\r\n\tAnimal food additives are products used in animal nutrition for purposes of improving the quality of feed or to improve the animal’s performance and health. Other additives can be used to enhance digestibility or even flavour of feed materials. In addition, feed additives are known which improve the quality of compound feed production; consequently e.g. they improve the quality of the granulated mixed diet.
\r\n\r\n\tGenerally feed additives could be divided into five groups:
\r\n\t1.Technological additives which influence the technological aspects of the diet to improve its handling or hygiene characteristics.
\r\n\t2. Sensory additives which improve the palatability of a diet by stimulating appetite, usually through the effect these products have on the flavour or colour.
\r\n\t3. Nutritional additives, such additives are specific nutrient(s) required by the animal for optimal production.
\r\n\t4.Zootechnical additives which improve the nutrient status of the animal, not by providing specific nutrients, but by enabling more efficient use of the nutrients present in the diet, in other words, it increases the efficiency of production.
\r\n\t5. In poultry nutrition: Coccidiostats and Histomonostats which widely used to control intestinal health of poultry through direct effects on the parasitic organism concerned.
\r\n\tThe aim of the book is to present the impact of the most important feed additives on the animal production, to demonstrate their mode of action, to show their effect on intermediate metabolism and heath status of livestock and to suggest how to use the different feed additives in animal nutrition to produce high quality and safety animal origin foodstuffs for human consumer.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-404-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-403-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-405-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",keywords:"Technological Feed Additives, Feed Industry, Quality of Compound Feed, Non-Antibiotic Growth Promoter, Product Quality, Additive Enzymes, Digestibility of Nutrients, NSP Enzymes, Farm Animals, Livestock, Immunity, Microbiome",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 10th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor Emeritus from the University of Debrecen, Hungary who authored 297 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited 3 books. Member of various committees and chairman of the World Conference of Innovative Animal Nutrition and Feeding (WIANF).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.jpg",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus of animal nutrition at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. From 1984 to 1985 he worked at the Agricultural University in Wageningen and in the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition in Lelystad (the Netherlands). He also worked at the Agricultural University of Vienna in the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition (Austria) and in the Oscar Kellner Research Institute in Rostock (Germany). 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This includes the health sector, leading to low productivity, poor service delivery and poor health outcome [1]. In some of these countries, home services are not available. The health sector is still trying to deliver basic health care services with the collective efforts of government but efforts to accomplish this seem not achievable due to the present state of the economy. Holistic health care is good, both ethically and practically but it is hard to find as any obvious expression of what holistic health care is or any plain explanation of its realistic usefulness especially in terminally ill patients in need of palliative care, which may require home care.
\nIn most developing countries, patients generally report late to health facility due to a sequence response to event: improper health-seeking behaviour, economy and ignorance of the disease, treatment by unqualified and unorthodox medication, non-availability of personnel, equipment, culture/belief and family decisions [2]. Terminal diseases have often been linked with having one of the worst effects on the quality of life among affected patients and their families.
\nThis chapter, therefore, considers what holism is and then what a holistic approach to illness might be, and how this might improve health care at home in a depressed economy.
\nBy the end of this chapter you should be able to:
review holistic care and identify its principles
understand palliative care and its principles
recognise the relevance of spirituality in health care
assess the impact of economic depression on health
assess the home care situation in a depressed economy
discuss the integration of palliative/holistic care in clinical and home-based care in terminally ill patients and the elderly.
Holistic care means reflection of the whole person, physically, psychologically, socially and spiritually, in the care and prevention of disease. These different conditions can be similarly important. They should be managed together so that a person is cared for as a whole. A holistic approach means that the health care providers are well versed with a patient’s whole life situation. Maintaining one’s health requires continuous effort to attain a balance of all aspects of life. To accomplish this balance, an amount of consistent factors must be considered when providing health care to patients/clients. Such factors include age, sex, family relationship, cultural influences and economic status. This broad approach to health care is recognised as holistic health care [3]. In order to have a good understanding of holistic nursing, Katie Eriksson, who is a nurse, came up with the theory of Caritative care that helps distinguish the relationship between a nurse and a patient and the concept of caring principles, which guide the nurses in decision-making. The theory of Caritative care comprises love, which is known as caritas. It shows the significance of regarding the self-esteem of a human being and holiness [4].
\nAlmost all health care professionals would assert to put into practice holistic health care. It is obvious that; no one would declare or have the same opinion that their individual, professional or organisational practice was not holistic. Consequently, few if any of these professions, people or organisations make it apparent what they mean by ‘being holistic’. They do not provide any explanation, or examples of how they manifest their holism. It is difficult to discover any criteria against which their success at being holistic could be measured. I doubt that many of the people, professions or organisations have any comprehensible conceptual understanding of what they mean by ‘being holistic’.
\nThe word holism has its foundation in two Greek words, both of which denote ‘whole’. This first ‘holos’ is the base for holism and the second ‘hale’ is the base for healing and health [5]. Health in general is believed to be concerned with the state of a person’s mind and body, commonly meaning free from illness, injury or pain. Healing is the process of re-establishing health to a diseased, injured or damaged individual. Mariano defines healing as the consolidation of total human being in body, mind, feeling and spirit [6]. Therefore, it is an associate to holism.
\n‘Holism’ in health care is a philosophy that emanates from Florence Nightingale who advocated care that centred on unity, wellness and the interrelationship among human beings, events and the environment [6]. She discerned the importance of such components as the environment, sense of touch, light, smells, music and silent expression in the treatment process [7], hence, reaching patients in fashions that went beyond rendering just physical care. The philosophy behind holistic care is founded on the thought of holism, which stresses that for human beings the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that mind and spirit affect the body [8]. Holistic nursing has a higher cognizance of self, others, nature and spirit. This is the same approach Florence Nightingale integrated as the first holistic nurse, which centred on harmony, wellness and interrelatedness of human beings, likewise their surroundings. Holistic nurses also have the same self-care and self-awareness of body, mind and spirit as part of their belief structure (\nFigure 1\n). Through caring for themselves, it is believed it gives a holistic nurse the capability to have that same consciousness for the care of others [7]. Florence Nightingale once expressed the role of nurses as ‘to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him’ [9]. She thought that touch, kindness and other measures of comfort, provided within the setting of treatment environment, are essential for nursing care. These assumptions are applied nowadays. Even these days, nurses are educated to deal with the environment and use touch, knead, eye contact, voice and other measures to make patients more relaxed. These nursing actions, known as ‘the art of nursing’, constitute the basis of professional nursing [10]. Currently, different fields, such as physics, mathematics, science, philosophy, sociology, medicine, nursing, etc. endorse the opinion that the honesty of an individual is much more complicated and greater than the sum of their individual parts [10].
\nDiagrammatic presentation of the components of holistic care.
\n
All people have natural healing powers;
The patient is a person, not just a disease;
Suitable healing therapy needs a team approach;
Patient and health care professionals are collaborators in the healing process;
Treatment comprises fixing the cause of the illness, not just reliving the symptoms [5].
The World Health Assembly approved the resolution to integrate hospice and palliative care services into national health services [11]. The body recognises these important health services as an important component of health systems worldwide and therefore calls on national authorities to make sure they be given the awareness they deserve. This is the first time that the World Health Assembly has considered a declaration on palliative care. It endorses that all countries need to take palliative care seriously [11]. The main recommendations to all member states of WHO as seen in the resolution are to integrate palliative care into health care systems, to make sure that palliative care is incorporated into the introductory and continuing education and training for all health care personnel and to make sure that appropriate medications, as well as strong pain medications, are accessible to patients [11].
\nMany individuals, organisations and bodies including the WHO have suggested different definitions of palliative care. WHO revised the meaning of palliative care to be ‘an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual’ [12]. WHO further listed the following features of palliative care: ‘provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms; affirms life and regards dying as a normal process; intends neither to hasten nor postpone death; integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care; offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death; offers a support system to help the family cope during the patients illness and in their own bereavement; uses a team approach to address the needs of patients and their families, including bereavement counselling, if indicated; will enhance quality of life, and may also absolutely influence the progression of illness; is applicable early in the course of illness, in conjunction with other treatments that are aimed to prolong life, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and includes those examinations needed to better understand and manage distressing clinical complications’ [12].
\nBoltz defined palliative care ‘as expert curative care of patients with severe disorders, and it emphases providing patients with relief from symptoms, discomfort and worry of serious illness, irrespective of the diagnosis’ [13]. She further explained that the word ‘palliative’ has its origin in the Latin word meaning to ‘cloak or cover’. And upheld that, Viewpoint of how cancer, which is one of the terminal diseases is observed and not properly diagnosed, is suitable description because most cancers progress without warning signs for an extensive period before the individual tries to seek help. The National Consensus Project (NCP) and National Quality Forum (NQF) jointly formulated the concept of palliative care so as to separate it from other types of care [14]. And so they came up with eight domains of palliative care: ‘structure and processes of care; physical aspects of care; psychosocial and psychiatric aspects of care; social aspect of care; spiritual, religious, and existential aspects of care; cultural aspects of care; care of the imminently dying patient and ethical and legal aspect of care’ [14].
\nPalliative care is often misidentified as being the same as care given to the patient approaching death where no cure is expected to be achieved [15]. It is focused on the relief of distress during the advancement of patient’s illness. Even though hospice and palliative care is extensively used in the western world, many patients are seen to register in hospice very close to death, which limits the advantage these services would have obtained.
\nRosser and Walsh cited WHO’s principles of palliative care as follows:
“provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms;
intends neither to hasten nor postpone death;
integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care;
offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death;
offers a support system to help the family cope during the patient’s illness and in
their own bereavement;
uses a team approach to address the needs of patients and their families, including
bereavement counselling, if indicated;
is applicable early in the course of illness, in conjunction with other therapies that
are intended to prolong life, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and includes complications” [5].
These principles according to Rosser and Walsh focus on a whole, humanistic method of caring for the total being during the course of their illness, instead of concentrating on the ailment or situation [5]. Palliative care answers to the altering wishes of the patient and family, identifying that the illness development and the related involvements are distinctive to each individual. Rosser and Walsh opined that palliative care is seen as supportive care [5]. They see it as care delivered to patients, friends and family during the course of their illness; this includes the period before diagnosis has been made, as soon as patients start undergoing series of examinations, treatment and home care. The purpose of supportive care is to assist the patients and their families to be able to handle their illness and management at home.
\nBecker also penned principles that are relevant to providing palliative care. These include the following:
Follow-up of all patients diagnosed with terminal illness at any stage of the disease
Competence at putting patients at ease
Listening and attention skills
Questioning techniques [16].
These principles will put humanity back into the care offered by nurses. After physicians, nurses are the most important members of the palliative care team in the sense that they spend 24 hours with the patients and should be able to display the principles [16]. Skill is an important characteristic for ensuring quality, safety and cost-effective health care. The term competence according to the Royal College of Nursing “(RCN) comprises the skills, knowledge, practices, qualities and manners essential for an individual” so as to execute the work successfully [16]. A nurse is said to be competent when she has the skills and talents vital for lawful, safe and effective professional practice without direct guidance [17]. Competence can be said to be basic features of persons that result in effective performance. They can be described as a mixture of knowledge, skills, purposes and personal character traits. It can also be seen as the way someone behaves or acts.
\nAreas of competency include verbal message, written communication, enquiring skills and team skills [17]. Nurses are expected to communicate efficiently, generating talking and listening skills. Nurses should be able to use their knowledge and skills to promote open and honest communication skills to support open and honest interaction that recognises the needs of patients, and also creates a satisfying association in which they are able to apply counselling skills and initiate follow-up programmes to help them to adjust to their illness and care. Their knowledge and skill will also ascertain that patients obtain full evidence-based nursing care. They understand and identify the impact of terminal disease when dealing with clinical or home situation, so that they can be able to assess the outcome of care and give appropriate intervention. Competence also includes the ability of the nurses to use the e11 function health patterns to assess the patient. Gordon Morgan, according to Doenges and Moorhouse, devised 11 functional health patterns to be used by nurses in nursing process to provide more comprehensive nursing assessment of the patient. This will help the nurses to give holistic care to patients [18].
\nThe model of palliative care put together by the Canadian Hospice and Palliative Care Association (CHPCA) [19] is the model that is used to guide this chapter. This model is effective because it was developed to plan, evaluate and develop educational programmes [19]. In adopting this model, the paper considered the prominent position of the hospital management, without which it would be impossible to develop a programme for home care. The key role played by nurses as members of the palliative care team begins as soon as diagnosis is confirmed by the physician. Based on gaps identified after confirmation of diagnosis, the model provides guidance in tracking and tracing each patient, and planning home care. Communicating the true position of diagnoses at this stage is very important as it will help to reduce anxiety—after which, follow-up and home care measures will then be put in place.
\nTwo fundamental elements in the framework as utilised are the ‘square of care’ and the ‘square of organization’. As set out in the model [19], the ‘square of care’ has six components and the ‘square of organization’ has six stages that are relevant to palliative care integration. The composition of the conceptual framework is shown in \nFigure 2\n covers all phases of a palliative care programme, service or group. The patient and family are at the middle of the joint square, and their needs decide the concerns to be covered, the care necessary and the purposes and means to deliver care [20].
\nSquare of care and organisation (Source: adopted from CHPCA).
The Square of Care refers to the six important phases during the process of rendering care to patients and family. The phases of square of care include:
assessment
information sharing
decision-making
care planning
care delivery and
confirmation, and demonstration that they relate to the concerns (or areas) that patients and families usually encounter.
Square of organisation also has six stages, which comprise:
governance and administration
planning
operation
quality improvement communication/marketing
collection and use of data.
The main concepts of the model are the standards and regulatory beliefs that were established and decided upon through a national consensus-based practice [20].
\nThere should be plans for both the health care professional and patients/families to manage physical and psychosocial suffering and to get ready for the likelihood of advanced disease. This aspect of palliative care involves ways to provide physical and emotional care that will help patients to get through treatments. It enhances patients’ compliance with disease management, helps them accept changes in care and prepares patients and their families for the tasks ahead if the disease eventually does not lead to a cure.
\nBased on the model of palliative care as developed by CHPCA, the model takes into consideration the prominent position of the hospital management without which it will be impossible to develop any programme of such magnitude [19, 20]. This is because, a lot of things will be considered, especially, developing human resources example training of palliative care nurses, setting up palliative care team, providing other means of integrating palliative care into daily care of patients. Again, patients and families should also be seen at the centre of developing this programme as compliance is the key to success of any programme.
\nA nurse as an important member of palliative care team has an important role to play as soon as a patient is indicated for home care. Based on the gaps identified, after confirmation of diagnosis, tools that are going to be adapted will be used to track each patient; communication of the true position of diagnoses at this level is very important as this will help to reduce anxiety and follow-up measures will then be put in place. Studies conducted by Temel et al. indicate that patients who had palliative care integrated into normal treatment had a better outcome even when they were diagnosed at the advanced stage of the disease than patients who managed with only normal treatments [21].
\nSpirituality is a part of holistic care for clients and families. Patients getting palliative care benefit much from the special care that is devoted to physical, personal and social needs [22]. Spiritual care is seen as very significant for a lot of terminally ill patients, but professionals have trouble determining what such care they could embrace. From the viewpoints of the patients/clients at the end of life, their family caregivers and health care workers, the main aims are: to search the notion of spirituality and the meaning of this term; to discover beliefs, understandings and prospects with respect to spirituality, spiritual needs, pain or distress and spiritual care and, eventually, to see how spiritual care can best be provided for patients at home in a depressed economy.
\nSpirituality and health is an increasing new area of health care; the first textbook on spirituality and health was published by Oxford University Press [23]. Puchalski et al. established that patients would like their spirituality to be addressed in their health care. As the trends and research developed, ethical queries began to come up as to the definition of spirituality within medical care, its role in patient care and the implementation of spiritual care in the clinical setting.
\nRosser and Walsh are of the opinion that spirituality takes account of an individual’s beliefs, values, identity, a sense of meaning and purpose [5]. Some people see religion as being a component of spirituality. Wright and Neuberger designate spirituality to be pertained to how we see ourselves in the pattern of things, how we relate to other human beings and the wider world and how we ascertain meaning, purpose and association in life [24]. By its very nature, spirituality is often subjective, absolute and personal. In addition to the suggested principles for health care professionals to take care of the whole person, together with the patient’s spirituality, studies have established that patients appreciate a more whole-person emphasis on care and value health care professional’s probe into their spiritual beliefs [25].
\nSpirituality according to some schools of thought covers the confidence in self and others and this may include a belief in a divine being or higher authority [26]. The RCN also describes the following as factors of spirituality:
hope
strength
trust
forgiveness
love
relationships
creativity
self-expression [26].
If patients’ needs could be recognised early and their care adequately planned to include (but not limiting to) follow-up of all patients diagnosed with terminal illness through telephone calls, home visiting, advanced care planning, assessment and treatment of physical, psychosocial and spiritual aspect of patient’s needs, etc., there will be better outcome when the condition reaches advanced stage. Some may reason that because spirituality is so personal, it has no relationship in health care but when the perception of total pain is looked into, it is obvious that spiritual care is a vital element of care [5].
\nEconomic depression is a period of time of economic slowdown presenting low output, not having enough funds and unemployment. It is considered by its length, abnormal upsurges in unemployment, falls in the obtainability of adequate health services, shrinking output and investment, etc.
\nThe major causes of economic depression in any given economy (lessons from great depressions, 1981, 1991, 2008 economic recession) may include:
High inflation, a general rise in price of goods and services—leading to low purchasing power.
Accumulation of debt servicing especially foreign debt.
High-interest rate—discouraging investors.
Fall in aggregate demand; fall in wages, income etc.
Mass unemployment and general loss of confidence in the government [27]
Health is an essential part of man’s existence even in the midst of economic depression. Before the current economic crisis, most present-day societies especially in the developing countries were still suffering disease epidemics while other nations incessantly experienced the endemic diseases affecting millions of lives. The global economic crisis persists to worsen the structure and purpose of the health sector. The economic depression has affected several segments of the economy including the health sector, contributing to low output, poor service delivery and poor health outcome. This has led so many people to resort to home care where so much will not be required from them.
\nThe health sector is still struggling to provide rudimentary health care services with the collaborative efforts of government and individuals but determinations to realise this seem unfeasible due to the current state of the economy especially in the developing countries. The current economic position has affected health care funding and the level of support of the public and private health care services particularly among the rural poor is reduced due to increased proportion of poverty [28]. The economic predicament has contributed essentially to poor health outcome; it offers the occasion for careful government health modifications to improve the health system operation [28]. Health is directly or indirectly connected to other sectors such as food security and nutrition, family income generation, housing, education, employment status and other social security services.
\nFollowing initial treatment for terminal diseases or elderly patients, they are usually given dates for followed-up appointment in hospital outpatient departments at steady intervals for routine checking in order to assess the patient and timely discovery of recurring of the ailment [29]. This method of follow-up places anxiety on the patient and their family members and most of them defaulted due to religious and cultural beliefs. Secondly, they may complain of inability to travel to the hospital, especially patients living in the rural communities. Most of these patients present late in the hospital either because of poor knowledge, cultural/spiritual beliefs and non-availability of resources for prevention, diagnosis and treatment [28]. Patients and families are not well prepared after diagnosis about the diseases or palliation; this has led to most of the patients not responding to check-up appointments because they are not well informed and no form of follow-up programmes are put in place to track these patients [29].
\nBased on the above premise, several countries have been able to put in place measures for providing home care services to a lot of their citizenry so as to alleviate the suffering of the poor masses. Most of the developing countries are still struggling as a result of poor economic position of these nations. Home care cannot be instituted without adequate resources.
\nFrom a nursing viewpoint, it is imperative to have information about the type of care needed, the explanations of care needed and quality of life among the elderly people and those diagnosed with terminal illnesses living in their own homes, in order to sustain their independence and make best use of their quality of life.
\nAt several stages during our lives, we are each dependent on the care of others [30]. For many, that need comes with old age, chronic illness or ill health. In some occasions, the care is provided by a family member or a friend; in other cases, it comes from a paid care worker such as a registered nurse, a registered practical nurse or a personal support worker. Sometimes, the care is given by a combination of both [30].
\nThis chapter describes the involvements of these three care beneficiaries, their family caregivers and their paid care workers in our survey of the direction of the substantial practices of care associations in home care. Current reorganisation of health and social care services means the home is gradually the site of long-term care and is a place where implications of both home and care must be discussed [31]. The focus on the familiar care points up the diverse forces at work of care through which caregivers, care recipients and home space are established.
\nMost nurses have their own individual principles and morals, and there are certain professional standards on which all nurses are anticipated to establish their care. Nurses have a duty to make the care of patients their major concern and to practise care giving without harm and efficiently. They must be ethical and truthful [1]. Patients trust their nurses because they believe that, in addition to being experienced, their nurses will not take advantage of them and will demonstrate character traits such as honesty, straightforwardness, reliability and empathy. Good professional decision and behaviour in clinical practice should be patient-centred. It involves nurses understanding that each patient at the end stage of his or her disorder is exceptional, and working in partnership with their patients to discourse the needs and realistic prospects of each patient. The moral pronouncement as proposed by Plato and Aristotle highlighted the part of purpose both in observing what is fair and in permitting us to act reasonably rather than give in to conflicting desires and feelings [32].
\nHellström and Hallberg examined people aged 75 years and older dependent on care from professionals and/or a next of kin, their functional health, diseases and complaints in relation to quality of life as perceived by themselves [32]. The study revealed that the number of elderly persons in need of support ranged from 18.5 to 79.1% in the different age groups, and that aid came mostly from informal caregivers [32]. The authors also discovered that assistance from formal caregivers was given in combination with that from a next of kin in 38.8% of the cases. Furthermore, next of kin function more than formal carers; they assisted in all Contributory Activities of Daily Living (CADL) and Personal Activities of Daily Living (PADL) chores, with the exclusion of house cleaning and rendering a bath/shower. Although the respondents had supported themselves, they were also of assistance to another person in 6.5% of circumstances [1].
\nFrom the above study, it is seen that care giving at home is mostly carried out by informal caregivers, than the professionals. Patients, therefore, would see care at home more acceptable during this critical period of their lives. Most patients resolved to care at home because their financial status cannot cope with hospital bills, transportation, waiting time in the health care facilities among other reasons that promote home care.
\nNurses are the most valuable member of the palliative care team who are in the best position to look into the physical, purposeful, social and spiritual needs of the patients, but in most situations, they (nurses) are not well-prepared to give the adequate care, especially to elderly and terminally ill patients. The main focus of nursing care as observed is curative approach without taking into consideration effective communication between them and patients/families the truth about diagnosis/prognosis of the disease, lack of patient and family readiness as a result of inadequate training/discharge planning and lack of follow-up [33].
\nSpecifically, since there are no functional palliative care programmes in most health care facilities, the phases being addressed are:
Outpatient clinics
Hospital service
Home care service
Approach to care
\nOutpatient clinics:\n
Staff: Palliative care physician and nurse to be identified
Terminally ill patients identified after diagnosis is confirmed
Visit: To plan routine visit as necessary
Symptom assessment in clinic: Routine assessment during every visit by the nurse and physician
Psychosocial assessment in clinic: Routine assessment and discussion of goal with patient and family, support system, psychosocial distress and discussion on advance care planning according to their willingness
Telephone follow-up: Routine by the nurse after each visit
On-call service: 24 hours on-call service to be clarify during first visit after diagnosis has been established.
\nHospital service:\n
In-patient care: access to palliative care for symptom management
In-patient staff training for nurses: identification of nurses, physician and family caregivers for continued education and training in palliative and home care
Palliative care in-patient follow-up: follow-up by palliative care team when the patient is admitted to other unit of the hospital.
\nHome care:\n
Community care contact health centre service: health centre closer to the patient will be identified for care continuation and this would be reassessed at each visit.
Communication with the family and community health centre: this should be done routinely.
\nApproach to care:\n
All care providers: Multidisciplinary, this is hope to address physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of both the patient and the family identifying other specialist. The approach to care takes cognizance of the fact that the economic depression affects the type of care the less privileged members of the population attained. This may affect proper access to good health care services and as such provision of home care will be beneficial to them where they will be taken care of in their familiar environment.
\nNurses should strive to always make the most of the short time they have with each patient. As nurses, we need to promote a patient’s psychological and emotional well-being in order to facilitate physical healing, especially in a poor economic situation. When we do this, our relationship with the patient alters and develops into something more encouraging than it was before. This contributes to better patient outcomes and can heighten the happiness and perseverance in our work as nurses. By doing this, informal caregivers would emulate and continue home care.
\nThere are many easy ways to develop relationships with patients and encourage a sound psychological, emotional and spiritual environment.
Learn the patient’s name and use it
Make good, strong eye contact
Ask how a patient is feeling and honestly care
Smile and laugh when suitable
Use relaxing touch
Assist the patient to see themselves as someone who merits self-esteem
Maintain their self-worth
Educate patients on the significance of self-care
Ask the patient how you can decrease their anxiety or pain
Holistic nursing is the concept of caring for a person as a whole. The purpose is to return the patient as a whole to as close to normal as possible even when receiving care at home. Holistic nursing highlights on the nurses considering the link between minds, body, emotion, spirit, social, cultural, environmental and past relationships in order to return the patient to a whole. This however has not always been likely to attain. The idea of caring for the whole person, not just their physical body, is one that dates back to Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale devotedness was to care for those who could not care for themselves. Florence Nightingale herself advocated holistic care by recognising the importance of environment touch, light, scents, music and silent reflection in treatment process.
\nThere is a direct relationship between economy and health and by implication of nursing profession. The present economic depression places an enormous threat as its end is not sure. This chapter therefore tried to bridge the gap between holistic care, palliative care, which embodied all the components of spirituality, and the terminally ill patients needing home care. This has a lot to do with economic situation of the populace, especially in the low- and middle-class countries of the world. Since the elderly and the terminally ill patients preferred home care, it is pertinent that all the components of care be provided to take care of the total man.
\nThe authors are grateful to all the authors whose work were cited in this chapter without which it could have been impossible to support the original ideas conceived by the authors.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
\nAN, EO and BN designed the study, compiled and wrote the manuscript. All the authors reviewed the manuscript and provided critical comments, read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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