\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3385",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermal Power Plants - Advanced Applications",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:"Advanced Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Thermal power plants are one of the most important process industries for engineering professionals. Over the past decades, the power sector is facing a number of critical issues; however, the most fundamental challenge is meeting the growing power demand in sustainable and efficient ways. Practicing power plant engineers not only look after operation and maintenance of the plant, but, also look after range of activities including research and development, starting from power generation to environmental aspects of power plants. The book Thermal Power Plants - Advanced Applications introduces analysis of plant performance, energy efficiency, combustion, heat transfer, renewable power generation, catalytic reduction of dissolved oxygen and environmental aspects of combustion residues. This book addresses issues related to both coal fired and steam power plants. The book is suitable for both undergraduate and research higher degree students, and of course for practicing power plant engineers.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1095-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6331-2",doi:"10.5772/46240",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"thermal-power-plants-advanced-applications",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"79a440454d0d4636b47cb20c1fe756b2",bookSignature:"Mohammad Rasul",publishedDate:"April 17th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3385.jpg",numberOfDownloads:29502,numberOfWosCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:52,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 26th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 17th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"68665",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"mohammad-rasul",fullName:"Mohammad Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68665/images/2397_n.jpg",biography:"Mohammad Rasul obtained his PhD in the area of Energy and Thermodynamics from The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia, in 1996. He received his Master of Engineering in Energy Technology from Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand, in 1990. His first degree is in Mechanical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh, completed in 1987. Currently, he is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Australia. He is specialised and experienced in research, teaching and consultancy in the areas of energy (industrial, building and renewable energy) and thermodynamics (energy intensive process industries). He has published over 240 research articles both in reputed journals and conferences including 7 book chapters. He has edited two books and has supervised a dozen of research higher degree (RHD) students (PhDs and Masters) to completion and attracted about $3 millions research funding. He is recognised in professional communities which he has demonstrated through creating significant impact and the large number of citations of his research by the relevant professionals, both nationally and internationally. \nHe has also made significant contributions in engineering education research and scholarships. He has published several conference papers and book chapters in the area of project based learning and innovative teaching practices, and have edited a book on Developments in Engineering Education Standards: Advanced Curriculum Innovation. \nHis contributions to the profession and national and international communities have been demonstrated through his varied roles and activities, such as membership of national and international technical, scientific and advisory committees, membership of different professional organizations (such as Engineers Australia) and various organising committees.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"773",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"44230",title:"Exergy Analysis and Efficiency Improvement of a Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant in Queensland",doi:"10.5772/55574",slug:"exergy-analysis-and-efficiency-improvement-of-a-coal-fired-thermal-power-plant-in-queensland",totalDownloads:5130,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"R. Mahamud, M.M.K. Khan, M.G. Rasul and M.G. Leinster",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44230",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44230",authors:[{id:"166038",title:"Dr.",name:"R.",surname:"Mahamud",slug:"r.-mahamud",fullName:"R. Mahamud"}],corrections:null},{id:"44246",title:"Application of System Analysis for Thermal Power Plant Heat Rate Improvement",doi:"10.5772/55498",slug:"application-of-system-analysis-for-thermal-power-plant-heat-rate-improvement",totalDownloads:4632,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"M.N. Lakhoua, M. Harrabi and M. Lakhoua",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44246",authors:[{id:"67959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Najeh",surname:"Lakhoua",slug:"mohamed-najeh-lakhoua",fullName:"Mohamed Najeh Lakhoua"}],corrections:null},{id:"44234",title:"Oxy–Fuel Combustion in the Lab–Scale and Large–Scale Fuel– Fired Furnaces for Thermal Power Generations",doi:"10.5772/55152",slug:"oxy-fuel-combustion-in-the-lab-scale-and-large-scale-fuel-fired-furnaces-for-thermal-power-generatio",totalDownloads:3086,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Audai Hussein Al-Abbas and Jamal Naser",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44234",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44234",authors:[{id:"17014",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",surname:"Naser",slug:"jamal-naser",fullName:"Jamal Naser"},{id:"167828",title:"Dr.",name:"Audai Hussein",surname:"Al-Abbas",slug:"audai-hussein-al-abbas",fullName:"Audai Hussein Al-Abbas"}],corrections:null},{id:"44235",title:"Modernization of Steam Turbine Heat Exchangers Under Operation at Russia Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/56037",slug:"modernization-of-steam-turbine-heat-exchangers-under-operation-at-russia-power-plants",totalDownloads:2688,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"A. Yu. Ryabchikov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44235",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44235",authors:[{id:"160941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Ryabchikov",slug:"alexander-ryabchikov",fullName:"Alexander Ryabchikov"}],corrections:null},{id:"44236",title:"Feasibility of a Solar Thermal Power Plant in Pakistan",doi:"10.5772/55488",slug:"feasibility-of-a-solar-thermal-power-plant-in-pakistan",totalDownloads:3720,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Ihsan Ullah, Mohammad G. Rasul, Ahmed Sohail, Majedul Islam and Muhammad Ibrar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44236",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44236",authors:[{id:"166037",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihsan",surname:"Ullah",slug:"ihsan-ullah",fullName:"Ihsan Ullah"}],corrections:null},{id:"44239",title:"Green Electricity from Rice Husk: A Model for Bangladesh",doi:"10.5772/55224",slug:"green-electricity-from-rice-husk-a-model-for-bangladesh",totalDownloads:4747,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"A.K.M. Sadrul Islam and Md. Ahiduzzaman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44239",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44239",authors:[{id:"164880",title:"Dr.",name:"A.K.M.",surname:"Islam",slug:"a.k.m.-islam",fullName:"A.K.M. Islam"}],corrections:null},{id:"43785",title:"The Effect of Different Parameters on the Efficiency of the Catalytic Reduction of Dissolved Oxygen",doi:"10.5772/55691",slug:"the-effect-of-different-parameters-on-the-efficiency-of-the-catalytic-reduction-of-dissolved-oxygen",totalDownloads:2193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Adnan Moradian, Farid Delijani and Fateme Ekhtiary Koshky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43785",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43785",authors:[{id:"65791",title:"MSc",name:"Fateme",surname:"Ekhtiary Koshky",slug:"fateme-ekhtiary-koshky",fullName:"Fateme Ekhtiary Koshky"},{id:"94195",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Delijani",slug:"farid-delijani",fullName:"Farid Delijani"},{id:"167913",title:"MSc.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Moradian",slug:"adnan-moradian",fullName:"Adnan Moradian"}],corrections:null},{id:"43927",title:"Environmental Aspects of Coal Combustion Residues from Thermal Power Plants",doi:"10.5772/56038",slug:"environmental-aspects-of-coal-combustion-residues-from-thermal-power-plants",totalDownloads:3307,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Gurdeep Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43927",authors:[{id:"70645",title:"Prof.",name:"Gurdeep",surname:"Singh",slug:"gurdeep-singh",fullName:"Gurdeep Singh"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"900",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cd70196c2a6bf83de6eac762ad73ed2",slug:"thermal-power-plants",bookSignature:"Mohammad Rasul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68665",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Rasul",slug:"mohammad-rasul",fullName:"Mohammad Rasul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3072",title:"Mass Transfer",subtitle:"Advances in Sustainable Energy and Environment Oriented Numerical Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11ea46b65df067928b6e0c012fca735a",slug:"mass-transfer-advances-in-sustainable-energy-and-environment-oriented-numerical-modeling",bookSignature:"Hironori Nakajima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45206",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironori",surname:"Nakajima",slug:"hironori-nakajima",fullName:"Hironori Nakajima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6575",title:"Bringing Thermoelectricity into Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7093275b866334e0eaa82eb3e5b046f5",slug:"bringing-thermoelectricity-into-reality",bookSignature:"Patricia Aranguren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6575.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188620",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Aranguren",slug:"patricia-aranguren",fullName:"Patricia Aranguren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7217",title:"Organic Rankine Cycle Technology for Heat Recovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9f91d2615f45f47fe9537b174e9cd87",slug:"organic-rankine-cycle-technology-for-heat-recovery",bookSignature:"Enhua Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7217.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199752",title:"Dr.",name:"Enhua",surname:"Wang",slug:"enhua-wang",fullName:"Enhua Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8394",title:"Low-temperature Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be68d10255b1c1c72aef7caddf946e34",slug:"low-temperature-technologies",bookSignature:"Tatiana Morosuk and Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193888",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Morosuk",slug:"tatiana-morosuk",fullName:"Tatiana Morosuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7659",title:"Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery",subtitle:"Analysis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98c4b304e87fd0d4e56579783f22a1f7",slug:"organic-rankine-cycles-for-waste-heat-recovery-analysis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Silvia Lasala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190049",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Lasala",slug:"silvia-lasala",fullName:"Silvia Lasala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7657",title:"Exergy and Its Application",subtitle:"Toward Green Energy Production and Sustainable Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16fc8afa11f1219fb17e2482de73edd4",slug:"exergy-and-its-application-toward-green-energy-production-and-sustainable-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Aziz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7657.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98160",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Aziz",slug:"muhammad-aziz",fullName:"Muhammad Aziz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7487",title:"Thermal Energy Battery with Nano-enhanced PCM",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a917c6664886ab78f757aeb59f45635d",slug:"thermal-energy-battery-with-nano-enhanced-pcm",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7272",title:"Advanced Cooling Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"540cb9c921dadbc8230afd4390eb8248",slug:"advanced-cooling-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"S. M. Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7272.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6469",title:"Application of Exergy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0836749bb350a373d5e2628c73539698",slug:"application-of-exergy",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65668",slug:"corrigendum-to-clinical-applications-of-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-in-orthopedic-diseases",title:"Corrigendum to: Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) in Orthopedic Diseases",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65668.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65668",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65668",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65668",chapter:{id:"61187",slug:"clinical-applications-of-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-in-orthopedic-diseases",signatures:"Jiazhao Yang, Shiyuan Fang, Lei Xu, Li Li, Kai Xie, Jinsen Lu, Hao\nWang, Xujin Wang and Lixin Kan",dateSubmitted:"December 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 29th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 23rd 2019",book:{id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"61187",slug:"clinical-applications-of-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-in-orthopedic-diseases",signatures:"Jiazhao Yang, Shiyuan Fang, Lei Xu, Li Li, Kai Xie, Jinsen Lu, Hao\nWang, Xujin Wang and Lixin Kan",dateSubmitted:"December 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 29th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 23rd 2019",book:{id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8308",leadTitle:null,title:"Agricultural Economics",subtitle:"Current Issues",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Agricultural Economics - Current Issues is a review of topics related to the economics of agriculture in various parts of the world. It contains a total of seven chapters. These contributions are related to some of the significant current problems facing these regions. The book is divided into four parts. The first part is simply an introduction to the field of agricultural economics. It charts the development of the field from its origin of farm management economics to the current state of a variety of subjects in various parts of the world. In the second section, an issue related to marketing is discussed. This is followed in the third section by an issue related to water resource economics. In the last section the remaining three chapters are devoted to agricultural environment-related topics. All chapters present guidance for policymaking.",isbn:"978-1-78984-050-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-049-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-637-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78437",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"agricultural-economics-current-issues",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"138b8e4117a40c74fc41ec72d552fa9f",bookSignature:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",publishedDate:"October 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8308.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3985,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 18th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/37057/images/system/37057.jpeg",biography:"Suren(dra) N. Kulshreshtha is currently a professor of agricultural economics at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, a position he has held for the past 50 years. He joined the University of Saskatchewan in 1969. He has been a Visiting Scientist at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, at Laxenburg, Austria. He has also served various professional societies in capacities such as Editor of the Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, and Associate Editor of the Canadian Water Resources Journal. He has also participated in several oversees projects in Indonesia, Zambia and India through the Canadian International Development Agency. On the basis of his contributions to the profession of agricultural economics, the Canadian Society of Agricultural Economics selected him a Fellow of the Canadian Agricultural Economics Society in 2004.",institutionString:"University of Saskatchewan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Saskatchewan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"304",title:"Urban Agriculture",slug:"urban-agriculture"}],chapters:[{id:"67079",title:"Introductory Chapter: Agricultural Economics",slug:"introductory-chapter-agricultural-economics",totalDownloads:546,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}]},{id:"64696",title:"Date Palm Value Chain Analysis and Marketing Opportunities for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries",slug:"date-palm-value-chain-analysis-and-marketing-opportunities-for-the-gulf-cooperation-council-gcc-coun",totalDownloads:822,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"197434",title:"Dr.",name:"Boubaker",surname:"Dhehibi",slug:"boubaker-dhehibi",fullName:"Boubaker Dhehibi"},{id:"268347",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Ben Salah",slug:"mohamed-ben-salah",fullName:"Mohamed Ben Salah"},{id:"268348",title:"Dr.",name:"Aymen",surname:"Frija",slug:"aymen-frija",fullName:"Aymen Frija"}]},{id:"65227",title:"Effects of Water Scarcity on the Performances of the Agricultural Sector and Adaptation Strategies in Tunisia",slug:"effects-of-water-scarcity-on-the-performances-of-the-agricultural-sector-and-adaptation-strategies-i",totalDownloads:642,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"268348",title:"Dr.",name:"Aymen",surname:"Frija",slug:"aymen-frija",fullName:"Aymen Frija"},{id:"282705",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ali",surname:"Chebil",slug:"ali-chebil",fullName:"Ali Chebil"},{id:"283211",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariem",surname:"Makhlouf",slug:"mariem-makhlouf",fullName:"Mariem Makhlouf"},{id:"283212",title:"Dr.",name:"Chokri",surname:"Thabet",slug:"chokri-thabet",fullName:"Chokri Thabet"},{id:"308992",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sihem",surname:"Jebari",slug:"sihem-jebari",fullName:"Sihem Jebari"}]},{id:"66616",title:"Local Techniques for Crop Conservation in Burkina Faso: Analysis of the Valorization Status and Perception of Tilgr-Baore Technology",slug:"local-techniques-for-crop-conservation-in-burkina-faso-analysis-of-the-valorization-status-and-perce",totalDownloads:293,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"280207",title:"Dr.",name:"Kala Brigitte",surname:"Hema",slug:"kala-brigitte-hema",fullName:"Kala Brigitte Hema"},{id:"289733",title:"MSc.",name:"Bienlo Annick",surname:"Marina Paré",slug:"bienlo-annick-marina-pare",fullName:"Bienlo Annick Marina Paré"},{id:"294842",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Thérèse",surname:"Arcens Somé",slug:"marie-therese-arcens-some",fullName:"Marie-Thérèse Arcens Somé"}]},{id:"66293",title:"Value Chain-Induced Constraints Limiting Scale of Conservation Agriculture in South Africa",slug:"value-chain-induced-constraints-limiting-scale-of-conservation-agriculture-in-south-africa",totalDownloads:326,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"219859",title:"Mr.",name:"Wolfgang Johann",surname:"von Loeper",slug:"wolfgang-johann-von-loeper",fullName:"Wolfgang Johann von Loeper"},{id:"222873",title:"Prof.",name:"James",surname:"Blignaut",slug:"james-blignaut",fullName:"James Blignaut"},{id:"222874",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott",surname:"Drimie",slug:"scott-drimie",fullName:"Scott Drimie"}]},{id:"64186",title:"Coastal Community Adaptation to Climate Change-Induced Salinity Intrusion in Bangladesh",slug:"coastal-community-adaptation-to-climate-change-induced-salinity-intrusion-in-bangladesh",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"252937",title:"Mr.",name:"Golam",surname:"Rabbani",slug:"golam-rabbani",fullName:"Golam Rabbani"},{id:"252939",title:"Dr.",name:"Samia",surname:"Saif",slug:"samia-saif",fullName:"Samia Saif"},{id:"252940",title:"Dr.",name:"Sirazoom",surname:"Munira",slug:"sirazoom-munira",fullName:"Sirazoom Munira"}]},{id:"69221",title:"Social Value of Urban Rooftop Farming: A Hong Kong Case Study",slug:"social-value-of-urban-rooftop-farming-a-hong-kong-case-study",totalDownloads:427,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"289674",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ting",surname:"Wang",slug:"ting-wang",fullName:"Ting Wang"},{id:"289677",title:"Prof.",name:"Mathew",surname:"Pryor",slug:"mathew-pryor",fullName:"Mathew Pryor"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5502",title:"Current Perspective on Irrigation and Drainage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84b58948ba0347cba6ad7d2f1e65fe2",slug:"current-perspective-on-irrigation-and-drainage",bookSignature:"Suren Kulshreshtha and Amin Elshorbagy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5502.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8983",title:"Sustainability Concept In Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b7e452ede9e56b4a3b7e35c835f8446",slug:"sustainability-concept-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5227",title:"Urban Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"722ebe60b63f7c01577d063a3e39c36a",slug:"urban-agriculture",bookSignature:"Mohamed Samer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175050",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Samer",slug:"mohamed-samer",fullName:"Mohamed Samer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8939",title:"Urban Horticulture",subtitle:"Necessity of the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5db1ff90f7e404baf4e42cdfbe0b9755",slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",bookSignature:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey, Shirin Akhtar, Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodriguez-Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras and Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8939.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210702",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashank Shekhar",surname:"Solankey",slug:"shashank-shekhar-solankey",fullName:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13482",title:"Inertia-Independent Generalized Dynamic Inversion Control of Spacecraft Attitude Maneuvers",doi:"10.5772/13537",slug:"inertia-independent-generalized-dynamic-inversion-control-of-spacecraft-attitude-maneuvers",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13482.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13482",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13482",totalDownloads:1918,totalViews:54,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 4th 2010",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13482",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13482",book:{slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies"},signatures:"Abdulrahman Bajodah",authors:[{id:"15062",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdulrahman",middleName:"H.",surname:"Bajodah",fullName:"Abdulrahman Bajodah",slug:"abdulrahman-bajodah",email:"abajodah@kau.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"35",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies",publishedDate:"February 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Jason Hall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/35.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17665",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"jason-hall",fullName:"Jason Hall"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13467",title:"Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation System Construction for Spacecraft On-Orbit Docking Dynamics, Ideas, Procedural and Validation",slug:"hardware-in-the-loop-simulation-system-construction-for-spacecraft-on-orbit-docking-dynamics-ideas-p",totalDownloads:3289,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tongli Chang",authors:[{id:"15120",title:"Dr.",name:"Tongli",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Tongli Chang",slug:"tongli-chang"}]},{id:"13468",title:"Solar Sailing: Applications and Technology Advancement",slug:"solar-sailing-applications-and-technology-advancement",totalDownloads:5134,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Malcolm Macdonald",authors:[{id:"15401",title:"Dr.",name:"Malcolm",middleName:null,surname:"Macdonald",fullName:"Malcolm Macdonald",slug:"malcolm-macdonald"}]},{id:"13469",title:"Measurements and Characterization of Ultra Wideband Propagation within Spacecrafts--Proposal of Wireless Transmission for Replacing Wired Interface Buses",slug:"measurements-and-characterization-of-ultra-wideband-propagation-within-spacecrafts-proposal-of-wirel",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Akihisa Matsubara, Atsushi Tomiki, Tomoaki Toda and Takehiko Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"15862",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Matsubara",fullName:"Akihisa Matsubara",slug:"akihisa-matsubara"},{id:"17730",title:"Prof.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Tomiki",fullName:"Atsushi Tomiki",slug:"atsushi-tomiki"},{id:"17731",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomoaki",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",fullName:"Tomoaki Toda",slug:"tomoaki-toda"},{id:"17732",title:"Prof.",name:"Takehiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takehiko Kobayashi",slug:"takehiko-kobayashi"}]},{id:"13470",title:"Lubrication of Attitude Control Systems",slug:"lubrication-of-attitude-control-systems",totalDownloads:4957,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sathyan Krishnan, Sang-Heon Lee, Hung-Yao Hsu and Gopinath Konchady",authors:[{id:"14508",title:"Dr.",name:"Sathyan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnan",fullName:"Sathyan Krishnan",slug:"sathyan-krishnan"},{id:"17500",title:"Dr.",name:"Sang-Heon",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Sang-Heon Lee",slug:"sang-heon-lee"},{id:"17501",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",fullName:"Hung-Yao Hsu",slug:"hung-yao-hsu"},{id:"17502",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopinath",middleName:null,surname:"Konchady",fullName:"Gopinath Konchady",slug:"gopinath-konchady"}]},{id:"13471",title:"Development of Optoelectronic Sensors and Transceivers for Spacecraft Applications",slug:"development-of-optoelectronic-sensors-and-transceivers-for-spacecraft-applications",totalDownloads:2849,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José M. Sánchez-Pena, Carlos Marcos, Alberto Carrasco, Ricardo Vergaz and Ramón Zaera",authors:[{id:"15984",title:"Prof.",name:"José M.",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Pena",fullName:"José M. Sánchez-Pena",slug:"jose-m.-sanchez-pena"},{id:"17982",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Marcos",fullName:"Carlos Marcos",slug:"carlos-marcos"},{id:"17985",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco",fullName:"Alberto Carrasco",slug:"alberto-carrasco"},{id:"17986",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vergaz",fullName:"Ricardo Vergaz",slug:"ricardo-vergaz"},{id:"17989",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Zaera",fullName:"Ramón Zaera",slug:"ramon-zaera"}]},{id:"13472",title:"Electric Propulsion Subsystem Architecture for an All-Electric Spacecraft",slug:"electric-propulsion-subsystem-architecture-for-an-all-electric-spacecraft",totalDownloads:3285,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Michele Coletti, Angelo Grubisic, Cheryl Collingwood and Stephen Gabriel",authors:[{id:"15164",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Coletti",fullName:"Michele Coletti",slug:"michele-coletti"},{id:"15169",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Grubisic",fullName:"Angelo Grubisic",slug:"angelo-grubisic"},{id:"15170",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheryl",middleName:null,surname:"Collingwood",fullName:"Cheryl Collingwood",slug:"cheryl-collingwood"},{id:"15171",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Gabriel",fullName:"Stephen Gabriel",slug:"stephen-gabriel"}]},{id:"13473",title:"Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)",slug:"green-propellants-based-on-ammonium-dinitramide-adn-",totalDownloads:13364,totalCrossrefCites:18,signatures:"Anders Larsson and Niklas Wingborg",authors:[{id:"15475",title:"Prof.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Larsson",fullName:"Anders Larsson",slug:"anders-larsson"},{id:"17904",title:"Prof.",name:"Niklas",middleName:null,surname:"Wingborg",fullName:"Niklas Wingborg",slug:"niklas-wingborg"}]},{id:"13474",title:"Use of Space Thermal Factors by Spacecraft",slug:"use-of-space-thermal-factors-by-spacecraft",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nikolay Semena",authors:[{id:"17247",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Semena",fullName:"Nikolay Semena",slug:"nikolay-semena"}]},{id:"13475",title:"The Mechanics Analysis of Desquamation for Thermal Protection System (TPS) Tiles of Spacecraft",slug:"the-mechanics-analysis-of-desquamation-for-thermal-protection-system-tps-tiles-of-spacecraft",totalDownloads:1579,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhang Taihua, Meng Xianhong and Zhang Xing",authors:[{id:"15355",title:"Dr.",name:"Taihua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Taihua Zhang",slug:"taihua-zhang"},{id:"15378",title:"Prof.",name:"Xian hong",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Xian hong Meng",slug:"xian-hong-meng"},{id:"15379",title:"Prof.",name:"Xing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xing Zhang",slug:"xing-zhang"}]},{id:"13476",title:"Unscented Kalman Filtering for Hybrid Estimation of Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Rate Sensor Alignment",slug:"unscented-kalman-filtering-for-hybrid-estimation-of-spacecraft-attitude-dynamics-and-rate-sensor-ali",totalDownloads:2930,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hyun-Sam Myung, Ki-Lyuk Yong and Hyo-Choong Bang",authors:[{id:"16552",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki-Lyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Yong",fullName:"Ki-Lyuk Yong",slug:"ki-lyuk-yong"},{id:"16553",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun-Sam",middleName:null,surname:"Myung",fullName:"Hyun-Sam Myung",slug:"hyun-sam-myung"},{id:"16554",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyochoong",middleName:null,surname:"Bang",fullName:"Hyochoong Bang",slug:"hyochoong-bang"}]},{id:"13477",title:"Fault-Tolerant Attitude Estimation for Satellite Using Federated Unscented Kalman Filter",slug:"fault-tolerant-attitude-estimation-for-satellite-using-federated-unscented-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:2457,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jonghee Bae, Seungho Yoon and Youdan Kim",authors:[{id:"17753",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",fullName:"Jonghee Bae",slug:"jonghee-bae"},{id:"17754",title:"Prof.",name:"Youdan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Youdan Kim",slug:"youdan-kim"},{id:"23586",title:"Dr.",name:"Seungho",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Seungho Yoon",slug:"seungho-yoon"}]},{id:"13750",title:"Nonlinear Electrodynamics: Alternative Field Theory for Featuring Photon Propagation Over Weak Background Electromagnetic Fields and what Earth Receivers Read off Radio Signals from Interplanetary Spacecraft Transponders",slug:"nonlinear-electrodynamics-alternative-field-theory-for-featuring-photon-propagation-over-weak-backgr",totalDownloads:1607,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta",authors:[{id:"15074",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman J.",middleName:null,surname:"Mosquera Cuesta",fullName:"Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta",slug:"herman-j.-mosquera-cuesta"}]},{id:"13478",title:"Detection and Estimation Satellite Attitude Jitter Using Remote Sensing Imagery",slug:"detection-and-estimation-satellite-attitude-jitter-using-remote-sensing-imagery",totalDownloads:3665,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Akira Iwasaki",authors:[{id:"17709",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Iwasaki",fullName:"Akira Iwasaki",slug:"akira-iwasaki"}]},{id:"13479",title:"Gas-Kinetic Unified Algorithm for Re-Entering Complex Problems Covering Various Flow Regimes by Solving Boltzmann Model Equation",slug:"gas-kinetic-unified-algorithm-for-re-entering-complex-problems-covering-various-flow-regimes-by-solv",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Zhi-Hui Li",authors:[{id:"16338",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhi-Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Zhi-Hui Li",slug:"zhi-hui-li"}]},{id:"13480",title:"Aerodynamic Disturbance Force and Torque Estimation for Spacecraft and Simple Shapes Using Finite Plate Elements – Part I: Drag Coefficient",slug:"aerodynamic-disturbance-force-and-torque-estimation-for-spacecraft-and-simple-shapes-using-finite-pl",totalDownloads:3486,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Charles Reynerson",authors:[{id:"14443",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Reynerson",fullName:"Charles Reynerson",slug:"charles-reynerson"}]},{id:"13481",title:"State Feature Extraction and Relative Navigation Algorithms for Spacecraft",slug:"state-feature-extraction-and-relative-navigation-algorithms-for-spacecraft",totalDownloads:1564,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kezhao Li, Qin Zhang and Jianping Yuan",authors:[{id:"15510",title:"Dr.",name:"Kezhao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Kezhao Li",slug:"kezhao-li"},{id:"23919",title:"Pro.",name:"Qin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Qin Zhang",slug:"qin-zhang"},{id:"23920",title:"Pro.",name:"Jianping",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Jianping Yuan",slug:"jianping-yuan"}]},{id:"13482",title:"Inertia-Independent Generalized Dynamic Inversion Control of Spacecraft Attitude Maneuvers",slug:"inertia-independent-generalized-dynamic-inversion-control-of-spacecraft-attitude-maneuvers",totalDownloads:1918,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Abdulrahman Bajodah",authors:[{id:"15062",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdulrahman",middleName:"H.",surname:"Bajodah",fullName:"Abdulrahman Bajodah",slug:"abdulrahman-bajodah"}]},{id:"13483",title:"Tracking Control of Spacecraft by Dynamic Output Feedback - Passivity-Based Approach",slug:"tracking-control-of-spacecraft-by-dynamic-output-feedback-passivity-based-approach",totalDownloads:1679,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuichi Ikeda, Takashi Kida and Tomoyuki Nagashio",authors:[{id:"16852",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Ikeda",fullName:"Yuichi Ikeda",slug:"yuichi-ikeda"},{id:"17362",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kida",fullName:"Takashi Kida",slug:"takashi-kida"},{id:"17363",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Nagashio",fullName:"Tomoyuki Nagashio",slug:"tomoyuki-nagashio"}]},{id:"13484",title:"Linear Differential Games and High Precision Attitude Stabilization of Spacecrafts with Large Flexible Elements",slug:"linear-differential-games-and-high-precision-attitude-stabilization-of-spacecrafts-with-large-flexib",totalDownloads:1251,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georgi V. Smirnov, Anna D. Guerman and Susana Dias",authors:[{id:"17641",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnov",fullName:"Georgi Smirnov",slug:"georgi-smirnov"},{id:"17643",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Guerman",fullName:"Anna Guerman",slug:"anna-guerman"},{id:"17644",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",fullName:"Susana Dias",slug:"susana-dias"}]},{id:"13485",title:"Advanced Attitude and Position MIMO Robust Control Strategies for Telescope-Type Spacecraft with Large Flexible Appendages",slug:"advanced-attitude-and-position-mimo-robust-control-strategies-for-telescope-type-spacecraft-with-lar",totalDownloads:2779,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mario Garcia-Sanz, Irene Eguinoa and Marta Barreras",authors:[{id:"17967",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Sanz",fullName:"Mario Garcia-Sanz",slug:"mario-garcia-sanz"},{id:"18038",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Eguinoa",fullName:"Irene Eguinoa",slug:"irene-eguinoa"},{id:"18039",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Barreras",fullName:"Marta Barreras",slug:"marta-barreras"}]},{id:"13486",title:"Fuzzy attitude control of flexible multi-body spacecraft",slug:"fuzzy-attitude-control-of-flexible-multi-body-spacecraft",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Siliang Yang and Jianli Qin",authors:[{id:"15517",title:"Dr.",name:"Siliang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Siliang Yang",slug:"siliang-yang"}]},{id:"13487",title:"Applications of Optimal Trajectory Planning and Invariant Manifold Based Control for Robotic Systems in Space",slug:"applications-of-optimal-trajectory-planning-and-invariant-manifold-based-control-for-robotic-systems",totalDownloads:1910,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ka Wai Lee, Hirohisa Kojima and Pavel M. Trivailo",authors:[{id:"14767",title:"Prof.",name:"Ka Wai",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Ka Wai Lee",slug:"ka-wai-lee"},{id:"17926",title:"Prof",name:"Hirohisa",middleName:null,surname:"Kojima",fullName:"Hirohisa Kojima",slug:"hirohisa-kojima"},{id:"17927",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Trivailo",fullName:"Pavel M. Trivailo",slug:"pavel-m.-trivailo"}]},{id:"13488",title:"Optimal Control Techniques for Spacecraft Attitude Maneuvers",slug:"optimal-control-techniques-for-spacecraft-attitude-maneuvers",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shifeng Zhang, Shan Qian and Lijun Zhang",authors:[{id:"16325",title:"Dr.",name:"Shifeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Shifeng Zhang",slug:"shifeng-zhang"},{id:"17707",title:"Dr.",name:"Lijun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lijun Zhang",slug:"lijun-zhang"},{id:"23937",title:"Ph.D",name:"Lijun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lijun Zhang",slug:"lijun-zhang"}]},{id:"13489",title:"Modelling and Control of Space Vehicles with Fuel Slosh Dynamics",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-space-vehicles-with-fuel-slosh-dynamics",totalDownloads:4807,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",authors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu"}]},{id:"13490",title:"Synchronization of Target Tracking Cascaded Leader-Follower Spacecraft Formation",slug:"synchronization-of-target-tracking-cascaded-leader-follower-spacecraft-formation",totalDownloads:1596,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rune Schlanbusch and Per Johan Nicklasson",authors:[{id:"14931",title:"Dr.",name:"Rune",middleName:null,surname:"Schlanbusch",fullName:"Rune Schlanbusch",slug:"rune-schlanbusch"},{id:"17899",title:"Prof.",name:"Per Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Nicklasson",fullName:"Per Johan Nicklasson",slug:"per-johan-nicklasson"}]},{id:"13491",title:"Rendezvous between Two Active Spacecraft with Continuous Low Thrust",slug:"rendezvous-between-two-active-spacecraft-with-continuous-low-thrust",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Yechiel Crispin and Dongeun Seo",authors:[{id:"5981",title:"Dr.",name:"Yechiel",middleName:null,surname:"Crispin",fullName:"Yechiel Crispin",slug:"yechiel-crispin"},{id:"18176",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongeun",middleName:null,surname:"Seo",fullName:"Dongeun Seo",slug:"dongeun-seo"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3716",title:"Aerospace Technologies Advancements",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"aerospace-technologies-advancements",bookSignature:"Thawar T. Arif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3716.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4589",title:"Dr.",name:"Thawar",surname:"Arif",slug:"thawar-arif",fullName:"Thawar Arif"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"6832",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace",slug:"artificial-intelligence-in-aerospace",signatures:"David John Lary",authors:[null]},{id:"6833",title:"Building the Next Generation of Aerospace Data Processing Systems by Reusing Existing Software Components",slug:"building-the-next-generation-of-aerospace-data-processing-systems-by-reusing-existing-software-compo",signatures:"James J. Marshall, Robert R. Downs, and Shahin Samadi",authors:[null]},{id:"6834",title:"Reconfigurable Computing for Space",slug:"reconfigurable-computing-for-space",signatures:"Donohoe, Gregory W. and Lyke, James C.",authors:[null]},{id:"6835",title:"Spacecraft Attitude Control",slug:"spacecraft-attitude-control",signatures:"Thawar Arif",authors:[null]},{id:"6836",title:"Advancing NASA’s On-Board Processing Capabilities with Reconfigurable FPGA Technologies",slug:"advancing-nasa-s-on-board-processing-capabilities-with-reconfigurable-fpga-technologies",signatures:"Paula J. Pingree",authors:[null]},{id:"6837",title:"New Reprogrammable and Non-Volatile Radiation-Tolerant FPGA: RT ProASIC®3",slug:"new-reprogrammable-and-non-volatile-radiation-tolerant-fpga-rt-proasic-3",signatures:"Sana Rezgui",authors:[null]},{id:"6838",title:"Evolving Systems and Adaptive Key Component Control",slug:"evolving-systems-and-adaptive-key-component-control",signatures:"Susan A. Frost and Mark J. Balas",authors:[null]},{id:"6839",title:"Evaluation of Anomaly Detection Capability for Ground-Based Pre-Launch Shuttle Operations",slug:"evaluation-of-anomaly-detection-capability-for-ground-based-pre-launch-shuttle-operations",signatures:"Rodney A. Martin, Ph.D.",authors:[null]},{id:"6840",title:"Design Solutions for Modular Satellite Architectures",slug:"design-solutions-for-modular-satellite-architectures",signatures:"Leonardo M. Reyneri, Claudio Sansoè, Claudio Passerone, Stefano Speretta, Maurizio Tranchero, Marco Borri, and Dante Del Corso",authors:[null]},{id:"6841",title:"Robot Mobility Systems for Planetary Surface Exploration – State-of-the-Art and Future Outlook: A Literature Survey",slug:"robot-mobility-systems-for-planetary-surface-exploration-state-of-the-art-and-future-outlook-a-liter",signatures:"Aravind Seeni, Bernd Schäfer and Gerd Hirzinger",authors:[null]},{id:"6842",title:"Multi-Platform Atmospheric Sounding Testbed (MAST)",slug:"multi-platform-atmospheric-sounding-testbed-mast-",signatures:"Meemong Lee, Richard Weidner and Kevin Bowman",authors:[null]},{id:"6843",title:"Low-thrust Propulsion Technologies, Mission Design, and Application",slug:"low-thrust-propulsion-technologies-mission-design-and-application",signatures:"John W. Dankanich",authors:[null]},{id:"6844",title:"Global GNSS Radio Occultation Mission for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate",slug:"global-gnss-radio-occultation-mission-for-meteorology-ionosphere-amp-climate",signatures:"Nick L. Yen, Chen-Joe Fong, Chung-Huei Chu, Jiun-Jih Miau, Yuei-An Liou, and Ying-Hwa Kuo",authors:[null]},{id:"6845",title:"Integrated Vehicle Health Management for Solid Rocket Motors",slug:"integrated-vehicle-health-management-for-solid-rocket-motors",signatures:"D.G. Luchinsky, V.V. Osipov, V.N. Smelyanskiy, I. Kulikov, A. Patterson-Hein, B. Hayashida, M. Watson, D. Shook, M. Johnson, S. Hyde and J. Shipley",authors:[null]},{id:"6846",title:"Design of Low-cost Telecommunications CubeSat-class Spacecraft",slug:"design-of-low-cost-telecommunications-cubesat-class-spacecraft",signatures:"Adnane Addaim, Abdelhaq Kherras and El Bachir Zantou",authors:[null]},{id:"6847",title:"Looking into Future - Systems Engineering of Microsatellites",slug:"looking-into-future-systems-engineering-of-microsatellites",signatures:"H. Bonyan",authors:[null]},{id:"6848",title:"An Aircraft Separation Algorithm with Feedback and Perturbation",slug:"an-aircraft-separation-algorithm-with-feedback-and-perturbation",signatures:"White, Allan L.",authors:[null]},{id:"6849",title:"Modelling of the Wireless Propagation Characteristics inside Aircraft",slug:"modelling-of-the-wireless-propagation-characteristics-inside-aircraft",signatures:"Carl James Debono, Reuben A. Farrugia and Keith Chetcuti",authors:[null]},{id:"6850",title:"Air Traffic Control Tracking Systems Performance Impacts with New Surveillance Technology Sensors",slug:"air-traffic-control-tracking-systems-performance-impacts-with-new-surveillance-technology-sensors",signatures:"Baud Olivier, Gomord Pierre, Honoré Nicolas, Lawrence Peter, Ostorero Loïc, Paupiah Sarah and Taupin Olivier",authors:[null]},{id:"6851",title:"A Regime Recognition Algorithm for Helicopter Usage Monitoring",slug:"a-regime-recognition-algorithm-for-helicopter-usage-monitoring",signatures:"David He, Shenliang Wu and Eric Bechhoefer",authors:[null]},{id:"6852",title:"A New Method of High Temporal Resolution Remote Sensing Imaging: Moving Target Detection with Bionics Compound Eye",slug:"a-new-method-of-high-temporal-resolution-remote-sensing-imaging-moving-target-detection-with-bionics",signatures:"Lei Yan, Pengqi Gao, Huabo Sun and Hongying Zhao",authors:[null]},{id:"6853",title:"Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm Using a Pre-filtering System",slug:"adaptive-beamforming-algorithm-using-a-pre-filtering-system",signatures:"Omar Abu-Ella and Bashir El-Jabu",authors:[null]},{id:"6854",title:"Improved Cloud Detection Technique at South China Sea",slug:"improved-cloud-detection-technique-at-south-china-sea",signatures:"Ng Hou Guan, Mohd.Zubir Mat Jafri and Khiruddin Abdullah",authors:[null]},{id:"6855",title:"MEMS Tunable Resonant Leaky-Mode Filters for Multispectral Imaging Applications",slug:"mems-tunable-resonant-leaky-mode-filters-for-multispectral-imaging-applications",signatures:"Robert Magnusson and Mehrdad Shokooh-Saremi",authors:[null]},{id:"6856",title:"A Real Options Approach to Valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract",slug:"a-real-options-approach-to-valuing-the-risk-transfer-in-a-multi-year-procurement-contract",signatures:"Scot A. Arnold and Marius S. Vassiliou",authors:[null]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72539",title:"Glacial Biodiversity: Lessons from Ground-dwelling and Aquatic Insects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92826",slug:"glacial-biodiversity-lessons-from-ground-dwelling-and-aquatic-insects",body:'\n
Insects are the most diverse and abundant group of animals on Earth and are critical drivers of ecosystem function in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
\nBiodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide [1]; 40% of the world’s insect species could go extinct within decades [2] with consequent loss of ecosystem functions and services.
\nDespite the attention from the media, and scientific community, it remains unclear whether such declines are widespread among habitats and geographic regions. Since most of the insects are providing services (e.g., pollination and decomposition) and disservices (e.g., damaging crops and spreading diseases), the efforts in insect conservation biology and population management have been mainly conveyed to highly impacted areas like, for instance, the lowlands.
\nOn the other hand, around the world, mountain regions are changing at an unprecedented rate. Most of the evidences are based on the abiotic component (e.g., temperature increase and precipitation variations), but there are increasing evidences about changes in biological communities.
\nAt high altitude in tropical and temperate mountains and at high latitude, habitat loss, pollution and climate change affect negatively cold-adapted insect species distribution and survival [3, 4]. It is unlikely that insect declines will be homogenous everywhere, but some general patterns can be identified. For example, at high altitude, the high frequency of extreme climatic events and the loss of ice-related landforms (e.g., glaciers and rock glaciers) are detrimental to cold-adapted insects, highly specialized to survive constantly at low temperature, high humidity, deep snow and ice cover. Most of the glaciers are strongly reducing their surface, some are disappearing, others are shifting in debris-covered glaciers and permafrost is melting [5]. The effects of climate change on high-altitude terrestrial and aquatic insect community composition and ecosystem functioning are partially unknown and still underconsidered [6].
\nScattered studies on high-altitude and high-latitude insect communities are available for most of the glacialized areas of the world, but a synthesis paper merging the most recent advances on cold-adapted insect species living on and at the edge of ice-related landforms is still not available. To fill this gap, the purpose of this chapter is to (i) describe what insects live in glacialized areas, (ii) examine what are the flagship insects in terms of richness and adaptation to cold, (iii) identify threats and opportunities in the current warm-period and (iv) illustrate the role of insect communities in the glacial-ecosystem functioning and services.
\nAt first glance, the ground surrounding the glacier front, its surface and the streams originated by the melting glaciers seems to be too extreme to host any life forms. Conversely, there are many organisms that permanently colonize the cryosphere, from bacteria to vertebrates, the so-called glacial biodiversity [7].
\nFrom the quantitative point of view, the glacial biodiversity is mainly formed by little (less of 5 cm) or microscopic organisms linked to aquatic, semiaquatic, wet or terrestrial (mainly bare and rocky grounds) habitats.
\nThe surface of glaciers is colonized by bacteria and algae [8, 9] and mosses, hosting in turn water bears (Tardigrade), roundworms (Nematoda) and potworms (Enchytraeidae) [10]. They can live also directly on the surface of the ice, in cryoconite holes and rivulets on ice. In addition, on the glaciers, it is possible to observe wandering several spiders (Araneae) during the day as well as some ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) during the night searching for preys. Many other invertebrates, mostly connected with aquatic/wet environments, such as springtails (Collembola), stoneflies (Plecoptera) and non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae), can live directly on the surface of the ice [11]. Moreover, supraglacial cryoconite holes can be considered biodiversity hotspots for invertebrates such as Copepoda, worms (Annelida), water bears, roundworms and wheel animals (Rotifera) [11, 12].
\nMost of the invertebrates living on the glaciers can be found also along recently deglaciated terrains and in the uppermost reach of glacial streams. Thus, the glacial biodiversity living at the edge with the glacier front arrives from two different sinks: falling down from the glacier surface during the melting phases and shifting up along the glacier forelands, transported airborne or by walking. Typically, springtails and moss mites (Oribatida) are the first colonizers of recently deglaciated areas because they are easily transported by the wind, thanks to their lightweight. Some sheet weaver spiders (Linyphiidae) are as well colonizers transported by wind [13]. Thus, recently deglaciated terrains act as a source of glacial biodiversity characterized by species living on the ground but still linked to the presence of cold microclimate ensured by the presence of the glacier few meters far from them.
\nAquatic fauna in rivulets on ice (= eukryal) and uppermost reaches of glacier-fed streams (=metakryal) is represented mainly by cold hardy non-biting midges that have resistant forms to survive freezing and desiccation. Other guests of such habitats are worms (e.g., Naididae and Enchytraeidae) and free-living and parasite roundworms.
\nSimilar to recently deglaciated terrains, also rock glaciers—which are the best expression of the periglacial environment in alpine areas—can sustain glacial biodiversity, also in the places where there are no glaciers or they disappeared. Currently, the state of knowledge about the animals living on this kind of landform is still very limited; just few sites in Sierra Nevada and on the Alps were investigated [14, 15, 16]. Both studies highlighted the presence of microbes, arthropods and small rodent fauna linked to the cold and wet habitat ensured by the presence of interstitial ice. Given the known thermal and hydrologic capacity of rock glaciers to resist warming, this distinct landform has been suggested as potential climatic refugia for glacial biodiversity in the current warm stage period.
\nIt is therefore evident that glacial biodiversity is characterized by species living in ice-related landforms, thus landforms ensuring, at the ground as well as on the water, average annual temperatures around 0°C [17, 18]. Thus, the species living on and around ice-related landforms can be defined as cryophilous (which means “loving the ice”) or cold-adapted species. Among these, the best adapted to survive such extreme habitats are ground beetles (carabids) and non-biting midges (chironomids).
\nGround beetles (\nFigure 1\n) occur in almost all terrestrial environments and geographical areas and have different trophic requirements (e.g., predators, seed eaters and phytophagous), it is easy to collect them and their sensitivity to environmental and climate changes is known [19]. In addition, they can be considered among the most important meso- and macrofauna living on recently deglaciated terrains and on the glaciers in terms of species richness and abundance of individuals [13]. Last but not least, there is an ongoing awareness about the extinction risk for some endemic cryophilous species due to the habitat destruction (e.g., glacier disappearing) or changes in microhabitat conditions (e.g., permafrost melt). Most of the species living at high altitudes and latitudes have low dispersal abilities due to the lack of wings and are walking colonizers, ground hunters and small-sized, which are traits typical of species living in cold, wet and gravelly habitats [17]. To date, about 40,000 species are known in the world [20] and most of them are endemic to specific areas [21, 22, 23]; for instance, about 28% of the total species belonging to the Italian carabid fauna are endemic.
\nThe ground beetle Nebria germari (approx. body length = 1 cm) walking on the Presena Glacier (2700 m a.s.l.) (Adamello-Presanella Mts., Italian Alps) (photo by F. Pupin/archive MUSE).
Non-biting midges (\nFigure 2\n) are the freshwater insect family that comprises the highest number of species, both in lentic and lotic habitats [24]. They are the most widespread of all aquatic insect families, with individual species occurring from Antarctica to the equator lands and the Arctic, from lowlands to thousands of meters of altitudes. There are species that thrive in almost every conceivable freshwater environment. Ice-cold glacial trickles, hot springs, thin films, minute containers of water in the leaf axils of plants and the depths of great lakes all have their characteristic species or communities. There are semiaquatic species, living in moist soil or vegetation and others that are truly terrestrial with few species occurring in marine water. Some species tolerate brackish water, others thrive in intertidal pools and, unusually among the insects, and a few are truly marine. Survival in harsh environments is due to a series of adaptations. Among these are the production of melanin, their small size, capacity for mating on the ground instead of in flight (they therefore have small or totally absent wings), the building of cocoons, diapause and resistance to cold [25]. To date, about 6500 species are known in the world; one tenth of which are in Italy and one thousandth in Alpine streams, springs and lakes.
\nThe non-biting midge Diamesa zernyi larva (a) from the Amola glacial stream (2540 m a.s.l.) and a couple of adults (male on the left, female on the right) (b) walking on the Presena Glacier (2700 m a.s.l.) (Adamello-Presanella Mts., Italian Alps) (photo by V. Lencioni) (a) and F. Pupin/archive MUSE (b). Animal sizes ca 1 cm.
Thanks to their species richness, adaptation to cold environments, key role in the ecological network structure and robustness and sensitivity to short-term and long-term climate changes, ground beetles and non-biting midges might be considered flagship organisms of the glacial biodiversity.
\nClean glaciers and debris-covered glaciers can host permanent populations of ground beetles, at least on the European glaciers since, to our knowledge, there are no data from other extra-European mountain chains. All the species found on the European glaciers belong to the genera Nebria and Oreonebria. The Nebria/Oreonebria species living on clean glaciers are with reduced and not functional wings and wander on the glacier mainly during the night searching for preys (mainly springtails, spiders, non-biting midges and died insects). During the day, they find refuge under the rocks on glacier surface and within the moraines. Their legs are longer with respect to those closely-related species living at lower altitudes and in different habitats, in order to maintain the body to a higher distance from the frozen ground [26].
\nIn addition, debris-covered glaciers are able to host permanent population of Nebria/Oreonebria species (\nFigure 3\n). Currently, data are available for five debris-covered glaciers of the Italian Alps [17, 18, 27, 28].
\nStony debris covering the surface of the Sorapiss Centrale glacier (45°N, 12°E, Ampezzo Dolomites, Italian Alps); it hosts permanent populations of cold-adapted ground beetles, spiders and springtails (photo by M. Gobbi).
\nNebria/Oreonebria are olfactory-tactile predators; it means that they use the chemoreceptors located on the antenna as instrument to find preys on the glacier surface or between the stony debris. Therefore, these organisms are well adapted to move between the stony debris covering the glaciers, thus across a three-dimensional space. The sex ratio on the glacier is female-biased [29], and the colonization of the glacier from the neighboring habitat seems be done by females that have a higher propensity to disperse than males [29].
\nThe gradual melting of glaciers leave in front of them large areas of barren, pristine ground open for colonization of various life forms. Among these, ground beetles can be found along the entire glacier foreland. Ground beetles can colonize entire glacier forelands, from sites deglaciated since more than one-hundred years to sites deglaciated since one year (\nFigure 4\n).
\nPitfall trap near the front of the Agola Glacier (46°N, 10°E, Brenta Dolomites, Italy). Pitfall trapping is one of the most successful methods to collect ground-dwelling invertebrates at high altitudes during the snow free period (photo by M. Gobbi).
The colonization of a glacier foreland by ground beetles is triggered mainly by time since glaciation, distance to glacier and vegetation cover, as highlighted by studies carried out in Northern Europe (e.g., [30, 31, 32]), Alps (e.g., [27, 33, 34, 35, 36]) and more recently Andes [37]. The colonization of a glacier foreland by ground beetles can follow two different models: the “addition and persistence” and “replacement-change” models [31]. The former was mainly observed in Northern-Europe and on Andes [31, 37], with an exception in the peripheral mountain range of the Southern Alps [38]. It consists in the persistence of pioneer species (i.e., the initial colonizers, e.g., Nebria spp. in Europe; Dyscolus spp. on the Andes [37]) from the sites deglaciated few years ago (early successional stages) to sites deglaciated more than 100 years ago (late successional stages)—in this case, there is no species turnover along the chronosequence of glacier retreat. The “replacement-change” model, mainly observed on the Alps (e.g., [17, 36]), consists in a group of initial colonizers (the pioneer community) progressively replaced over time by one or more other species assemblages; thus, in this case, there is a clear species turnover. Notwithstanding these different models of colonization, Northern Europe and Alps share ground beetles belonging to common genera and exhibiting the same patterns of colonization. For instance, the species belonging to the genus Nebria are surface active predators able to immediately colonize deglaciated terrains of the European glacier forelands. The species belonging to the genus Amara and Carabus, the former omnivorous and the latter specialized predators, arrived on a deglaciated terrain after more than 20 years [30, 33]. A quite common pattern observed along the European glacier forelands is that the number of species increases with the time since deglaciation, with a more diversified community on terrains deglaciated 100 years ago.
\nThe speed of colonization along the glacier forelands varies with the time since deglaciation. Specifically it is high in the first years after the glacier retire due to the low competition in colonizing pristine terrains, while it is low in terrains located far from the glacier front because more competitive in terms of microhabitat and resource availability [35]. In the contest of the ongoing climate warming, it is interesting to highlight that an increase of 0.6°C in summer temperatures approximately doubled the speed of initial colonization, whereas later successional stages were less sensitive to climate change [39].
\nCurrently, data on ground beetles found on rock glaciers are available only for the Italian Alps [16, 40\n41]. Active rock glaciers are a unique landform: the occurrence of permafrost and the size of the stones differentiate them from the surrounding landforms (e.g., scree slopes) in terms of temperature regime and depth of the substrate. Active rock glaciers show occurrences of cold-adapted species. Even though ground beetle communities of active rock glaciers show few differences in terms of species richness and abundance with respect to scree slopes, some characteristic species of each of the two landforms can be identified. The ground beetle community observed on the rock glaciers is exclusive of this landform because it is composed of large populations of species belonging to the genera Oreonebria, Nebria and Trechus [16, 40]. To these genera belong species (e.g., Nebria germari, Oreonebria soror and Trechus tristiculus) typical of cold and wet high-altitude environments. These species have two kinds of life style: epigeic (they move on the surface of the rock glacier where the rocky detritus is fine) and endogeic (they reach the depth of the stony detritus moving between the interstitial space between stones). Conversely, the surrounding ice-free landforms (e.g., scree slopes) host species assemblages characterized by the presence of species typical of alpine grasslands (e.g., Carabus spp. and Cymindis vaporariorum). Therefore, an active rock glacier can be defined as a superficial subterranean habitat [16] represented by fissure network among boulders, human-sized caves included.
\nUnlike other superficial subterranean habitats like scree slopes, where temperatures could reach relatively high values in summer [16, 42], rock glaciers are selected by cold-adapted species, which avoid scree slopes as they do not offer constantly low temperatures during summer.
\nTo our knowledge, the only aquatic insects found permanently colonizing the ice are non-biting midges of the genus Diamesa in temperate zones and the stonefly Andiperla willinki (family Gripopterygiidae) in South America [43]. Larvae of Diamesa steinboecki and Diamesa latitarsis were collected on one Alpine glacier (2625–2650 m a.s.l., Agola, Brenta Dolomites, Italy), surviving a summer temperature ranging for 0.07 to 0.19°C. Larvae of Diamesa were collected also on Yala glacier (5100–5700 m a.s.l., Nepal, Himalayas [44, 45]), growing in melt-water drainage channels under the ice and feeding on blue-green algae and bacteria. They eat the scares allochthonous detritus transported by the wind and left by the glacier in the ice melt waters. Typically, primary food resources in eukryal consist of dust (allochthonous particles or airborne detritus) and algae (various species of cyanophytes and green algae), and fungi and bacteria associated with algae and detritus [46]. Adults were brachypterous (characterized by reduced wings), unable to fly, walking at temperatures as low as −16°C on the surface of the glacier and in small cavities beneath it.
\nNon-biting midges are first colonizers of ephemeral ponds in the proximity of glacier snout. The appearance of new ponds is usually followed by their rapid disappearance and by a concomitant appearance of new ones, frequently observed in the Alps above the tree line [47]. Most of them are relatively small (surface <2 ha) [48], unproductive due to their sparse soil development and small catchments. Ponds are especially susceptible to the effects of climatic changes because of their relatively low water volumes and high surface area-to-depth ratios. Therefore, they act as early indicators of the impacts of climate change. During the ice-free months, typically, they undergo high-level fluctuations due to ice-snow melt rate and rainfall pattern. In winter, they freeze, totally if shallow [48]. Water temperature can be highly variable as well, ranging from 0 to 15°C during summer.
\nThe zoobenthic community of Alpine proglacial ponds is dominated by chironomid Orthocladiinae (generally representing >70% of the community) followed by Diamesinae (Pseudokiefferiella parva and Diamesa spp.). Aquatic beetles (e.g., Elmidae, Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae), Oligochaeta (e.g., Enchytraeidae) and Hydracarina frequently represent the remaining fauna. Overall, the richness is low, with few dozens of species colonizing the same pond. Few taxa might be found with high density, up to >1000 individuals/m2 in ponds >2 ha and less than 2 m deep. Among orthoclads, semiterrestrial genera are frequent (e.g., Metriocnemus, Smittia and Parasmittia), being environments that undergo high water level fluctuations during the ice-free period [49] (\nFigure 5\n). There are evidence of colonization by up to 4–5 congeneric species of Metriocnemus in single Alpine ponds (Agola glacier, 2596 m a.s.l., Brenta Dolomites, Italy), with M. fuscipes and M. eurynotus as dominant species. The genus is considered semiterrestrial, found in mosses, phytotelmata, springs, ditches, streams and occasionally in the middle of lakes and rock pools [50]. Some ability to survive desiccation and hibernation often in combination with cocoon building and migration of larvae into the sediment [51] has been recorded for several Metriocnemus species dwelling in ephemeral habitats that seasonally dry or freeze out. The colonization of these ponds by Metriocnemus might be due more to these physiological adaptations than to repeated recolonization as observed for other chironomids colonizing ephemeral ponds [52]. In fact, due to the high geographical isolation of the pond and scarce connectivity with other suitable habitats in the catchment, we can suppose that these species persist by activating a physiological response to physical stress. Most of these species are univoltine, entering diapause in a desiccated-frozen state until spring thawing.
\nCatching Metriocnemus adults (non-biting midges) with tweezers on the shoreline of the Agola proglacial pond (2596 m a.s.l., 46°N, 10°E, Brenta Dolomites Mts., Italian Alps) (photo by D. Debiasi/archive MUSE).
Non-biting midges are the main colonizers of glacier-fed streams around the world. Glacially dominated rivers are characterized by a deterministic nature of benthic communities due to the overriding conditions of low water temperature, low channel stability, low food availability and strong daily discharge fluctuations associated to glacier runoff (\nFigure 6\n). A predictable longitudinal pattern of taxa richness and diversity increasing with distance from the glacier has been described for many European glacier-fed streams, starting from the kryal sector (where maximum water temperature is below 4°C), typically colonized almost exclusively by Diamesa species in the temperate regions [53]. D. steinboecki, D. goetghebueri, D. tonsa, D. zernyi and D. bohemani are the species more frequent and abundant in kryal sites in the Palearctic regions, followed by D. bertrami, D. latitarsis, D. modesta, D. hamaticornis and D. cinerella. Less frequent are D. martae, D. nowickiana, D. longipes, D. wuelkeri and D. aberrata; D. insignipes, D. dampfi, D. permacra and D. incallida are rare, being more frequent in glacio-rhithral and krenal habitats, characterized by a lower glacial influence. D. arctica is typical of the Arctic regions, and D. akhrorovi, D. alibaevae, D. planistyla, D. solhoyi, D. aculeate, D. praecipua and D. khumbugelida are among the Diamesa species typical of Pamir and Tibet mountains. In tropical streams, mainly Podonominae colonize the uppermost glacier-fed stream reaches, while Diamesinae appear more downstream [54]. In glacier-fed streams of New Zealand, [55] reported the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Deleatidium cornutum and Nesameletus dominated at the upper sites of glacier-fed streams, with the chironomids Eukiefferiella and Maoridiamesa. Biodiversity naturally increases with decreasing altitude and increasing distance from the glacier terminus, with a more diversified community downstream of the confluence with tributaries fed by groundwater and rainfall (= krenal and kreno-rhithral). Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae (e.g., Zavrelimyia) become more abundant, followed by Tanytarsini (e.g., Micropsectra spp.) in slow-flowing waters where mosses are abundant.
\nDubani glacial stream at the glacier snout (3232 m a.s.l., 36°N, 74°E; Bagrote Valley, Karakoram range of northern Pakistan) (photo by L. Latella).
Glaciers and permafrost are disappearing all over the world, and with them, we are risking to lose also the associated glacial biodiversity. Therefore, it is mandatory to describe the temporal and spatial biological fingerprint of climate change impacts to deeply understand trends and patterns.
\nThe available literature on ground beetles and non-biting midges is able to give us insights about the threats and opportunities they have in relation to the ongoing climate and, consequently, landscape changes.
\nCurrently, no ground beetles living on glacial and periglacial landforms have been declared extinct. On the other hand, the temporal reduction in population size of two high-altitude species (Nebria germari and Trechus dolomitanus) of the Dolomites (Italy) in 30 years was documented [56]. Specifically, local extinction of Nebria germari populations was documented in some high-altitude prairies of the Dolomites, and now the species maintain large populations only on glacial and periglacial landforms; thus, it has become an ice-related species.
\nAs observed for ground beetles, also for non-biting midges from kryal habitats, there is no evidence of global extinction of single species, rather of local extinction caused by the retreat of glaciers. The consequence of the glacial retreat is the further isolation of the populations in the short-term and, in the long-term, their possible disappearance due to very restricted habitat preference and limited dispersal abilities of midges. Glacier shrinking favors an upstream shift of lowland euriecious species of chironomid and other invertebrates, associated with an initial decrease in abundance and finally local extinction of kryal Diamesa species and other Diamesinae [57]. Diamesa longipes and Syndiamesa nigra have not been collected in recent years in Alpine running water [53], and the ice fly Diamesa steinboecki has disappeared in some glacier-fed streams in the Southern Alps [58]. The strong cold hardiness of Diamesa species [59] and the scarcity of potential refuge areas in glacial and periglacial area threaten these species seriously with extinction. Thus, Diamesa species have been suggested to be used as sentinels for climate change, especially in relation to glacier retreat. Recent studies found a direct relationship between the loss of Diamesa species in alpine riverine environments and the consequences of the changing climate [58].
\nHigher temperatures and increased drought are leading to an upward shift of stenothermal species that depend on low temperatures and therefore to the fragmentation and progressive reduction in their habitat. Any endemic species, like several high-altitude ground beetles, that is restricted to summit areas and has a low dispersion ability is forced to move upward searching for microclimates suitable for its survivor. Data on ground beetles resampled in the same places after decades suggest common trend in cryophilous species. For instance, on the Andes, from 1880 to 1985, the species Dyscolus diopsis has shifted approximately 300 m upward, with the resulting area reduction of more than 90% from >12 km2 to <1 km2 [60]. The same altitudinal shift was observed on the Dolomites for the species Nebria germari [27] from 1950 to 2019; the habitat preference for this species was alpine prairies [61], N-exposed scree slopes and recently deglaciated terrains, and currently, it seems to be restricted only to ice-related landforms and scree slopes with high snow cover temporal extent.
\nShrinking glaciers are resulting in the lengthening of glacial streams, with consequent upstream migration of specialist species to colonize the “new” stream reach, still harsh, in front of the glacier terminus. Downstream generalist species also migrate upstream, to conquer sites with ameliorated environmental conditions associated to a reduced glacial runoff and increased temperature and channel stability [62, 63]. For example, in the Alps, as first colonizers upstream were observed grazer (chironomid Orthocladiinae among which Eukiefferiella spp., Heleniella spp., Orthocladius frigidus and Chaetocladius spp.) and shredder insects (Nemouridae), covering distances from 300 m to about 2 km and a difference in altitude up to 600 m probably favored by higher amount of debris from the banks [58].
\nTo the best of our knowledge, there is no evidence of physiological or morphological adaptation of carabid beetles in relation to the climate change at high altitudes, and it seems that limits to species distributions reflect present environmental tolerance limits rather than simply an historical lack of opportunity for range expansion [64]. Some studies on thermal tolerance highlighted that temperature gradients and acute thermal tolerance do not support the hypothesis that physiological constraints drive species turnover with elevation [65].
\nCold stenothermal non-biting midges that adapted to live at temperatures close to their physiological limits like Diamesa spp. might only survive and reproduce if they can adapt to new environmental conditions or if they are able to avoid the stressor adopting specific behaviors. Barring these abilities, they are expected to disappear. There are evidences of physiological adaptation in Diamesinae to increasing water temperature in glacier-fed streams. For example, Diamesa zernyi, Diamesa tonsa and Pseudodiamesa branickii are cold hardy with a thermal optimum below 6°C but survive short-term heat shock by developing a heat shock response based on the synthesis of heat shock proteins [66]. It is clearly not sufficient to preserve the species considering the observed cases of local extinction. Decreasing glacier cover disadvantages Diamesinae and other cold stenothermal taxa but favors organisms with long life cycles (univoltine) or more (semivoltine) due to continuous growth around the year (life cycle shifts suggest that where glacier cover is high, nondiapausal organisms typically develop rapidly in the spring/summer melt seasons before rivers dry up or freeze through winter) [67]. Furthermore, decreasing glacier cover favors insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis, such as Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Ephemeroptera (mayflies), and noninsect taxa such as Oligochaeta (worms), burrowing and using interstitial habitat. Dietary shifts reflect terrestrial vegetation succession with decreasing glacier cover supplying plant litter to rivers resulting in higher amount of organic material for detritivores. These shifts were observed in glacialized systems in European Alps (Austria and Italy), French Pyrénées, Greenland, Iceland, New Zealand Alps, Norway Western Fjords, US Rockies, Alaska and Svalbard [67].
\nIf the speed of adaptive capacity—when possible—is not temporally synchronous with the speed of the glacier retreat, the only way to survive for cryophilous species is to find refuge areas. A refuge can be defined as sites able to preserve suitable climate conditions for cold-adapted species in spite of the climate warming [68]. The role of active rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers as potential warm-stage refugia for cold-adapted ground beetle species is supported by data collected on the Italian Alps [16, 28, 40]. The thermal profile observed on some alpine active rock glaciers supports this view indicating decoupling of the local topoclimate from the regional climate, a key factor for a site to serve as a refugium. Specifically, active rock glaciers differ from the surrounding landforms (e.g., scree slopes) by overall lower ground surface temperature (average annual temperatures around or below 0°C). During postglacial periods, cold-adapted species found refuge in cooler habitats, such as subterranean environments (e.g., caves), where they could find cold and stable microclimatic conditions [69]. Thus, we cannot exclude that the same pattern is acting till now for ground beetles on active rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers, because only these landforms are still able to support large-size populations of cold-adapted species.
\nIn streams, the majority of invertebrates avoid the hazards of freezing or desiccation (due to freezing of the substrate or due to drought caused by increasing temperature) by migrating to unfrozen habitats (e.g., springs fed by groundwater inputs and hyporheic zone), where they remain active [70]. This is a temporary adaptation, to escape daily or seasonal risk of freezing or desiccation. On long time scale, these refugia cannot preserve cold stenothermal Diamesa steinboecki and similar species, never found in springs and not confined to the hyporheic having the terrestrial adult. Rock glacier outflows might act as a cold refuge areas after the glacier loss also for aquatic insects due to their constantly cold waters [71]. Ref. [72] investigated five streams fed by rock glaciers in South Tyrol (Italy) and found a dominance of Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae chironomids, besides Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera (EPT). The authors reported the presence of cold-stenothermal species (Diamesa spp.), which suggests that rock glacial streams can act as refuge areas after the glacier loss [73]. However, further studies are necessary to demonstrate that cold-hardy D. steinboecki and other Diamesa species restricted to kryal habitat might survive competition with spring fauna (EPT) in rock glacier outflows.
\nAmong the stressors that threaten the glacial biodiversity, there are also chemicals, i.e., persistent organics pollutants (POPs) deriving from long-range atmospheric transport and pesticides and emerging contaminants (e.g., personal care products as fragrances and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) widely used as flame retardants) carried to the glaciers by short-medium range atmospheric transport. These pollutants undergo cold condensation and accumulate in the glacier ice until their release in melt waters and ice-free soil [74, 75]. Among organic contaminants detected in glacier-fed streams, attention was paid to the insecticide chlorpyrifos, since high toxicity to insects and peak release by glacier melting occur concurrently with the period in which the streams are more densely populated by macroinvertebrates [76]. Chlorpyrifos and other organophosphate insecticides are known to exhibit increased toxicity in invertebrates at elevated temperatures [77]. Specifically, warming influences chlorpyrifos uptake in aquatic insects magnifying its negative effect on fauna. Other contaminants are heavy metals released by remains of the Great War, such as bombs, bullets, cannon parts and barbed wire buried in the ice 100 years ago, that are emerging due to glaciers retreating. These new sources of contamination have been recently documented for ice melt waters in the Italian Alps (mainly by nickel, arsenic and lead, unpublished data). Contamination of soils of the 1914–1918 Western Front zone, in Belgium and France by copper, lead and zinc was previously detected by [78]. Pesticides, fragrances and heavy metals affect swimming behavior and metabolism of Diamesa species from glacier-fed streams [79] at trace concentration (in order of ng/L), with still unknown effects on aquatic food web and on terrestrial fauna (via food web). To our knowledge, the understanding of final environmental fate of such pollutants is still scarce and fragmentary. Recently, evidences of microplastic bioaccumulation are given for freshwater amphipods from Svalbard glacier-fed streams [80] and for Diamesa zernyi larvae from the Amola Glacier-fed stream (Italy). No information is now available on their effects on ground beetle fauna.
\nGiven the global change scenarios, it is opportune to analyze the role of glaciated areas in the context of persistent change from the physiographic point of view as well as the glacial biodiversity they host.
\nStandardized long-term monitoring, additional high-quality empirical studies on key organisms and landforms, and further development of analytical methods are of extreme importance in helping to quantify the extinction debt better and to more successfully enhance and protect glacial biodiversity.
\nGlacier shrinkage will alter hydrological regimes, sediment transport, and biogeochemical and contaminant fluxes from rivers to oceans, which will profoundly influence the natural environment and the ecosystem services that glacier-fed rivers provide to humans, particularly provision of water for agriculture, hydropower and consumption [4]. Biodiversity influences ecosystem functioning through changes in the amount of resource use or water self-depuration processes (regulating services) but is also a source of scientific and tourist attraction (cultural service).
\nGlacial biodiversity has an intrinsic value; most of the species are highly specialized to live in harsh environments, thus highly vulnerable to changes also of low intensity, have low dispersal ability and in most of the glacialized area of the world are endemic. Therefore, glaciated areas become territories with a collection of communities and species that mostly differ from those dominant in middle and low altitudes as well as differ between geographic areas. In addition, insects and other arthropods (e.g., spiders) living on the moraines, on the glaciers or flying on the glaciers (e.g., chironomids and stoneflies) act as additional source of food for some high-altitude mammals and bird species living at the edge of ice-related landforms [81, 82]. Therefore, glacial biodiversity is able to furnish an additional important naturalistic value of glacialized mountain regions.
\nAquatic and terrestrial insects living in glacialized areas are trophically connected [83, 84], but not all insect groups react in the same way to the ongoing glacier retreat. Increasing glacial retreat differently affects ground-dwelling and aquatic insect taxa: ground beetles respond faster to glacier retreat than do non-biting midges, at least in species richness and species turnover patterns [84]. It depends on how fast habitat conditions change in relation to glacier retreat: the terrestrial environment changes faster than the aquatic environment. For instance, an increase of 0.6°C in summer temperatures approximately doubled the speed of colonization of the recently deglaciated terrains by ground-dwelling invertebrates [39]. The glacial stream lengthens but the physicochemical features and hydrological regime may not change for a long time, until the surface of the glacier is reduced to a few hectares and finally the environment becomes less extreme for life. As a result, as long as the environmental conditions remain extreme, the community in the glacier-fed stream is not affected.
\nBecause even small ecosystem fragments like glaciers or other ice-related landforms have conservation value for insect biodiversity and ecosystem services, a better understanding and delineation of the species that need to be protected is also important. Funding of long-term research activities on habitat conservation in general, and specifically on insect science and taxonomy, is especially important to evaluate and mitigate future changes in insect communities, obtain reliable insect time series and discover species before they go extinct.
\nA recent large-scale study aimed to investigate trends in insect abundances over space and time has brought evidences about an average decline of terrestrial insect abundance (ca. 9%) per decade and an increase of freshwater insect abundance (ca. 11%) per decade. Both patterns were particularly strong in North America and some European regions [85], and the hypothesized drivers are land-use change and climate change.
\nGround beetles and non-biting midges are among the animals best adapted to live at high altitudes, specifically to colonize the glaciers and surrounding terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They are present with few species adapted to low temperatures and food scarcity, factors that make these habitats extreme for life.
\nSpatio-temporal shift in insect communities in relation to the ongoing climate change is one of the most common patterns in mountain regions, but it is important to highlight that it will not affect all species equally [85, 86]. Aquatic and terrestrial insect communities seem to be differently affected by climate change. Firstly, because temperature variability is stronger on the ground with respect to water, aquatic insects are required to make smaller behavioral or physiological adjustments than terrestrial insects and aquatic habitats will be more buffered from climate warming [86]. In addition, terrestrial insects may have wider opportunities to survive in appropriate microclimate colonizing or surviving in ice-related microhabitat, thanks to the higher microhabitat heterogeneity on the ground with respect to the aquatic habitat.
\nThe chapter provides a synthesis about the fascinating adaptations in morphology, behavior and physiology in terrestrial and aquatic species, on the species distribution in relation to the ice-related landform heterogeneity and on which species are threatened with extinction due to climate change and pollution. The future challenge will be to try to improve the knowledge of the glacial biodiversity in high-altitude and high-latitude areas notwithstanding the difficulty of accessing most of these areas.
\nThree research goals should be addressed in the near future: (i) increase the studies aimed at describing the glacial biodiversity; (ii) plan long-term monitoring projects in key areas and (iii) improve the scientific communication about the threats on high-altitude habitats. Thus, with this chapter, we are confident to inspire young researches to investigate the life in glacial ecosystems of the world before its possible disappearance.
\nWe are grateful to the several colleagues and students that since more than 20 years are cooperating with us in collecting ground beetles and non-biting midges in glacialized areas of the world. We are also thankful to the National and Natural Parks that allowed the permission to monitor the insect populations of the glacial and periglacial environments.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"19"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10578",title:"Pharmacogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ca2bc2ff6e15a7b735d662d9664086b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Islam Khalil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10578.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226598",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",surname:"Khalil",slug:"islam-khalil",fullName:"Islam Khalil"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10531",title:"Advances in Nanoparticle Research for Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e9e08e7275f2b928af7911b523252f1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Maria Carmo Pereira, MSc. Maria João Ramalho and Dr. Joana A. Loureiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10531.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82791",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carmo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"maria-carmo-pereira",fullName:"Maria Carmo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10357",title:"Drug Metabolism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3bd3ae5041cab45020555b49152b1ddc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Katherine Dunnington",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10357.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"232694",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine",surname:"Dunnington",slug:"katherine-dunnington",fullName:"Katherine Dunnington"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9829",title:"Biosimilars",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c72171c1d1cf6df5aad989cb07cc8e4e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Valderilio Feijó Feijó Azevedo and Dr. Robert Moots",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69875",title:"Dr.",name:"Valderilio",surname:"Feijó Azevedo",slug:"valderilio-feijo-azevedo",fullName:"Valderilio Feijó Azevedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10234",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"37e6f5b6dd0567efb63dca4b2c73495f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10234.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1110",title:"Pediatric Oncology",slug:"pediatric-oncology",parent:{title:"Pediatrics",slug:"pediatrics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"pediatric-oncology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5542",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfd9d9e58bf08bc44679a030148793e5",slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",bookSignature:"Karen Wonders and Brittany Stout",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55168",doi:"10.5772/67366",title:"Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy",slug:"long-term-survivors-of-childhood-cancer-the-late-effects-of-therapy",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Nupur Mittal and Paul Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"194608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nupur",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"nupur-mittal",fullName:"Nupur Mittal"}]},{id:"53759",doi:"10.5772/67042",title:"The Forgotten Children",slug:"the-forgotten-children",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Christopher Kuo and Paul M. Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"192650",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"christopher-kuo",fullName:"Christopher Kuo"}]},{id:"53899",doi:"10.5772/67043",title:"Evaluation and Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Toxicity in Paediatric Cancer Patients",slug:"evaluation-and-long-term-outcomes-of-cardiac-toxicity-in-paediatric-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Jake A. Kleinmahon and Bruce F. Landeck, II",authors:[{id:"192552",title:"Dr.",name:"Jake",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinmahon",slug:"jake-kleinmahon",fullName:"Jake Kleinmahon"},{id:"193398",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Landeck",slug:"bruce-landeck",fullName:"Bruce Landeck"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54149",title:"Dental and Craniofacial Effects on Childhood Cancer Survivors",slug:"dental-and-craniofacial-effects-on-childhood-cancer-survivors",totalDownloads:1023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Orsolya Németh",authors:[{id:"192302",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"orsolya-nemeth",fullName:"Orsolya Németh"}]},{id:"53899",title:"Evaluation and Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Toxicity in Paediatric Cancer Patients",slug:"evaluation-and-long-term-outcomes-of-cardiac-toxicity-in-paediatric-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Jake A. Kleinmahon and Bruce F. Landeck, II",authors:[{id:"192552",title:"Dr.",name:"Jake",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinmahon",slug:"jake-kleinmahon",fullName:"Jake Kleinmahon"},{id:"193398",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Landeck",slug:"bruce-landeck",fullName:"Bruce Landeck"}]},{id:"53759",title:"The Forgotten Children",slug:"the-forgotten-children",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Christopher Kuo and Paul M. Kent",authors:[{id:"192650",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"christopher-kuo",fullName:"Christopher Kuo"},{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"}]},{id:"54437",title:"Used of Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Symptoms Management and Quality of Life",slug:"used-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-on-symptoms-management-and-quality-of-life",totalDownloads:916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Ayşe Gürol and Sevinç Polat",authors:[{id:"192610",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gürol",slug:"ayse-gurol",fullName:"Ayşe Gürol"},{id:"193414",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevinç",middleName:null,surname:"Polat",slug:"sevinc-polat",fullName:"Sevinç Polat"}]},{id:"55168",title:"Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy",slug:"long-term-survivors-of-childhood-cancer-the-late-effects-of-therapy",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Nupur Mittal and Paul Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"194608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nupur",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"nupur-mittal",fullName:"Nupur Mittal"}]},{id:"55302",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pediatric Cancer Survivors",slug:"introductory-chapter-pediatric-cancer-survivors",totalDownloads:545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Karen Wonders and Brittany Stout",authors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"pediatric-oncology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/192503/bovito-achumi",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"192503",slug:"bovito-achumi"},fullPath:"/profiles/192503/bovito-achumi",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()