System specifications.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10497",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The advances being made in veterinary medicine in the modern era are continuously pushing the boundaries of what is presently possible and available. From unraveling canine genetics and gene therapies to understanding the microbiome and the effects parasites have on canine health. Whilst many advances are being made with clinical diagnosis, surgeries, prosthetics, pharmaceuticals, and imaging techniques, preventative medicine is also at the forefront of technology. Our understanding of the medical issues, critical care, pharmaceutics, anatomy, pathology, genetics, and disease are all imperative in making advances in canine medicine. This book covers a diverse range of topics in canine health by highlighting recent and forthcoming canine medicine and health innovations and improvements.",isbn:"978-1-83962-655-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-654-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-656-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92513",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2532,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 23rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 21st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 20th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 10th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 9th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"299",title:"Cynology",slug:"cynology"}],chapters:[{id:"74866",title:"Canine Genetics and Genomics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95781",slug:"canine-genetics-and-genomics",totalDownloads:428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the past fifteen years, tremendous progress has been made in dog genomics. Several genetic aspects of cancer, heart disease, hip dysplasia, vision and hearing problems in dogs have been investigated and studied in detail. Genome-wide associative studies have made it possible to identify several genes associated with diseases, morphological and behavioral traits. The dog genome contains an extraordinary amount of genetic variability that distinguishes the different dog breeds. As a consequence of the selective programs, applied using stringent breed standards, each dog breed represents, today, a population isolated from the others. The availability of modern next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques and the identification of millions of single functional mutations (SNPs) has enabled us to obtain new and unknown detailed genomic data of the different breeds.",signatures:"Edo D’Agaro, Andrea Favaro and Davide Rosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74866",authors:[{id:"55861",title:"Dr.",name:"Edo",surname:"D' Agaro",slug:"edo-d'-agaro",fullName:"Edo D' Agaro"},{id:"344947",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Favaro",slug:"andrea-favaro",fullName:"Andrea Favaro"},{id:"344951",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Rosa",slug:"davide-rosa",fullName:"Davide Rosa"}],corrections:null},{id:"76601",title:"Diagnosis, Prognosis, Management, Treatment, Research and Advances in Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97682",slug:"diagnosis-prognosis-management-treatment-research-and-advances-in-canine-dilated-cardiomyopathy",totalDownloads:381,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Dilated cardiomyopathy involves enlargement of the ventricular chamber and systolic dysfunction. The reduction in quality of life and increased levels of congestive heart failure, combined with the high diagnosis rate within the canine population, highlights the need for research into this disorder. This chapter looks at prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. It details the disease pathology and physiology through to present clinical practices and studies to support prevention and treatment. This chapter also looks at the research being undertaken to further understand cardiomyopathies in dogs and develop new interventions. This ranges from fatty acids profiles to genetics and even personalized medicine and comparisons with human cardiomyopathy.",signatures:"Siobhan Simpson, Kara-Zoë Kordtomeikel, Serena Wong, Samantha Bennison, Samir A.A. El-Gendy, Malcolm Cobb and Catrin Sian Rutland",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76601",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76601",authors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"},{id:"346114",title:"Dr.",name:"Siobhan",surname:"Simpson",slug:"siobhan-simpson",fullName:"Siobhan Simpson"},{id:"346186",title:"Ms.",name:"Kara-Zoë",surname:"Kordtomeikel",slug:"kara-zoe-kordtomeikel",fullName:"Kara-Zoë Kordtomeikel"},{id:"346187",title:"Ms.",name:"Serena",surname:"Wong",slug:"serena-wong",fullName:"Serena Wong"},{id:"346188",title:"Ms.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Bennison",slug:"samantha-bennison",fullName:"Samantha Bennison"},{id:"346189",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy"},{id:"415516",title:"Dr.",name:"Malcolm",surname:"Cobb",slug:"malcolm-cobb",fullName:"Malcolm Cobb"}],corrections:null},{id:"76091",title:"The State of Knowledge on Intestinal Helminths in Free-Roaming Dogs in Southern South America",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96125",slug:"the-state-of-knowledge-on-intestinal-helminths-in-free-roaming-dogs-in-southern-south-america",totalDownloads:243,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In South America there are more dogs per person than in developed countries. Many owners allow their dogs to roam freely in public areas, which favours the spread of zoonotic diseases. The objective of this work is to describe, through bibliographic analysis, the occurrence, prevalence, species richness, and distribution of intestinal helminth parasites found in dog faeces from urban and rural areas of southern South America (Argentina-Chile-Uruguay). Using three databases, we performed a systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2020 in indexed journals. A total of 219 articles was evaluated for eligibility, and of these 67 were included in the final analysis; 48 correspond to Argentina, 17 to Chile, and 2 to Uruguay. The total number of parasite taxa recorded was 22, the most frequently occurring species being Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma sp., Trichuris vulpis and Echinococcus sp. Species richness was correlated with sample size and varied between 1 and 10 species. In addition, disease risk is not homogeneously distributed. Due to the high infection levels in dogs, urban and rural dwellers are at risk of infection with zoonotic diseases transmitted by these animals, therefore a One Health approach to public health would be advisable.",signatures:"Luciano Ritossa, Gustavo Viozzi and Verónica Flores",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76091",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76091",authors:[{id:"337219",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Flores",slug:"veronica-flores",fullName:"Verónica Flores"},{id:"337222",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",surname:"Ritossa",slug:"luciano-ritossa",fullName:"Luciano Ritossa"},{id:"337223",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Viozzi",slug:"gustavo-viozzi",fullName:"Gustavo Viozzi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75132",title:"Incrimination of Dog Vector of Cystic Echinococcosis and Impact of the Appropriate Dogs’ Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95776",slug:"incrimination-of-dog-vector-of-cystic-echinococcosis-and-impact-of-the-appropriate-dogs-treatment",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dogs are involved in the transmission of several parasitic zoonosis. Among these, hydatidosis is very endemic in many countries of the world. Dog populations are very variable from one region to another, which increases the infestation risks across human populations especially in the developing countries such as in Morocco. Moreover, the risk of exposure is higher in dogs with access to rural slaughterhouses than in owned dogs. As for preventive measures, this calls for effective implementation of the appropriate dogs’ treatment against hydatidosis. Thus, the following chapter updates the most relevant information on the impact of hydatidosis upon human populations and livestock animals, as to stretch understanding on the vector contribution of dogs.",signatures:"Fatima Ezzahra Amarir, Abdelmohcine Aimrane and Abdelkbir Rhalem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75132",authors:[{id:"334107",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimaezzahra",surname:"Amarir",slug:"fatimaezzahra-amarir",fullName:"Fatimaezzahra Amarir"},{id:"334766",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abdelmohcine",surname:"Aimrane",slug:"abdelmohcine-aimrane",fullName:"Abdelmohcine Aimrane"},{id:"334768",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelkbir",surname:"Rhalem",slug:"abdelkbir-rhalem",fullName:"Abdelkbir Rhalem"}],corrections:null},{id:"75069",title:"Importance of Yeasts in Oral Canine Mucosa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95905",slug:"importance-of-yeasts-in-oral-canine-mucosa",totalDownloads:310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dentistry science is a new specialty in veterinary medicine that has been growing in recent years, accompanied by the development of professionals who seek to improve the quality of life of pets. Cases related to problems in the oral cavity have gained significant importance in the medical clinic of professionals who treat small animals. Due to lack of professional knowledge or due to animal behavioral problems, such as aggressiveness, the anamnesis of the oral cavity is not performed most of the time, which ends up delaying the diagnosis of the pathology. In addition, an animal with a problem in the oral cavity may take years to show signs of the disease. In general, animals have an oral microbiota composed of various species of fungi, which, under specific conditions, can change from saprophytes to pathogens, compromising their health. Thus, the pre-knowledge of potentially pathogenic yeasts belonging to oral microbiota of dogs and their susceptibility profile compared to the main drugs used in antifungal therapy, is of fundamental importance as it ensures a clinical auxiliary support for the diagnosis and treatment of most diseases of the oral cavity.",signatures:"Claudete Rodrigues Paula, Bianca Silva Navarro, Mário Mendes Bonci and Diana Costa Nascimento",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75069",authors:[{id:"334769",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Claudete",surname:"Paula",slug:"claudete-paula",fullName:"Claudete Paula"},{id:"336746",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Bonci",slug:"mario-bonci",fullName:"Mario Bonci"},{id:"337100",title:"Dr.",name:"Bianca",surname:"Navarro",slug:"bianca-navarro",fullName:"Bianca Navarro"},{id:"344045",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Nascimento",slug:"diana-nascimento",fullName:"Diana Nascimento"}],corrections:null},{id:"74874",title:"Small Animals Gut Microbiome and Its Relationship with Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95780",slug:"small-animals-gut-microbiome-and-its-relationship-with-cancer",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to discuss recent developments in understanding the small animal gut microbiome’s relationship with cancer, focusing on animals as well as a model for studying humans. Based on multidirectional interactions between the microbiome, the environment and the epigenetically/genetically vulnerable host, it intends to address the mechanisms by which microorganisms can contribute to carcinogenesis describing the roles of the microbiome directly in the pathogenesis of the disease through complex interactions between the microbiome and the host’s metabolic and immune systems. The feasibility for developing new cancer diagnostic and prognostic methodologies plus treatments based on small animals’ microbiome profiles are reviewed.",signatures:"Tatiane Moreno Ferrarias Epiphanio and Andreia A.F. Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74874",authors:[{id:"334680",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Andreia A.F.",surname:"Santos",slug:"andreia-a.f.-santos",fullName:"Andreia A.F. Santos"},{id:"335285",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiane Moreno",surname:"Ferrarias Epiphanio",slug:"tatiane-moreno-ferrarias-epiphanio",fullName:"Tatiane Moreno Ferrarias Epiphanio"}],corrections:null},{id:"74826",title:"Canine Detection of the Volatile Organic Compounds Related to Cervical Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95773",slug:"canine-detection-of-the-volatile-organic-compounds-related-to-cervical-cancer-cells",totalDownloads:296,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of trained dogs for the detection of volatile biomarkers in biological samples has great potential to be used for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of several diseases such as cancer. It offers early, highly accurate detection with fast response times, non-invasive to patients and allows for repeated sampling. The aforementioned methods are useful as a portable technology to increase detection, screening, and monitoring coverage in populations at risk. In this sense, Cervical Cancer (CC) has become a public health concern of alarming proportions in many developing countries, particularly in low-income sectors and marginalized regions due to different factors that limit the coverage of screening methods and the acceptance rates of women attending their routine gynecological examination. As such, early detection is a crucial medical factor in improving not only their population’s quality of life but also its life expectancy. For the above, the great odor detection threshold exhibited by dogs is not unheard of and represents a potential opportunity to develop an affordable, accessible, and non-invasive method for detection of CC with high sensibility and specificity values.",signatures:"Miriam Rodríguez-Esquivel, José Alejandro Sánchez-Pérez, Héctor Guerrero-Flores, Emmanuel Salcedo, Teresa Apresa-García, Ricardo López-Romero, Alejandra Valdivia-Flores, Florinda Jiménez-Vega, Rodrigo Aldariz and Mauricio Salcedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74826",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74826",authors:[{id:"336180",title:"Dr.",name:"Miriam",surname:"Rodríguez Esquivel",slug:"miriam-rodriguez-esquivel",fullName:"Miriam Rodríguez Esquivel"},{id:"344550",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor",surname:"Guerrero Flores",slug:"hector-guerrero-flores",fullName:"Héctor Guerrero Flores"},{id:"344552",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Sánchez",slug:"alejandro-sanchez",fullName:"Alejandro Sánchez"},{id:"344553",title:"Mr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Salcedo",slug:"emmanuel-salcedo",fullName:"Emmanuel Salcedo"},{id:"344554",title:"MSc.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Apresa García",slug:"teresa-apresa-garcia",fullName:"Teresa Apresa García"},{id:"344827",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"López Romero",slug:"ricardo-lopez-romero",fullName:"Ricardo López Romero"},{id:"344828",title:"Dr.",name:"Florinda",surname:"Jiménez Vega",slug:"florinda-jimenez-vega",fullName:"Florinda Jiménez Vega"},{id:"344829",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",surname:"Valdivia Flores",slug:"alejandra-valdivia-flores",fullName:"Alejandra Valdivia Flores"},{id:"344830",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Aldariz",slug:"rodrigo-aldariz",fullName:"Rodrigo Aldariz"},{id:"344831",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Salcedo",slug:"mauricio-salcedo",fullName:"Mauricio Salcedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"75108",title:"Canine Hepatic Carcinoma: Diagnoses and Treatments Via Global State-of-the-Art Approach and Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96077",slug:"canine-hepatic-carcinoma-diagnoses-and-treatments-via-global-state-of-the-art-approach-and-tradition",totalDownloads:340,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses effective diagnostics and treatment of canine hepatic carcinoma (CHC), where state-of-the-art global technologies are complemented by traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM). The biokinetic Ga-67 model of CHC is proposed to clarify the Ga-67 metabolic mechanism among various organs. It is aimed at identifying the best routine for detecting the metastatic or primary CHC and substantiating the optimal further treatment. The routine examination of CHC can be performed via Ga-67 nuclear examination or MRI, biological index, X-ray, and abdominal ultrasound. The available methods of animal cancer treatment imply separate or combined application of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy targeted at the particular cancer cells. However, there is also a general concern on the quality of life of pets/canine patients. This leaves enough space to the TCVM (including acupuncture and famous herbal drugs) with a long application history in Asia and growing usage as alternative treatment in other regions. However, its current applications to domestic animals/pets suffering from carcinomas are based on individual expert opinions, while there are no outlined veterinary treatment strategies and guidelines for clinical practice in this field. A comprehensive combination of state-of-the-art global technologies and TCVM is considered instrumental in curing canine hepatic carcinoma.",signatures:"Chih-Feng Chen, Shao-Wen Chiu, Lung-Kwang Pan and Chao-Hsun Chuang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75108",authors:[{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan"},{id:"345343",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Feng",surname:"Chen",slug:"chih-feng-chen",fullName:"Chih-Feng Chen"},{id:"345344",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Chiu",slug:"shao-wen-chiu",fullName:"Shao-Wen Chiu"},{id:"345345",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao-Hsun",surname:"Chuang",slug:"chao-hsun-chuang",fullName:"Chao-Hsun Chuang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"19",series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",issn:"2632-0517",editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",slug:"equine-science",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3423",title:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8712769decefe74bd752ce339f476964",slug:"insights-from-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5469",title:"Canine Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Advanced Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e798d88413dd09f8a4af2b2e325b82",slug:"canine-medicine-recent-topics-and-advanced-research",bookSignature:"Hussein Abdelhay Elsayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66301",slug:"corrigendum-to-denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",title:"Corrigendum to: Denim Fabrics Woven with Dual Core-Spun Yarns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66301.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66301",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66301",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66301",chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11468",leadTitle:null,title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tHigh entropy alloys were defined based on the conception of configuration entropy maximum, usually containing more than 5 components, and provide more alloys in the space of compositions. It has been extensively reported the trade-off between the strength and ductility has been broken. The strength and ductility can be increased simultaneously. The mainly reported mechanisms include but are not limited, to unique solid solution strengthening behaviors; twinning plastics behaviors; nanoprecipitation behaviors; slow diffusion and dynamic behaviors; lower stacking fault energy. The reported examples for the breaking of strength and ductility trade-off, let us believe the high entropy alloys also potentially break the trade-off for the magnetic alloys, and electrical conductivity alloys, and to break the properties limits of traditional materials.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will provide a discussion on the future of high entropy alloys, which will be applied in corrosion resistant alloys; irradiation resistant alloys, etc. The high-entropy alloys will also be extended to the high entropy fibers, high entropy films, and high entropy ceramics and the high throughput computation and modulations and AI and machine learning, even the high throughput screening technologies will be applied for the design and developments of the alloys.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-111-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-110-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-112-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3b4ef3ce01f8f9b113dc28ac847b8c0d",bookSignature:"Prof. Yong A Zhang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg",keywords:"High Entropy Alloys, Strengthening Mechanism, Toughness, Serration Behaviours, Soft Magnetic Properties, Coercivity, Magnetism, Ductility, Resistivity, Electrical Conductivity, Strength, Biomedical Alloys",numberOfDownloads:78,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 27th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 30th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 29th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 17th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor at University of Science and Technology Beijing and pioneering researcher in the high entropy materials. Professor Zhang proposed a parameter to evaluate the entropy for multicomponent alloys.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"203937",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",middleName:"A",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203937/images/system/203937.jpg",biography:'Dr Yong Zhang is a professor/doctoral supervisor at University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB). The invention of trace rare earth elements can improve the glass forming ability (GFA) of amorphous alloys, which has been widely used in academia and industries. The first body-centered cubic (BBC) alloy with high strength and high entropy (HE) was synthesized. The ratio parameter w of solution configuration entropy and mixing enthalpy is put forward to evaluate the configuration entropy of materials, which has been proved by a large number of documents to be effective in predicting the formation of solid solution and amorphous phases. HE alloy fiber and HE alloy photo-thermal selective films have been successfully studied.\r\nDr Zhang participated in publishing the monograph "Amorphous and HE Alloys”, "Advanced HE Alloys Technology”, "High Entropy Materials, A Brief Introduction”, and "Magnetic Sensors-Development Trends and Applications”. "Stainless Steels and Alloys”, "Engineering Steels and HE Alloys”, "HE Alloys, Fundamental and Applications”, "HE Alloys, Innovations, advances, and appications”etc. He participated in the National Natural Science Second Prize, the Ministry of Education Natural Science First Prize, the Second Prize, and the Shanxi Provincial Education Department Natural Science First Prize. He is also a member of the amorphous Committee of the Metal Society, a Fellow of the China Materials Research Society, and a Fellow of the Nuclear Materials Society.\r\nDr Zhang participated in organizing the conference on HE alloys and serration behaviors, and served as the chairman of the branch; He is also a science and technology correspondent of Guangdong Province and a guest professor of North University of China. He has been selected as one thousand talents in Qinghai Province, and has been selected as an excellent talent program of the Ministry of Education in the new century. He has edited albums of “Serration and Noise Behaviors in Advanced Materials” and “Nanostructured HE Alloys”. “The new advances in HE alloys”, bcc structured HE alloys, etc. Professor Zhang devoted himself to studying serration behavior, high-throughput technology and collective effect in materials science.',institutionString:"University of Science and Technology Beijing",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Science and Technology Beijing",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:[{id:"82128",title:"Microstructures and Deformation Mechanisms of FCC-Phase High-Entropy Alloys",slug:"microstructures-and-deformation-mechanisms-of-fcc-phase-high-entropy-alloys",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82363",title:"High Entropy Thin Films by Magnetron Sputtering: Deposition, Properties and Applications",slug:"high-entropy-thin-films-by-magnetron-sputtering-deposition-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81896",title:"Cost-Effective Fe-Rich High-Entropy Alloys: A Brief Review",slug:"cost-effective-fe-rich-high-entropy-alloys-a-brief-review",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429339",firstName:"Jelena",lastName:"Vrdoljak",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429339/images/20012_n.jpg",email:"jelena.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7360",title:"Fillers",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cb5f0dcdfc23d6ec4c1d5f72f726ab4",slug:"fillers-synthesis-characterization-and-industrial-application",bookSignature:"Amar Patnaik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43660",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Patnaik",slug:"amar-patnaik",fullName:"Amar Patnaik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4068d570500b274823e17413e3547ff8",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68480",title:"Mechatronics for the Design of Inspection Robotic Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88489",slug:"mechatronics-for-the-design-of-inspection-robotic-systems",body:'Robotics applied to inspection and home security is becoming a reality in recent years. Moreover, with the spread diffusion and popularity of robots in everyday life, their use is enormously increased in recent years [1, 2, 3, 4]. Soft computing and artificial intelligence are successfully used for machinery control and robotic and engineering applications [5, 6, 7]. The integration of nonlinear system with communication technology has led smart and secure industry and home become reality. Therefore, robots may play an important role in such environments.
In addition, indoor inspection, surveillance, and home security are becoming critical issues at this time to organizing a smart and secure place to live and/or work [8, 9]. Advances in closed-circuit TV (CCTV) technology are turning video surveillance equipment into the most valuable loss prevention tool. Such technology can be considered as a safe and secure tool, which is nowadays available for either industrial, commercial or residential applications. The use of inspection and surveillance systems can alert users for threatening situations worsen, as well as for providing an important record of events, such as inspection of a production plants or buildings, for verification of structural and/or electrical components. However, in most of the conventional systems for surveillance, only fixed cameras and fixed infrared cameras are used. Therefore, drawbacks are related to problems in viewing all video streams at the same time or tracking a moving object through a mobile device due to the object dynamics and limited network bandwidth. In order to overcome these limitations, an increasing number of systems have been developed for automatic inspection; they are equipped with sensors allowing the exploration of a building, as reported in [10].
Inspection and monitoring systems are apparently the only tools that are easy to use and manage; in fact, they hide drawbacks such as high purchase and maintenance costs as well as significant financial commitment related to data management and processing. In addition, interoperability and integration with other devices could be a problem; those factors may greatly influence the wide spreading of those systems. In order to enhance the use of these technologies, new solutions have been explored dealing with the concept of robotic and automatic survey using low-cost technology [11]. More specifically, the use of a robotic platform may drastically reduce the time and cost needed for a relief, if compared to a classical approach. Moreover, the use of a low-cost technology, both for the mechanical design of the mobile robot and the onboard sensors, allows the wide spreading of the robotic system and substitution in the case of damages or if the robot is lost. In addition, the developed technology may allow the interoperability of the system and integration in the industrial environment by taking advantage of Industry 4.0.
Surveillance and automatic inspection tasks require a careful analysis to identify basic requirements and appropriate solutions, as it is represented schematically in Figure 1. A first basic requirement is related to the mobility issue, which deals with the site to inspect, that is, buildings, industrial plants, or other indoor environment. Indoor and outdoor inspections often require different solutions, either ground or aerial ones. They have in common the need to have a relatively small sized mobile robot that can travel across a large variety of scenarios.
Flowchart of the main requirements and solutions for a mechatronic design of inspection robotic systems.
Mobile robots can be classified according to their type of locomotion. Walking systems are well suited for unstructured environment because they can ensure stability and adaptability to a wide range of situations, but they are mechanically complex requiring high power and control efforts [12]. Wheeled locomotion instead is the most efficient solution on flat surfaces [13]. In fact, wheeled or tracked robots are the optimal solution for well-structured environment and quite regular terrain. In off-road, their mobility is often very limited and highly depends on the type of environment and the dimension of the obstacles. Hybrid mobile robots have been developed to combine advantages of legged- and wheeled-/tracked-locomotion types; therefore, lately they are preferred for a large variety of scenarios and applications. Very often the mechanisms used for the locomotion (legs, articulated wheels) should be synthetized ad hoc [14, 15]. A proper model of the mechanical system has to be developed for programming and communication issues [16, 17].
A classification of three types can be made referring to navigation modes, namely, pure teleoperation, safeguarded teleoperation, and autonomous navigation, according to the task and overall budget. The choice depends on the application and the environment. The sensorization is strictly related to the navigation type and the level of sophistication of the inspection. It is possible to classify sensors as internal and external ones. The internal ones give the robot mobility control and navigation capabilities. They can be proximity sensors, encoders, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetic compasses, and tilt and shock sensors. External sensors are related to a specific task; for the inspection and surveillance application, the sensors considered can be cameras, thermal cameras, laser, light, temperature, gas, smoke, oxygen, humidity, sound, and ultrasound. Hardware and software reliability deals with the end user/application of the robot. In fact, this issue has to be set at very early stage of the design process since it is related to operation, maintenance, failure prevention, and intervention.
Communication tools are essential for localization, navigation, or data transmission [16, 17]. In addition to wired and wireless communication, a great challenge is the interoperability with any automatic and robotic system with other devices, such as home automation and security system in industrial plants according to Industry 4.0. This issue is specifically related to the application for surveillance, inspection, and maintenance for structures and infrastructures and in industrial environment, also related to sustainability [18, 19]. Recently, the term Industry 5.0 has been introduced in 2015; comparing with Industry 4.0, which is being considered as the latest industrial revolution, it can be considered a systemic transformation that includes impact on civil society, governance structures, and human identity in addition to solely economic/manufacturing ramifications, the Industry 5.0 founders prefer to speak about next step in evolution.
The fourth industrial revolution has been applied to significant technological developments several times over the last 75 years and is up for an academic debate. Industry 4.0, on the other hand, focuses on manufacturing specifically in the current context and thus is separate from the fourth industrial revolution in terms of scope. It is very interesting to analyze the significant trimming of the time needed to go from one revolution to the next one. From this regard, the introduction of Industry 5.0 just 4 years after the start of Industry 4.0 is not an exception, but a winner (Figure 2).
A scheme for the levels in Industry 4.0 organization and interoperability of robotic systems in industrial environment.
The mechatronic design of an inspection robotic system can be schematically composed by two main parts: one is related to the robot mobility and operation modes and the other one is responsible to manage the external sensor kit, specifically made according to the application. Figure 3 shows the mechatronic architecture of the THROO system, proposed by Rea and Ottaviano [10] and used here as paradigmatic example.
Mechatronic architecture of the control for the THROO robot.
According to the scheme reported in Figure 3, a tablet in (1) is used for the robot motion control and navigation, taking advantage of the two sliders represented in the zoomed view in (7). The Dension WiRC software is used for programming. The USB WiFi router type is TP-Link Model TL-WN821N, and it is represented in (2) and allows the tablet to access and connect to the WIRC hardware. The webcam (3) is the Logitech U0024 type. The Dension WiRC hardware (4), with four digital inputs, four digital outputs, and eight channels, is used to control the servomotors of the robot. The hardware in (4) is connected to Arduino board (5) and gives the command to the robot’s actuators via relay (6). The target (8) is displayed on the tablet.
The overall mechatronic system architecture for the robot navigation is given in (9). For the proposed application (indoor survey) teleoperation mode is used; therefore, when the robot in Figure 4 moves, the internal sensor suite is used to help the user to understand the environment and guide the robot to the path or a close target. In particular, in Figure 4, label (2) is for the electronic board equipped with accelerometer, gravity and gyroscope sensors, GPS sensor, magnetic field, and acceleration sensors. The front camera view for navigation is displayed as (3). External sensors are used for inspection and monitoring tasks. More specifically, in Figure 4, label (1) is used for the thermal infrared camera FLIR ThermaCAM S40, and the 3D scan is the Xbox Kinect shown in (4), provided with an infrared sensor and two additional micro cameras.
Sensor installation on the inspection robot.
Examples and applications of industrial and nonindustrial applications are reported in [20, 21]. An overall layout for the system is given in Figure 5, in which the main components may be recognized, mainly the robot in (2) with external and internal sensors, operating (3) and monitoring (5) (6) systems, and the power supply (6); label (1) represents the target. Figure 6 shows the control architecture to operate the robot and a representation of the interoperation with the equipment onboard.
Overview of the proposed mechatronic/robotic system.
A scheme for the control architecture.
The use of this kind of control system solution offers several advantages, which can be summarized as follows:
Low cost—Arduino boards are relatively low cost, if compared to other microcontroller platforms. They may enable diffusion and affordable cost of the overall system.
The Python software runs on Windows, Macintosh OS X, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment—the programming environment is easy to use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
Open-source and extensible software—the software is made available as open source tools, suitable for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries.
Open-source and extensible hardware—the plans for the modules are published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.
CANopen is a CAN-based communication system. It comprises higher-layer protocols and profile specifications. CANopen has been developed as a standardized embedded network with highly flexible configuration capabilities. It was designed originally for motion-oriented machine control systems, such as handling systems.
Today, it is used in various application fields, such as medical equipment, off-road vehicles, maritime electronics, railway applications, or building automation. In order to obtain this low-cost control system, the advantages of using Arduino with CANopen for data transmission have been combined. This was possible using a PiCAN 2 breadboard interface card that allows Raspberry to send commands via CANopen.
Table 1 summarizes the main features of the proposed system. The integration of sensors and its management has been a subject of research activity in different domains [3, 4, 22, 23, 24]. An industrial network laboratory prototype has been proposed by Leão et al. [25] in which several kits have been implemented.
Parameter description | Specification | ||
---|---|---|---|
Hybrid mobile robot THROO | Size (L × H × W) | 300 (550) × 140 × 400 mm | |
Mass | 4.5 kg no batteries | ||
Max speed | Up to 0.5 m/s | ||
Actuation | DC 24 V 12 Nm 24 W | ||
DOFs | 2 (track), 1 (legs) | ||
Max step size | 100 mm | ||
PSH accelerometer (Intel Inc.) | 0–39.227 | 0.01 (0.024%) | 0.006 mA |
PSH gyroscope sensor (Intel Inc.) | 0–34.907 | 0.002 (0.005%) | 6.1 mA |
PSH gravity sensor (Intel Inc.) | 0–19.613 | 0.005 (0.024%) | 0.006 mA |
PSH magn. field sensor (Intel Inc.) | 0–800 | 0.5 (0.062%) | 0.1 mA |
PSH lin. accel. sensor (Intel Inc.) | 0–19.613 | 0.005 (0.024%) | 0.006 mA |
Thermal camera (FLIR) | ThermaCAM S40 | ||
Front camera (Logitech) | U0024 type | ||
3D scan (Xbox) | Kinect | ||
USB WiFi router | TP-Link Model TL-WN821N | ||
No. monitors | 2 | ||
No. computers/CPU | 2 |
System specifications.
The THROO system has been proposed here as a paradigmatic example of a mechatronic solution for the design. Applications reported here refer to indoor surveys. Figure 7 shows the robot operation during an indoor inspection. In particular, thermal detection of an electrical component is carried out. The interoperability of the sensors onboard with navigation sensorization is managed by the control board and the WiRC controller.
Photo sequence of an experimental test of data acquisition.
Figure 8 shows an indoor survey in which an indoor wall element made of limestone rock is analyzed, as reported in [11]. All the acquired data is monitored on two screens as shown in Figure 8 and stored in a PC for further analysis and reconstruction.
Photo sequence of data acquisition during a survey.
In this chapter, we have proposed the main requirements and related items for a mechatronic design of an inspection and surveillance robotic system. The mechatronics and control scheme proposed here might constitute a solution for a broad range of scenarios spacing from home security and inspection of industrial sites, brownfields, historical sites, or sites dangerous or difficult to access by operators. As a paradigmatic example, a hybrid robot is presented here, and experimental tests are reported to show the engineering feasibility of the system and interoperability of the mobile hybrid robot equipped with sensors that allow real-time multiple acquisition and storage. The robot equipment is composed by external and internal sensors, for example, gyroscope, accelerometer, inclinometer, thermal camera, and 3D motion capture system.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Skin, the largest organ in the human body gives a protective barrier against the harmful events of the environment, for example, radiation, germs, temperature, and toxic substances. Moreover, the skin also protects our body from excessive dehydration and works as a permeability barrier. To support the above-mentioned roles and repair skin injury and wounds, the skin needs to regenerate and proliferate with the help of skin stem cells. Broadly the skin can be divided into three parts: Epidermis, the outermost layer, is mainly composed of keratinocytes and is known as the squamous stratified epithelium. The dermis, the middle layer, is separated by the basement membrane from the epidermis and is mainly composed of the extracellular matrix of tough collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerves. The hypodermis, the third layer, mainly consists of fibroblasts, adipose tissues, and connective tissues. Adult skin development involves a multi-stage process that involved cells from diverse embryonic origins. Following gastrulation, the neuroectoderm cells stimulate the formation of the nervous system and skin epidermis. The neural and epidermal fate of these cells is dependent on different signaling pathways, for example, Wnt signaling, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and Notch signaling pathway [1]. During development, the ectoderm-derived cells are become the epidermal basal layer and are responsible for all epidermal structures, for example, the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands [2]. A complex and multiple embryonic origins contribute to the dermis formation at different regions of the body. In a broad perspective, the mesoderm-derived cells are responsible for the dermis of the ventral and flank regions of the body and neural-crest-derived cells are responsible for the head dermis [2]. The mesoderm-derived cells are also responsible for the development of the adipose tissues in the hypodermis [3].
In everyday life skin has to perform many functions which are essential for our survival, for example, to protect from physical and mechanical injuries, harmful radiations, and after injury, it needs to form new cells to repair. In this regard, the skin stem cells (SCs) in the epidermis play the most essential roles to maintain skin renewal throughout life and repairing wounds after injury. In this review, we attempt to clarify the 1. Types of stem cells located in the epidermis, 2. The location, function, and markers to identify the epidermal SCs, 3. Role of chronological and photoaging on epidermal stem cells.
The epidermis is mainly consisting of five sub-layers with distinct characteristics although they function together to maintain tissue homeostasis and regeneration (Figure 1). The innermost or the deepest layer of the epidermis is the Basal layer, which is a single layer of proliferative basal cells that attach to a basement membrane (BM) by hemidesmosomes. These cells can continually divide and after some period lose attachment from the BM, get pushed by new cells and a program of differentiation has triggered. Above the basal layer, the Squamous cell layer contains the mature basal cells which are now known as squamous cells. This is the thickest layer of the epidermis and spiny projections that are attached to the surrounding cells by desmosomes. The keratinocytes are then got bigger and flatter and push towards two thin layers of the epidermis; the Stratum granulosum and the Stratum lucidum. The stratum corneum is the uppermost layer of the epidermis which contains the dead keratinocytes also referred to as anucleate squamous cells. The skin appendages include the sweat glands, sebaceous gland, nails, hair shafts, and hair follicles, and have both epidermal and dermal components which help the skin to complete its function [4]. The epidermal SCs reside in the basal layer are responsible for the maintenance of the epidermal stratified epithelium by self-renewal, wound repair, and differentiation capabilities. The epidermal proliferative unit (EPU) consists of basal cells that are responsible for the maintenance of the cornified layers by self-renewing and producing stem cells and non-stem cells [5]. There are several techniques available to understand and locate epidermal stem cells, for example, lineage tracing and genetic fate mapping. In the case of lineage tracing, an individual cell is labeled and the location, status, and the number of descendants from that cell can be identified by that label [6]. The genetic fate mapping technique involves marking an individual cell or a group of cells in the embryo and the trace the final position of all descendant cells until the completion of the development [7]. The epidermal SCs are also found in skin appendages, for example, the hair follicle bulge and the sebaceous glands, and have the potency to differentiate into different lineages that are present in adult skin [8]. The epidermal SCs niche can be classified into three groups according to their location; (1) The interfollicular (IF) stem cell located in the basal layer, (2) The hair follicle (HF) stem cell located in the bulge, and (3) The sebaceous gland (SG) stem cell located in between the bulge and hair shaft (Figure 2) [9, 10].
The five main layers of epidermis. The basal cells can divide themselves and move upwards. As they move to the next layer they become flatter and start losing nuclei.
Location of epidermal stem cells. The interfollicular (IF) stem cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis. Hair follicle (HF) stem cells located in the bulge area of the hair shaft. Melanocyte stem cells are found in the bulge and also in the hair matrix. The sebaceous gland (SG) stem cell located in the sebaceous gland.
The IF stem cells are found along with the basement membrane which is a specialized thin layer of extracellular matrices. The IF stem cells help to maintain the epidermis regeneration by self-renewal as well as produce progenitor cells named transit-amplifying (TA) cells which divide a limited number of times and then undergo terminal differentiation and give rise to flattened and dead keratinocytes in the cornified layer [11]. Apart from the multipotency these IF stem cells also show other characteristics, such as plasticity, which means these cells can lose their original identity and differentiate into other lineages [12]. Depending on the proximity from the wound and the specific stem cell niche origin, the epidermal stem cells participate in wound healing and tissue regeneration. By performing genetic fate mapping analysis, one report demonstrated that during initial wound healing there is an abundance of long-lived IF stem cells recruitment which promote re-epithelialization, and as the wound repairing the HF-derived stem cells increased in the wound area [13].
There are several markers that can be used to identify IF stem cells (Figure 3). Integrins are the heterodimeric cell-surface receptors that consist of α and β subunits and are responsible for cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration [14]. Adherence of the IF stem cells with the BM and extracellular matrixes is regulated by the integrins [15]. Several types of integrins are expressed in the epidermis; α2β1 (receptor for Collagen), α3β1 (receptor for laminin 5), α6β4 (receptor for laminin), α5β1 (receptor for fibronectin), [16, 17]. Among all integrins, the α6 or CD49f is the most used marker for epidermal stem cells [18]. The well-recognized marker for IF stem cells are the high α6 and the low transferrin receptor CD71 (α6-bright/CD71-dim) [19]. As there is a positive correlation between the IF stem cell proliferation and adherence, the proliferative IF stem cells can be distinguished from the low-adhered TA cells with the higher β1 integrins expression [20]. During terminal differentiation, the IF stem cells express involucrin, a differentiation marker, and filaggrin, an intermediate filament (IF)-associated protein [21, 22].
Markers of epidermal stem cells.
The HF is one of the mini-organs in our body which go through life-long cyclic regeneration and involution [23, 24, 25]. The HF is located in attachment with the sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle and it has two main segments; an epithelium made of keratinocytes and a dermal papilla (DP) made of mesenchymal cells [26, 27]. The cyclic regeneration of HF is mainly consisting of these phases; an active growth phase (anagen), a regression or involution phase (catagen), and a relative rest phase (telogen) and after the hair is shed a new hair cycle begins [28, 29]. The upper HF does not cycle visibly and is mainly divided into 2 segments; the infundibulum and the isthmus and the lower HF which consistently regenerates within the hair cycle divided into the hair bulb and the suprabulbar region [30, 31]. The infundibulum is the uppermost segment of the follicle which is funnel-shaped and begins from the epidermis surface and extends to the sebaceous gland opening [32]. The isthmus is the lower part of the upper HF and is located between the sebaceous gland and the bulge [27]. The bulb is the cyclic portion and the base of the HF which regenerates in every hair cycle and includes dermal papilla and HF matrix [28]. The suprabulbar region includes three parts; outer root sheath, inner root sheath, and the hair shaft and it lies between the hair bulb and the isthmus [33]. Bulge is the region where the HF stem cells are located and which lies between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle. These quiescent and long-lived stem cells have the potential to generate all epithelial lineages of the skin, including HF and hair [34, 35, 36]. The HF stem cells contribute to wound healing by recruiting multipotent SCs and life-long HF regeneration by providing new cells. They are normally known as quiescent, slow-cycling, and label-retaining cells.
Another type of stem cell that resides in the bulge of the HF is the long-lived neural-crest cell-derived melanocyte stem cell, which performs a crucial role in hair pigmentation maintenance [37]. Generally, melanoblasts, the immature progenitors of melanocytes, proliferate and differentiate into melanocytes in the epidermis and migrate to the hair follicle and divided into two categories; the hair matrix melanocytes responsible for pigmenting the original hair and the bulge melanocyte stem cells which are responsible for the following hair cycle pigmentation [38]. The regeneration of the follicular Melanocyte stem cells is synchronized with the HF cycle. During the anagen phase, the melanogenically active Melanocyte stem cells reside in the hair matrix proliferate and differentiate into Melanocyte progenitors to produce melanin and transfer to the neighboring keratinocytes and serve as a reservoir of the pigmentary unit for eye, hair, and skin [39]. In the catagen phase, the differentiated Melanocyte stem cells die because of the high apoptosis rate [40]. Melanin not only gives the essential pigmentation but also protects our skin from harmful UV radiation as the melanin granules work like a UV absorbent. To identify the lineage of the Melanocyte stem cell, a transgenic mouse model has been developed. The undifferentiated Melanocyte stem cells reside in the bulge express Dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) and tyrosinase-related proteins 1 (TRP-1) and serve as an early marker of Melanocyte stem cell. Nishimura et al. developed a transgenic mouse by using a lacz reporter manipulated by the DCT promoter and which enables people to find out the DCT positive melanoblasts [37]. However, both progenitor and mature melanocyte stem cells express DCT, so it cannot be regarded as a specific marker for the Melanocyte stem cell [41]. The CD34 can also use to identify the Melanocyte stem cells, for example, one paper reported that CD34 negative Melanocyte expressed high DCT, KIT (KIT Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase), Tyr (tyrosinase), Tyrp1, Pmel17 (premelanosome protein), and MITF (Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor) [42].Sox10 (Sry-related high-mobility-group box 10) can also be used as a marker for Melanocyte stem cells as this transcription factor plays an important role during the differentiation of the neural crest cell to Melanocyte stem cell [43, 44].
There are some differences of opinion regarding the location of the stem cells and between the species. Some reports demonstrated that the germinative cells located in the lower area of the bulb are the HF stem cells as they have the differentiation ability [45, 46], however, several reports have challenged this idea and showed that HF stem cells are located in the bulge which is the upper and permanent portion of the HF. Several lines of experiments using pulse-chase experiment, in-vitro analysis, lineage analysis, seminal experiments, and BrdU- labeling experiments have proven the HF stem cells residing in the bulge [35, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. The in-vitro clonal analysis has shown that 95% of multipotent stem cells reside in the bulge and the rest of 5% are in the bulb, which is known as matrix cells or transit-amplifying (TA) cells [2, 52, 53].
The HF stem cells located in the HF bulge area are label-retaining slow-cycling cells that perform several functions; for example, hair regeneration, reepithelization after a wound. HF stem cells play an important role in the generation of all layers of HF and hair regeneration by fueling the hair cycle [46, 48, 49, 54]. In general, when an anagen phase starts, the HF stem cells become activated and an HF will grow and regenerate and push the club hair above. During the anagen phase, the stem cells from the bulge area and the hair germ cells are activated by the mesenchymal cells from the DP, start proliferating in descending order, move to the bulb area, and create an outer root sheath (ORS) [55]. Throughout the anagen, the matrix or transit-amplifying (TA) cells originated from the bulge stem cells, move upward, and start to differentiate into follicle cells [49, 56]. By performing lineage tracing and double pulse-chase experiments one report confirmed that these TA cells then return to the bulge niche and lose the stemness property [55]. The catagen phase started when the matrix TA cells are exhausted and undergo apoptosis [47]. During catagen, apoptosis causes a huge decline in TA cell number, regression of approximately two-thirds of the hair follicles and only long-lived stem cells survive [57, 58]. After catagen, the resting phase or telogen phase will start. The telogen phase includes quiescent HF stem cells and shedding of the old HFs and this phase becomes longer progressively throughout life [57, 58]. In response to the signals from the DP, a new anagen phase started after the telogen phase and a new hair cycle begins [30, 59].
In addition to hair regeneration, the HF stem cells also play an important role in wound healing and re-epithelization. HF stem cells have the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages; for example, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, glial cells, neurons, and melanocytes and promote angiogenesis [60, 61, 62, 63]. Many reports perform in-vitro and ex-vivo analysis using rodent and human samples showed that the HF stem cell can differentiate into audiogenic, osteogenic lineages as well as illustrate similar properties as bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [64, 65]. Because of this property, the HF stem cells are regarded as one of the powerful stem cell candidates for cell therapy in the case of cutaneous wound healing and tissue regeneration [66]. In clinical studies, using graft transplantation from the scalp in patients with leg ulcers showed better therapeutic potential compared to the non-hairy grafts [67, 68, 69, 70]. Performing double-label analysis and lineage tracing in the wound-repair model in animal reports showed that HF stem cells rapidly mobilize to the epidermis after injury and participate in epidermal repair by proliferating TA cells [36, 49, 71]. Using HF patch transplantation assay it has been demonstrated that HF stem cells contribute to generating new follicles in wounded mouse skin areas [72]. A complete reduction of HF stem cells in transgenic mice displayed a delay in wound healing after a full-thickness wound in the dorsal area [73]. Similarly, a delay in re-epithelization after the wound is observed in Edaraddcr/cr mice, that have a mutation in HF development [74]. Additionally, it has been shown that administration of HF stem cell in the wound area accelerates the healing process [75, 76].
Several signaling pathways are important for the regulation and initiation of the anagen phase in the quiescent, slow-cycling label-retaining bulge stem cells [77]. Wnt/β catenin pathway plays an essential role in HF stem cells activation, maintenance, and differentiation [78]. The importance of Wnt/β catenin signaling in HF development is further proven by the report that showed complete HF follicle loss in a transgenic mouse with ectopic expression of Wnt inhibitor (Dickkopf 1) [79]. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays a crucial role in HF stem cell differentiation, hair cycle clock regulation, and angiogenesis [80, 81]. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling expressed in the HF matrix is crucial for HF regeneration and neogenesis [82, 83]. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are also essential for HF regeneration, activation, quiescence, and TA cell differentiation and are expressed in the matrix [77, 84].
There are primarily four techniques to study skin stem cells; for example, label retention, clonogenic assays, skin reconstitution, and genetic lineage tracing [85]. Several markers have been identified to locate bulge and non-bulge stem cells in murine and human skin. Among the epithelial stem or progenitor markers, the most widely used marker for murine bulge stem cells are Keratin 15 (K15) and Clusters of differentiation 34 (CD34) [86, 87, 88]. In the case of human bulge stem cells, the most used markers are K15, Keratin 19 (K19), and Clusters of differentiation 200 (CD200) [89, 90]. The leucine-rich G protein–coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), a Wnt target gene label the mouse lower bulge stem cells during the telogen phase and lower ORS HF during the anagen phase [91]. Several transcriptional factors are used to mark HF stem cells; such as Lim-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2, SRY (Sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (Sox-9), transcription factor 3 (TCF-3), cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1) (Figure 3) [92, 93, 94].
Among other appendages in the skin, the sebaceous glands produce sebocytes and sebum to keep the lipid homeostasis and plays important role in barrier functions [95]. Unlike HF’s cyclic growth, the SG has a continuous growth similar to the epidermis, and SG is typically found in association with the HF or as a modified version found independently in eyelids [96]. The resident stem cells in SG proliferate in the basal layer of the SG, differentiate into sebocytes and gather sebum, then move upwards and rupture the content inside into the pilosebaceous canal [97]. The specific markers that are used to identify the SG stem cells are K5, K14, K79, Leucine Rich Repeats, and Immunoglobulin Like Domains 1 (LRIG1), leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 1 (LGR6), B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1) [98, 99, 100, 101].
Skin stem cells, residing in a protective niche, maintain the skin homeostasis by self-renewal and terminal differentiation. Unlike other somatic stem cells, the skin stem cells are quite resistant to aging as the number and self-renewal capacity of the stem cell do not reduce with age [102]. In general, stem cells stay at a quiescent state for a long time in their niche, and upon activation by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors these stem cells can exit this quiescent stage and differentiate into multiple lineages. Stem cell exhaustion is a state where the stem cells fail to renew themselves and thereby decrease in number which is mainly caused by aging. Several reports compared IF stem cells between young and old mice showed no difference in the number of stem cells, telomere length, gene expression related to aging, an abundance of K15 positive HF stem cells, and multipotency [103, 104]. On the contrary, by performing colony-forming essays in human keratinocytes, one report demonstrated that the cells from the aged donor have retarded colony-forming ability [105]. As we age there is an increase in senescent cells accumulation and DNA damage resulting in a decline in stem cells’ function to produce new progenitor and effector cells [106, 107]. In this notion, Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a crucial role in DNA damage in stem cells that ultimately lead to photoaging [108].
The major characteristics of aged HF stem cells are imbalance in the phases of the hair cycle, stem cell exhaustion, and loss of hair (alopecia) and the appearance of the hair becoming dry, gray, or thin [109, 110]. A proper balance between the proliferation and quiescence state of the hair cycle is a prerequisite for HF stem cell lifespan and self-renewal. In this regard, the competitive balance between Wnt and BMP pathways is essential for HF homeostasis and cycle activation. During the regression phase, there is a decreased expression of Wnt and increased expression of BMP pathways which cause inhibition in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation [111]. Specifically, the Wnt10 activated the anagen phase and BMP6 is the inhibitor of the hair cycle [77]. One report showed that persistent expression of Wnt1 causes mice HF to retain in the growth phase, initiate cellular senescence, and finally cause stem cell exhaustion and premature hair loss [112]. Increased Wnt signaling pathway, specially Wnt10 and β-catenin expression is observed in C57BL6/J mice exposed to UVR which causes HF miniaturization and gray hair [113]. UVR exposure can cause p53, a checkpoint protein, overactivation through DNA damage which is also associated with decreased stem cell renewal capacity, stem cell exhaustion, and premature aging [114]. The stem cell niche or microenvironment homeostasis is maintained by the interaction among mesenchymal cells, integrins expressed by the stem cells, and the extracellular matrix. It has been reported that UVR increased the expression of c-Myc, a transcriptional factor, which reduces the β1 integrin expression and thus impair β1 integrin-initiated adherence to the niche and migration [115, 116, 117]. Reactive oxidative species (ROS) induced by the UVR also cause a decrease in stem cell renewal capacity, senescence, and exhaustion [118, 119]. Another indication of stem cell aging is telomere shortening which resulted in hair loss and impaired stem cell proliferation and ultimately premature aging [120]. One report demonstrated chronic UV exposure to transgenic mice causes DNA damage and telomere shortening by modulating telomerase activity [121, 122]. A major hallmark of photoaged skin is altered wound repair capacity. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an essential role in cutaneous wound healing and an in-vivo study one report showed that chronic UV irradiation cause MAPK downregulation [123, 124].
A progressive decline in skin regeneration, repair, and homeostasis, thin hair, loss of hair, wrinkle, thin dermis, and epidermis, etc. are associated with accelerated aging. The major characteristic of the aged hair follicles is the hair density reduction and the resting period of the hair cycle increase. One report compared HF stem cell functions between 2 month and 24-month-old mice and found that the old mice HF showed a longer telogen phase, defective proliferation, and shorter hair growth phase [109]. Loss of HF stem cells is also associated with age-related hair shaft miniaturization [125]. Another typically aged phenotype related to hair is hair thinning, graying, or hair loss. There are several genetic mutation mice models that depicts accelerated aging phenotypes, for example, gray, brittle, and fragile hair and alopecia as a result of genetic instability [126]. It has been reported that DNA damage causes downregulation of Collagen 17 (Col17) expression in HF stem cells and these defected stem cells start to differentiate terminally and pushed themselves upward and eliminate [127]. As it is well known that Col17 is a crucial component in HF homeostasis and Col17 deficit can cause premature aging phenotype in hair, for example, alopecia or atrophy in HF [128]. In comparison to HF stem cells the role of aging on IF stem cells are not yet clarified. Some reports showed increased proliferation in epidermal stem cells and others confirmed the proliferation decreased as organisms aged. There are several proteins (Heat shock cognet 71, Stress protein 70, Myc associated protein, Cyclin D1, Glucose related protein) that expressed similarly in epidermal stem cells of adult and aged human skin and epidermal stem cells collected from the neonatal and aged mice have the same plasticity when injected into the blastocysts [129].
In normal physiological conditions, melanocytes, differentiated from the Melanocyte stem cell in the hair matrix, produce melanin during the anagen phase and transfer it to the neighboring keratinocytes. Following hair cycles, the TA melanocytes produced from the melanocyte stem cells are responsible for producing melanin and pigmenting new hair follicles. Several external or internal factors can cause aging-associated modifications in Melanocyte stem cells which cause gray hair, one of the most evident signs of aging. The genotoxic stress caused by radiation results in differentiation of the Mc stem cells in the niche and thereby diminish their self-renewal ability and which leads to hair pigmentation impairment in the following hair cycle [130]. Aging, itself is associated with Melanocyte stem cell reduction. An age-associated decline in Melanocyte stem cells measured by immunofluorescence with Kit antibody was observed in aged mice [109]. Another paper confirmed that the number of melanoblasts in the niche decreased with aging as well as the incidence of pigmented melanoblasts which means the ectopic differentiation increased with aging [131]. It can be speculated that due to the lack of enough progenitor cells the melanin production may be hampered and cause hair graying.
Skin stem cells participate in wound healing and maintain skin integrity and homeostasis by self-renewal and producing progenitor cells. Unlike other stem cells, epidermal stem cells maintain an appropriate number throughout life and showed quite a resistance against aging. However, as we age the increased amount of DNA damage response and senescence can affect the epidermal stem cell’s functions; for example, self-renewal capacity, increase exhaustion, mobility to the wound area or reduction in the number and that lead to skin aging phenotypes, for example, premature hair loss, gray or thin hair, reduced wound healing capacity (Figure 4).
Major effects of chronological and photo aging on different skin stem cells.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and acknowledgment to my supervisor and mentor Dr. Mayumi Komine for the guidance and supervision which help me to complete this project.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2457},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17716}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Toonika Rinken and Dr. Kairi Kivirand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11636",title:"Neuroplasticity - Visual Cortex Reorganization From Neurons to Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b306ce94998737c764d08736e76d60e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alyssa A Brewer and Dr. Brian Barton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11636.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"115304",title:"Dr.",name:"Alyssa",surname:"Brewer",slug:"alyssa-brewer",fullName:"Alyssa Brewer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Imran and Dr. Muhammad Kamran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11607",title:"Aquatic Plants - Biology and Environmental Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9103c1501af58e2c24202646f15f0940",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Dr. Mei Li and Dr. Adel W. Almutairi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11607.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed and Prof. Wafaa M. Abd El-Rahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:81},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"730",title:"Quality Control Management",slug:"engineering-control-engineering-quality-control-management",parent:{id:"115",title:"Control Engineering",slug:"engineering-control-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:23,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"730",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5486",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",subtitle:"An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"549fefebffcb2f610fb669f6eb86c785",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",bookSignature:"Leo D. Kounis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111582",title:"Dr.",name:"Leo",middleName:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kounis",slug:"leo-kounis",fullName:"Leo Kounis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"53099",doi:"10.5772/66222",title:"Improving Quality Assurance in Multidisciplinary Engineering Environments with Semantic Technologies",slug:"improving-quality-assurance-in-multidisciplinary-engineering-environments-with-semantic-technologies",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In multidisciplinary engineering (MDE) projects, for example, automation systems or manufacturing systems, stakeholders from various disciplines, for example, electrics, mechanics and software, have to collaborate. In industry practice, engineers apply individual and highly specialized tools with strong limitation regarding defect detection in early engineering phases. Experts typically execute reviews with limited tool support which make engineering projects defective and risky. Semantic Web Technologies (SWTs) can help to bridge the gap between heterogeneous sources as foundation for efficient and effective defect detection. Main questions focus on (a) how to bridge gaps between loosely coupled tools and incompatible data models and (b) how SWTs can help to support efficient and effective defect detection in context of engineering process improvement. This chapter describes success-critical requirements for defect detection in MDE and shows how SWTs can provide the foundation for early and efficient defect detection with an adapted review approach. The proposed defect detection framework (DDF) suggests different levels of SWT contributions as a roadmap for engineering process improvement. Two selected industry-related real-life cases show different levels of SWT involvement. Although SWTs have been successfully applied in real-life use cases, SWT applications can be risky if applied without good understanding of success factors and limitations.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Dietmar Winkler, Marta Sabou and Stefan Biffl",authors:[{id:"95798",title:"Dr.",name:"Dietmar",middleName:null,surname:"Winkler",slug:"dietmar-winkler",fullName:"Dietmar Winkler"},{id:"135962",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Biffl",slug:"stefan-biffl",fullName:"Stefan Biffl"},{id:"196030",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Sabou",slug:"marta-sabou",fullName:"Marta Sabou"}]},{id:"53946",doi:"10.5772/67211",title:"The Evolution of Quality Concepts and the Related Quality Management",slug:"the-evolution-of-quality-concepts-and-the-related-quality-management",totalDownloads:4438,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Enterprises usually adopt some quality practices to control the product quality during the manufacturing process in order to assure the delivery of qualitative good products to customers. The quality practices or quality management systems adopted by industries will further evolve due to the changes of quality concepts as time goes by. This chapter discusses the change of quality concepts and the related revolution of quality management systems in the past century. The quality concepts were gradually changed from the achievement of quality standards, satisfaction of customer needs, and expectations to customer delight. Since merely satisfying customers is not enough to ensure customer loyalty, the enterprises gradually focus on customers’ emotional responses and their delight in order to pursue their loyalty. The emotion of “delight” is composed of “joy” and “surprise,” which can be achieved as the customers’ latent requirements are satisfied. Thus, the concept of “customer delight” and the means to provide the innovative quality so as to meet the unsatisfied customers’ latent needs are elaborated on. Finally, a framework of innovation creation is developed that is based on the mining of customer's latent requirements. This outline will manifest the essential elements of the related operation steps.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Ching-Chow Yang",authors:[{id:"11862",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Chow",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ching-chow-yang",fullName:"Ching-Chow Yang"}]},{id:"53267",doi:"10.5772/65847",title:"Exploring the Relationship of Supply Chain Risk Management to Quality Management",slug:"exploring-the-relationship-of-supply-chain-risk-management-to-quality-management",totalDownloads:1551,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This research explores the relationship between an organization's supply chain risk management (SCRM) maturity and quality maturity. SCRM maturity was measured using a survey questionnaire sent to organizations in the USA. Quality maturity was assessed via ISO 9001:2008 certification status as well as through a survey questionnaire of total quality management (TQM) practices for organizations in the USA. The results suggest that ISO 9001:2008 is not related to SCRM maturity, while TQM maturity is related to SCRM maturity. Organizations with more mature TQM programs appear to also have more mature SCRM programs.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Tyler Florio",authors:[{id:"195084",title:"Mr.",name:"Tyler",middleName:null,surname:"Florio",slug:"tyler-florio",fullName:"Tyler Florio"}]},{id:"53019",doi:"10.5772/66199",title:"A Framework to Manage Quality of Enterprise Content Management Systems",slug:"a-framework-to-manage-quality-of-enterprise-content-management-systems",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"There is a wide range of enterprise content management (ECM) systems which supports, among other things, document management processes, records management and Web content management. However, each of these systems has many features and some of them can meet organizational needs depending on the scale, sector and workflow of the organization. In addition, it is very common that organizations are unaware of what ECM system best fits their needs, since each company has its particular scope and strategic objectives. This chapter is contextualized within the real project called THOT designed for the Andalusian Public Administration in Spain. The aim of this project is to study in detail ECM systems and propose an objective method to compare them for the specific scope and strategic objective of organizations. Quality evaluation framework (QuEF) has been adapted for this purpose.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"José González Enríquez, Francisco José Domínguez Mayo, Julián\nAlberto García García, María José Escalona Cuaresma and Manuel\nMejías Risoto",authors:[{id:"104846",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Jose",surname:"Escalona",slug:"maria-escalona",fullName:"Maria Escalona"},{id:"191332",title:"Ph.D.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"jose-gonzalez",fullName:"José González"},{id:"191493",title:"Dr.",name:"F.J.",middleName:null,surname:"Domínguez-Mayo",slug:"f.j.-dominguez-mayo",fullName:"F.J. Domínguez-Mayo"},{id:"191494",title:"Dr.",name:"J.A.",middleName:null,surname:"García-García",slug:"j.a.-garcia-garcia",fullName:"J.A. García-García"},{id:"195075",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mejías",slug:"m.-mejias",fullName:"M. Mejías"}]},{id:"53522",doi:"10.5772/66360",title:"The Use of Control Charts in the Study of Bitcoin’s Price Variability",slug:"the-use-of-control-charts-in-the-study-of-bitcoin-s-price-variability",totalDownloads:1648,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The focus of this research is bitcoin’s variability and its comparison with the variability of the EURO/USD exchange rate. Virtual currencies have been evolving in a dynamic way in the last few years. Under 600 different virtual currencies, the most successful was bitcoin. Its adherents saw in it an alternative to the traditional means of payments allowing the performance of real-time transactions at low costs. The accessibility, where no financial infrastructure is ensured or where either limited or no international agreements exist between financial and banking institutions was also an advantage. The opponents perceived this as a temporary curiosity with no future. Time confirmed that bitcoin has gained on popularity and the exchange rate to the main currencies rose in a dynamic way. The analysts, however, underline that the bitcoin is too volatile and unpredictable, so it cannot compete against the main currencies. The aim of this research is to compare the bitcoin (BTC) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rate and Euro to USD exchange rate volatility using control charts. The results have shown that BTC/USD exchange rate volatility is strongly affected by unexpected price jumps during the period (2010–2016), an act that significantly distinguishes it from more stable and predictable EUR/USD exchange rate variability.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Beata Szetela",authors:[{id:"190806",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Szetela",slug:"beata-szetela",fullName:"Beata Szetela"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53024",title:"Key Aspects for Implementing ISO/IEC 17025 Quality Management Systems at Materials Science Laboratories",slug:"key-aspects-for-implementing-iso-iec-17025-quality-management-systems-at-materials-science-laborator",totalDownloads:2823,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Implementing a quality management system based on the requirements specified in ISO/IEC 17025 standard at materials science laboratories is challenging, mainly due to two main factors: (i) the high technical complexity degree of some tests used for materials characterization and (ii) the fact that most materials science laboratories provide materials characterization tests and also carry out research and development activities. In this context, this chapter presents key subjects while implementing a quality management system at materials science laboratories and some considerations on strategies for effectively implementing such systems.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Rodrigo S. Neves, Daniel P. Da Silva, Carlos E. C. Galhardo, Erlon H.\nM. Ferreira, Rafael M. Trommer and Jailton C. Damasceno",authors:[{id:"20571",title:"Prof.",name:"Erlon H.",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Ferreira",slug:"erlon-h.-martins-ferreira",fullName:"Erlon H. Martins Ferreira"},{id:"145815",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"De Santis Neves",slug:"rodrigo-de-santis-neves",fullName:"Rodrigo De Santis Neves"},{id:"145816",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Eduardo Cardoso Galhardo",slug:"carlos-eduardo-cardoso-galhardo",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Cardoso Galhardo"},{id:"159056",title:"Dr.",name:"Jailton",middleName:null,surname:"Damasceno",slug:"jailton-damasceno",fullName:"Jailton Damasceno"},{id:"191863",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Pereira Da Silva",surname:"Fernandes",slug:"daniel-fernandes",fullName:"Daniel Fernandes"},{id:"191865",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Mello Trommer",slug:"rafael-mello-trommer",fullName:"Rafael Mello Trommer"}]},{id:"53946",title:"The Evolution of Quality Concepts and the Related Quality Management",slug:"the-evolution-of-quality-concepts-and-the-related-quality-management",totalDownloads:4438,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Enterprises usually adopt some quality practices to control the product quality during the manufacturing process in order to assure the delivery of qualitative good products to customers. The quality practices or quality management systems adopted by industries will further evolve due to the changes of quality concepts as time goes by. This chapter discusses the change of quality concepts and the related revolution of quality management systems in the past century. The quality concepts were gradually changed from the achievement of quality standards, satisfaction of customer needs, and expectations to customer delight. Since merely satisfying customers is not enough to ensure customer loyalty, the enterprises gradually focus on customers’ emotional responses and their delight in order to pursue their loyalty. The emotion of “delight” is composed of “joy” and “surprise,” which can be achieved as the customers’ latent requirements are satisfied. Thus, the concept of “customer delight” and the means to provide the innovative quality so as to meet the unsatisfied customers’ latent needs are elaborated on. Finally, a framework of innovation creation is developed that is based on the mining of customer's latent requirements. This outline will manifest the essential elements of the related operation steps.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Ching-Chow Yang",authors:[{id:"11862",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Chow",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ching-chow-yang",fullName:"Ching-Chow Yang"}]},{id:"53144",title:"Youden Two-Sample Method",slug:"youden-two-sample-method",totalDownloads:2418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The results obtained when testing materials, equipment and procedures are not generally identical. Factors that influence the magnitude of the results are not fully controllable. As such, the interpretation and analysis of results must take into account the variations caused by numerous and random unavoidable causes. Intercomparison exercises are considered of being of importance, as they do allow the examination of the analytical process and their generated results. Youden plot is particularly aimed at interlaboratory comparisons. The raw results provided by the participating laboratories are treated by a statistical method applied by the centre performing the trial. In order to materialize this, two similar materials with small differences in the concentration of the characteristics are required. The advantage of Youden analysis is its ability to separate the random errors with a minimum effort by participants in the design from the point of view of the analytical requirement. This book chapter illustrates the method that has been applied to elaborate on data covering a diverse scientific field: polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat and oils, total blood cholesterol and aspirin in pharmaceutical preparations. Finally, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detector has been applied to the determination of an emerging contaminant, methylparaben (MeP), in surface waters.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Julia Martín, Nieves Velázquez and Agustin G. Asuero",authors:[{id:"190870",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustín G.",middleName:null,surname:"Asuero",slug:"agustin-g.-asuero",fullName:"Agustín G. Asuero"},{id:"190871",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"julia-martin",fullName:"Julia Martín"},{id:"195055",title:"Dr.",name:"Nieves María",middleName:null,surname:"Velázquez",slug:"nieves-maria-velazquez",fullName:"Nieves María Velázquez"}]},{id:"52915",title:"Using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling to Monitor the Prevalence of Abortions and the Quality of Reproductive Health Care in Armenia",slug:"using-lot-quality-assurance-sampling-to-monitor-the-prevalence-of-abortions-and-the-quality-of-repro",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Monitoring abortion prevalence is essential to plan control efforts. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) is an inexpensive, reliable method for monitoring abortion prevalence and access to quality reproductive health (RH) services. This chapter presents survey results from 2000 in three sites of Armenia (Gyumri, Gavar and Goris) using LQAS principles (i.e., 44%, 95% CI: ±6% of women had an induced abortion in their lifetime, a total abortion rate (TAR) of 2.0 abortions per woman). Modern contraceptive use was lowest in Goris (16%. 95% CI: ±7%) and highest in Gyumri (43%, 95% CI: ±11%). Only 37% (95% CI: ±9%) of women with an induced abortion received family planning information and 21% (95% CI: ±4%) of mothers were counselled about family planning after delivery. While limited access to family planning information and contraceptives is still an issue in Armenia, recently new reproductive health priorities—such as infertility, sex-selective abortions and abortions due to socio-economic difficulties—have become more common and can be investigated using LQAS in both community surveys and health facility assessments. This study demonstrates that measuring national abortion prevalence and access to services mask underlying variations; the awareness of which is essential for health program planning.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Joseph J. Valadez and Lusine Mirzoyan",authors:[{id:"191876",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Valadez",slug:"joseph-valadez",fullName:"Joseph Valadez"},{id:"195035",title:"Dr.",name:"Lusine",middleName:null,surname:"Mirzoyan",slug:"lusine-mirzoyan",fullName:"Lusine Mirzoyan"}]},{id:"53267",title:"Exploring the Relationship of Supply Chain Risk Management to Quality Management",slug:"exploring-the-relationship-of-supply-chain-risk-management-to-quality-management",totalDownloads:1551,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This research explores the relationship between an organization's supply chain risk management (SCRM) maturity and quality maturity. SCRM maturity was measured using a survey questionnaire sent to organizations in the USA. Quality maturity was assessed via ISO 9001:2008 certification status as well as through a survey questionnaire of total quality management (TQM) practices for organizations in the USA. The results suggest that ISO 9001:2008 is not related to SCRM maturity, while TQM maturity is related to SCRM maturity. Organizations with more mature TQM programs appear to also have more mature SCRM programs.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Tyler Florio",authors:[{id:"195084",title:"Mr.",name:"Tyler",middleName:null,surname:"Florio",slug:"tyler-florio",fullName:"Tyler Florio"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"730",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/190731",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"190731"},fullPath:"/profiles/190731",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()