWTT which is given as:
where S is the warning value of roof sagging (mm) to be fixed in an AWTT.
CM does not damage the surrounding roof like drilling-blasting during cutting of coal. Cut-out distance in field has been practised based on trial and error in field. Numerical models based on a safe and stable roof sagging value of 5 mm are used to study the cut-out distance with varying nature of roof and width of gallery [7]. Elastic constitutive model is used to study the cut-out distance based on field studies in FLAC3D by fixing the allowable range of roof sagging to 5 mm (Figure 9). Roof sagging values for a 6 m width of gallery by varying the cut-out distances are shown in Figure 9 on numerical models. Figure 9 also depicts that the cut-out distance can be further extended beyond 12 m during development using CM for faster extraction.
Roof sagging value for different cut-out distance in FLAC3D. (a) 9 m, (b) 10 m, (c) 11 m, and (d) 12 m.
Based on the results of numerical model and field studies, a relationship is established to estimate the cut-out distance with variation in nature of roof and gallery width, which is given as:
where S is the length of cut-out distance (m), W = width of gallery (m), and E = elastic modulus of immediate roof (GPa).
Apart from abovementioned issues for B&P mining method using CM based MD, there are challenges of rock mechanics in Indian coalfields at higher depth of cover for the characterisation of rock mass, response of underground structures to high in-situ stresses, design of underground structures, economics, subsidence, complete extraction of difficult coal seam at a time, failure criterion of rock mass, fixation of warning limit for stress and convergence in different geotechnical instrumentation and so forth.
Despite being the second largest producer of coal in the world, Longwall top coal caving method of mining is still not practised in Indian coalfields whereas China produces around 90% of the coal using this technology. Most of the Indian coal is being produced using opencast method which is not sustainable for longer duration due to its different limitations. Solutions to these future problems lie in carrying out R&D for each such issue on priority basis for the Indian coalfields.
Mechanised depillaring using continuous miner technology has proven its potential in improvement of production and safety since last 10 years. A number of Indian coal mines are preferring mechanised depillaring over conventional technique to extract the locked-up coal pillars. Field study found that geo-mining conditions and design of geotechnical structures created during mechanised depillaring affect the performance of this mass coal producing technology. Rock mechanics developments in design of geo technical such as breaker-line support, rib/snook, cut-out distance/lift length and determination of roof sagging limit in instruments at the goaf edges has improved the performance of mechanised depillaring operations. However, rock mechanics issues like complete extraction of a thick coal seam, large span of overhang, caveability of difficult overlying strata, geological discontinuities, depth of working and pillar design at higher depth remains a challenge for this technology. Efforts are being made to deal with these issues in Indian coalfields as per their confrontation.
The authors are obliged to the Director of CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, and the Director of Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, for their permission to publish this chapter. The authors also give their due regards to the mine management of different Indian coalfields for the support during field studies. The views expressed in this chapter are that of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of their organisations.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Different modeling schemes are required for designing of efficient surveillance system under various illumination conditions.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Mritunjay Rai, Agha Asim Husain, Tanmoy Maity and Ravindra\nKumar Yadav",authors:[{id:"229772",title:"Mr.",name:"Agha",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",slug:"agha-husain",fullName:"Agha Husain"},{id:"231155",title:"Mr.",name:"Mritunjay",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"mritunjay-rai",fullName:"Mritunjay Rai"},{id:"231197",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravindra Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"ravindra-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Ravindra Kumar Yadav"},{id:"231198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Maity",slug:"tanmoy-maity",fullName:"Tanmoy Maity"}]},{id:"63135",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79442",title:"Device-Free Localization for Human Activity Monitoring",slug:"device-free-localization-for-human-activity-monitoring",totalDownloads:1272,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Over the past few decades, human activity monitoring has grabbed considerable research attentions due to greater demand for human-centric applications in healthcare and assisted living. For instance, human activity monitoring can be adopted in smart building system to improve the building management as well as the quality of life, especially for the elderly people who are facing health deterioration due to aging factor, without neglecting the important aspects such as safety and energy consumption. The existing human monitoring technology requires additional sensors, such as GPS, PIR sensors, video camera, etc., which incur cost and have several drawbacks. There exist various solutions of using other technologies for human activity monitoring in a smartly controlled environment, either device-assisted or device-free. A radio frequency (RF)-based device-free indoor localization, known as device-free localization (DFL), has attracted a lot of research effort in recent years due its simplicity, low cost, and compatibility with the existing hardware equipped with RF interface. This chapter introduces the potential of RF signals, commonly adopted for wireless communications, as sensing tools for DFL system in human activity monitoring. DFL is based on the concept of radio irregularity where human existence in wireless communication field may interfere and change the wireless characteristics.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Shaufikah Shukri, Latifah Munirah Kamarudin and Mohd Hafiz\nFazalul Rahiman",authors:[{id:"79078",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Hafiz",middleName:null,surname:"Fazalul Rahiman",slug:"mohd-hafiz-fazalul-rahiman",fullName:"Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman"},{id:"144102",title:"Dr.",name:"Latifah Munirah",middleName:null,surname:"Kamarudin",slug:"latifah-munirah-kamarudin",fullName:"Latifah Munirah Kamarudin"},{id:"249862",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shaufikah",middleName:null,surname:"Shukri",slug:"shaufikah-shukri",fullName:"Shaufikah Shukri"}]},{id:"61855",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76086",title:"Real-Time Action Recognition Using Multi-level Action Descriptor and DNN",slug:"real-time-action-recognition-using-multi-level-action-descriptor-and-dnn",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This work presents a novel approach to the problem of real-time human action recognition in intelligent video surveillance. For more efficient and precise labeling of an action, this work proposes a multilevel action descriptor, which delivers complete information of human actions. The action descriptor consists of three levels: posture, locomotion, and gesture level; each of which corresponds to a different group of subactions describing a single human action, for example, smoking while walking. The proposed action recognition method is able to localize and recognize simultaneously the actions of multiple individuals using appearance-based temporal features with multiple convolutional neural networks (CNN). Although appearance cues have been successfully exploited for visual recognition problems, appearance, motion history, and their combined cues with multi-CNNs have not yet been explored. Additionally, the first systematic estimation of several hyperparameters for shape and motion history cues is investigated. The proposed approach achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 73.2% in the frame-based evaluation over the newly collected large-scale ICVL video dataset. The action recognition model can run at around 25 frames per second, which is suitable for real-time surveillance applications.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Cheng-Bin Jin, Trung Dung Do, Mingjie Liu and Hakil Kim",authors:[{id:"231409",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakil",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"hakil-kim",fullName:"Hakil Kim"},{id:"231419",title:"MSc.",name:"Chengbin",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"chengbin-jin",fullName:"Chengbin Jin"},{id:"240573",title:"MSc.",name:"Trung-Dung",middleName:null,surname:"Do",slug:"trung-dung-do",fullName:"Trung-Dung Do"},{id:"240574",title:"MSc.",name:"Mingjie",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"mingjie-liu",fullName:"Mingjie Liu"}]},{id:"63187",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80407",title:"Color Image Watermarking Based on Radon Transform and Jordan Decomposition",slug:"color-image-watermarking-based-on-radon-transform-and-jordan-decomposition",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Digital watermarking has been widely used for ownership identification and copyright protection. In this chapter, a color image watermarking method based on Radon transform (RT) and Jordan decomposition (JD) is proposed. Initially, the host color image is converted into L*a*b* color space. Then, the b* channel is selected and it is divided into 16 × 16 non-overlapping blocks. RT is applied to each of these blocks. JD is applied to the selected RT coefficients of each block represented in m × n matrix. Watermark data is embedded in the coefficients of the similarity transform matrix obtained from JD using a new quantization equation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is highly robust against various attacks such as noise addition, cropping, filtering, blurring, rotation, JPEG compression etc. In addition, it provides high quality watermarked images. Moreover, it shows superior performance than the state-of-the-art methods reported recently in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.",book:{id:"7336",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",fullTitle:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography"},signatures:"Pranab Kumar Dhar, Rakib Hasan and Tetsuya Shimamura",authors:[{id:"248688",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranab Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dhar",slug:"pranab-kumar-dhar",fullName:"Pranab Kumar Dhar"},{id:"259313",title:"BSc.",name:"Raqib",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"raqib-hasan",fullName:"Raqib Hasan"},{id:"259314",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Shimamura",slug:"tetsuya-shimamura",fullName:"Tetsuya Shimamura"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62461",title:"Access Control in the Wild Using Face Verification",slug:"access-control-in-the-wild-using-face-verification",totalDownloads:1230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the past few years, face recognition has received great attention from both research and commercial communities. Areas such as access control using face verification are dominated by solutions developed by both the government and the industry. In this chapter, a face verification solution is presented using open-source algorithms for access control of large-scale events under unconstrained environments. From the type of camera calibration to the algorithms used for face detection and recognition, every stage has a proposed solution. Tests using the proposed solutions in the entrance of a building were made in order to test and compare each solution proposed.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Ricardo Ribeiro, Daniel Lopes and António Neves",authors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"},{id:"248359",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"ricardo-ribeiro",fullName:"Ricardo Ribeiro"},{id:"248360",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",slug:"daniel-lopes",fullName:"Daniel Lopes"}]},{id:"61410",title:"Advance Intelligent Video Surveillance System (AIVSS): A Future Aspect",slug:"advance-intelligent-video-surveillance-system-aivss-a-future-aspect",totalDownloads:3303,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Over the last few decades, remarkable infrastructure growths have been noticed in security-related issues throughout the world. So, with increased demand for Security, Video-based Surveillance has become an important area for the research. An Intelligent Video Surveillance system basically censored the performance, happenings, or changing information usually in terms of human beings, vehicles or any other objects from a distance by means of some electronic equipment (usually digital camera). The scopes like prevention, detection, and intervention which have led to the development of real and consistent video surveillance systems are capable of intelligent video processing competencies. In broad terms, advanced video-based surveillance could be described as an intelligent video processing technique designed to assist security personnel’s by providing reliable real-time alerts and to support efficient video analysis for forensic investigations. This chapter deals with the various requirements for designing a robust and reliable video surveillance system. Also, it is discussed the different types of cameras required in different environmental conditions such as indoor and outdoor surveillance. Different modeling schemes are required for designing of efficient surveillance system under various illumination conditions.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Mritunjay Rai, Agha Asim Husain, Tanmoy Maity and Ravindra\nKumar Yadav",authors:[{id:"229772",title:"Mr.",name:"Agha",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",slug:"agha-husain",fullName:"Agha Husain"},{id:"231155",title:"Mr.",name:"Mritunjay",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"mritunjay-rai",fullName:"Mritunjay Rai"},{id:"231197",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravindra Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"ravindra-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Ravindra Kumar Yadav"},{id:"231198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Maity",slug:"tanmoy-maity",fullName:"Tanmoy Maity"}]},{id:"64963",title:"Human Activity Recognition without Vision Tracking",slug:"human-activity-recognition-without-vision-tracking",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This work describes the recognition of human activity based on the interaction between people and objects in domestic settings, specifically in a kitchen. The difference between this and other proposals is that considers a human activity in a process without vision tracking. Videos are a sequence of photographs. Taking this into account, if you analyze an orderly sequence of images it could be based on the objects present in each scene so that you can understand the possible activity performed. However, it is not enough to consider the objects present in the scene; it is necessary to determine if those objects are employed or not by the humans present. If they are used, it is evident that they are necessary to carry out the activity; if they are not used they would only provide noise to the recognized activity. Therefore, it is necessary to generate a conceptualization of objects in the scene with characteristics (definition of an object, motion detector, object recognition, object position, object action) that allows you to recognize them and to determine the degree of use (unchanged, added, removed, moved, and indeterminate) and influence the possible recognized activity.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Carlos Alberto Flores Vázquez, Joan Aranda, Daniel Icaza, Santiago\nPulla, Marcelo Flores-Vázquez and Nelson Federico Cordova",authors:[{id:"248619",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Vázquez",slug:"carlos-flores-vazquez",fullName:"Carlos Flores-Vázquez"},{id:"254652",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Vázquez",slug:"marcelo-flores-vazquez",fullName:"Marcelo Flores-Vázquez"},{id:"254653",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Icaza",slug:"daniel-icaza",fullName:"Daniel Icaza"},{id:"254654",title:"MSc.",name:"Nelson Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Cordova",slug:"nelson-federico-cordova",fullName:"Nelson Federico Cordova"}]},{id:"63187",title:"Color Image Watermarking Based on Radon Transform and Jordan Decomposition",slug:"color-image-watermarking-based-on-radon-transform-and-jordan-decomposition",totalDownloads:1308,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Digital watermarking has been widely used for ownership identification and copyright protection. In this chapter, a color image watermarking method based on Radon transform (RT) and Jordan decomposition (JD) is proposed. Initially, the host color image is converted into L*a*b* color space. Then, the b* channel is selected and it is divided into 16 × 16 non-overlapping blocks. RT is applied to each of these blocks. JD is applied to the selected RT coefficients of each block represented in m × n matrix. Watermark data is embedded in the coefficients of the similarity transform matrix obtained from JD using a new quantization equation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is highly robust against various attacks such as noise addition, cropping, filtering, blurring, rotation, JPEG compression etc. In addition, it provides high quality watermarked images. Moreover, it shows superior performance than the state-of-the-art methods reported recently in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.",book:{id:"7336",slug:"digital-image-and-video-watermarking-and-steganography",title:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography",fullTitle:"Digital Image and Video Watermarking and Steganography"},signatures:"Pranab Kumar Dhar, Rakib Hasan and Tetsuya Shimamura",authors:[{id:"248688",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranab Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dhar",slug:"pranab-kumar-dhar",fullName:"Pranab Kumar Dhar"},{id:"259313",title:"BSc.",name:"Raqib",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"raqib-hasan",fullName:"Raqib Hasan"},{id:"259314",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Shimamura",slug:"tetsuya-shimamura",fullName:"Tetsuya Shimamura"}]},{id:"62544",title:"Particle-Filter-Based Intelligent Video Surveillance System",slug:"particle-filter-based-intelligent-video-surveillance-system",totalDownloads:937,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this study, an intelligent video surveillance (IVS) system is designed based on the particle filter. The designed IVS system can gather the information of the number of persons in the area and hot spots of the area. At first, the Gaussian mixture background model is utilized to detect moving objects by background subtraction. The moving object appearing in the margin of the video frame is considered as a new person. Then, a new particle filter is assigned to track the new person when it is detected. A particle filter is canceled when the corresponding tracked person leaves the video frame. Moreover, the Kalman filter is utilized to estimate the position of the person when the person is occluded. Information of the number of persons in the area and hot spots is gathered by tracking persons in the video frame. Finally, a user interface is designed to feedback the gathered information to users of the IVS system. By applying the proposed IVS system, the load of security guards can be reduced. Moreover, by hot spot analysis, the business operator can understand customer habits to plan the traffic flow and adjust the product placement for improving customer experience.",book:{id:"6571",slug:"intelligent-video-surveillance",title:"Intelligent Video Surveillance",fullTitle:"Intelligent Video Surveillance"},signatures:"Ying-Jen Chen",authors:[{id:"228623",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ying-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"ying-jen-chen",fullName:"Ying-Jen Chen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"533",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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