\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-760-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-759-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-761-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc49d6034d85f8f2e2890c6acc3cc629",bookSignature:"Dr. Abhijit Biswas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10285.jpg",keywords:"Mott Insulators, Semi Metals, Polycrystals, Single Crystals, Electronic Properties, Magnetic Properties, PLD, MBE, Topological Insulators, Topological Hall Effect, Devices Applications, Catalysis",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 7th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 6th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 24th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in the field of tailoring metal oxide crystal surfaces and growth as well as engineering of thin films for various emergent phenomena and energy applications. Dr. Biswas received his Ph.D. from POSTECH, South Korea.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"194151",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhijit",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",slug:"abhijit-biswas",fullName:"Abhijit Biswas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194151/images/system/194151.png",biography:"Dr. Abhijit Biswas is a research associate at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, in India. His research goal is to design and synthesize highest quality epitaxial heterostructures and superlattices, to play with their internal degrees of freedom to exploit the structure–property relationships, in order to find the next-generation multi-functional materials, in view of applications and of fundamental interest. His current research interest ranges from growth of novel perovskite oxides to non-oxides epitaxial films, down to its ultra-thin limit, to observe unforeseeable phenomena. He is also engaged in the growth of high quality epitaxial layered carbides and two-dimensional non-oxide thin films, to exploit the strain, dimension, and quantum confinement effect. His recent work also includes the metal-insulator transitions and magneto-transport phenomena in strong spin-orbit coupled epitaxial perovskite oxide thin films by reducing dimensionality as well as strain engineering. He is also extremely interested in the various energy related environment friendly future technological applications of thin films. In his early research career, he had also extensively worked on the tailoring of metal oxide crystal surfaces to obtain the atomic flatness with single terminating layer. Currently, he is also serving as a reviewer of several reputed peer-review journals.\nDr. Biswas received his B.Sc. in Physics from Kalyani University, followed by M.Sc in Physics (specialization in experimental condensed matter physics) from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay. His Ph.D., also in experimental condensed matter physics, was awarded by POSTECH, South Korea for his work on the transport phenomena in perovskite oxide thin films. Before moving back to India as a national post-doctoral fellow, he was a post-doc at POSTECH working in the field of growth and characterizations of strong spin-orbit coupled metal oxide thin films.",institutionString:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"59938",title:"Interparticle Interaction Effects in Polymer Suspensions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75207",slug:"interparticle-interaction-effects-in-polymer-suspensions",body:'\nA suspension is a heterogeneous system in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid. An example of a suspension is a particle-filled thermoplastic polymer melt in which the dispersed phase is characterized by the fillers and the continuous or suspending phase (matrix) by the polymer melt. The rheological properties of suspensions that are relevant to processing are influenced by a variety of factors and significantly differ from those of the matrix fluid. When the suspending medium is a Newtonian fluid, then the suspension exhibits non-Newtonian behavior with increasing filler concentration. When the suspending medium is non-Newtonian in character, the presence of solid particles magnifies the complexities of its rheological behavior [1].
\nRheological investigations on particle-filled polymer melts show that the viscosity functions exhibit higher values with increasing volumetric filler concentration (Figure 1). The offset depends not only on the volume fraction but also on the shape, size and size distribution of the suspended particles. In the case of interaction effects, the offset also depends on the applied shear stress and shear rate.
\nViscosity functions of LDPE filled with natural graphite (d50 = 266.6 μm; median particle size of a particle analysis) with varying volume content (T = 190°C; typical processing and recommended MFI temperature – ISO 1133).
Several theoretical and empirical relationships have been proposed to describe the viscosity of suspensions [1]. Most of these relationships describe the influence of the volumetric filler concentration on the relative viscosity, which is defined as the ratio of the viscosity of the suspension to the viscosity of the suspending liquid.
\nwhere
\n\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
The first theoretical relationship of the relative viscosity of a Newtonian fluid in which rigid spheres are suspended was proposed in 1906 by Albert Einstein (corrected in 1911) [2, 3]. He derived an analytical solution that is valid for dilute suspensions in which no particle-particle interactions occur:
\nRutgers experimentally proved that (Eq. (2)) is valid for volume fractions up to \n
with B = 2.5 according to Einstein’s constant and with \n
Krieger & Dougherty developed an empirical equation describing the relative viscosity as a function of the filler content, taking into account the maximum packing of the filler \n
This equation is one of the most widely used functions for fitting to experimental data, since \n
In addition to the abovementioned equations, there are a variety of other relationships for describing the flow behavior of suspensions based on the relative viscosity [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Within a large number of publications, the relative viscosity as a function of the filler concentration is determined either at a constant shear rate or at a constant shear stress. However, studies on particle-filled LDPE and PP indicate that the relative viscosity (determined at both constant shear stress and constant shear rate) depends not only on the filler concentration but also on the applied shear rate (Figure 2).
\n(left) Viscosity functions of LDPE and LDPE filled with 45.7 vol% natural graphite; (right) Relative viscosity determined at the same shear rate and shear stress, respectively.
Figure 2 (right) shows the impact of the apparent shear rate on the relative viscosity, which can be expressed by a power function. On the basis of this function, it can be shown that an increase of the shear rate by a decade leads to a reduction of the relative viscosity, determined at constant shear stress, by approximately 60%. The relative viscosity, determined at constant shear rate, is reduced by approximately 28%. This shows that the shear rate has to be taken into account for an exact prediction of the real flow behavior of particle-filled polymer melts.
\nHinkelmann noted in his investigations on glass-filled SAN that a simple analytical description of the filler concentration on the relative viscosity is problematic due to the strong impact of the shear rate on this value [12]. Gleißle et al. also pointed out in his investigations on charcoal-filled silicone oil that equations describing the relative viscosity as a function of the volume concentration cannot universally describe the increase in the viscosity of liquids by the addition of particles [13]. Alternatively, Gleißle and Baloch proposed a very vivid description to illustrate the flow behavior of suspensions based on the concept of shear-stress-equivalent shear rate.
\nWithin this concept, the hydraulic diameter is reduced by the volume content of the particles. This leads to an increase in the shear rate of the continuous phase between these particles, the so-called inner shear rate (Figure 3).
\nIdealization of Poiseuille flow (pressure-induced channel flow) processes in suspensions according to the concept of the shear-stress-equivalent shear rate.
The relative increase of this inner shear rate to the shear rate of the suspension (considered as a homogeneous liquid) is expressed by the shift factor B.
\nwhere,
\n\n\n
\n\n
In general, the flow behavior of a shear thinning fluid, such as particle-filled polymer melt, can be described by the power law (defined by consistency index K and flow behavior index n) of Ostwald/de Waele. On the basis of the power law, interaction effects can be taken into account in the calculation of the shift factor as follows [14]:
\nwhere,
\n\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
Shift factor B is affected by a number of factors: interparticle interactions, the formation and breaking of particle aggregates, the solids content of the suspension, the particle size and morphology of the solid phase, the effects of surfactants, which in turn affect the viscosity of the suspension [15]. In case of negligible interparticle interactions, the flow behavior indices are the same for the flow functions of the suspension (nc) and the matrix polymer (n0); thus, the interaction exponent is equal to one. In this case, shift factor B is independent of the applied shear stress, and the filler content only affects the consistency index [13].
\nThe quantitative impact of the volumetric filler concentration on the consistency index of the suspension (Figure 4) is expressed by the following empirical Equation [16, 17]:
\nTypical function of the correlation between consistency index of a suspension and volumetric filler concentration.
where,
\n\n\n
The adjustable parameters A, α, β can be found by regression analysis to fit a given set of experimental data.
\nAs already stated, in case of negligible interparticle interactions, only the consistency index of the suspension changes as a function of the volumetric filler concentration, while the interaction exponent remains constant at a value of one. The interaction exponent decreases only if interparticle interactions occur (Figure 5).
\nInteraction exponent of a suspension as a function of the consistency index.
A general mathematical description of the interaction exponent over the entire range of negligible interparticle interactions with the transition to non-negligible interparticle interactions provides the following equation, which is called the generalized interaction function [18]:
\nwhere,
\nK* = transitional consistency index [Pa sn]
\na, b = adjustable parameters [−]
\nThe model parameter (K*) describes the transition from negligible interactions to non-negligible interactions, whereas (a) expresses the width of the transition. The intensity of interaction effects is considered by parameter (b). The model parameters of this empirical equation can be found by regression analysis to fit a given set of experimental data with regard to minimize the sum of the relative error squares. To quantify the quality of the approximation, the mean of the absolute relative error values is used. This procedure was applied to all regression analyses in this study.
\nInterparticle interactions take place when the filler concentration increases. This includes an increase of particles per unit volume, which come into contact during flow. Furthermore, the rotation and migration of particles during flow, as well as the formation and breaking of aggregates, produces additional dissipative effects, which lead to an increase in the viscosity [1]. The mathematical consideration of interaction effects, which are dependent on the size, size distribution and morphology of the filler particles, as well as the filler volume concentration and the applied shear rate or shear stress, which is affected by volume output and the flow channel geometry in one general approach that describes the flow behavior of suspensions, is subject of this chapter. In addition to the particle properties and process conditions, the molecular structure of the matrix polymer has an influence on the formation of interparticle interaction effects and thus also on the flow behavior of the suspension. Linear and long-chain branched polymers differ in both shear thinning flow behavior and nonlinear, steady-state viscoelastic melt properties. The elastic melt properties, defined as the ratio of normal stress difference and shear stress, influence the particle migration during flow. The resulting differences in flow behavior are illustrated below using a long-chain branched LDPE and a linear PP as polymer matrices. In order to characterize the rheological properties of the particle-filled polymer melts, the fillers must be uniformly dispersed into the polymer matrix by means of suitable compounding techniques. The fillers mentioned in this chapter (Figure 6) can be classified based on their geometrical shape into the following categories:
Spherical
Plate-like
Fibrous
Light transmitted microscopy of spherical, plate-like and fibrous particles.
The particle size distribution was determined using the Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Instruments GmbH) via laser diffraction. The preparations of all formulations as shown in the following section were carried out by compounding on a corotating twin screw extruder (Brabender DSE 20) with a mass temperature of 190°C and mass output of 5 kg/h. Temperature profile: feed zone 170°C; plastification zone 180°C; conveying zone 185°C; mixing zone 185°C; extrusion zone 190°C.
\nThe polymer matrix of all following compounds in this section is a low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which is highly branched and exhibits shear thinning flow behavior.
\nFigure 7 shows the flow functions (shear stress as a function of shear rate) of unfilled LDPE and LDPE filled with different volumetric concentrations of wood fibers. The volume concentrations correspond to typical mass fractions and have been discussed in previous studies [14].
\nFlow functions of LDPE filled with varying volume fractions of wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm).
All flow functions exhibit shear thinning flow behavior, which can be mathematically described by the power law of Ostwald/de Waele. With increasing volumetric content of the wood fibers, the level of the flow functions is shifted to higher values. Accordingly, the consistency indices (K) increase with the increasing volume fraction of the filler particles. The extent of the consistency increase depends on the size and geometrical shape of the filler particles. Figure 8 shows flow functions of various filled LDPE systems at a fixed loading of 46 vol% to illustrate the impact of the filler morphology on the flow behavior. At low shear rates, the relative increase in shear stress of the suspension to the shear stress of the polymer matrix is the highest for the fibrous particles (wood fibers), slightly lower for the plate-like particles (natural graphite), and the lowest for the spherical particles (glass beads). With increasing shear rates, the impact of the filler morphology on the flow behavior decreases.
\nFlow functions of LDPE filled with 46 vol% of different fillers; glass beads (d50 = 346 μm), natural graphite (d50 = 267 μm), wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm) in comparison with the unfilled LDPE (T = 190°C).
In order to describe the impact of the volumetric filler concentration on the consistency index of particle-filled LDPE for various fillers in different size fractions, Eq. (7) has been used. Figure 9 shows that experimental data (symbols) can be excellently fitted (lines) on the basis of this equation.
\nConsistency index as a function of volumetric filler concentration for LDPE filled with various fillers with different particle sizes, (T = 190°C); (a) glass beads (d50 = 346 μm), natural graphite (d50 = 267 μm), wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm); (b) glass beads (d50 = 60 μm), natural graphite (d50 = 77 μm), wood flour (d50 = 110 μm).
At low filler concentrations up to approx. 20 vol%, the particle properties, for example, particle size and morphology, have no significant impact on the extent of the consistency index increase. At higher filler concentrations, the differences between the filler types are substantial. High aspect ratio particles such as wood fibers and natural graphite, regardless of their size, have a significantly greater impact on the consistency index than the spherical glass beads. Generally, the viscosity of a suspension and thus the consistency index exhibit higher values with decreasing particle size at a constant filler volume fraction. An exception can be observed here with the wood fillers. The small particle fraction contains a considerable amount of wood dust, which has a much lower aspect ratio as compared to the larger wood fibers. Since the impact of the aspect ratio on the consistency index increase is stronger in comparison with the particle size, the larger fibrous wood fillers cause a higher increase in consistency than the smaller particles of wood flour.
\nThe generalized interaction function (Eq. (8)) is used in order to describe the interaction exponent as a function of the consistency index, taking into account the transition from negligible interparticle interactions to the domain of non-negligible interactions. Figure 10 shows that experimental data (symbols) can be fitted (lines) on the basis of this equation with high accuracy.
\nInteraction exponent as a function of consistency index of LDPE filled with various fillers (T = 190°C).
The interaction function illustrates that glass beads in LDPE exhibit less interparticle interactions in comparison with particles with larger aspect ratio. In particular, large glass beads even show a range of negligible interparticle interactions with a transition to non-negligible interactions. Regardless of type and size, high aspect ratio particles have a characteristic relationship between consistency index and interaction exponent, which is distinctive of the polymer matrix LDPE.
\nBased on the generalized interaction function (Eq. (8)) and the relationship between consistency and volumetric filler concentration (Eq. (7)), the shift factor B can be derived as a function of the volume fraction for variable shear stresses (Eq. (6)). Figure 11 comparatively illustrates the influence of the filler volume concentration and the applied shear stress for various fillers in different size fractions on the shift factor B. On the basis of the shift factor B, the flow behavior of polymer suspensions can be estimated for arbitrary volume concentrations and shear stresses or shear rates on the basis of the following equation:
\nShift factor B as a three-dimensional function of filler content and applied shear stress for LDPE filled with various fillers; (a) glass beads (d50 = 60 μm), (b) glass beads (d50 = 346 μm), (c) natural graphite (d50 = 77 μm), (d) natural graphite (d50 = 267 μm), (e) wood flour (d50 = 110 μm), (f) wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm).
The polymer matrix of all following compounds in this section is a polypropylene (PP), which exhibit a linear molecular structure and shear thinning flow behavior.
\nFigure 12 shows the flow functions (shear stress as a function of shear rate) of PP filled with different volumetric concentrations of wood flour, as well as of the unfilled polymer matrix.
\nFlow functions of PP filled with varying volume fractions of wood flour (d50 = 110 μm), (T = 200°C).
As with particle-filled LDPE, all PP-based flow functions exhibit shear thinning flow behavior. In the observed shear rate range, the flow behavior can also be described very well by the power law. Compared to the LDPE-based compounds, the flow behavior index (n) of the PP-based formulations has slightly smaller values and thus a higher pseudoplasticity.
\nThe influence of the filler morphology on the flow behavior of PP filled with different filler types at a fixed loading of 46 vol% is shown in Figure 13. Compared to long-chain branched LDPE, the impact of filler type on the flow function of linear PP is lower. Furthermore, it is obvious that the flow behavior index is only slightly affected by the different aspect ratio of the filler types.
\nFlow functions of PP filled with 46 vol% of different fillers; glass beads (d50 = 346 μm), natural graphite (d50 = 267 μm), wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm) in comparison with the unfilled LDPE (T = 200°C).
On the basis of (Eq. (7)), the impact of the volumetric filler concentration on the consistency index of particle-filled PP has been described. Figure 14 shows that experimental data (symbols) can be excellently fitted (lines).
\nConsistency index as a function of volumetric filler concentration for PP filled with various fillers with different particle sizes, (T = 200°C); (a) glass beads (d50 = 346 μm), natural graphite (d50 = 267 μm), wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm); (b) glass beads (d50 = 60 μm), natural graphite (d50 = 77 μm), wood flour (d50 = 110 μm).
Over the entire range of volume fraction, the differences between the filler types are substantial regarding the impact on the consistency index increase. Basically, a strong influence can be observed of the aspect ratio of the filler particles on the consistency increase. High aspect ratio particles such as wood fibers and natural graphite, regardless of their size, have a significantly greater impact on the consistency index than the spherical glass beads, especially at high filler contents.
\nFigure 15 presents the correlation between interaction exponent and consistency index, which have been mathematically described by the generalized interaction function (Eq. (8)). This contains all fillers; wood fibers/flour, natural graphite and glass beads, in the entire concentration range from 6 to 56 vol%, in each case in two particle size fractions.
\nInteraction exponent as a function of consistency index of PP filled with various fillers (T = 200°C).
It is a remarkable fact that there is a characteristic relationship between interaction exponent and consistency index for all PP-based compounds, regardless of filler type, size and volume fraction. On the basis of this characteristic correlation, interparticle interactions in PP-based suspensions can be universally described with only one set of parameters of the generalized interaction function. The parameters that are generally valid for particle-filled PP to describe the interaction exponent as a function of consistency (Eq. (8)) index are:
\nOn the basis of these parameters, the flow curves of particle-filled PP can be estimated, regardless of the filler type, particle size, and volume fraction. Figure 16 exemplarily illustrates this on different formulations. The experimental data (symbols) have been excellently fitted (lines), using that generally valid parameter set of the interaction function.
\nComparison of experimental data (symbols) to predicted flow curves (lines) for PP filled with various fillers by using just one parameter set of the interaction function (K* = 16,706 Pa sn, a = 4.076, b = 0.385), (T = 200°C).
Figure 17 comparatively illustrates the influence of the filler volume concentration and the applied shear stress for various fillers in different size fractions on the shift factor B, which has been derived on the basis of (Eq. (6)). On the basis of the shift factor B, the flow behavior of polymer suspensions can be estimated for arbitrary volume concentrations and shear stresses or shear rates, respectively.
\nShift factor B as a three-dimensional function of filler content and applied shear stress for PP filled with various fillers; (a) glass beads (d50 = 60 μm), (b) glass beads (d50 = 346 μm), (c) natural graphite (d50 = 77 μm), (d) natural graphite (d50 = 267 μm), (e) wood flour (d50 = 110 μm), (f) wood fibers (d50 = 527 μm).
In this chapter, new mathematical models describing interparticle interaction effects in long-chain branched and linear polymer matrices have been presented. In the context of studies with variable volumetric filler concentrations, the influence of filler type (morphology and aspect ratio) and particle size on interparticle interactions has been compared.
\nOn the basis of the generalized interaction function, the correlation between interaction exponent and consistency index of particle-filled polymer melts can be mathematically described with high accuracy to experimental data. This correlation is characteristic and valid for each individual polymer matrix.
\nBased on the generalized interaction function, the shear thinning flow behavior of polymer suspensions can be estimated with high accuracy, regardless of filler type, particle size and volume fraction. The procedure for this is illustrated below using the example of LDPE filled with glass beads (d50 = 60 μm):
analysis of the flow functions for different filler concentrations (Figure 18a)
determination of the functional relationship between consistency index and volumetric filler concentration (Eq. (7))
determination of the functional parameters of the generalizes interaction function (Eq. (8))
derivation of the shift factor B (Eq. (6))
estimation of the flow functions for arbitrary volumetric filler concentrations (Eq. (9); Figure 18b)
Flow functions of LDPE filled with varying volume fractions of glass beads (d50 = 60 μm), (T = 190°C); (a) measured values; (b) comparison of experimental data (symbols) to predicted flow curves (lines).
The most simple constitutive law in explicit gradient elasticity is the model with equation:
Here,
Now, the question arises, if a gradient elasticity model including both, the Laplacian of stress and the Laplacian of strain, could remove both, the singularities of stress and the singularities of strain at the crack tip (cf. Gutkin and Aifantis [6]). The most simple generalization of Eq. (1), including the Laplacians of stress and strain, reads as follows:
where the same notation as in Eq. (1) applies and
Broese et al. [5] proved that Eq. (2) can be derived as a particular case of Mindlins micro-structured elasticity, which arises whenever the micro-deformation of the micromorphic continuum is supposed to be a symmetric tensor. Because the micro-structured elastic continuum of Mindlin and the micromorphic elastic continuum of Eringen (see, e.g., Eringen and Suhubi [8] and Eringen [9]) are essentially equivalent to each other, in the present work we will call both as micromorphic continua. According to Forest and Sievert [10], the resulting micromorphic theory is named micro-strain theory. It is shown in Broese et al. [5] that, in the context of micro-strain elasticity, the 3-PG-Model (2) can be derived as a combination of elasticity constitutive laws and the equilibrium equation for the so-called double stress.
On the other hand, Broese et al. [5] showed that Eq. (2) can be established alternatively by supposing the continuum to be classical, i.e., exhibiting only classical displacement degrees of freedom, but in the framework of the non-conventional thermodynamics proposed in Alber et al. [11]. To be more specific, the micro-deformation variable of the micro-strain approach has to be viewed as an internal state variable analogous to the inelastic strain in linear viscoelasticity. Eq. (2) then turns out to be a constitutive law, which is the counterpart in gradient elasticity of the three-parameter viscoelastic solid. The short hand notation “3-PG-Model” stands for “3-Parameter-Gradient-Elasticity-Model.” A general analogy to the constitutive laws describing viscoelastic solids can be established by using a nonstandard spring in gradient elasticity corresponding to the dashpot element in linear viscoelasticity and the Laplacian operator
Because all resulting governing equations and boundary conditions in the two approaches are equal to each other, we shall proceed further by regarding the 3-PG-Model as a particular case of the micro-strain elasticity. The present work (Parts I, II, and
Throughout the paper, we largely use the same notation as in Mindlin [3] and Mindlin and Eshel [4], in order to facilitate the comparison with these works. The deformations are assumed to be small, so we do not distinguish, as usually done, between reference and actual configuration. All indices will have the range of integers (
Let
Let
We denote by
where
Since
we have for every second-order tensor
For any tensor
Similar notations hold for any tensor of arbitrary order. The summation convention applies in analogous manner, e.g., we have
The physical components with respect to cylindrical coordinates of
This section provides a short overview about the 3-PG-Model in a form which is adequate for developing analytical solutions.
Assume the material body to be a micromorphic continuum. Besides the classical kinematical degrees of freedom, micromorphic continua are characterized by additional degrees of freedom due to the deformations of the micro-continua, which are assumed to be attached at every point of the macro-continuum (see Mindlin [3] and Broese et al. [5]). Therefore, in the micromorphic continuum theory, a nonclassical (double) stress and a nonclassical stress power are introduced in addition to the classical ones, but otherwise the theory is formulated in the framework of classical thermodynamics.
Let
All component representations in Section 3 are referred to the Cartesian coordinate system
This means that
exhibit the symmetry property
Following Forest and Sievert [10], we denote a micromorphic elasticity theory based on Eqs. (16)–(18) as micro-strain elasticity.
According to Broese et al. [5], the 3-PG-model can be established as a particular case of the micro-strain elasticity by assuming the existence of a free energy (per unit macro-volume)
The components
where
Further, there exists a double stress
For static problems, the classical and nonclassical stresses have to satisfy corresponding equilibrium equations. In the absence of body forces and body double forces, these are (see Mindlin [3] or Broese et al. [5])
The concomitant classical and nonclassical boundary conditions are as follows:
have to be prescribed on the boundary
The 3-PG-Model can be obtained from the above equations by first inserting Eq. (24) into Eq. (26), as follows:
Then take the Laplacian of Eq. (21), as follows:
and use Eq. (21) as well as Eq. (22) in Eq. (29), as follows:
The latter together with Eq. (30) yield the following equation:
which is nothing but the 3-PG-Model (2).
For later reference, we derive a useful equation for the strain
Further, from Eq. (21), we get the following equation:
By combining the last two equations, we gain the useful relation as follows:
For given
In Part
Coordinate axes ahead of the crack tip.
Plane strain state of micro-strain continua in equilibrium is characterized by the assumptions that
and that
On the basis of these assumptions, we conclude (see Section A.2) that the physical components
whereas all other components of
Similarly, we find (see Section 6.3) for the physical components
It is well known (see, e.g., Anderson [12], p. 114) that the nonvanishing physical components of
In view of the assumptions of the last section, we may derive the following results. We conclude from Eqs. (21)–(23), that
and that
Since
where
Quite similar to the case of classical elasticity (see, e.g., Anderson [12], p. 114), the matrix of the components of
For the analytical solutions in Part
The aim is now to rewrite this equation in terms of the physical components of
By inserting these equations into Eq. (55), we get
This is equivalent to a vanishing sum of two functions of
with
and
The right hand side of Eq. (62) can be simplified by invoking the equilibrium Eqs. (53) and (54). First recast Eq. (54) to solve for
and then take the derivative with respect to
On the other hand, from Eq. (53),
and, after differentiation with respect to
By substituting the latter into Eq. (64),
Finally, by substituting Eqs. (66) and (67) into Eq. (62) and after some rearrangement of terms, we find that
By expressing
With respect to physical components, the elasticity law (24) becomes
Keeping in mind that the physical components of
The physical components of the non-classical equilibrium condition (26) are
With the aid of the physical components of
or equivalently (cf. Section A.4)
Besides the classical compatibility condition for the strain
From these, we obtain useful relations by involving the physical components
and that
By inserting these into Eq. (92), we obtain the following equation:
In a similar way, we conclude from Eqs. (93) and (94) that
In order to involve the components of
where
where in addition use has been made of Eqs. (75) and (80). By inserting these components into Eqs. (97)–(99), we can verify that
The last equation is independent of material parameters. In order to rewrite Eqs. (107) and (108) also in a form independent of material parameters, we add and subtract them from each other to obtain, respectively,
As usually, near-tip field solutions rely upon boundary conditions, which are imposed only on the crack faces. Especially, we assume the classical traction
Now, we have from Eq. (27), expressed in physical components, that
Similarly, we get from Eq. (28), expressed in physical components, that
where use has been made of the elasticity law (24). As the isotropic elasticity tensor
Keeping in mind Eqs. (39)–(43), the only nontrivial conditions implied are as follows:
or equivalently
Symmetry conditions are important to classify the near-tip field solutions into types according to Mode-I and Mode-II crack problems. Each type of loading condition is characterized by the following symmetry conditions.
As in classical elasticity (see, e.g., Hellan [14], p. 10), we suppose for the macro-displacement the following symmetry conditions:
i.e.,
implying that
Then, it can be verified, with the help of the elasticity law (21), expressed in physical components, that Eqs. (122)–(125) engender the following conditions for the components of
Further, it can be seen from Eqs. (124) and (125), that
and from the elasticity laws (73)–(82), that
We know from classical elasticity (see, e.g., Hellan [14], p. 10), that the radial component of the displacement vector is an odd function of
It follows for the macro-strain
which suggest to assume the following symmetries for
It can be proved, in a similar fashion to Mode-I, that
and that
Before closing this section, we notice here, that the numerical simulations on the basis of the finite element method in Part
If the implicit gradient elasticity model in Eq. (2), named the 3-PG-Model, is recognized as a particular case of micromorphic (micro-strain) elasticity, a free energy and associated response functions and boundary conditions can be assigned. Part
The first and second authors thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for partial support of this work under Grant TS 29/13-1.
This section provides the component representations with respect to cylindrical coordinates of some space derivatives of a second-order tensor
We denote by
In the case of a second-order tensor
where
When
This symmetry also applies with respect to physical components,
It can be seen that Eq. (A2) furnishes the following physical components of
The Laplacian of a second-order tensor
This may be written as
where
and
We can calculate the physical components
Let
where
and
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118189},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10684",title:"Biorefineries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23962c6b77348bcbf247c673d34562f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10684.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:86},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"349",title:"Agrobiology",slug:"agrobiology",parent:{title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:109,numberOfWosCitations:100,numberOfCrossrefCitations:46,numberOfDimensionsCitations:149,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"agrobiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8954",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac0eb3328820cca42cb7d6cdbfca4ec2",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi and Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8954.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7206",title:"Corn",subtitle:"Production and Human Health in Changing Climate",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0140cb7a425a230a388fcece870e62b2",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",bookSignature:"Amanullah and Shah Fahad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",middleName:null,surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1958",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a4d422838dabdc758119a7dfc6e7a54",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32893",doi:"10.5772/26956",title:"Biological Oxidations and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products",slug:"biological-oxidations-and-antioxidant-activity-of-natural-products",totalDownloads:5551,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Xirley Pereira Nunes, Fabrício Souza Silva, Jackson Roberto Guedes da S. Almeida, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior and José Maria Barbosa Filho",authors:[{id:"68388",title:"Dr.",name:"Xirley",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",slug:"xirley-nunes",fullName:"Xirley Nunes"},{id:"70159",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucindo",middleName:null,surname:"Quintans-Júnior",slug:"lucindo-quintans-junior",fullName:"Lucindo Quintans-Júnior"},{id:"72113",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackson",middleName:"Roberto Guedes Da Silva",surname:"Almeida",slug:"jackson-almeida",fullName:"Jackson Almeida"},{id:"72114",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianeli",middleName:"Tolentino",surname:"Lima",slug:"julianeli-lima",fullName:"Julianeli Lima"},{id:"73341",title:"Prof.",name:"José Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa-Filho",slug:"jose-maria-barbosa-filho",fullName:"José Maria Barbosa-Filho"},{id:"76185",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"luciano-ribeiro",fullName:"Luciano Ribeiro"},{id:"76187",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrício",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"fabricio-silva",fullName:"Fabrício Silva"}]},{id:"32901",doi:"10.5772/27843",title:"Plant Polyphenols as Antioxidants Influencing the Human Health",slug:"plant-polyphenols-as-antioxidants-influencing-the-human-health",totalDownloads:6324,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević, Biljana Blažeković, Maja Bival Štefan and Marija Babac",authors:[{id:"71793",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Blazekovic",slug:"biljana-blazekovic",fullName:"Biljana Blazekovic"},{id:"76049",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vladimir-Knežević",slug:"sanda-vladimir-knezevic",fullName:"Sanda Vladimir-Knežević"},{id:"76050",title:"MSc.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Bival Štefan",slug:"maja-bival-stefan",fullName:"Maja Bival Štefan"},{id:"76054",title:"MSc.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Babac",slug:"marija-babac",fullName:"Marija Babac"}]},{id:"32903",doi:"10.5772/30459",title:"Potato Peel as a Source of Important Phytochemical Antioxidant Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health - A Review",slug:"potato-peel-as-a-source-of-important-phytochemical-antioxidant-nutraceuticals-and-their-role-in-huma",totalDownloads:8008,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"A. Al-Weshahy and V.A. Rao",authors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"},{id:"150485",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Weshahy",slug:"amir-al-weshahy",fullName:"Amir Al-Weshahy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69956",title:"Biostimulants and Their Role in Improving Plant Growth under Abiotic Stresses",slug:"biostimulants-and-their-role-in-improving-plant-growth-under-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"67454",title:"Nitrogen Fertilization I: Impact on Crop, Soil, and Environment",slug:"nitrogen-fertilization-i-impact-on-crop-soil-and-environment",totalDownloads:535,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Upendra M. Sainju, Rajan Ghimire and Gautam P. Pradhan",authors:[{id:"214367",title:"Dr.",name:"Upendra",middleName:null,surname:"Sainju",slug:"upendra-sainju",fullName:"Upendra Sainju"},{id:"266570",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghimire",slug:"rajan-ghimire",fullName:"Rajan Ghimire"},{id:"266571",title:"Prof.",name:"Gautam",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"gautam-pradhan",fullName:"Gautam Pradhan"}]},{id:"69577",title:"Role of Fungi in Agriculture",slug:"role-of-fungi-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:561,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj and Murugaragavan Ramasamy",authors:null},{id:"70950",title:"Role of Biofertilizers in Plant Growth and Soil Health",slug:"role-of-biofertilizers-in-plant-growth-and-soil-health",totalDownloads:559,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy, T. Geetha and M. Yuvaraj",authors:[{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"62653",title:"Phytochemical Composition: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Activities of Corn",slug:"phytochemical-composition-antioxidant-potential-and-biological-activities-of-corn",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",title:"Corn",fullTitle:"Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate"},signatures:"Haq Nawaz, Saima Muzaffar, Momna Aslam and Shakeel Ahmad",authors:[{id:"230900",title:"Mr.",name:"Haq",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"haq-nawaz",fullName:"Haq Nawaz"},{id:"244066",title:"Prof.",name:"Saima",middleName:null,surname:"Muzaffar",slug:"saima-muzaffar",fullName:"Saima Muzaffar"},{id:"263041",title:"Ms.",name:"Momna",middleName:null,surname:"Aslam",slug:"momna-aslam",fullName:"Momna Aslam"},{id:"263042",title:"Dr.",name:"Shakeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"shakeel-ahmad",fullName:"Shakeel Ahmad"}]},{id:"32893",title:"Biological Oxidations and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products",slug:"biological-oxidations-and-antioxidant-activity-of-natural-products",totalDownloads:5555,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Xirley Pereira Nunes, Fabrício Souza Silva, Jackson Roberto Guedes da S. Almeida, Julianeli Tolentino de Lima, Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior and José Maria Barbosa Filho",authors:[{id:"68388",title:"Dr.",name:"Xirley",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",slug:"xirley-nunes",fullName:"Xirley Nunes"},{id:"70159",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucindo",middleName:null,surname:"Quintans-Júnior",slug:"lucindo-quintans-junior",fullName:"Lucindo Quintans-Júnior"},{id:"72113",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackson",middleName:"Roberto Guedes Da Silva",surname:"Almeida",slug:"jackson-almeida",fullName:"Jackson Almeida"},{id:"72114",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianeli",middleName:"Tolentino",surname:"Lima",slug:"julianeli-lima",fullName:"Julianeli Lima"},{id:"73341",title:"Prof.",name:"José Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa-Filho",slug:"jose-maria-barbosa-filho",fullName:"José Maria Barbosa-Filho"},{id:"76185",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"luciano-ribeiro",fullName:"Luciano Ribeiro"},{id:"76187",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabrício",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"fabricio-silva",fullName:"Fabrício Silva"}]},{id:"61112",title:"Climate Change Impacts on Corn Phenology and Productivity",slug:"climate-change-impacts-on-corn-phenology-and-productivity",totalDownloads:920,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",title:"Corn",fullTitle:"Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate"},signatures:"Jerry L. Hatfield and Christian Dold",authors:[{id:"29632",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerry",middleName:null,surname:"Hatfield",slug:"jerry-hatfield",fullName:"Jerry Hatfield"},{id:"244478",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Dold",slug:"christian-dold",fullName:"Christian Dold"}]},{id:"69645",title:"Applications and Constraints of Plant Beneficial Microorganisms in Agriculture",slug:"applications-and-constraints-of-plant-beneficial-microorganisms-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Sovan Debnath, Deepa Rawat, Aritra Kumar Mukherjee, Samrat Adhikary and Ritesh Kundu",authors:null},{id:"61809",title:"Corn Productivity: The Role of Management and Biotechnology",slug:"corn-productivity-the-role-of-management-and-biotechnology",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",title:"Corn",fullTitle:"Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate"},signatures:"Jean-Paul Chavas and Paul D. Mitchell",authors:[{id:"245726",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Chavas",slug:"jean-paul-chavas",fullName:"Jean-Paul Chavas"},{id:"253451",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul D.",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"paul-d.-mitchell",fullName:"Paul D. Mitchell"}]},{id:"67458",title:"Nitrogen Fertilization II: Management Practices to Sustain Crop Production and Soil and Environmental Quality",slug:"nitrogen-fertilization-ii-management-practices-to-sustain-crop-production-and-soil-and-environmental",totalDownloads:340,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Upendra M. Sainju, Rajan Ghimire and Gautam P. Pradhan",authors:[{id:"214367",title:"Dr.",name:"Upendra",middleName:null,surname:"Sainju",slug:"upendra-sainju",fullName:"Upendra Sainju"},{id:"266570",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajan",middleName:null,surname:"Ghimire",slug:"rajan-ghimire",fullName:"Rajan Ghimire"},{id:"266571",title:"Prof.",name:"Gautam",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"gautam-pradhan",fullName:"Gautam Pradhan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"agrobiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/191702/ana-arboleya",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"191702",slug:"ana-arboleya"},fullPath:"/profiles/191702/ana-arboleya",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()