Growth factors in platelet and their function.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8724",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Gas Sensors",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book focuses on the applications of nanomaterials in the fabrication of gas sensors. It covers recent developments of different materials used to design gas sensors, such as conducting polymers, semiconductors, as well as layered and nanosized materials. The widespread applications of various gas sensors for the detection of toxic gases are also discussed. The book provides a concise but thorough coverage of nanomaterials applications and utilization in gas sensors. In addition, it overviews recent developments in and the fabrication of gas sensors and their attributes for a broad audience, including beginners, graduate students, and specialists in both academic and industrial sectors.",isbn:"978-1-78985-160-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-159-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-501-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80141",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"gas-sensors",numberOfPages:168,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"bc4be4b954b559709aaace45f70adcd0",bookSignature:"Sher Bahadar Khan, Abdullah M. Asiri and Kalsoom Akhtar",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8724.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3718,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 10th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 7th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 6th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 25th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245468/images/system/245468.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Sher Bahadar Khan received his Ph.D from HEJ, Karachi University, Pakistan. After completion of his Ph.D, he started his post-doctoral career in nanochemistry and nanotechnology and continued to work as a post-doctoral research fellow to February 2010 at Yonsei University, South Korea. In March 2010, he joined the Center for Advanced Materials and Nano-engineering, Department of Chemistry, Najran University as an Assistant Professor and continued his work to 31 August 2011. He joined the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as an Assistant Professor in September 2011. Currently he is Full Professor in the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University and is doing research in nanochemistry and nanotechnology. He was honoured by receiving the top scientist award of KP Science & Technology in 2018. He was also honoured by the Deanship of Scientific Research awards at King Abdulaziz University for book, patent, and highly ranked scientific publication. He is the author of 320 research articles, twelve books, and six patents with almost 1000 ± 10 impact factor, 6665 citations, and 45 h-index.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"280216",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:"M.",surname:"Asiri",slug:"abdullah-asiri",fullName:"Abdullah Asiri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280216/images/system/280216.jpg",biography:"Dr. Abdullah Mohamed Asiri received his Ph.D. from the University of Wales, College of Cardiff, UK, in 1995. He has been the head of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University since October 2009. He is also the founder and director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) as well as a professor of Organic Photochemistry. His research interests include chemistry, synthesis of novel photochromic and thermochromic systems, synthesis of novel coloring matters and dyeing of textiles, materials chemistry, nanochemistry, nanotechnology, polymers, and plastics. He is the editor-in-chief of the King Abdulaziz University Journal of Science. He is also a member of the editorial board of Pigments and Resin Technology (UK), Organic Chemistry in Sight (New Zealand), and Recent Patents on Materials Science (USA). Dr. Asiri is vice president of the Saudi Chemical Society (Western Province Branch).",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"245469",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalsoom",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"kalsoom-akhtar",fullName:"Kalsoom Akhtar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kalsoom Akhtar received her Ph.D from the Chemistry Department, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea. Dr. K. Akhtar is an Assist. Professor in the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University and is currently doing research in organic and nano-chemistry, which comprises photo-catalyst, organic synthesis, and metal oxide nanomaterials. She is the author of 2 books and 65 research papers.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"740",title:"Electronic Devices and Materials",slug:"electronic-devices-and-materials"}],chapters:[{id:"68941",title:"Metal Oxide Gas Sensors by Nanostructures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88858",slug:"metal-oxide-gas-sensors-by-nanostructures",totalDownloads:1221,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Fatma Sarf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68941",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69386",title:"Application of Knudsen Force for Development of Modern Micro Gas Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86807",slug:"application-of-knudsen-force-for-development-of-modern-micro-gas-sensors",totalDownloads:228,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Mostafa Barzegar Gerdroodbary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69386",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68782",title:"Optical Gas Sensors Using Terahertz Waves in the Layered Media",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87146",slug:"optical-gas-sensors-using-terahertz-waves-in-the-layered-media",totalDownloads:403,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68782",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68782",authors:[{id:"189825",title:"Dr.",name:"Ja-Yu",surname:"Lu",slug:"ja-yu-lu",fullName:"Ja-Yu Lu"},{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],corrections:null},{id:"70030",title:"A Review on Preparation of ZnO Nanorods and Their Use in Ethanol Vapors Sensing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86704",slug:"a-review-on-preparation-of-zno-nanorods-and-their-use-in-ethanol-vapors-sensing",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Musarrat Jabeen, R. Vasant Kumar and Nisar Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70030",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70030",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66425",title:"Design and Growth of Metal Oxide Film as Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82082",slug:"design-and-growth-of-metal-oxide-film-as-liquefied-petroleum-gas-sensors",totalDownloads:500,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rakesh Kumar Sonker, Saroj Radheyshyam Shabajeet, Rahul Johari and Balchandra Yadav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66425",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69915",title:"Synthesis of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Nanostructures for Gas Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86815",slug:"synthesis-of-metal-oxide-semiconductor-nanostructures-for-gas-sensors",totalDownloads:387,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Nazar Abbas Shah, Majeed Gul, Murrawat Abbas and Muhammad Amin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69915",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69915",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70113",title:"Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89888",slug:"gas-sensors-based-on-conducting-polymers",totalDownloads:645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Nagy L. Torad and Mohamad M. Ayad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70113",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7478",title:"Photocatalysts",subtitle:"Applications and Attributes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26559479998a0a8d83546de0a220c87f",slug:"photocatalysts-applications-and-attributes",bookSignature:"Sher Bahadar Khan and Kalsoom Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7358",title:"Cerium Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Attributes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d1cd9a9ecf46270e344d15f94bc66ef",slug:"cerium-oxide-applications-and-attributes",bookSignature:"Sher Bahadar Khan and Kalsoom Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3645",title:"Passive Microwave Components and Antennas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"passive-microwave-components-and-antennas",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3645.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"253",title:"Organic Light Emitting Diode",subtitle:"Material, Process and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf0742adef8e8ae73b12780081eeb1d7",slug:"organic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices",bookSignature:"Seung Hwan Ko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/253.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33170",title:"Prof.",name:"Seung Hwan",surname:"Ko",slug:"seung-hwan-ko",fullName:"Seung Hwan Ko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3644",title:"Semiconductor Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"semiconductor-technologies",bookSignature:"Jan Grym",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4283",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jan",surname:"Grym",slug:"jan-grym",fullName:"Jan Grym"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6489",title:"Light-Emitting Diode",subtitle:"An Outlook On the Empirical Features and Its Recent Technological Advancements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20818f168134f1af35547e807d839463",slug:"light-emitting-diode-an-outlook-on-the-empirical-features-and-its-recent-technological-advancements",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6275",title:"Supercapacitors",subtitle:"Theoretical and Practical Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94a2398d62d5bcefd79ae73a0003ad7a",slug:"supercapacitors-theoretical-and-practical-solutions",bookSignature:"Lionginas Liudvinavičius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6275.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32614",title:"Dr.",name:"Lionginas",surname:"Liudvinavičius",slug:"lionginas-liudvinavicius",fullName:"Lionginas Liudvinavičius"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7567",title:"Science, Technology and Advanced Application of Supercapacitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f3c82213ad65bc6260c0164da9319f4",slug:"science-technology-and-advanced-application-of-supercapacitors",bookSignature:"Takaya Sato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7567.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51962",title:"Prof.",name:"Takaya",surname:"Sato",slug:"takaya-sato",fullName:"Takaya Sato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6509",title:"Energy Harvesting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9665f0b76c3e7d51613f12f86efc3767",slug:"energy-harvesting",bookSignature:"Reccab Manyala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6509.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12002",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reccab",surname:"Manyala",slug:"reccab-manyala",fullName:"Reccab Manyala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6511",title:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96b2d63df3822f48468050aa7a44a44c",slug:"complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor",bookSignature:"Kim Ho Yeap and Humaira Nisar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6511.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73132",slug:"corrigendum-to-soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-ch",title:"Corrigendum to: Soil Erosion Influencing Factors in the Semiarid Area of Northern Shaanxi Province, China",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73132.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73132",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73132",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73132",chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10536",leadTitle:null,title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCampylobacter is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrheal infections worldwide. Symptoms can range from mild to severe conditions, including permanent neurological symptoms. Recent studies have shown that 31% of Guillain-Barré Syndrome, a neurologic disease that causes ascending paralysis are attributable to Campylobacter infection. Campylobacter is a thermophilic bacterium. Generally, the strains of Campylobacter are apathogenic in poultry, although newly hatched chicks and turkeys may develop transient diarrhea following C. jejuni infection. Modern intensive poultry production favors the introduction of disease into commercial growing units, resulting in intestinal colonization during the second to fourth weeks. The organism is carried in the intestine of many wild and domestic animals; hence, routes of infection in commercial poultry include contaminated fomites, infected water supply, rodents, insects, and free-living birds. Intestinal colonization results in healthy animals as carriers and epidemiological data suggest that contaminated products of animal origin, especially poultry, contribute significantly to Campylobacteriosis. Consequently, the reduction of raw poultry contamination has a significant impact on reducing the incidence of infection. Contamination of poultry products occurs both on the farm and in processing plants.
\r\n\r\n\tRoutine procedures on the farm, such as feed withdrawal, poultry handling, and transportation practices, have a documented effect on Campylobacter levels at the processing plant. At the plant, defeathering, evisceration, and carcass chillers have been reported to cross-contaminate poultry carcasses. The high frequency of Campylobacter spp. transmission from poultry to humans promotes scientists to consider and create alternative intervention strategies to control the pathogen in poultry production since excessively high numbers of Campylobacter (often >108 CFU/g of poultry intestinal material) potentiate high numbers of the organism on the processed broiler carcass with increasing consequent human health risk. Interventions during poultry production portend the most excellent opportunity for reducing the risk of disease.
\r\n\r\n\tHowever, amelioration of infection by applying improved hygiene standards and decontamination, such as the washing of carcasses and the application of chemical disinfectants and gamma irradiation, can reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter contamination in poultry meat. This book aims to assess the significance of Campylobacter as a foodborne pathogen and consolidate recent advances, new perspectives, and novel alternatives of control.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-976-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-975-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-977-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",bookSignature:"Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Associate Prof. Saeed El-Ashram",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",keywords:"Campylobacter spp., Foodborne Pathogens, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Detection, Isolation, Diagnostic, Virulence Factors, Bacteriocins, Vaccines, Interventions Methods, Probiotics, Phytobiotics",numberOfDownloads:47,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 9th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 8th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 9th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 28th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 27th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Research Professor at the Center of Excellence in Poultry Science of the University of Arkansas, USA, and member of the Mexican Veterinary Academy and the Mexican National Research System. During his research career, he has authored and co-authored more than 200 articles (H-index of 31).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73465/images/system/73465.jpg",biography:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias was born in Mexico City, in 1963. He received his Doctor in Veterinary Medicine degree in 1986 and his Master in Science degree in Veterinary Sciences in 1989 from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), College of Veterinary Medicine. He worked as full Professor at UNAM for 16 years, 8 as head of the Avian Medicine Department at the College of Veterinary Medicine. Tellez was President of the National Poultry Science Association or Mexico, is member of the Mexican Veterinary Academy and the Mexican National Research System. Currently, he works as a Research Professor at the Center of Excellence in Poultry Science of the University of Arkansas. His research is focused on the advantages of the poultry gastrointestinal model to evaluate the beneficial effects of functional foods to enhance intestinal health and disease resistance.",institutionString:"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"209746",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDh0QAG/Profile_Picture_1600070130816",biography:"Saeed El-Ashram (BSc, MSc, PhD Vet. Med.), Professor at School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University (Xianxi Campus), Shishan Town, Naihai district of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China. The primary focus of his research is to understand how the animal immune system recognizes and responds to parasitic infections with and/or without microbial community, because some of them are the causative agents of major diseases of humans, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, alveolar echinococcosis and fasciolosis. Others are a huge financial burden to food producers because of the effects these parasites have on domestic animals, for example, coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis (livestock and poultry), and fasciolosis and haemonchosis (livestock). Another area of research in Dr. El-Ashram laboratory investigates the inter-species dynamics in mixed parasitic-bacterial, fungal, or viral infections particularly those with clinical and therapeutic implications. The overall target of his research is to provide information that will aid in the design of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at the prevention and/or treatment of these complicated infections. To achieve this objective, they are utilizing new technology, including Proteomics, Immunoproteomics, Mass Spectrometry, Next Generation Sequencing, Tetramers, Real-time PCR, Immunohistochemistry and Bioinformatic and Flow Cytometry Analyses to dissect the host-pathogen interactions in single or combined infections. Dr. El-Ashram's laboratory deciphers the formation and evolution of host specialization in the foodborne illnesses, such as Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni and Bacillus cereus by building a genome-based phylogeny and studying the Whole genome sequencing (WGS) as an effective and rapid surveillance tool of foodborne disease.",institutionString:"Foshan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Foshan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:[{id:"75751",title:"The Role of Immune Response and Microbiota on Campylobacteriosis",slug:"the-role-of-immune-response-and-microbiota-on-campylobacteriosis",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"75880",title:"Conventional and Molecular Detection Methods of the Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogen Campylobacter concisus",slug:"conventional-and-molecular-detection-methods-of-the-opportunistic-bacterial-pathogen-campylobacter-c",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57046",title:"Platelet-Rich Plasma in Burn Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70835",slug:"platelet-rich-plasma-in-burn-treatment",body:'Platelets are small and anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets carry vesicles containing presynthesized proteins in their granules that can be released into the local environment or transported for surface expression. Controlled and coordinated release of these factors is an important part of the normal wound healing process.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a composition comprising platelets in a plasma at a higher density than normal blood concentration. PRP has been shown to be an effective agent for bone grafting, cartilage regeneration, neovascularization, and tissue deposition in animal studies. These results have increased the interest in PRP and led to the use of PRP in human surgical applications.
PRP has been reported to be used in a wide variety of applications, mainly in problematic wound, maxillofacial, and spinal surgery. The results from these studies have provided strong evidence supporting the clinical use of PRP; however, only few include controls to clearly demonstrate the role of the PRP. Additionally, there is not a precise consensus regarding platelet-rich plasma production and characterization. This lack of consensus also prevents a standard approach in the PRP [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
Platelets, discovered in the nineteenth century, are small, nucleus-free cytoplasmic cellular structures which are round or oval-shaped and have about 2 μm diameter and derived from megakaryocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow [1]. These cellular structures were initially believed to be involved only in the hemostasis and pathological thrombus formation. Although, platelets do not have nucleus, many organelles are found in their cytoplasm including abundant mitochondria, several loops of microtubular coils giving them a robust cytoskeletal structure, and granules (alpha, delta, and lambda) [2, 3, 4, 5].
The platelets organize the migration of cells associated with wound healing (neutrophils, macrophages, stem cells, etc.) as well as the formation of the initial clot by means of the inflammatory mediators they contain [6, 7].
Alpha granules are formed during megakaryocyte maturation, and each platelet contains approximately 50–80 alpha granules, each bound by a unit membrane [8, 9]. Alpha granules are about 200–500 nm in diameter and contain more than 30 bioactive mediators each playing a fundamental role in hemostasis and/or tissue healing. Platelets reside intravascularly and are concentrated in the spleen. The normal mean concentration of platelets in normal blood is about 140,000–400,000 platelets/mm3. Platelets are removed by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system after approximately 10 days in the circulation [9, 10, 11].
After tissue damage, the platelets become exposed to the damaged vessel, and these damaged vessels are places where the platelets directly contact with collagen, the basement membranes of capillaries, and subendothelial microfibrils [10]. This interaction causes the platelets to aggregate at the damaged site and change from a rounded shape to one that includes large, sticky protuberances or pseudopodia. This course is called “activation.” The alpha-granules fuse with the platelet plasma membrane and release their protein contents to the surroundings during activation [11, 12].
Blood clotting begins via one of two pathways called intrinsic and extrinsic pathways [10]. The intrinsic one is started by damage or alteration to the blood, itself, whereas the extrinsic pathway is started via the contact of blood and factors that are extraneous to the blood (e.g., damaged tissue). Both cascades are associated with a series of reactions in which the inactive factors are activated. These series of reactions facilitate the formation of other mediators from precursors that go on to catalyze subsequent reactions, leading to the formation of a final clot. Although both pathways are initiated in different ways, they overlap and share common steps in the later stages of clot formation [9, 11]. The platelets participate in many levels of the reaction sequence that produces fibrin thread and are component of the final clot structure, which comprise a fibrin mesh, with the activated platelet aggregate and red and white blood cell complex within. Since calcium ions are necessary for blood clotting, an effective agent capable of binding calcium ions or removing it from the environment prevents the progress of the coagulation process. Citrate, which binds to calcium ions and forms the calcium citrate molecule, is a soluble but unionizable substance. Classical blood preservatives include citrate dextrose and citrate phosphate dextrose as well as other substances to maintain cellular viability [9, 13, 14, 15].
There are three overlapping stages to wound healing: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. Inflammation is the first response to tissue damage. The goal is to provide rapid hemostasis and initiate a series of reactions leading to tissue regeneration. When blood exits from damaged vessels, a hematoma that fills the tissue space occurs, and platelets have crucial roles in this process. Cytokines and growth factors released from activated platelets and other cells result in several events, including cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis [16, 17, 18, 19]. The fibrin mesh in the hematoma serves as a transient matrix to continue regenerative space and ensure a scaffold for migration and proliferation of cells [18, 20].
Neutrophils, inflammatory cells which first infiltrate the wound area and have lifetimes limited to hours and days, provide rapid defense against infections and removal of tissue debris. Then a flow of monocytes and T lymphocytes occurs to wound area [16, 17, 19, 21].
After monocytes reach the wound area, they differentiate into macrophages, and macrophages become predominant cell types in this region. The macrophages, which have lifetimes limited to days to months, support neutrophils in their functions and increase secretion of factors from neutrophils [16, 17, 18, 21]. The role of T lymphocytes in a successful wound healing process is still not clearly understood [19]. The mesenchymal stem cells migrate to the wound site to form an unstable cell line that will serve as a skeleton for or formation of the bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, and other tissues [17]. Fibroblasts migrate to the wound site and begin to proliferate to produce extracellular matrix [17, 22]. Blood vessel endothelium close to the injury area proliferates to create new capillaries, and then these new vessels extend to the damaged site. These activities are regarded as the first steps of angiogenesis [16, 17].
During the proliferative phase, which is the second stage of wound healing, damaged and necrotic tissue is removed from the surrounding and replaced by living tissue that is in accordance with the original tissue structure of that region (e.g., bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue). Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and other cell types which are required to produce the appropriate tissue type [17].
The third phase, the remodeling phase, is the final stage of wound healing. During this phase, the newly generated tissue reshapes and reorganizes to more closely resemble the original tissue [17].
A lot of proteins are found within the alpha granules of platelets that strongly influence wound healing process, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), platelet-derived endothelial growth factor (PDEGF), platelet-derived angiogenesis factor (PDAF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epithelial cell growth factor (ECGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), interleukin (IL)-1, osteocalcin, osteonectin, vitronectin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and thrombospondin (TSP)-1 [8, 11, 13, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24]. Collectively, these proteins mentioned are members of the growth factor, cytokine, and chemokine families. Each of these proteins takes a position in different steps of wound healing (Table 1) [9, 21]. Platelets begin to actively secrete these mediators within 10 minutes after clotting, and more than 95% of these presynthesized growth factors are secreted within 1 h [9, 21].
Growth factor | Function in wound healing |
---|---|
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) | • Proliferation, migration, and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis • Proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and matrix mineralization |
aFGF or FGF-1 (fibroblast growth factor; acidic) | • Promotes skin-derived keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells • Participates in proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and cell migration |
bFGF or FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor; basic) | • Promotes angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, matrix synthesis, and epithelization • Growth of fibroblasts, myoblasts, osteoblasts, neural cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and chondrocytes |
GM-CDF or CSF a (granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) | • Chemoattractant for neutrophils • Participates in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and in the proliferation of BM progenitor cells |
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) | • Growth factors for normal fibroblasts, promotes the synthesis of collagenase and prostaglandin E2 in fibroblasts • Induces collagen and matrix synthesis by bone cells, regulating the metabolism of joint cartilage |
Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) | • Activates osteoclasts in high concentrations and suppresses the formation of the new bone. In low concentrations, however, promotes new bone growth • Enhances inflammatory reactions and collagenase activity and inhibits the growth of endothelial cells and hepatocytes |
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | • Stimulates mitosis of epidermal cells and supports angiogenesis |
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF or FGF-7) | • Most potent GF for skin keratinocytes • Promotes wound healing via proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and cell migration • Stimulates mitosis of epithelial cells except for fibroblasts and endothelial cells |
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | • Activates TGF-b and stimulates neutrophils, macrophages, and mitosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, collagen synthesis, collagenase activity, and angiogenesis • Chemoattractant for hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, and muscle cells. Stimulates chemotaxis toward a gradient of PDGF |
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-a) | • Affects bone formation and remodeling by inhibition of synthesis of collagen and release of calcium • More potent than EGF • Promotes the generation of osteoblasts and deposition of bone matrix during osteogenesis • Stimulates mesenchymal, epithelial, and endothelial cell growth. Endothelial chemotaxis controls the epidermal development |
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b1) | • Fibroblast chemotaxis, proliferation, and stimulates collagen synthesis • Growth inhibitor for epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, neuronal cells, hematopoietic cell types, and keratinocyte |
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) | • Growth factor for fibroblasts and promotes angiogenesis |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF/VEP) | • Induces neovascularization by stimulating the proliferation of macrovascular endothelial cells • Stimulates the synthesis of metalloproteinase that helps degrade interstitial collagen types 1, 2, and 3 |
Growth factors in platelet and their function.
As a general definition, PRP is the concentration of autologous human platelets in a small amount of plasma. There are many different names, types, and PRP-like products (Table 2) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. PRP was first described by Marx et al. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28].
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) | Nonactivated plasma with amount of platelets above baseline |
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) | Platelet-rich product with 3D structure |
Platelet concentrate | Platelet-rich plasma |
Plasma rich in growth factors | Type of pure PRP, no leukocytes |
Platelet gel | Activated PRP |
Platelet lysate | Activated PRP by lyses, e.g., by freeze-thawing or Triton-X |
Platelet releasate | Activated PRP by thrombin and calcium chloride |
An overview of different names, types, and PRP-like products.
Some investigators have suggested that the platelet concentration in PRP should be at least 3–5 times the normal platelet concentration in the blood (Table 3) [29, 30, 31, 32], although the dependence of clinical benefit on platelet concentration versus total number of platelets delivered may need to await further investigation [33]. Platelet concentration ratios of less than twofold to 8.5-fold have been reported [21, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36]. Weibrich et al. [24] recommend that different individuals may need different platelet concentration ratios to obtain comparable biological effect.
Thrombocytes baseline whole blood (×109/L) | 519.6 ± 214.3 |
Thrombocytes PRP (×109/L) | 2139.3 ± 1401.6 |
Ratio thrombocytes PRP/baseline whole blood | 3.9 ± 1.8 |
Platelets of the whole blood and PRP.
PRP comprises not only high levels of platelets but also all components of clotting factors. For PRP to be clinically effective, it is emphasized that each 1 microliter of PRP should have at least 1,000,000 thrombocytes. (Tables 3 and 4) [29, 30, 31, 32, 37].
Growth factor | Physiologic level in the blood | Level in PRP |
---|---|---|
PDGF-β | 3.3 ± 0.9 ng/ml | 17 ± 8 ng/ml |
TGF-β1 | 35 ± 8 ng/ml | 120 ± 42 ng/ml |
VEGF | 155 ± 110 pg/ml | 955 ± 1030 pg/ml |
EGF | 129 ± 61 pg/ml | 470 ± 320 pg/ml |
Levels of some growth factors in blood versus PRP.
PRP acts through the degradation of alpha granules in the platelets. Secretion of growth factors begins from alpha granules within 10 min after clotting and more than 95% of the presynthesized growth factors secreted within 1 hour. In practice, after the PRP is prepared, it is necessary to induce the alpha granules in platelets for the release of growth factors. This induction is made by adding calcium and/or thrombin into PRP prepared in vitro. For this reason, the PRP should be prepared without clotting and should be applied within 10 minutes after clot initiation [9]. Basically, PRP is acquired by centrifuging autologous blood at a certain cycle. To keep the integrity of platelet membrane, acid citrate dextrose type A is used as anticoagulant agent [38].
While preparing the PRP, common points in clinical preparation techniques are like that: The blood is collected from the patient and is taken into the tube containing anticoagulant agent, and immediately centrifuge operation is initiated. When blood containing anticoagulant agent is centrifuged, three layers form as a result of the density: the deep layer containing red blood cells (gravity, 1.09), the middle layer containing white blood cells and platelets (buffy coat; gravity, 1.06), and the top layer (platelet poor plasma; gravity, 1.03) [11].
In the second stage, different techniques are applied, but basically, acellular plasma layer and the red cell layer are removed, and only “buffy coat” layer which contains dense platelet and white blood cells is obtained. So, the PRP becomes ready to be applied after addition of calcium and/or thrombin to activate thrombocytes [9].
Additionally, approximately 6 ml of platelet-rich plasma can be produced from 45 to 60 ml of blood thanks to newly developed small, compact office systems [14, 21, 39, 40, 41]. Numerous of such systems are available in use, including the PCCS (Implant Innovations, Inc., Palm Beach Gardens, Fla.), the Symphony II (DePuy, Warsaw, Ind.), the GPS (Biomet, Warsaw, Ind.), the Magellan (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn.), and the SmartPReP (Harvest Technologies Corp., Norwell, Mass.). Though, all these systems work on a small volume of obtained blood (45–60 ml) and on the principle of centrifugation, they have many differences in their capacity to collect and concentrate platelets, with about 30–85% of the available platelets collected and from a less than twofold to an approximately eightfold rise in the concentration of platelets over baseline [15, 30, 33, 35, 40, 42].
Although it is possible to produce PRP by using standard laboratory centrifuge, this process needs much effort, usually requiring multiple transfers and two spins; therefore, it may be difficult to maintain the sterility [14, 31, 43]. Moreover, these techniques may not be reliable to maximize platelet concentration or the levels of key secretory proteins [21].
PRP is stable, in the anticoagulated state, for up to 8 h after preparation. This duration allows to be used even during long operations [14, 21, 44]. In order to release the contents of alpha granules in the platelets, PRP must be activated. For this purpose, most commonly, 1000 units of topical bovine thrombin per milliliter of 10% calcium chloride solution is added to the platelet-rich plasma [16, 34, 39, 45].
There are studies evaluating the effects of PRP on wound healing (Table 5) [37, 46, 47]. In the early phase of wound healing, the clot formed in the injury area serves as a matrix for cell migration, and this phase is primarily effected by platelets. Platelets contain over 1100 proteins, including growth factors, immune system mediators, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and bioactive compounds involved in the wound healing process. PRP contains important growth factors deposited in alpha granules of platelets and plasma proteins such as fibrin, fibronectin, and vitronectin [37, 46, 47]. While plasma proteins serve as a skeleton for the bone, connective tissue, and epithelial migration, cocktail of growth factors plays an important role in tissue repair and regeneration. Degradation of previously stored growth factors occurs after contact with coagulation triggers such as collagen and tissue thromboplastin. Platelet activation with exogenous thrombin is associated with massive thrombin release and may reduce biological activity. Ten minutes after platelet activation, platelets start to deliver growth factors and give 95% of these molecules to environment in an hour [21]. Therefore, platelets should be applied within 10 min after activation. After release growth factors attach to mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and transmembrane receptors expressed by epidermal cells. The best known growth factors are platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor. This attachment triggers the internal signaling pathway and leads to the expression of gene sequences that increase the normal wound healing process, such as cell proliferation, matrix formation, osteoid production, and collagen synthesis. Topical application of PRP accelerates the reepithelialization process by upregulating regulatory proteins of cell cycle such as cyclin A and CDK4. PRP is a potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 stimulator and, thus, allows the extracellular matrix to be reorganized during wound healing [48, 49].
Name | Type of wound | Method of use | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Almdahl et al. | Saphenous vein harvest site | PRP was sprayed on the wound before closure | No difference for the infection rate and cosmetic scale |
Bahar et al. | Acute pilonidal abscess surgical site | The cavity was completely filled with PRP 24/36 h after surgery and covered with Vaseline gas | No healing time difference Significant difference for the test group on a pain relief scale and regarding the time to return to work |
Kazakos et al. | Acute limb soft tissue wounds | Application of PRP gel once weekly | Significant difference for the test group regarding the time before reconstructive surgery by skin graft |
Lawlor et al. | Surgical incisions for vascular surgery | PRP is sprayed during wound closure | No difference for the infection rate |
Spyridakis et al. | Surgical excision of pilonidal sinus left opened for secondary healing | Application on the wound of PG on postoperative days 4 and 12 | Significant difference for the test group regarding the complete healing time and quality of life |
Han et al. | Full-thickness 5 mm punch wounds | Application on the wound | Significant difference for the test group regarding epithelialization at the tenth day |
Hom et al. | Full-thickness 4 mm punch wounds | Application on the wound bed on postoperative days 0 and 7 | Significant difference for test group regarding the healing time |
Lee et al. | Full-thickness 2.5 × 2.5 cm skin wounds | Application on the wound | No difference regarding the healing rate |
Molina-Minafio et al. | Full-thickness 6 mm punch wounds | Application on the wound | Significant difference for the test group regarding epithelialization at day 7 but not at day 28 |
Khalafi et al. | Sternal closure and saphenous vein harvest site | Application of PRP on the sternum, on the subcutaneous tissue, and on the wound edges | Significant difference for the test group regarding chest infection No difference regarding the saphenous vein harvest site infection rate Significant difference for the test group regarding chest and leg excessive drainage |
Some studies using PRP for wound healing.
PRP may also suppress inflammation by suppressing cytokine release and increases regeneration and reepithelization by triggering capillary angiogenesis. The involvement of macrophages in the wound healing process is also mediated by signal proteins released from platelets. PRP has also been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against microorganisms such as
In order for PRP therapy to be effective, it should contain 3–5 times the normal platelet level (approximately 0.8–1 × 106/μL). It is thought that, at very high platelet concentrations, it can suppress the wound healing with an opposite effect, because increase of the bioactive substances does not always mean a better effect. For example, at platelet concentrations higher than 1.5 × 106/μL, angiogenesis is suppressed. Eppley emphasizes that it is very difficult to achieve the desired platelet concentration because of the large number of variable and potential interactions [24, 35, 52].
A relation between growth factors in PRP with age and gender has not been detected. Since factors in PRP do not enter the cell or into the nucleus, it is assumed that there are no mitogenic or carcinogenic properties of PRP [46].
The use of PRP is contraindicated in coagulation defects (thrombocytopenia, anticoagulant use, hypofibrinogenemia), anemic situations, hemodynamic instability, and bovine thrombin hypersensitivity [53, 54].
Growth factors play a crucial role in normal wound healing as well as impaired wound healing. Growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PDGF), inhibit apoptosis pathways which provide a rapid cell turnover and, thus, catalyze the physiologic wound healing in different steps. It is also thought that direct or indirect effects of growth hormone on wound healing are related to IGF-1 expression [55].
PRP is a new therapeutic option that is increasingly used especially in the treatment of soft and bony tissue defects to increase the tissue formation capacity and in improvement of chronic wound healing process [56, 57, 58, 59]. Platelet-rich plasma, a rich source of growth factors released by activated platelets, is obtained from centrifuged blood which is combined with calcium chloride and thrombin [57, 58, 60].
Platelets are critical in the wound healing process and migrate to the wound site immediately and initiate coagulation when any damage occurs. Platelets are good sources of growth factors and cytokines associated with wound healing. Multiple growth factors and cytokines, including platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b1 and TGF-b2), transforming growth factor-a (TGF-a), platelet thromboplastin, thrombospondin, platelet-activating growth factor-4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), coagulation factors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), calcium, serotonin, histamine, and hydrolytic enzymes, with degranulation triggered by proteins such as thrombin are released by platelets [57, 58, 60].
Growth factors are key components of cellular activities related to wound repair. Growth factors mediate the migration of inflammatory cells into the wound site; they induce cell proliferation and differentiation and enhance extracellular matrix production and accumulation. Transforming growth factor beta is known to be an important mediator in tissue repair and has proven to be therapeutic in chronic nonhealing wounds [61, 62]. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor promotes dermal regeneration, provokes protein and collagen synthesis that provides migration and angiogenesis, and increases TGF beta expression. Both transforming growth factor beta and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor are found at higher densities in PRP than platelet-poor plasma (PPP) [61].
Burn injury is a major reason of trauma that can result in death or disability, which requires a long recovery duration and high health care costs. In burn trauma, depth and size of burn injury, burn area, and patient age are the most important factors that affect the morbidity and mortality. Burn depth is also the most important parameter that determines the long-term appearance and functionality of the patient [63]. Conditions such as immunosuppression, extensive burn area, and malnutrition ensure an appropriate milieu for microorganisms, and unfortunately, infections are common and among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Although the mortality rate is reduced with new treatment approaches in burn injuries, secondary infections and long recovery duration can still cause mortality. Early debridement and skin grafts can yield successful results, but inadequate graft donor area and unsuitable patient circumstances for surgery of burn patients are important obstacles for skin grafting [55, 62].
In these cases, using products that accelerate the wound healing process affects the morbidity and mortality of patients. Many different kinds of dressings or pharmacotherapies have been developed for this purpose, but these are very expensive, and mechanisms of action of these therapies are not fully documented [64, 65, 66]. Unfortunately, no optimal wound cover materials are currently available, but desired features of these materials include supporting increasing cells in wound healing, allowing vessel proliferation, keratinocyte adhesion, and differentiation and forming a barrier against fluid loss and microorganisms [62].
Platelet-rich plasma includes platelets, growth factors, cytokines, and clotting factors in high levels. Platelets in PRP initiate releasing these activated mediators in 10 min after clotting, and in the first hour, more than 95% of growth factors are released. Platelet-rich plasma stays stable, without losing its effectiveness, for approximately 8 h after preparation [57, 58]. PRP contain many different mediators, but TGF-b and PDGF are thought as the most important growth factors in PRP. They are involved in many stages of wound healing by triggering cell development and differentiation. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that cells which have roles in wound healing process are susceptible to growth factors [59]. Fibroblastatin is known to be sensitive to PDGFa, PDGFb, IGF, bFGF, and EGF [67]. Epidermal growth factor acts as a chemotactic factor for fibroblasts and, also, when administered topically enhances epidermal regeneration and strength of wound tension [59]. Endothelial cells are susceptible to VEGF and bFGF [68]. Growth factors such as VEGF, PDGF, and bFGF are triggers for vessel proliferation [69]. Fibroblast and smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation are induced by platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor; also it is shown that PDGF is a chemotactic factor for neutrophils and monocytes and increases collagen deposition [60]. Additionally, PDGF and bFGF promote chondrocyte, osteoblast, and periosteal cell proliferation [70]. Transforming growth factor-b1 acts as a regulator for cell differentiation, proliferation, chemotaxis, and synthesis of some extracellular matrix proteins [60]. The effects of enhancing collagen synthesis, granulation tissue, and strength of wound tension of TGF-b1 were observed in animal studies [59, 71]. Another effect of TGF-b is the promotion of suprabasal cell proliferation and epidermal regeneration. Furthermore, TGF-b stimulates glycosaminoglycan, collagen, and fibronectin synthesis from fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-b induces collagen synthesis and accelerates collagen maturation in the early period of wound healing. In addition, it is shown that using TGF-b with PDGF increases collagen deposition effects of TGF-b [60].
PRP has been shown to improve wound healing process in acute trauma wounds, incisional wounds, and chronic nonhealing wounds and is a beneficial agent in reconstructions of soft and hard tissues. Furthermore, PRP enhances differentiation of epithelial cell and collagen bundle organization. In PRP-treated wounds, the inflammatory phase of wound healing is shortened, and prolonged inflammation process is not seen. These effects of PRP reduce bacterial infections and scar formation [56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 71].
Effects of growth factors in PRP on wound healing and successful results obtained with PRP treatment in other types of wound lead to the use of PRP for burn treatment. Despite the paucity of the literature on PRP in burns (Table 6) [72], in theory, a dermal burn could benefit from PRP in several ways. First, hemostatic qualities of PRP could reduce perioperative blood loss, as well as improve the take rate of the skin grafts by decreasing continued bleeding, functioning as a fibrin glue, as well as providing a well-vascularized bed for the meshed skin graft. Furthermore, the positive effects of PRP on wound healing, as seen in reports on PRP in in vitro models, chronic and acute wounds, could contribute to faster closure of mesh interstices, because PRP promotes vascular ingrowth and fibroblast proliferation and possibly reepithelialization. A deep dermal burn also could benefit from PRP through its hemostatic antimicrobial abilities [73, 74, 75, 76].
Name | Type of wound | Method of use | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Klosova et al. | Split-thickness skin graft on deep burns | Application of PG on the skin graft | PG accelerates reaching normal elasticity for split-thickness skin graft (no statistical analysis) |
Maciel et al. | Burn with an iron | Application of PG on the wound and 3 days later | PG accelerates complete healing (no statistical analysis) |
Henderson et al. | Ultrapulse CO2 laser 232 cm burns | Application of PG | No difference regarding reepithelialization |
PRP in burns.
The addition of PRP to the graft site has been shown to accelerate wound healing and enhance epithelialization and angiogenesis in split-thickness skin grafts and donor sites. Klosová et al. reported that combination of split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) and autologous platelet concentrate reversed the viscoelastic properties of scars to the plateau state more rapidly than areas treated with STSG alone [77, 78, 79].
In a recent study, it was demonstrated that PRP provided a quick repair of the extracellular matrix and its components in deep second-degree burn wounds in horses, and also, it was observed that two applications of PRP treatment accelerated formation of extracellular matrix during the first half of wound healing [80]. Additionally, Hao et al. reported that using PRP with acellular xenogeneic dermal matrix for treatment of deep second-degree burns decreased infection rate and increased wound healing [62, 81].
On the other hand, it is ambiguous whether results obtained in chronic and acute wounds could be applicable in burn injury wounds because a burn wound has a distinct physiological features than these wounds, including an enhanced inflammatory response, both systemic and local; increased edema; and a reduced perfusion secondary to hypercoagulability and microthrombus formation [82, 83, 84]. Patients affected by burn trauma are in a changed systemic physiological status [82, 84] when compared with the other healthy subjects in whom PRP mostly has been used and studied so far. It is generally recommended to withdraw blood before surgery to avoid activation of the platelets, but apparently this is not possible in burn patients, in whom platelets are already massively activated. It is known that platelets of burn patients show a distinct course in time, with a nadir at postburn day 3 followed by a reactive peak at postburn day 15, with a gradual return to normal values around postburn day. Several factors such as burn surface area, age, and sepsis influence this time course. There is little data about how burns or other traumas affect platelet and platelet function. In patients who have been exposed to trauma, it has been demonstrated that platelets were activated at least 72 h after injury and had an increased functionality in the first 48 h. This might affect the quality of PRP and the timing of its application in burn patients [76].
The long term effect of PRP on scar formation after burn injury is another important consideration and has not yet been evaluated comprehensively. There are plenty of growth factors released from the platelets and leukocytes in PRP, and some of these growth factors are chemotactic in recruiting inflammatory cells and a prolonged inflammation which could cause hypertrophic scar [85]. Furthermore, scar formation consists of series of complex events, and the effects of single growth factors in this process are still being unraveled. Among the growth factors, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and platelet-derived growth factor are especially remarkable, because these factors are associated with hypertrophic and keloid scarring of normal skin wounds as well as in burn wounds. On the other hand, how PRP, a cocktail of many different growth factors, might influence scar formation remains to be seen. There are a limited number of publications on the development of hypertrophic scarring after the use of PRP in wound healing until now, and most of these publications are not related to burn trauma [76]. One of these studies is authored by Prochazka et al. They reported that while in burn patients treated with PRP combination, the rate of reepithelialization may not have been higher or faster than traditionally observed, the inflammatory markers normalized faster, providing the reepithelialized wound more stable. Because patients treated with PRP combination showed minimal cicatrization, they had high quality of healing without evidence of scar hypertrophy or contractures [76]. Additionally, recently some reports were published with positive results of PRP in combination with adipose cells for scar treatment; therefore, there might be an indication for PRP in the reconstructive aspect of burn treatment. On the other hand, in another study, long-term follow-up results did not show significant differences in scar quality in patients treated with PRP combination [86].
Furthermore, PRP treatment provides less pain and pruritus during the wound healing in burn trauma. And, one of the most important benefits of PRP in burn therapy is the cost-effectiveness of the therapy. The cost of hospital stay is lower (approximately 25% less) than that of patients who did not receive PRP combination treatment [87, 88].
Brassinolide (BL) is one of the brassinosteroids, which are steroidal plant hormones showing a wide occurrence in the plant kingdom, that have unique biological effects on growth and development [1, 2]. They are a group of naturally occurring polyhydroxy steroids initially isolated from
Much has been written about Clouse [6], for example, pointed out that:
Among plant hormones, BL are structurally the most similar to animal steroid hormones, which have well-known functions in regulating embryonic and postembryonic development and adult homeostasis. Like their animal counterparts, BL regulate the expression of numerous genes, impact the activity of complex metabolic pathways, contribute to the regulation of cell division and differentiation, and help control overall developmental programs leading to morphogenesis. They are also involved in regulating processes more specific to plant growth including flowering and cell expansion in the presence of a potentially growth-limiting cell wall (p. 1).
Fig (
In Malaysia and Indonesia, there are at least 21 known varieties of the fig tree and most of them are from Improved Brown Turkey (IBT) and Masui Dauphine (MD) varieties [9]. There is limited information on exogenous brassinolide application on these varieties.
Brassinolide (BL) or 2,3,22,23-Tetrahydroxy-β-homo-7-oxaergostan-6-one or C28H48O6 with molar mass 480.69 g mol−1 is a plant hormone [10]. The first isolated brassinosteroid (BRs), it was discovered when it was shown that pollen from rapeseed (
Common structural characteristics of BL (Figure 1) are A/B
Chemical structure of brassinolide [
BL for the first time was found in 1968. To produce a strong plant growth promoting effect, Marumo et al. [12] gained three extracts from an evergreen Japanese plant known as Isonuki (
Grove et al. [3] purified 40 kg of collected bee pollen of
According to Tang et al. [16], benefits of BL improves the growth of the germinating seed, improves the plant’s ability to deal with stress, such as diseases, drought, salt, and cold, promotes growth of lateral buds, produces deep green leaves, increases the number of flowers and fruit produced, increases the percentage of fruit setting by decreasing the amount of flower and fruit drop, increases sugar content and generally improves the quality of the fruit, promotes fruit enlargement, delays leaf senescence lengthening productivity, and can be used in soil, hydroponics or leaf feeding.
The genus
Rank | Scientific name |
---|---|
Kingdom | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Tracheobionta |
Division | Magnoliophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Subclass | Alismidae |
Order | Rosales |
Family | Moraceae |
Genus | |
Species | |
Generic Group |
Part of
The fig is an accumulation fruit structured by individual small drupes; known as a drupelet. In ovaries, the drupelets develop to a syconium containing amounts of unisexual flowers and pollinated by wasps via ostiole. The fig may produce multiple crops of annual fruits and need pollen from their pollinator Capri figs in any certain fig types. Breba crop is borne laterally on the growth of the previous season from buds produced in leaf axils and it is not produced in all cultivars. Another fig fruit type is main crop which is produced laterally in the axils of leaves on current season shoots. The leaves fall and the tree enters the dormancy period at the end of the growth period [20].
Figs respond well to heavy mulching with organic materials to conserve moisture, improve soil structure and reduce root knot nematode levels but intolerant in condition of poorly drained and waterlogged. To increase the main crop and maintain size control, fig also responds well to pruning and can be trained or pruned heavily in the dormant season [21]. The fig is fairly salt and drought tolerant. Soils of high lime content produce fruits of better quality suitable for drying. Fig trees can also withstand temperatures as low as −12 to −9.5°C [18].
In Malaysia and Indonesia, there are at least of 21 known fig varieties being found [9] over 700 named varieties around the world, but many of them are of no use to home gardeners [7]. In this study, researcher use two varieties of common fig, they are Improved Brown Turkey (IBT) and Masui Dauphine (MD). Each variety has different key characteristics as shown in Figure 3 and Table 2.
Cultivars of
Item | Improved Brown Turkey (IBT) | Masui Dauphine (MD) |
---|---|---|
Origin | Turkey | Japan |
Skin color | Brownish-purple | Reddish-brown |
Flesh color | Pink | Red strawberry |
Tree height | 4.5–7.5 m | 2.5–3 m |
Tree width | 3.6–4.5 m | 3–4 m |
Drought tolerance | Good | Good |
Annual pruning | Light | Light |
Breba crop | Yes | Yes |
Fruit weight | 50–60 g | 110–220 g |
Harvesting | Twice/year | Twice/year |
Leaf type | Five lobe | Three to five lobe |
Pollination | Self-pollinating (common fig) | Self-pollinating (common fig) |
Most people choose to grow fruit trees in containers for easy mobility. Another reason is easy to measure plant quality. Plant quality is divided into three broad categories of attributes including morphological, physiological, and performance.
Morphological attributes are easy to see and measure and does not change readily after plants are harvested and stored [23]. Figs are well-suited to container cultivation. For this purpose, the ideal container size is about 10–15 gallons-substantial enough to support a tree, but small enough to move easily. Container grown figs need regular watering and feeding. Figs will not grow for very long if it does not have adequate drainage. Make sure the container that we use has holes (usually in the bottom and/or sides), so that any excess water can drain, and air can access the soil. This will help us to prevent potentially fatal diseases like root rot [24].
The growth of the fig plants was affected by the brassinolide levels. Treatment of the fig plants with different concentrations of brassinolide (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1) caused an increase in plant height and total dry biomass compared to control samples. Total leaf area, specific leaf area and shoot-to-root ratio increased with increasing concentrations of brassinolide up to 100 ml.L−1, followed by a decline whereas net assimilation rate fluctuated over a period of study. At the first Month After Treatment (MAT), increasing brassinolide concentration (50 and 100 ml.L−1) caused an increase in the net assimilation rate when compared to control but there was a decrease when brassinolide concentration was 200 ml.L−1. At the second MAT, by increasing the brassinolide concentration (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1), had decreased the net assimilation rate.
Application of brassinolide had some effect on plant height, total leaf area, total dry biomass, specific leaf area and net assimilation rate but it was not significant on the shoot-to-root ratio. Among the varieties, IBT showed higher growth than MD at every five-weekly observation. There was a significant interaction between the brassinolide and the cultivar for total leaf area, specific leaf area, shoot-to-root ratio and net assimilation rate parameters. Additionally, only shoot-to-root ratio parameter showed a significant effect of interaction between the brassinolide and cultivar at 1% level of significance.
The effect of exogenous brassinolide application on some growth and physicological traits on two cultivars of fig has been investigated. The main functions of brassinolide are to promote the plant growth especially for cell elongation and division [25] and has the ability to stimulate other physiological processes [26]. Wang et al. [27] had found that brassinollide appeared to cause elongation by affecting wall extensibility and increasing wall relaxation properties.
As levels of brassinolide increased (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1), plant height, leaf area, total dry biomass and net assimilation rate parameters also linearly improved at 28, 25, 6 and 66%, respectively, higher than recorded for the control treatment. Similar results were reported by other researchers for other plants, i.e., Hu et al. [28] for
Specific leaf area (SLA) is one growth parameter that characterized the thickness of the leaves. Usually plant with high SLA had the thinnest leaves. Specific leaf area was found to be lower than the control (p ≤ 0.05) under brassinolide concentrations of 50 and 100 ml.L−1. The result implies that plants have thicker leaves. The thicker leaf might have been due to increase in the mesophyll layer after receiving brassinolide [33]. The increase in leaf thickness could also have been due to higher leaf weight ratio in fourth MAT compared with first to third MAT. The leaf area was maintained at lowest SLA. That indicated that leaves of fig were thickest at brassinolide 100 ml.L−1. This indicated that increase in SLA was due to increase in leaf weight compared with increase in leaf area [34, 35].
The net assimilation rate (NAR) of plants are growth characteristics that best describe plant growth performance under specified conditions [36]. It is evident that plants under elevated BL have high NAR. Increase in plant growth grown under different planting geometries and depths in SRI has also been reported by Rajput et al. [37], who reported that increase in total biomass by 30% in rice had increased NAR by 4% compared with the control. The reduction in NAR was due to the ontogenical development of fig.
The physiological changes of fig were affected by the brassinolide levels and the cultivars. Interaction between brassinolide concentrations and fig variety was significant only at 5%. As like morphological parameters, physiological traits such as photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll have shown some differences with brassinolide application, but the differences were not consistent and most of the changes happened only in first or second month. Both the brassinolide and the cultivar treatments were effective on the physiological changes of fig except on stomatal conductance.
Varietal performance of brassinolide application was analyzed at specific period of the study and the result is presented in Figures 4 and 5. Increasing concentration of brassinolide (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1) had decreased the rate of photosynthesis, transpiration and chlorophyll content in IBT than MD.
Significant growth of fig according to parameters: (A) plant height as main effect of brassinolides on the cultivars; (B) TLA at third MAT as interaction between cultivars and brassinolide; (C) TDB as main effect of brassinolides and cultivars; (D) SLA at first MAT as interaction between cultivars and brassinolides; (E) S/R at fourth MAT as interaction between cultivars and brassinolides; NAR as interaction between cultivars and brassinolides at: (F) first MAT; and (G) second MAT. Bars and curves represent means followed by the different small letters are significant at * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 1%, and ns = not significant.
Significant physiological changes of fig according to parameters: (A) A at second MAT; (B) gs at first MAT; (C) E at second MAT; and (D) CC at first MAT. Bars represent means followed by the different small letters significant at p < 0.05.
BL had profound impact on leaf photosynthesis and plant performance. BL improved leaf carbon assimilation rate, which is the light harvesting machine of plant photosynthesis. BL treatment also enhanced photosynthetic performance of cotton seedlings under NaCl stress [38, 39, 40]. For cucumber seedlings, BL treatment has also been found to promote the occurrence of new roots, the formation of lateral roots and nutrient uptake [41].
BL-treatment enhanced photosynthesis (17.06%) and chlorophyll content (18.36%). In contrast, BL-treatment decreased stomatal conductance (11.94%) and transpiration rate (17.83%). The BL-induced increase in photosynthesis could have been due to improvements in leaf-water balance as indicated by increased water potential [42] and improved chlorophyll content and higher leaf area in BL-treated plants [43].
Stomata are the windows that admit water and CO2 in and out of the plant. Chlorophyll content and transpiration rate were found to have declined. This could be attributed to the enhanced growth of seedlings under elevated BL treatment that diluted the nitrogen content in the plant tissue [44]. Figure 6A and C showed a significant positive inter-relation among chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, indicating that a decrease in chlorophyll content would associated with same degree of reduction in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance.
Correlation coefficient between CC and TDB with (A) SLA; (B) E; E and CC with (C) gs; (D) NAR; TDB and SLA with (E) NAR; (F) TLA. * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, n = 128.
Correlation analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the parameters. Figure 6 shows that a significant positive inter-correlation among parameters such as chlorophyll content, specific leaf area, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Increase in chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, total dry biomass, photosynthetic rate, and total dry biomass was associated with an increase in specific leaf area, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, net assimilation rate and total leaf area with an r value of 14.95, 27.75, 3.97, 62.08, 36.93, 25.27 and 21.13%, respectively.
Significant negative correlation was noted between total dry biomass with specific leaf area; total dry biomass with transpiration rate; transpiration rate with net assimilation rate; chlorophyll content with net assimilation rate; and specific leaf area with net assimilation rate. Increase in total dry biomass, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content and specific leaf area was associated with a decrease in specific leaf area, transpiration rate and net assimilation rate with an r value of 24.18, 13.31, 12.75, 14.45, and 49.25%, respectively.
Brassinolide application had brought notable changes in growth and physiology among fig varieties. Though increasing BL concentration (50, 100 and 200 ml.L−1) caused some differences in growth and physiological changes of fig, but the differences were not consistent and most of the changes happened only in first or second month. Cultivar IBT showed higher growth and physiological changes than cultivar MD after receiving brassinolide treatment. There was significant effect of interaction between brassinolide and variety on growth and physiological changes of fig except for plant height and total dry biomass.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5822},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15938}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119319},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"300"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:49},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5330},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"818",title:"Mechanical Engineering Technology",slug:"mechanical-engineering-technology",parent:{title:"Mechanical Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:120,numberOfWosCitations:72,numberOfCrossrefCitations:60,numberOfDimensionsCitations:133,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"mechanical-engineering-technology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek",middleName:"Crisostomo Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8884",title:"Modeling of Turbomachines for Control and Diagnostic Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6dbeb78336e757a9b2bd79c80df28d2",slug:"modeling-of-turbomachines-for-control-and-diagnostic-applications",bookSignature:"Igor Loboda and Sergiy Yepifanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179551",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Loboda",slug:"igor-loboda",fullName:"Igor Loboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6256",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15694d0bfb84e72d05b5df72dccd927d",slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Halil Özer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186177",title:"Prof.",name:"Halil",middleName:null,surname:"Ozer",slug:"halil-ozer",fullName:"Halil Ozer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2915",title:"Finite Element Analysis",subtitle:"Applications in Mechanical Engineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db8828f139294a82ad440742dd4f0103",slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-mechanical-engineering",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3050",title:"Finite Element Analysis",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d283146f8e2a192c09b43756d2198b6f",slug:"finite-element-analysis-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3050.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"39762",doi:"10.5772/48339",title:"Application of Finite Element Analysis in Implant Dentistry",slug:"application-of-finite-element-analysis-in-implant-dentistry",totalDownloads:5367,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-new-trends-and-developments",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - New Trends and Developments"},signatures:"B. Alper Gultekin, Pinar Gultekin and Serdar Yalcin",authors:[{id:"142533",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Gultekin",slug:"alper-gultekin",fullName:"Alper Gultekin"},{id:"145578",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Gültekin",slug:"pinar-gultekin",fullName:"Pınar Gültekin"},{id:"145579",title:"Prof.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Yalçın",slug:"serdar-yalcin",fullName:"Serdar Yalçın"}]},{id:"58021",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72072",title:"Green Binders for Wood Adhesives",slug:"green-binders-for-wood-adhesives",totalDownloads:1664,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Emelie Norström, Deniz Demircan, Linda Fogelström, Farideh\nKhabbaz and Eva Malmström",authors:[{id:"214119",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Malmström",slug:"eva-malmstrom",fullName:"Eva Malmström"},{id:"214120",title:"MSc.",name:"Emelie",middleName:null,surname:"Norström",slug:"emelie-norstrom",fullName:"Emelie Norström"},{id:"214121",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Fogelström",slug:"linda-fogelstrom",fullName:"Linda Fogelström"},{id:"214122",title:"Dr.",name:"Farideh",middleName:null,surname:"Khabbaz",slug:"farideh-khabbaz",fullName:"Farideh Khabbaz"},{id:"221508",title:"Dr.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Demircan",slug:"deniz-demircan",fullName:"Deniz Demircan"}]},{id:"39767",doi:"10.5772/50038",title:"Finite Element Analysis in Dental Medicine",slug:"finite-element-analysis-in-dental-medicine",totalDownloads:3049,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-new-trends-and-developments",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - New Trends and Developments"},signatures:"Josipa Borcic and Alen Braut",authors:[{id:"146157",title:"PhD.",name:"Josipa",middleName:null,surname:"Borcic",slug:"josipa-borcic",fullName:"Josipa Borcic"},{id:"150367",title:"Dr.",name:"Alen",middleName:null,surname:"Braut",slug:"alen-braut",fullName:"Alen Braut"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57763",title:"Adhesives: Applications and Recent Advances",slug:"adhesives-applications-and-recent-advances",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Elena Dinte and Bianca Sylvester",authors:[{id:"202938",title:"BSc.",name:"Bianca",middleName:null,surname:"Sylvester",slug:"bianca-sylvester",fullName:"Bianca Sylvester"},{id:"218165",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Dinte",slug:"elena-dinte",fullName:"Elena Dinte"}]},{id:"58021",title:"Green Binders for Wood Adhesives",slug:"green-binders-for-wood-adhesives",totalDownloads:1668,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Emelie Norström, Deniz Demircan, Linda Fogelström, Farideh\nKhabbaz and Eva Malmström",authors:[{id:"214119",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Malmström",slug:"eva-malmstrom",fullName:"Eva Malmström"},{id:"214120",title:"MSc.",name:"Emelie",middleName:null,surname:"Norström",slug:"emelie-norstrom",fullName:"Emelie Norström"},{id:"214121",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Fogelström",slug:"linda-fogelstrom",fullName:"Linda Fogelström"},{id:"214122",title:"Dr.",name:"Farideh",middleName:null,surname:"Khabbaz",slug:"farideh-khabbaz",fullName:"Farideh Khabbaz"},{id:"221508",title:"Dr.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Demircan",slug:"deniz-demircan",fullName:"Deniz Demircan"}]},{id:"39744",title:"Development of Graphical Solution to Determine Optimum Hollowness of Hollow Cylindrical Roller Bearing Using Elastic Finite Element Analysis",slug:"development-of-graphical-solution-to-determine-optimum-hollowness-of-hollow-cylindrical-roller-beari",totalDownloads:2721,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-mechanical-engineering",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - Applications in Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"P.H. Darji and D.P. Vakharia",authors:[{id:"141348",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranav H.",middleName:null,surname:"Darji",slug:"pranav-h.-darji",fullName:"Pranav H. Darji"},{id:"145980",title:"Dr.",name:"D. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Vakharia",slug:"d.-p.-vakharia",fullName:"D. P. Vakharia"}]},{id:"39748",title:"Control Volume Finite Element Methods for Flow in Porous Media: Resin Transfer Molding",slug:"control-volume-finite-element-methods-for-flow-in-porous-media-resin-transfer-molding",totalDownloads:4568,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-mechanical-engineering",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - Applications in Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Jamal Samir, Jamal Echaabi and Mohamed Hattabi",authors:[{id:"145503",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",middleName:null,surname:"Samir",slug:"jamal-samir",fullName:"Jamal Samir"}]},{id:"59097",title:"Introductory Chapter: Structural Adhesive Bonded Joints",slug:"introductory-chapter-structural-adhesive-bonded-joints",totalDownloads:952,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Halil Özer",authors:[{id:"186177",title:"Prof.",name:"Halil",middleName:null,surname:"Ozer",slug:"halil-ozer",fullName:"Halil Ozer"}]},{id:"39749",title:"Finite Element Analysis Coupled with Feedback Control for Dynamics of Metal Pushing V-Belt CVT",slug:"finite-element-analysis-coupled-with-feedback-control-for-dynamics-of-metal-pushing-v-belt-cvt",totalDownloads:3157,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-mechanical-engineering",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - Applications in Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Toshihiro Saito",authors:[{id:"143457",title:"MSc.",name:"Toshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",slug:"toshihiro-saito",fullName:"Toshihiro Saito"}]},{id:"58042",title:"Silicone Adhesives in Medical Applications",slug:"silicone-adhesives-in-medical-applications",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Gerald K. Schalau II, Alexis Bobenrieth, Robert O. Huber, Linda S.\nNartker and Xavier Thomas",authors:[{id:"213325",title:"Mr.",name:"Gerald",middleName:null,surname:"Schalau",slug:"gerald-schalau",fullName:"Gerald Schalau"},{id:"213514",title:"Mr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Huber",slug:"robert-huber",fullName:"Robert Huber"},{id:"213515",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexis",middleName:null,surname:"Bobenrieth",slug:"alexis-bobenrieth",fullName:"Alexis Bobenrieth"},{id:"213516",title:"Ms.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Nartker",slug:"linda-nartker",fullName:"Linda Nartker"},{id:"213518",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"xavier-thomas",fullName:"Xavier Thomas"}]},{id:"58977",title:"A Review of Isocyanate Wood Adhesive: A Case Study in Indonesia",slug:"a-review-of-isocyanate-wood-adhesive-a-case-study-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"applied-adhesive-bonding-in-science-and-technology",title:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Applied Adhesive Bonding in Science and Technology"},signatures:"Arif Nuryawan and Eka Mulya Alamsyah",authors:[{id:"214024",title:"Dr.",name:"Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Nuryawan",slug:"arif-nuryawan",fullName:"Arif Nuryawan"},{id:"214028",title:"Dr.",name:"Eka Mulya",middleName:null,surname:"Alamsyah",slug:"eka-mulya-alamsyah",fullName:"Eka Mulya Alamsyah"}]},{id:"39753",title:"Finite Element Analysis of Machining Thin-Wall Parts: Error Prediction and Stability Analysis",slug:"finite-element-analysis-of-machining-thin-wall-parts-error-prediction-and-stability-analysis",totalDownloads:2999,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-mechanical-engineering",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - Applications in Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"YongAn Huang, Xiaoming Zhang and Youlun Xiong",authors:[{id:"126210",title:"Prof.",name:"Youlun",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",slug:"youlun-xiong",fullName:"Youlun Xiong"},{id:"147553",title:"Prof.",name:"YongAn",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"yongan-huang",fullName:"YongAn Huang"},{id:"149622",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoming-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoming Zhang"}]},{id:"39754",title:"Finite Element Analysis Applications in Failure Analysis: Case Studies",slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-failure-analysis-case-studies",totalDownloads:5368,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"finite-element-analysis-applications-in-mechanical-engineering",title:"Finite Element Analysis",fullTitle:"Finite Element Analysis - Applications in Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Ahmad Ivan Karayan, Deni Ferdian, Sri Harjanto, Dwi Marta Nurjaya, Ahmad Ashari and Homero Castaneda",authors:[{id:"142008",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmad Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Karayan",slug:"ahmad-ivan-karayan",fullName:"Ahmad Ivan Karayan"},{id:"145833",title:"Mr.",name:"Deni",middleName:null,surname:"Ferdian",slug:"deni-ferdian",fullName:"Deni Ferdian"},{id:"145834",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Zulfia",slug:"anne-zulfia",fullName:"Anne Zulfia"},{id:"145835",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Ashari",slug:"ahmad-ashari",fullName:"Ahmad Ashari"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"mechanical-engineering-technology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/191240/jimmy-lamo",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"191240",slug:"jimmy-lamo"},fullPath:"/profiles/191240/jimmy-lamo",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()