The physicochemical characteristics of Bonga crude oil.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"983",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pancreatitis - Treatment and Complications",title:"Pancreatitis",subtitle:"Treatment and Complications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pancreatitis may be acute or chronic. Although they can be caused by similar aetiologies, they tend to follow distinct natural histories. Around 80% of acute pancreatitis (AP) diagnoses occur as secondary to gallstone disease and alcohol misuse. This disease is commonly associated with the sudden onset of upper abdominal that is usually severe enough to warrant the patient seeking urgent medical attention. Overall, 10 to 25% of AP episodes are classified as severe, leading to an associated mortality rate of 7 to 30%. Treatment is conservative and consists of general medical support performed by experienced teams, sometimes in ICUs. Although most cases of acute pancreatitis are uncomplicated and resolve spontaneously, the presence of complications has significant prognostic importance. Necrosis, hemorrhage, and infection convey rates of up to 25%, 50%, and 80% mortality, respectively. Other complications such as pseudocyst formation, pseudoaneurysm formation, or venous thrombosis increase morbidity and mortality to a lesser degree. The presence of pancreatic infection must be avoided.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0109-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6831-7",doi:"10.5772/1488",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pancreatitis-treatment-and-complications",numberOfPages:226,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"062521454256bb4a388ce6fd638dbf1a",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo Saez",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/983.jpg",numberOfDownloads:67515,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:25,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 16th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 16th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 21st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 20th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is a Professor Emeritus of Medicine, at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been Chief of Gastroenterology Service at HUCA Hospital, Oviedo, for more than forty years. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1975 and has developed a long teaching and research career. Dr. Rodrigo has published 716 scientific papers, 435 written in English and the rest in Spanish. He has participated as the main investigator in forty-five clinical trials and has directed forty doctoral theses. He has contributed actively to the formation of around 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in his hospital and other hospitals in Spain and abroad. He has written around thirty-five book chapters and edited twenty-six books in his specialty and related diseases.",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"16",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology"}],chapters:[{id:"31131",title:"Acute Pancreatitis - The Current Concept in Ethiopathogenesis, Morphology and Complications",doi:"10.5772/27459",slug:"acute-pancreatitis-the-current-concept-in-etiopathogenesis-morphology-and-complications-",totalDownloads:10830,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Ramdas Naik , Adithi S. Shetty, Sharadha Rai, Ritesh G. Menezes and Tanuj Kanchan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31131",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31131",authors:[{id:"70242",title:"Dr.",name:"B Suresh",surname:"Shetty",slug:"b-suresh-shetty",fullName:"B Suresh Shetty"},{id:"82064",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramdas",surname:"Naik",slug:"ramdas-naik",fullName:"Ramdas Naik"},{id:"82065",title:"Dr.",name:"Adithi",surname:"Shetty",slug:"adithi-shetty",fullName:"Adithi Shetty"},{id:"82066",title:"Dr.",name:"Ritesh",surname:"Menezes",slug:"ritesh-menezes",fullName:"Ritesh Menezes"},{id:"82068",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanuj",surname:"Kanchan",slug:"tanuj-kanchan",fullName:"Tanuj Kanchan"},{id:"106300",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharadha",surname:"Rai",slug:"sharadha-rai",fullName:"Sharadha Rai"}],corrections:null},{id:"31132",title:"Acute Biliary Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/30211",slug:"acute-biliary-pancreatitis-2",totalDownloads:3702,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Morgan Rosenberg, Ariel Klevan and Eran Shlomovitz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31132",authors:[{id:"81374",title:"Dr.",name:"Eran",surname:"Shlomovitz",slug:"eran-shlomovitz",fullName:"Eran Shlomovitz"},{id:"85646",title:"Dr.",name:"Morgan",surname:"Rosenberg",slug:"morgan-rosenberg",fullName:"Morgan Rosenberg"},{id:"85647",title:"Dr.",name:"Ariel",surname:"Klevan",slug:"ariel-klevan",fullName:"Ariel Klevan"}],corrections:null},{id:"31133",title:"Childhood Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/30195",slug:"childhood-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:2843,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ali E. Abdelbasit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31133",authors:[{id:"81310",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelbasit",surname:"Ali",slug:"abdelbasit-ali",fullName:"Abdelbasit Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"31134",title:"Coagulation Abnormalities in Acute Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/30169",slug:"coagulation-abnormalities-in-acute-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:9579,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Travis Gould, Safiah Mai and Patricia Liaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31134",authors:[{id:"81157",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Liaw",slug:"patricia-liaw",fullName:"Patricia Liaw"},{id:"81980",title:"BSc",name:"Travis",surname:"Gould",slug:"travis-gould",fullName:"Travis Gould"},{id:"81981",title:"Ms.",name:"Safiah",surname:"Mai",slug:"safiah-mai",fullName:"Safiah Mai"}],corrections:null},{id:"31135",title:"Prevention of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/28089",slug:"-prevention-of-post-endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Atsushi Sofuni and Takao Itoi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31135",authors:[{id:"72712",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Sofuni",slug:"sofuni",fullName:"Sofuni"}],corrections:null},{id:"31136",title:"Recurrent Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/27769",slug:"recurrent-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:3331,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vincenzo Neri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31136",authors:[{id:"71464",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],corrections:null},{id:"31137",title:"Acute Pancreatitis: Presentation and Risk Assessment",doi:"10.5772/32190",slug:"acute-pancreatitis-presentation-and-risk-assessment",totalDownloads:2844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ashok Venkataraman and Preston B. Rich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31137",authors:[{id:"69326",title:"Dr.",name:"Preston",surname:"Rich",slug:"preston-rich",fullName:"Preston Rich"},{id:"90506",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",surname:"Venkataraman",slug:"ashok-venkataraman",fullName:"Ashok Venkataraman"}],corrections:null},{id:"31138",title:"Imaging Appearances of Autoimmune Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/28270",slug:"imaging-appearances-of-autoimmune-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:3234,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Koji Takeshita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31138",authors:[{id:"73306",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Takeshita",slug:"takeshita",fullName:"Takeshita"}],corrections:null},{id:"31139",title:"Prediction of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/28320",slug:"prediction-of-post-ercp-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:4053,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takayoshi Nishino and Fumitake Toki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31139",authors:[{id:"73509",title:"Dr.",name:"Takayoshi",surname:"Nishino",slug:"takayoshi-nishino",fullName:"Takayoshi Nishino"}],corrections:null},{id:"31140",title:"Mini Invasive Treatments in Acute Biliary Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/27501",slug:"mini-invasive-treatments-in-acute-biliary-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:2083,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Juan Carlos Barbella, Diego L. Dip, Anzorena Francisco Suarez, Jorge Dodera and Emiliano Monti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31140",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31140",authors:[{id:"70410",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Dip",slug:"diego-dip",fullName:"Diego Dip"}],corrections:null},{id:"31141",title:"Intra-Abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Critically Ill Surgical Patients (Special Findings in Severe Acute Pancreatitis)",doi:"10.5772/28498",slug:"intra-abdominal-hypertension-and-abdominal-compartment-syndrome-in-critically-ill-surgical-patients",totalDownloads:2628,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zsolt Bodnár",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31141",authors:[{id:"74076",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",surname:"Bodnár",slug:"zsolt-bodnar",fullName:"Zsolt Bodnár"}],corrections:null},{id:"31142",title:"Traumatic Pancreatitis - Endoscopic and Surgical Management",doi:"10.5772/30778",slug:"-traumatic-pancreatitis-endoscopic-and-surgical-managements",totalDownloads:5113,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hirotaka Okamoto and Hideki Fujii",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31142",authors:[{id:"84190",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirotaka",surname:"Okamoto",slug:"hirotaka-okamoto",fullName:"Hirotaka Okamoto"}],corrections:null},{id:"31143",title:"Pancreatic Ascites and Pleural Effusion",doi:"10.5772/28431",slug:"pancreatic-ascites-and-pleural-effusion",totalDownloads:11713,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"K. Prakash",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31143",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31143",authors:[{id:"73868",title:"Dr.",name:"Prakash",surname:"Kurumboor",slug:"prakash-kurumboor",fullName:"Prakash Kurumboor"}],corrections:null},{id:"31144",title:"Emphysematous Pancreatitis",doi:"10.5772/27483",slug:"emphysematous-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:3516,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Audrius Šileikis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31144",authors:[{id:"70314",title:"Prof.",name:"Audrius",surname:"Šileikis",slug:"audrius-sileikis",fullName:"Audrius Šileikis"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"932",title:"Acute Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9e4aebaf0e8a2dd617fe38a5d3b2bff",slug:"acute-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/932.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5752",title:"Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47dfc5b8378b01d915127fa3c1169a90",slug:"celiac-disease-and-non-celiac-gluten-sensitivity",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5752.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4478",title:"Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e7a1b71b21315524a24e78819fb7dd3",slug:"acute-and-chronic-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10326",title:"Advances in Hepatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"356bcd9352c844e5524bb8e79cf6e7fe",slug:"advances-in-hepatology",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo, Ian Martins, Xiaozhong Guo and Xingshun Qi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5388",title:"Human Helminthiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2002f4cb6e246a51ed8688e076db4d",slug:"human-helminthiasis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5388.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5122",title:"Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:"From Pathogenesis to Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ab8ff026cf9fbd8e3b0097d7f11fe2c",slug:"colorectal-cancer-from-pathogenesis-to-treatment",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6740",title:"Advances in Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"500360b038bf8561a30993b0ccb6de91",slug:"advances-in-pancreatic-cancer",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"72959",slug:"erratum-driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",title:"Erratum - Driving Control Technologies of New High-Efficient Motors",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72959.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72959",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72959",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72959",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72959",chapter:{id:"68411",slug:"driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",dateSubmitted:"April 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2019",datePrePublished:"August 22nd 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",email:"cmliaw@ee.nthu.edu.tw",position:null,institution:null},{id:"180324",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Kai-Wei Hu",slug:"kai-wei-hu",email:"kaiweihu@hotmail.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308019",title:"MSc.",name:"Jia-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Jia-Hsiang Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"68411",slug:"driving-control-technologies-of-new-high-efficient-motors",signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",dateSubmitted:"April 1st 2019",dateReviewed:"July 2nd 2019",datePrePublished:"August 22nd 2019",datePublished:"March 25th 2020",book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",email:"cmliaw@ee.nthu.edu.tw",position:null,institution:null},{id:"180324",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Kai-Wei Hu",slug:"kai-wei-hu",email:"kaiweihu@hotmail.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308019",title:"MSc.",name:"Jia-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Jia-Hsiang Zhuang",slug:"jia-hsiang-zhuang",email:"abc0929352983@yahoo.com.tw",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"308021",title:"MSc.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Shih-Wei Su",slug:"shih-wei-su",email:"nthu18356743@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National Tsing Hua University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}]},book:{id:"9290",title:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Electromechanical Devices and Machines for Electric Mobility Solutions",slug:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat and Mircea Ruba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7138",leadTitle:null,title:"Recent Developments in Myelodysplastic Syndromes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deals with the rapid progress in the area of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). MDS are a group of age-associated heterogeneous malignant bone marrow stem cell disorders. MDS are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, which leads to refractory cytopenias and to clonal instability. Patients with MDS have myeloid dysplasia, intramedullary apoptosis and an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The use of next generation sequencing has allowed for the identification of molecular mutations in several genes in about 90% of MDS patients. Several mutations will likely be incorporated into future prognostic scoring systems for MDS. About 50% of MDS cases are characterized by the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities. The correct morphological and cytogenetic analysis interpretation plays an important role in diagnosis and prognosis of these disorders. Cell death and an inflammatory gene signature are associated with MDS. Better understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MDS pathogenesis provides an opportunity for new treatment strategies to be developed. Promising novel therapies targeting pathophysiological mechanisms of MDS are being studied but the drugs currently used in MDS therapy remain limited. The only curative therapy for MDS is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recent advances in strategies to minimize transplant-related toxicity make this treatment possible for more MDS patients who are sufficiently fit.",isbn:"978-1-78985-478-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-477-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-040-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73936",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-developments-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"f25aae5d062706d31025b1b21bb1d072",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7138.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:9138,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 14th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 14th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 13th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 1st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 2nd 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36468/images/system/36468.jpeg",biography:"Ota Fuchs graduated from the Chemical Technological University, Prague, Czech Republic, in 1971. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, in 1981. He is employed as a Senior Scientist at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague. He undertook as visiting scientist short-term affiliations at the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in St Peterburg, Russia; and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Dr. Fuchs was the principal investigator of five projects of the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic and one grant project of the Grant Agency of Czech Republic.",institutionString:"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1026",title:"Hematological Oncology",slug:"hematological-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"65408",title:"Introductory Chapter: Progress in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Area",slug:"introductory-chapter-progress-in-myelodysplastic-syndrome-area",totalDownloads:1025,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}]},{id:"64871",title:"Diagnosis and Classification of Myelodysplastic Syndrome",slug:"diagnosis-and-classification-of-myelodysplastic-syndrome",totalDownloads:3172,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"},{id:"273724",title:"Dr.",name:"Safa",surname:"Shukry",slug:"safa-shukry",fullName:"Safa Shukry"},{id:"277511",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulwahab",surname:"Al-Nehmi",slug:"abdulwahab-al-nehmi",fullName:"Abdulwahab Al-Nehmi"}]},{id:"63270",title:"Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Autoimmune Disorders: Causal Relationship or Coincidence?",slug:"myelodysplastic-syndrome-and-autoimmune-disorders-causal-relationship-or-coincidence-",totalDownloads:1200,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"253996",title:"Dr.",name:"Kam A.",surname:"Newman",slug:"kam-a.-newman",fullName:"Kam A. Newman"},{id:"264133",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",surname:"Akhtari",slug:"mojtaba-akhtari",fullName:"Mojtaba Akhtari"},{id:"264161",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheda",surname:"Heidarian",slug:"sheda-heidarian",fullName:"Sheda Heidarian"}]},{id:"64447",title:"Immune Dysregulation in MDS: The Role of Cytokines and Immune Cells",slug:"immune-dysregulation-in-mds-the-role-of-cytokines-and-immune-cells",totalDownloads:1180,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"217471",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",surname:"D\\'Silva",slug:"selma-d'silva",fullName:"Selma D\\'Silva"},{id:"267032",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",surname:"Singh",slug:"meenakshi-singh",fullName:"Meenakshi Singh"},{id:"280190",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Rajadhyaksha",slug:"sunil-rajadhyaksha",fullName:"Sunil Rajadhyaksha"}]},{id:"64560",title:"Myelodysplastic Syndromes: An Update on Pathophysiology and Management",slug:"myelodysplastic-syndromes-an-update-on-pathophysiology-and-management",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"272031",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanxing",surname:"Chai-Ho",slug:"wanxing-chai-ho",fullName:"Wanxing Chai-Ho"},{id:"272174",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Schiller",slug:"gary-schiller",fullName:"Gary Schiller"}]},{id:"62927",title:"Noncoding RNAs in Myelodysplastic Syndromes",slug:"noncoding-rnas-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"247057",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Michaela",surname:"Dostálová Merkerová",slug:"michaela-dostalova-merkerova",fullName:"Michaela Dostálová Merkerová"},{id:"261446",title:"Mrs.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Hruštincová",slug:"andrea-hrustincova",fullName:"Andrea Hruštincová"},{id:"261447",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarina",surname:"Szikszai",slug:"katarina-szikszai",fullName:"Katarina Szikszai"},{id:"261448",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdeněk",surname:"Krejčík",slug:"zdenek-krejcik",fullName:"Zdeněk Krejčík"},{id:"261449",title:"Ms.",name:"Nikoleta",surname:"Loudová",slug:"nikoleta-loudova",fullName:"Nikoleta Loudová"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5276",title:"Myelodysplastic Syndromes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dbb51d4215f4c5ed2069686e46ec2b",slug:"myelodysplastic-syndromes",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8798",title:"Cells of the Immune System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e8acf20a4e80bc7c97cb34d1672e53d",slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9791",title:"Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91ae15c94c1c8b771c959a4cee4ed8ba",slug:"multiple-myeloma",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9791.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1830",title:"Hematology",subtitle:"Science and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bcd8875467e51b02e0ea4aec429ad51",slug:"hematology-science-and-practice",bookSignature:"Charles H. Lawrie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103158",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Lawrie",slug:"charles-lawrie",fullName:"Charles Lawrie"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6210",title:"Thalassemia and Other Hemolytic Anemias",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"857e8a4bff6f78189f15a00423bde1a6",slug:"thalassemia-and-other-hemolytic-anemias",bookSignature:"Isam AL-Zwaini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6261",title:"Myeloid Leukemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"479288b79973f2db13d8eb1310ad5c6e",slug:"myeloid-leukemia",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6261.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208351",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"832",title:"Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Venous Thromboembolism in Neonates, Renal Disease and Cancer Patients",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be0025c7b271840b95d54511f2783fc5",slug:"pathophysiology-and-clinical-aspects-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-neonates-renal-disease-and-cancer-patients",bookSignature:"Mohamed A. Abdelaal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/832.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106431",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"Abdelaal",slug:"mohamed-a.-abdelaal",fullName:"Mohamed A. Abdelaal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8316",title:"Normal and Malignant B-Cell",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a12608fa8d5fdb33c956f967974a4ef1",slug:"normal-and-malignant-b-cell",bookSignature:"Mourad Aribi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40046",title:"Prof.",name:"Mourad",surname:"Aribi",slug:"mourad-aribi",fullName:"Mourad Aribi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7874",title:"Germ Line Mutations Associated Leukemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb407bb000c66ebe6172b9dc3d6f9fb4",slug:"germ-line-mutations-associated-leukemia",bookSignature:"Zhan He Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226446",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhan He",surname:"Wu",slug:"zhan-he-wu",fullName:"Zhan He Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6710",title:"Update on Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"229a96a2de131b3ac67f9f41b91de8f8",slug:"update-on-multiple-myeloma",bookSignature:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"27333",title:"Intracellular Arsenic Speciation and Quantification in Human Urothelial and Hepatic Cells",doi:"10.5772/29717",slug:"intracellular-arsenic-speciation-and-quantification-in-human-urothelial-and-hepatic-cells",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/27333.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27333",totalDownloads:1915,totalViews:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:45,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 10th 2011",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/27333",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/27333",book:{id:"559",slug:"bladder-cancer-from-basic-science-to-robotic-surgery"},signatures:"Ricarda Zdrenka, Joerg Hippler, Georg Johnen, Alfred V. Hirner and Elke Dopp",authors:[{id:"73449",title:"Dr",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Dopp",fullName:"Elke Dopp",slug:"elke-dopp",email:"elke.dopp@uni-due.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"79077",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricarda",middleName:null,surname:"Zdrenka",fullName:"Ricarda Zdrenka",slug:"ricarda-zdrenka",email:"ricarda.zdrenka@uni-duisburg-essen.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Essen University Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"559",type:"book",title:"Bladder Cancer",subtitle:"From Basic Science to Robotic Surgery",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - From Basic Science to Robotic Surgery",slug:"bladder-cancer-from-basic-science-to-robotic-surgery",publishedDate:"February 1st 2012",bookSignature:"Abdullah Erdem Canda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/559.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-839-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6712-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"69657",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Erdem",middleName:null,surname:"Canda",slug:"abdullah-erdem-canda",fullName:"Abdullah Erdem Canda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1079"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27314",type:"chapter",title:"Bladder Cancer Biology",slug:"bladder-cancer-biology",totalDownloads:1769,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Susanne Fuessel, Doreen Kunze and Manfred P. Wirth",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81727",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanne",middleName:null,surname:"Fuessel",fullName:"Susanne Fuessel",slug:"susanne-fuessel"},{id:"120494",title:"Dr.",name:"Doreen",middleName:null,surname:"Kunze",fullName:"Doreen Kunze",slug:"doreen-kunze"},{id:"120495",title:"Prof.",name:"Manfred P.",middleName:null,surname:"Wirth",fullName:"Manfred P. Wirth",slug:"manfred-p.-wirth"}]},{id:"27315",type:"chapter",title:"Biomarkers of Bladder Cancer in Urine: Evaluation of Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Current and Potential Markers",slug:"biomarkers-of-bladder-cancer-in-urine-evaluation-of-diagnostic-and-prognostic-significance-of-curren",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Daben Dawam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67455",title:"Mr.",name:"Daben",middleName:null,surname:"Dawam",fullName:"Daben Dawam",slug:"daben-dawam"}]},{id:"27316",type:"chapter",title:"Epigenetic Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer",slug:"epigenetic-biomarkers-in-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:2266,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniela Zimbardi, Mariana Bisarro dos Reis, Érika da Costa Prando and Cláudia Aparecida Rainho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70692",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Rainho",fullName:"Claudia Rainho",slug:"claudia-rainho"},{id:"79627",title:"MSc",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Zimbardi",fullName:"Daniela Zimbardi",slug:"daniela-zimbardi"},{id:"79628",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana Bisarro",middleName:null,surname:"Dos Reis",fullName:"Mariana Bisarro Dos Reis",slug:"mariana-bisarro-dos-reis"},{id:"79629",title:"Ms.",name:"Erika Da Costa",middleName:null,surname:"Prando",fullName:"Erika Da Costa Prando",slug:"erika-da-costa-prando"}]},{id:"27317",type:"chapter",title:"Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphovascular Invasion: Prognostic Impact for Bladder Cancer Patients",slug:"angiogenesis-lymphangiogenesis-and-lymphovascular-invasion-prognostic-impact-for-bladder-cancer-pati",totalDownloads:2951,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Julieta Afonso, Lúcio Lara Santos and Adhemar Longatto-Filho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67527",title:"Prof.",name:"Adhemar",middleName:null,surname:"Longatto-Filho",fullName:"Adhemar Longatto-Filho",slug:"adhemar-longatto-filho"},{id:"75948",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucio",middleName:null,surname:"Lara Santos",fullName:"Lucio Lara Santos",slug:"lucio-lara-santos"},{id:"78456",title:"MSc.",name:"Julieta",middleName:null,surname:"Afonso",fullName:"Julieta Afonso",slug:"julieta-afonso"}]},{id:"27318",type:"chapter",title:"Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Bladder Cancer",slug:"angiogenesis-and-lymphangiognesis-in-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1738,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuyoshi Miyata, Hideki Sakai and Shigeru Kanda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67684",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Miyata",fullName:"Yasuyoshi Miyata",slug:"yasuyoshi-miyata"}]},{id:"27319",type:"chapter",title:"UHRF1 is a Potential Molecular Marker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer",slug:"uhrf1-is-a-potential-molecular-marker-for-diagnosis-and-prognosis-of-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Motoko Unoki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68260",title:"Dr.",name:"Motoko",middleName:null,surname:"Unoki",fullName:"Motoko Unoki",slug:"motoko-unoki"}]},{id:"27320",type:"chapter",title:"Epidemiology and Polymorphisms Related to Bladder Cancer in Ecuadorian Individuals",slug:"genetic-variants-related-to-bladder-cancer-in-ecuadorian-individuals-",totalDownloads:2027,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"César Paz-y-Miño and María José Muñoz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67961",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Paz-Y-Mino",fullName:"Cesar Paz-Y-Mino",slug:"cesar-paz-y-mino"}]},{id:"27321",type:"chapter",title:"Clinical Presentation",slug:"clinical-presentation-2",totalDownloads:1806,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Samer Katmawi-Sabbagh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68648",title:"Dr.",name:"Samer",middleName:null,surname:"Katmawi-Sabbagh",fullName:"Samer Katmawi-Sabbagh",slug:"samer-katmawi-sabbagh"}]},{id:"27322",type:"chapter",title:"Role of HPV in Urothelial Carcinogenesis: Current State of the Problem",slug:"role-of-hpv-in-urothelial-carcinogenesis-current-state-of-the-problem-",totalDownloads:1579,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"G.M. Volgareva, V.B. Matveev and D.A. Golovina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67747",title:"Dr.",name:"Galina",middleName:null,surname:"Volgareva",fullName:"Galina Volgareva",slug:"galina-volgareva"},{id:"118544",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria Andreevna",middleName:null,surname:"Golovina",fullName:"Daria Andreevna Golovina",slug:"daria-andreevna-golovina"},{id:"118545",title:"Prof.",name:"Vsevolod Borisovich",middleName:null,surname:"Matveev",fullName:"Vsevolod Borisovich Matveev",slug:"vsevolod-borisovich-matveev"}]},{id:"27323",type:"chapter",title:"Bladder Cancer and Schistosomiasis: Is There a Difference for the Association?",slug:"bladder-cancer-and-schistosomiasis-",totalDownloads:3661,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed S. Zaghloul and Iman Gouda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67934",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Zaghloul",fullName:"Mohamed Zaghloul",slug:"mohamed-zaghloul"}]},{id:"27324",type:"chapter",title:"Hemocyanins in the Immunotherapy of Superficial Bladder Cancer",slug:"hemocyanins-in-the-immunotherapy-of-superficial-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:2110,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Sergio Arancibia, Fabián Salazar and María Inés Becker",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73351",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Ines",surname:"Becker",fullName:"Maria Becker",slug:"maria-becker"},{id:"73365",title:"Dr",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Arancibia",fullName:"Sergio Arancibia",slug:"sergio-arancibia"},{id:"73366",title:"MSc",name:"Fabian",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Salazar",fullName:"Fabian Salazar",slug:"fabian-salazar"}]},{id:"27325",type:"chapter",title:"The Potential Role of Chemoprevention in the Management of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma",slug:"the-potential-role-of-chemoprevention-in-the-management-of-non-muscle-invasive-bladder-urothelial-ca",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Unyime O. Nseyo, Katherine A. Corbyons and Hari Siva Gurunadha Rao Tunuguntla",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77289",title:"Dr.",name:"Unyime",middleName:"Okposong",surname:"Nseyo",fullName:"Unyime Nseyo",slug:"unyime-nseyo"},{id:"78140",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine",middleName:null,surname:"Corbyons",fullName:"Katherine Corbyons",slug:"katherine-corbyons"},{id:"129342",title:"Dr.",name:"Hari Siva Gurunadha Roa",middleName:null,surname:"Tununguntla",fullName:"Hari Siva Gurunadha Roa Tununguntla",slug:"hari-siva-gurunadha-roa-tununguntla"}]},{id:"27326",type:"chapter",title:"The Molecular Basis of Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer Cells",slug:"the-molecular-basis-of-cisplatin-resistance-in-bladder-cancer-cells",totalDownloads:2291,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Beate Köberle and Andrea Piee-Staffa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68763",title:"Dr.",name:"Beate",middleName:null,surname:"Koeberle",fullName:"Beate Koeberle",slug:"beate-koeberle"}]},{id:"27327",type:"chapter",title:"Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease",slug:"chemotherapy-for-metastatic-disease",totalDownloads:1665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takehiro Sejima, Shuichi Morizane, Akihisa Yao, Tadahiro Isoyama and Atsushi Takenaka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70213",title:"Prof.",name:"Takehiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sejima",fullName:"Takehiro Sejima",slug:"takehiro-sejima"},{id:"119472",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Morizane",fullName:"Shuichi Morizane",slug:"shuichi-morizane"},{id:"119473",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",fullName:"Akihisa Yao",slug:"akihisa-yao"},{id:"119474",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Isoyama",fullName:"Tadahiro Isoyama",slug:"tadahiro-isoyama"},{id:"119475",title:"Prof.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Takenaka",fullName:"Atsushi Takenaka",slug:"atsushi-takenaka"}]},{id:"27328",type:"chapter",title:"Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy as a Treatment Modality for Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer",slug:"robot-assisted-radical-cystectomy-as-a-treatment-modality-for-patients-with-muscle-invasive-bladder-",totalDownloads:1799,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin C. Schumacher",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77920",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Schumacher",fullName:"Martin Schumacher",slug:"martin-schumacher"}]},{id:"27329",type:"chapter",title:"Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystoprostatectomy and Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion (Studer Pouch or Ileal Conduit) for Bladder Cancer",slug:"robot-assisted-laparoscopic-radical-cystoprostatectomy-and-urinary-diversion-for-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:2048,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdullah Erdem Canda, Ali Fuat Atmaca and Mevlana Derya Balbay",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69657",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Erdem",middleName:null,surname:"Canda",fullName:"Abdullah Erdem Canda",slug:"abdullah-erdem-canda"},{id:"73478",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Fuat",middleName:null,surname:"Atmaca",fullName:"Ali Fuat Atmaca",slug:"ali-fuat-atmaca"},{id:"73479",title:"Prof.",name:"Mevlana Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Balbay",fullName:"Mevlana Derya Balbay",slug:"mevlana-derya-balbay"}]},{id:"27330",type:"chapter",title:"Current Trends in Urinary Diversion in Men",slug:"current-trends-in-urinary-diversion-in-men",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"S. Siracusano, S. Ciciliato, F. Visalli, N. Lampropoulou and L. Toffoli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45184",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Siracusano",fullName:"Salvatore Siracusano",slug:"salvatore-siracusano"},{id:"100322",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Ciciliato",fullName:"Stefano Ciciliato",slug:"stefano-ciciliato"},{id:"100328",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Visalli",fullName:"Francesco Visalli",slug:"francesco-visalli"},{id:"127395",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Toffoli",fullName:"Laura Toffoli",slug:"laura-toffoli"},{id:"127396",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolitsa",middleName:null,surname:"Lampropoulou",fullName:"Nikolitsa Lampropoulou",slug:"nikolitsa-lampropoulou"}]},{id:"27331",type:"chapter",title:"The H19-IGF2 Role in Bladder Cancer Biology and DNA-Based Therapy",slug:"the-h19-igf2-role-in-bladder-cancer-biology-and-dna-based-therapy",totalDownloads:2325,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Imad Matouk, Naveh Evantal, Doron Amit, Patricia Ohana, Ofer Gofrit, Vladimir Sorin, Tatiana Birman, Eitan Gershtain and Abraham Hochberg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77016",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Matouk",fullName:"Matouk",slug:"matouk"}]},{id:"27332",type:"chapter",title:"Animal Models for Basic and Preclinical Research in Bladder Cancer",slug:"animal-models-for-basic-and-preclinical-research-in-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:3748,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ana María Eiján, Catalina Lodillinsky and Eduardo Omar Sandes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74506",title:"PhD.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Eiján",fullName:"Ana Maria Eiján",slug:"ana-maria-eijan"},{id:"76296",title:"Dr.",name:"Catalina",middleName:null,surname:"Lodillinsky",fullName:"Catalina Lodillinsky",slug:"catalina-lodillinsky"},{id:"76297",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Sandes",fullName:"Eduardo Sandes",slug:"eduardo-sandes"}]},{id:"27333",type:"chapter",title:"Intracellular Arsenic Speciation and Quantification in Human Urothelial and Hepatic Cells",slug:"intracellular-arsenic-speciation-and-quantification-in-human-urothelial-and-hepatic-cells",totalDownloads:1915,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ricarda Zdrenka, Joerg Hippler, Georg Johnen, Alfred V. Hirner and Elke Dopp",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73449",title:"Dr",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Dopp",fullName:"Elke Dopp",slug:"elke-dopp"},{id:"79077",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricarda",middleName:null,surname:"Zdrenka",fullName:"Ricarda Zdrenka",slug:"ricarda-zdrenka"}]},{id:"27334",type:"chapter",title:"Chemoprevention and Novel Treatments of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer",slug:"novel-treatments-for-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adam Luchey, Morris Jessop, Claire Oliver, Dale Riggs, Barbara Jackson, Stanley Kandzari and Stanley Zaslau",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70014",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Zaslau",fullName:"Stanley Zaslau",slug:"stanley-zaslau"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3274",title:"Advances in Prostate Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb7257d982e3228ceb9320f595ae1c58",slug:"advances-in-prostate-cancer",bookSignature:"Gerhard Hamilton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67794",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerhard",surname:"Hamilton",slug:"gerhard-hamilton",fullName:"Gerhard Hamilton"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"41780",title:"Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer",slug:"epidemiology-of-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Martin Dörr, Anne Schlesinger-Raab and Jutta Engel",authors:[{id:"157117",title:"Prof.",name:"Jutta",middleName:null,surname:"Engel",fullName:"Jutta Engel",slug:"jutta-engel"},{id:"157121",title:"Mr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Dörr",fullName:"Martin Dörr",slug:"martin-dorr"},{id:"157122",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Schlesinger-Raab",fullName:"Anne Schlesinger-Raab",slug:"anne-schlesinger-raab"}]},{id:"41788",title:"Is There an Infectious Agent Behind Prostate Cancer?",slug:"is-there-an-infectious-agent-behind-prostate-cancer-",signatures:"Ugo Rovigatti",authors:[{id:"155364",title:"Prof.",name:"Ugo",middleName:null,surname:"Rovigatti",fullName:"Ugo Rovigatti",slug:"ugo-rovigatti"}]},{id:"41794",title:"Psychological and Social Factors influencing Patients’ Treatment Selection for Localised Prostate Cancer",slug:"psychological-and-social-factors-influencing-patients-treatment-selection-for-localised-prostate-can",signatures:"Luke A Robles, Shihning Chou, Owen J Cole, Akhlil Hamid, Amanda Griffiths and Kavita Vedhara",authors:[{id:"157827",title:"Mr.",name:"Luke",middleName:null,surname:"Robles",fullName:"Luke Robles",slug:"luke-robles"}]},{id:"41795",title:"The Role of Physiotherapy in the Pre and Post Treatment Interventions in Prostate Cancer Patients",slug:"the-role-of-physiotherapy-in-the-pre-and-post-treatment-interventions-in-prostate-cancer-patients",signatures:"Mario Bernardo Filho and Mauro Luis Barbosa Júnior",authors:[{id:"157376",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo-Filho",fullName:"Mario Bernardo-Filho",slug:"mario-bernardo-filho"},{id:"158415",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mauro Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa Júnior",fullName:"Mauro Luis Barbosa Júnior",slug:"mauro-luis-barbosa-junior"}]},{id:"41796",title:"Abdominoperineal Resection: Consideration and Limitations of Prostate Cancer Screening and Prostate Biopsy",slug:"abdominoperineal-resection-consideration-and-limitations-of-prostate-cancer-screening-and-prostate-b",signatures:"Zachary Klaassen, Ray S. King, Kelvin A. Moses, Rabii Madi and Martha K. Terris",authors:[{id:"75942",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Terris",fullName:"Martha Terris",slug:"martha-terris"},{id:"83974",title:"Dr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Klaassen",fullName:"Zachary Klaassen",slug:"zachary-klaassen"},{id:"157849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ray S.",middleName:null,surname:"King",fullName:"Ray S. King",slug:"ray-s.-king"},{id:"157850",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelvin A.",middleName:null,surname:"Moses",fullName:"Kelvin A. Moses",slug:"kelvin-a.-moses"},{id:"157851",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"Madi",fullName:"Rabii Madi",slug:"rabii-madi"}]},{id:"41798",title:"Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer",slug:"radiation-therapy-for-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Shinji Kariya",authors:[{id:"157550",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Kariya",fullName:"Shinji Kariya",slug:"shinji-kariya"}]},{id:"41799",title:"High-Dose-Rate Interstitial Brachytherapy as Monotherapy in One Fraction for the Treatment of Favorable Stage Prostate Cancer",slug:"high-dose-rate-interstitial-brachytherapy-as-monotherapy-in-one-fraction-for-the-treatment-of-favora",signatures:"Pedro J. Prada",authors:[{id:"156263",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Prada",fullName:"Prada",slug:"prada"}]},{id:"41801",title:"Testosterone Measurement and Prostate Cancer",slug:"testosterone-measurement-and-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Tine Hajdinjak",authors:[{id:"63835",title:"Dr.",name:"Tine",middleName:null,surname:"Hajdinjak",fullName:"Tine Hajdinjak",slug:"tine-hajdinjak"}]},{id:"41807",title:"Describing Prostate Cancer Dynamics: Second Look at PSA- Doubling Time and PSA-Specific Growth Rate",slug:"describing-prostate-cancer-dynamics-second-look-at-psa-doubling-time-and-psa-specific-growth-rate",signatures:"Glenn Tisman",authors:[{id:"62945",title:"Dr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Tisman",fullName:"Glenn Tisman",slug:"glenn-tisman"}]},{id:"41212",title:"Rational Categorization of the Pipeline of New Treatments for Advanced Cancer – Prostate Cancer as an Example",slug:"rational-categorization-of-the-pipeline-of-new-treatments-for-advanced-cancer-prostate-cancer-as-an-",signatures:"Sarah M. Rudman, Peter G. Harper and Christopher J. Sweeney",authors:[{id:"158581",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Rudman",fullName:"Sarah Rudman",slug:"sarah-rudman"},{id:"158588",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Sweeney",fullName:"Christopher Sweeney",slug:"christopher-sweeney"}]},{id:"41808",title:"Novel Therapeutic Settings in the Treatment of Castration- Resistant Prostate Cancer",slug:"novel-therapeutic-settings-in-the-treatment-of-castration-resistant-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Miguel Álvarez Múgica, Jesús M. Fernández Gómez, Antonio Jalón Monzón, Erasmo Miguelez García and Francisco Valle González",authors:[{id:"63733",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez-Múgica",fullName:"Miguel Álvarez-Múgica",slug:"miguel-alvarez-mugica"}]},{id:"40554",title:"Steroidal CYP17 Inhibitors for Prostate Cancer Treatment: From Concept to Clinic",slug:"steroidal-cyp17-inhibitors-for-prostate-cancer-treatment-from-concept-to-clinic",signatures:"Jorge A. R. Salvador, Vânia M. Moreira and Samuel M. Silvestre",authors:[{id:"69976",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge António Ribeiro",middleName:null,surname:"Salvador",fullName:"Jorge António Ribeiro Salvador",slug:"jorge-antonio-ribeiro-salvador"},{id:"69991",title:"Dr.",name:"Vânia",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Vânia Moreira",slug:"vania-moreira"},{id:"157541",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestre",fullName:"Samuel Silvestre",slug:"samuel-silvestre"}]},{id:"41809",title:"Intermittent Androgen Suppression Therapy for Prostate Cancer Patients: An Update",slug:"intermittent-androgen-suppression-therapy-for-prostate-cancer-patients-an-update",signatures:"Gerhard Hamilton and Gerhard Theyer",authors:[{id:"67794",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerhard",middleName:null,surname:"Hamilton",fullName:"Gerhard Hamilton",slug:"gerhard-hamilton"}]},{id:"41810",title:"Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer",slug:"stem-cells-and-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Vildan Bozok Çetintaş, Burçin Tezcanlı Kaymaz and Buket Kosova",authors:[{id:"155554",title:"Dr.",name:"Vildan",middleName:null,surname:"Bozok Çetintaş",fullName:"Vildan Bozok Çetintaş",slug:"vildan-bozok-cetintas"},{id:"156930",title:"Dr.",name:"Burçin",middleName:null,surname:"Tezcanlı Kaymaz",fullName:"Burçin Tezcanlı Kaymaz",slug:"burcin-tezcanli-kaymaz"},{id:"156932",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Kosova",fullName:"Buket Kosova",slug:"buket-kosova"}]},{id:"41811",title:"Salinomycin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells",slug:"salinomycin-induced-apoptosis-in-human-prostate-cancer-cells",signatures:"Hak-Jong Choi, Kwang-Youn Kim, Sun-Nyoung Yu, Sang-Hun Kim, Sung-Sik Chun, Hak-Sun Yu, Yeong-Min Park and Soon-Cheol Ahn",authors:[{id:"155963",title:"Prof.",name:"Soon Cheol",middleName:null,surname:"Ahn",fullName:"Soon Cheol Ahn",slug:"soon-cheol-ahn"},{id:"165835",title:"Dr.",name:"Hak-Jong",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Hak-Jong Choi",slug:"hak-jong-choi"},{id:"167306",title:"MSc.",name:"Kwang-Youn",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Kwang-Youn Kim",slug:"kwang-youn-kim"},{id:"167307",title:"MSc.",name:"Sun-Nyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Sun-Nyoung Yu",slug:"sun-nyoung-yu"},{id:"167308",title:"MSc.",name:"Sang-Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sang-Hun Kim",slug:"sang-hun-kim"},{id:"167309",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Sik",middleName:null,surname:"Chun",fullName:"Sung-Sik Chun",slug:"sung-sik-chun"},{id:"167310",title:"Prof.",name:"Yeong-Min",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Yeong-Min Park",slug:"yeong-min-park"},{id:"167311",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong-Lark",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Yong-Lark Choi",slug:"yong-lark-choi"},{id:"167313",title:"MSc.",name:"Sun-Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Sun-Yi Lee",slug:"sun-yi-lee"}]},{id:"41812",title:"Natural Compounds, Antioxidant and Antiandrogens in the Prevention of Prostate Cancer: In vivo Evidences from Murine Models and Human Clinical Studies",slug:"natural-compounds-antioxidant-and-antiandrogens-in-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer-in-vivo-evidenc",signatures:"Rossano Lattanzio, Alessia Lamolinara, Mauro Piantelli and Manuela Iezzi",authors:[{id:"63448",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Iezzi",fullName:"Manuela Iezzi",slug:"manuela-iezzi"},{id:"158340",title:"Dr.",name:"Rossano",middleName:null,surname:"Lattanzio",fullName:"Rossano Lattanzio",slug:"rossano-lattanzio"},{id:"158341",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessia",middleName:null,surname:"Lamolinara",fullName:"Alessia Lamolinara",slug:"alessia-lamolinara"},{id:"158343",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Piantelli",fullName:"Mauro Piantelli",slug:"mauro-piantelli"}]},{id:"41815",title:"Prostate Cancer, Inflammation and Antioxidants",slug:"prostate-cancer-inflammation-and-antioxidants",signatures:"Marika Crohns, Tuomas Westermarck and Faik Atroshi",authors:[{id:"65639",title:"Dr.",name:"Faik",middleName:null,surname:"Atroshi",fullName:"Faik Atroshi",slug:"faik-atroshi"}]},{id:"41819",title:"Inflammatory Microenvironment in Prostate Carcinogenesis",slug:"inflammatory-microenvironment-in-prostate-carcinogenesis",signatures:"Geraldine Gueron, Javier Cotignola and Elba Vazquez",authors:[{id:"155180",title:"Dr.",name:"Elba",middleName:null,surname:"Vazquez",fullName:"Elba Vazquez",slug:"elba-vazquez"},{id:"155181",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldine",middleName:null,surname:"Gueron",fullName:"Geraldine Gueron",slug:"geraldine-gueron"},{id:"165547",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Cotignola",fullName:"Javier Cotignola",slug:"javier-cotignola"}]},{id:"41822",title:"Expression and Function of Stromal Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer",slug:"expression-and-function-of-stromal-androgen-receptor-in-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Mandeep Singh, Garrett Daniels, Yirong Li and Pen g Lee",authors:[{id:"156360",title:"Prof.",name:"Peng",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Peng Lee",slug:"peng-lee"},{id:"158855",title:"Dr.",name:"Mandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Mandeep Singh",slug:"mandeep-singh"},{id:"158858",title:"Dr.",name:"Yirong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yirong Li",slug:"yirong-li"},{id:"158859",title:"Mr.",name:"Garrett",middleName:null,surname:"Daniels",fullName:"Garrett Daniels",slug:"garrett-daniels"}]},{id:"41828",title:"Prostate Cancer Progression to Androgen Independent Disease: The Role of the PI3K/AKT Pathway",slug:"prostate-cancer-progression-to-androgen-independent-disease-the-role-of-the-pi3k-akt-pathway",signatures:"Jacqueline R Ha, Yu Hao D Huang, Amit Persad and Sujata Persad",authors:[{id:"65838",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujata",middleName:null,surname:"Persad",fullName:"Sujata Persad",slug:"sujata-persad"},{id:"69936",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacqueline R",middleName:null,surname:"Ha",fullName:"Jacqueline R Ha",slug:"jacqueline-r-ha"},{id:"121836",title:"B.Sc.",name:"YuHao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"YuHao Huang",slug:"yuhao-huang"},{id:"158131",title:"BSc.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Persad",fullName:"Amit Persad",slug:"amit-persad"}]},{id:"41824",title:"Non-Androgen Regulated Transcription Factors as Novel Potential Targets for Prostate Cancer Therapy",slug:"non-androgen-regulated-transcription-factors-as-novel-potential-targets-for-prostate-cancer-therapy",signatures:"J. Nathan Davis, Adam H. Greer, Thomas Yong and Shari Meyers",authors:[{id:"156842",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Meyers",fullName:"Meyers",slug:"meyers"}]},{id:"41825",title:"Trithorax Genes in Prostate Cancer",slug:"trithorax-genes-in-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Pier-Luc Clermont, Francesco Crea and Cheryl D. Helgason",authors:[{id:"157841",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheryl",middleName:"Dawn",surname:"Helgason",fullName:"Cheryl Helgason",slug:"cheryl-helgason"},{id:"157848",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Crea",fullName:"Francesco Crea",slug:"francesco-crea"},{id:"164232",title:"Mr.",name:"Pier-Luc",middleName:null,surname:"Clermont",fullName:"Pier-Luc Clermont",slug:"pier-luc-clermont"}]},{id:"41848",title:"The Function of YY1 and Its Oncogenic Role in Prostate Cancer",slug:"the-function-of-yy1-and-its-oncogenic-role-in-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Daniel B. Stovall and Guangchao Sui",authors:[{id:"157198",title:"Dr.",name:"Guangchao",middleName:null,surname:"Sui",fullName:"Guangchao Sui",slug:"guangchao-sui"},{id:"157396",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Stovall",fullName:"Daniel Stovall",slug:"daniel-stovall"}]},{id:"41826",title:"The Role of PARP Activation in Prostate Cancer",slug:"the-role-of-parp-activation-in-prostate-cancer",signatures:"Luis A. Espinoza",authors:[{id:"80628",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Espinoza",fullName:"Luis Espinoza",slug:"luis-espinoza"}]},{id:"41841",title:"Integrins in Prostate Cancer Invasion and Metastasis",slug:"integrins-in-prostate-cancer-invasion-and-metastasis",signatures:"Paulynn Chin Suyin, Joanne Louise Dickinson and Adele Frances Holloway",authors:[{id:"63081",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanne",middleName:"L",surname:"Dickinson",fullName:"Joanne Dickinson",slug:"joanne-dickinson"},{id:"70199",title:"Dr.",name:"Adele",middleName:null,surname:"Holloway",fullName:"Adele Holloway",slug:"adele-holloway"},{id:"158125",title:"Ms.",name:"Suyin Paulynn",middleName:null,surname:"Chin",fullName:"Suyin Paulynn Chin",slug:"suyin-paulynn-chin"}]},{id:"41843",title:"The Role of E-Cadherin-Catenin Complex in Prostate Cancer Progression",slug:"the-role-of-e-cadherin-catenin-complex-in-prostate-cancer-progression",signatures:"Anuradha K. Murali and James S. Norris",authors:[{id:"158306",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Norris",fullName:"James Norris",slug:"james-norris"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"559",title:"Bladder Cancer",subtitle:"From Basic Science to Robotic Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"117cbfaa858282ed2cdb9a81ce411def",slug:"bladder-cancer-from-basic-science-to-robotic-surgery",bookSignature:"Abdullah Erdem Canda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69657",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Erdem",surname:"Canda",slug:"abdullah-erdem-canda",fullName:"Abdullah Erdem Canda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"789",title:"Emerging Research and Treatments in Renal Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"616688465519d2b5bcb1d867a3806714",slug:"emerging-research-and-treatments-in-renal-cell-carcinoma",bookSignature:"Robert J. Amato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/789.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73752",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Amato",slug:"robert-amato",fullName:"Robert Amato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"792",title:"Renal Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8edc0abe98983dc0d07eeb89cdfb3288",slug:"renal-cell-carcinoma",bookSignature:"Hendrik Van Poppel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/792.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74532",title:"Dr.",name:"Hendrik",surname:"Van Poppel",slug:"hendrik-van-poppel",fullName:"Hendrik Van Poppel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"960",title:"Cancer of the Uterine Endometrium",subtitle:"Advances and Controversies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e31a8846983568317bbe451b6e32b4c6",slug:"cancer-of-the-uterine-endometrium-advances-and-controversies",bookSignature:"J. Salvador Saldivar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71352",title:"Dr.",name:"J.S.",surname:"Saldivar",slug:"j.s.-saldivar",fullName:"J.S. Saldivar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1845",title:"Prostate Cancer",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3be3f6b756cec080cfcacd2251b62a5c",slug:"prostate-cancer-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-advances",bookSignature:"Philippe E. Spiess",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64476",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe E.",surname:"Spiess",slug:"philippe-e.-spiess",fullName:"Philippe E. Spiess"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"559",title:"Bladder Cancer",subtitle:"From Basic Science to Robotic Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"117cbfaa858282ed2cdb9a81ce411def",slug:"bladder-cancer-from-basic-science-to-robotic-surgery",bookSignature:"Abdullah Erdem Canda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69657",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Erdem",surname:"Canda",slug:"abdullah-erdem-canda",fullName:"Abdullah Erdem Canda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72948",title:"Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90394",slug:"crude-distillation-unit-cdu-",body:'
Many crude oils usually contain besides the basic elements of its chemical composition hydrocarbons such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and mechanical impurities [1]. Oil also contains the gaseous phase as methane, ethane, and liquid phase. Gas typically dissolves in the liquid, whereas in the balance’s case remains strong. It is noticed with the experience that natural gas fields are close to oil fields [2]. In general, there are four or three oil: aromatic, paraffin, naphthenic. But there is also a mixed type [1]. The classification of crude oil is carried out for various reasons. The criteria for classifying crude oil refer more or less to its quality [3]. For a better understanding of classificatory at the quality (quality/price), the Petroleum world has adopted a benchmark called stallion as Brent Blend produced in the North Sea, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) from the USA, Dubai Crude from Dubai... However, there are other possibilities to classify oil by density, sulfur content, and viscosity. Crude oil supplied to refineries must meet requirements [4]. The pre-treatment of oil from harmful impurities occupies an important place among the main processes associated with the production, collection, and transportation of oil to refineries or export [5]. The harmful impurities of oil can be divided into two groups: hydrophilic (lipophobic) and hydrophobic (lipophilic). The hydrophobic impurities are soluble in oil. These hydrophobic impurities are organometallic compounds (metalloporphyrin complexes), organic acids, among which the most undesirable organochlorine compounds. The Hydrophilic impurities include impurities that are inherently insoluble in oil, these impurities are water and inorganic salts dissolved in it, as well as solid salts, mechanical impurities (sand, clay), hydrogen sulphide, etc. These hydrophilic impurities are in another phase (water), which are dispersed in the oil in the form of drops of water [6, 7]. Therefore, the degree of pre-treatment oil in production areas is an imperative and significantly affects the efficiency and reliability of transportation by pipeline, tanker, rail, and even road transportation [2]. These requirements should facilitate the transportation and future processing of Petroleum. The requirements are summarized as follows: water content, the content of mechanical impurities, saturated steam pressure, the content of chloride salts, and organochlorine compounds [5]. Usually, the degree of pre-treatment of oil for transportation does not consider the content of chloride salts and the content of organochlorine compounds [8], literally because all salts are large in water and not in oil [9], in connection with the decision of the Russian Federation to join the world trade organization (WTO), the requirements for oil are unified following the requirements for prepared oil according to ASTM D1250-97 [4] and EN 224 [3]. However, countries such as Russia use the GOST R 51858-2002 standard for oil, established by oil and gas companies for transportation by oil pipeline [5] for delivery to oil refining plants in the Russian Federation and export. In Russia, the pipeline transport takes into account the above-mentioned points [3, 10]: salt content (100–900 mg/l), water content from 0.5 to 1.0% of mass, impurity content (not over 0.05% of mass).
The crude distillation unit is the first phase of oil refining. That’s what we usually hear. However, if we are very careful, we can notice that oil refining began at the level of oil wells with its pre-treatment; the first pre-treatment of crude oil. However, additional pre-treatment is essential before the first separation (fractions our cups) are obtained. This additional pre-treatment and the manufacturing of these first fractions are carried out at the crude distillation unit as shown in Figure 1. As well, in our humble opinion for a better understanding of this unit, before getting into the thick of the topic, it is important to make the list of the main devices that make up it: The desalination plant, furnaces, distillation columns (atmospheric and under vacuum). Furthermore, in this process, there are also auxiliary equipment that is also very important, such as pumps, valves, heat exchangers, coolers, automatic process control systems, etc. The Russian Federation, as a major participant in the world oil industry alongside the United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Argentina, and other countries, has developed its own standards incorporating international standards. In a similar approach, ordinarily, in Russia, they appoint the distillation unit: Atmospheric-vacuum distillation unit (AVDU). AVDU is itself subdivided into two other units which are: Atmospheric distillations unit (ADU) and vacuum distillation unit (VDU). As a result, in this chapter, we tried to explain the operation of the atmospheric distillation crude, to model it, and to compare the usual model of the crude distillation unit with the model of the Russian Federation.
P& ID diagram flow process of crude distillation unit without vacuum distillation. We would like to emphasize that reboilers were used in this scheme in this way, just for esthetics. Less flow to the reboilers is done differently.
An emulsion is a suspension of small droplets of a liquid (water) in a second liquid (oil crude) [11]. The liquids, in a stable emulsion, can only be separated by a treatment process which calls the desalting process [10]. The electrical conductivity of oil emulsions in the literature note that it has an ionic nature. A detailed theory of ionic conductivity of liquid dielectrics. Despite the low dielectric constant, the polar components of crude oil dissociate into ions and create a fairly significant amount of electrical conductivity. The reason of this manifestation is asphalt-resinous substances in oil [12]. Oil emulsion is illustrated in Figure 2.
Oil emulsion.
The demulsifier is a chemical additive to break the crude oil emulsion. The emulsifier destroys the emulsion by reducing the mechanical resistance of the protective shells formed on the surface of the water droplets. By maintaining a strict hydrophilic-lipophilic balance [6]. These emulsions are destroyed using synthetic surfactants (demulsifiers) added to the oil emulsion [13]. The criteria for selecting and evaluating the demulsifier in terms of technology, that is, yield, are as follows [8, 12, 14]:
The velocity of separation of water from oil;
Quality of destruction of emulsions (fullness of water separation);
Reliability in changing production conditions;
The demulsifier must have a good quality/price or cost/efficiency ratio.
The process of dewatering of crude oil enters the oil production process. At the initial production period of a fresh field, wells often produce either anhydrous or low-water oil. However, over time, the water content of the oil produced increases at different rates and sometimes reaches 80–90% in old fields [1, 14]. The desalting (dewatering) processes depend on the type of oils and its content, any of the following typical processes of desalting of crude oil are combined a lot of methods like thermal, chemical, electrical and mechanical Often, a combination of Thermal and chemical methods with the mechanical or the electrical method is used to achieve effective Dehydration of crude oil [11]. The chemical treatment presents itself as a good option. It consists to use a demulsifier. The demulsifier must be introduced as early as possible (at the bottom of the well). This is an increased contact time and the interaction capacity of the demulsifier with emulsion for maximum destruction of the system [15, 16]. The injection of the demulsifying agent before the pump ensures proper contact with the crude oil and minimizes the formation of an emulsion [15]. The Industrial application of demulsifiers is not based on non-electrolytes, as their use is associated with excessive consumption or high price, as well as complex separation from oil after the deposition of the water layer. Preference is given to colloidal surface-active substances, among which are anionic, cationic, and nonionic types [13]. The number of steps (one, two or three) during oil desalination is determined by the characteristics of the initial oil emulsion and the salts contained therein For the desalination of oil emulsion independently of the stage: At the well or the refinery, the main types of equipment used for oil dewatering are electrostatics disasters, sumps, and separators [7], and they are detailed in Figure 3 [7, 17]:
thermo-chemical dehydrator;
sump;
ultrasonic;
centrifugal;
electrostatic desalter.
Some examples of devices for crude oil dewatering, degassing, and desalting. (a) Sump. (b) Separator. (c) Three-phases separator. (d) Hydrodynamic phase separator.
Each of the above-mentioned apparatus has its own peculiarities and its own derivatives, according to the precise tasks to be accomplished:
Advanced separators-vertical flow, horizontal unit with advanced electrostatic oil dehydration capabilities.
Desalting device-vertical flow, horizontal device with improved capabilities of electrostatic dehydration and desalting of oil. The process can occur in one or two stages.
Field separator-electrostatic coagulator, horizontal apparatus of electrostatic coagulator. It contains the initial section of the chimney of the heating section for preheating.
Electromechanical separators-a horizontal device that is characterized by a combination of electrostatic grids, coalescing blocks, and the initial section of the chimney heating section for preheating.
The selection criterion of devices, it is recommended to consider the following parameters when choosing the equipment [8, 12, 18]:
properties of formation fluid and its quantity;
stream type;
the resistance of emulsion;
pressure into the device;
temperature regime.
In the separators, they usually separate gas is usually from the oil in two or three steps under slight pressure or dilution. The separators of the first stage simultaneously play the role of buffer reservoirs and are usually located on the deposit. The separators of the second and third stages are mostly on the territory of central collection and distribution points (the sites of pre-treatment and pumping of oil) [7, 17]. The vertical separators are more productive in comparison with horizontal ones, but also the vertical separators have a higher price. They are suitable for enterprises with high production capacities, as well as if the emulsion contains many solid particles [18]. The horizontal separators are the best option for processing small volumes of material, as well as liquids with a high content of dissolved gas. They are in the greatest demand, as they are quite productive and affordable. To achieve maximum efficiency when using horizontal oil and gas separators, the oil is mixed in the separation process; the temperature is increased, and the pressure is reduced. To increase the depth and improve the quality of separation in Russia, introducing hot drainage water before separation with a three-phase separator is often used. Thus, they use heat, which increases the selection of gas, intensifies the process of demulsification of oil, improves the quality of spilled formation water, reduces investments, energy costs of processes, and significantly improves the conditions of Environmental protection. The three-phase separator can split oil, gas, and water at once. However, separators have limits. Even with a three-stage separation, complete separation of gas from oil is not achieved [8]. Besides, it should be noted that, despite the improvement in oil and gas separation techniques and technologies, field separators remain cumbersome and expensive devices [19]. Their operation is based on an inefficient gravitational principle and they are unproductive; the separators cease to function when the oil and gas mixture forms foam. The loss of energy contained in the flow of oil and gas, with a decrease in the pressure in the degassing in stages, leads to the need to use more pumping and compressor units for the collection and transportation of oil and gas through the pipeline [7, 8].
The final processes of dewatering and desalting are carried out at oil refineries with electrostatic desalter [20]. At the refinery, three types of electrostatic desalter are mainly operated as oil pre-treatment equipment: vertical, horizontal, and ball electrostatic desalter [1].
The salts and minerals often present in the oil are mainly magnesium, calcium, and sodium chlorides with sodium chloride being the abundant type. These salts cause corrosion of equipment. For example, hydrogen chloride (HCl). Hydrogen chloride dissolves in the emulsion’s water producing hydrochloric acid, an extremely corrosive acid. However, NaCl = Na+ + Cl−. Water, though slight, but dissociates into ions, and the equilibrium is established: H2O=H++OH−, thus, in the salt solution, there is a mixture of Na+ cations and OH−, Cl−anions. Ions in the solution move randomly and constantly collide with each other [21]. But these collisions of Na+ and OH− ions, H+ and Cl− ions do not lead to the formation of compounds, since NaOH is a strong base, and HCl is a strong acid. Since weak electrolytes are not formed when sodium chloride is dissolved in water, sodium chloride is not hydrolyzed. The concentration of H+ ions is equal to the concentration of OH− ions, so the color of the indicators does not change [13, 20]. All chemical compounds based on chlorine hydrolyze, except for NaCl, hydrolyze at high temperature to hydrogen chloride:
Any remaining salts are neutralized by the injection of sodium hydroxide which reacts with the calcium and magnesium chloride to produce sodium chloride because NaCl does not hydrolyze to the corrosive hydrogen chloride.
The electrical conductivity of oil emulsions is due to the ionic conductivity of oil, the conductivity of dispersed water droplets in oil. Under certain conditions, droplets of emulsified water in oil form conductive structures in the form of “chains”, located along the field lines [12, 22]. The electrical conductivity of the system in such cases increases sharply (hundreds and thousands of times) in comparison with the electrical conductivity of anhydrous oil. Electrical Conductivity of hydrocarbons (oil), the hydrocarbons have three types of conductivity regimes in general [23]:
The stable insulating regime, this regime is characterized by very high resistance. In this state, conduction is related to traces of dissolved water in the hydrocarbon.
The semiconductor, this regime is independent of the presence of water in the hydrocarbon.
Conductor, relatively stable. The regime, however, it disappears by sufficient removal or reduction of the applied electric field and reappears when it is restored to its initial value.
The modern desalting units are designed with electric dehydrators only horizontal execution and are part of the equipment for preparing oil: both atmospheric and atmospheric-vacuum installations. The horizontal design of electrostatic desalter has several advantages, such as a large area of the electrodes and, accordingly, a greater amount of oil per unit of section of the device, a lower vertical speed of the moving flow of oil, which provides favorable conditions for settling water, as well as implementing processes with higher pressure and temperature [22, 24]. The dominant types of electrostatic desalter are shown in Figure 4. The increases of the electrical conductivity are related to traces of dissolved water in the oil; it has the effect of slowly eliminating this water, correlative elimination of an indefinite increase in resistivity. The work and efficiency of the electrostatic desalter are based on the Stokes formula [25] for the time of deposition of water droplets and the specific electrical conductivity (γ, Om m−1) is the electrical conductivity of a substance measured between flat electrodes of the same area, located at a distance (L) in meter, and divided by the electrode area [12]. The principle of operation of the electrostatic desalter is quite simple. We have one inside two electrodes that have two opposite charges. The oil is supplied to the lower stage of the device, which provides its additional washing and passing through two (2) electric fields: weak and strong as shown in Figure 5. The charges of these electrodes change alternately, resulting in a separation of the different phases: oil, water, and gas [11, 26]. The water has a higher density than the oil and by the gravitational force, so the water is concentrated at the bottom of the electrostatic desalter. The oil and the gas without water, so without salts, come out from the upper part of the electrostatic desalter by manifold as shown in Figure 6 [20]. In the literature, there are indications that the electrical conductivity of oil and petroleum products is largely determined by the content of polar surfactants (asphalt-resins) in them [25].
The major types of electrostatic desalter.
Technical schema of electrostatic desalter design.
The simplified work description of electrostatic desalter.
They can be one and two-stage (respectively, with one or two electrostatics desalters) [20]. To increase the efficiency of the operation, the demulsifiers are added to the crude oil. Two-stage installations are used to reduce the flow of freshwater when washing crude oil [13]. The desalter of this design achieves 90% salt removal. However, 99% salt removal is possible with two-stage desalters [7, 20] as shown in Figure 7. A second stage is also essential since desalter maintenance requires a lengthy amount of time to remove the dirt and sediment which settle at the bottom. Therefore, the crude unit can be operated with a one stage desalter while the other is cleaned.
Two-stage desalting flow processing of crude oil.
The electrostatic desalter volume 96 m3, which length-10 m, diameter –3 m. U (voltage of the electrodes) = 22000 v. Maximum emulsion pre-treatment capacity is 140 tons/h. The program used in our modeling is Mathcad, to calculate the material balance and mechanical calculations of electrostatic desalter. The characteristics of the feedstock are presented in Table 1 [27, 28].
Indicators | Methods | Units of measure | Values |
---|---|---|---|
Density at 15°C | NF EN 12185 | kg/m3 | 884 |
Water content | NF EN 9029 | % mass | 1 |
Total acid number | ASTM D 664 | mg KOH/g | 0.619 |
Sulfur content | NF EN 8754 | % m/m | 0.254 |
API | ASTM D1298 | — | 29 |
Kinematic viscosity at 100°C | ASTM D445 | cSt | 1.9 |
Freezing point | NF EN ISO 3016 | °C | −17 |
The physicochemical characteristics of Bonga crude oil.
The establishment of a material balance is necessary for modeling [7, 25, 29]. The material balance material allows us to have an idea of the results we need to get and correct some errors during the project in order to have a satisfactory performance of our facilities. To calculate the material balance of electrostatic desalter, it is necessary to know the data:
the temperature at the entrance of feedstocks into the electrostatic desalter, t1 = 90°C;
the temperature at the outlet of feedstocks in the electrostatic desalter, t2 = 145°C.
The descriptive diagram of the desalting process.
The quantity of oil emulsion chosen is 140 t/h. the water Content of the initial emulsion is 1% of the total mass. The consumption of the demulsifier (surfactant) is 30 g/t. Our work in this part is to make material balances of the pre-treatment of the oil at the refinery. Electrostatic desalter performs two procedures at the same time which are: dehydration and desalination. The descriptive diagram e of the desalting process is presented in Figure 8. The amount of freshwater or water processing supplied at the desalting stage is 10% of the mass. The reagent is fed only at the dehydration stage. We consider the reagent water-soluble. First, the status of “ incoming “is drawn up. The status “ Expense “ is similar to the desalting- dewatering process. 140 t of emulsion − 1.4 t of water in emulsion = 138.6 t of oil. The status “Expense “is similar to the desalting-dewatering process. Loss is equal:
The amount of water X is 0.0691 t.
The water content-X is 0.0691 t in the desalted oil. The total water content phase in the “incoming” status is 14 t + 0.14 t = 14.14 t.
Based on the previous results and by the possibility that we can really have more losses. We arbitrarily decide to multiply our losses by 2; the total loss is: 0.4191 t + 0.4191 t = 0.8383 t. Consequently, the summary material balance of the installation is made. The total amount of drainage water is equal to the drainage water by oil treatment stage: 0.9332 t + 14.07 t = 15.0032 t. The material balance of the electrostatic desalter installation is presented in Table 2.
The exercise of modeling is a variant very often useful and used in the modeling of units and devices [7, 14, 19]. This task is interesting in case we do not have a simulator or simulation and modeling program like Hysys Aspen to solve this operation. In the framework of modeling the desalination unit, we use the ASTM D 341-2003 standard is based on Walter’s equation and proposes the dependence of the kinematic viscosity of crude oil (hydrocarbon):
where ν – viscosity, cSt, T is the absolute temperature, K; a and b are the constants determined by two known values of viscosity ν1 and ν2 at temperatures, respectively, T1 and T2. The empirical formula of formula Filonov – Reynolds is more convenient for analytical solutions:
where.
νt, νo – Dynamic viscosity of the oil at temperatures t and to, respectively, mPa·s;
ν=
In modeling of electrostatic desalter to determine his maximum performance and the required number of devices for desalting crude oil.
The interaction between water droplets can be increased by increasing the electric field strength, Е.
For to determine the
where
where
The linear velocity of the oil in the electrostatic desalter must be at least 2 times less than the calculated rate of water droplet deposition. The deposition rate is calculated using the Stokes formula [7, 25]:
where
Uwater = 0.0021 m/s.
It is necessary to check the Reynolds number (Re) by the formula:
The condition must be met:
where h1 the distance from the bottom of the electric Hydrator to the oil-water interface. We choose
Knowing the Uw, determine the Uwo and the required cross-section of the electric dehydrator (S). The actual deposition rate of water droplets in the rising oil stream will be:
The performance of the desalter:
The number of devices (N):
where
The required number of parallel running for the electrostatic desalter:
This task is as interesting as the one already solved. In case we do not have a simulator or simulation and modeling program like Ansys to solve this vital operation [1, 18, 29, 30]. The calculation of the strength of a cylindrical shell under internal pressure. The wall thickness is determined by the formula (25).
Permissible internal overpressure.
P is the pressure in the device, mPa; SR – the calculated value of wall thickness, mm; D- intern diameter of the shell, mm;
The steel grade is chosen depending on the properties of the processed medium. For butt and t-shaped double-sided seams performed by automatic welding, the coefficient of the strength of the weld
V is the rate of corrosion (usually take 0.1–0.2 mm/year); T – the service life of the device (usually take 10–12 years). For materials resistant to the processed medium, in the absence of data on permeability, it is recommended to take C = 2 mm. Condition for reliable operation
The choice of corrosion resistance of materials is made concerning this environment is resistant to corrosion.
The wall thickness calculated using this formula is rounded up to the nearest standard sheet thickness (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20 mm). The calculation of shells loaded with external over-pressure consists in determining the permissible external pressure since the wall thickness of the shell was determined earlier. Permissible external pressure:
Condition for reliable operation
P – pressure in the device, mPa = 1.1; D-inner diameter of the shell, mm = 3000. The increase in corrosion C is determined by the formula (27).
V is the rate of corrosion (usually take 0.1–0.2 mm/year); T – the service life of the device (usually take 10–12 years), but we take 20 years. For materials resistant to the processed medium, in the absence of data on permeability, it is recommended to take C = 2 mm. According to the table of corrosion resistance of materials, we choose the steel grade 316Ti, S31635-USA (ASTM/AISI), or 1.4571, X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2-Germany (DIN/WNr).
SR=
The wall thickness calculated using this formula is rounded up to the nearest standard sheet thickness (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20 mm). We assume S = 14 mm.
Condition for reliable operation
The calculation of shells loaded with external over-pressure consists in determining the permissible external pressure since the wall thickness of the shell was determined earlier.
Allowable pressure of conditions of stability within the limits of elastic deformation:
Permissible external pressure:
Condition for reliable operation
The desalting and dewatering of crude oil take begins on the oil fields. This operation is part of the processing of crude oil, and a good pre-treatment of crude oil implies:
degassing – removal of gases from crude oil;
dewatering – removal of water from crude oil.
If the desalting of crude oil is carried out qualitatively, the oil has almost no harmful effect on the equipment. Most of the impurities that cause corrosion of the metal are in the remains of formation water. Therefore, the fundamental task of desalting is to remove water drops from the oil. This is a fairly complex process, because the water in crude oil is in the form of droplets with a size quantity often. The improvement and appreciation of the oil pretreatment process level are characterized by:
providing effective sludge at high viscosity and density of oil through the use of a sump with intermediate partitions of variable height;
increasing the degree of dehydration and desalination of oil due to effective washing with water from salts;
improving the efficiency of the sump and improving the quality of the prepared oil due to more complete and qualitative removal of the intermediate layer from it, as well as due to a more uniform distribution of fluid flow rates when entering the sump and its cross-section;
ensuring uniform receipt of production of wells for the installation of oil treatment and prevention of failures of its work through the use of the reservoir;
improving the performance of the electrostatic desalter, that is, expanding the range of workloads, improving the efficiency of desalination and dehydration, as well as reducing the cost of oil pre-treatment.
The poor pre-treatment (desalting process) of crude oil can lead to considerable extra costs. We are talking about the high cost of transportation if the product is not cleared of unnecessary substances that give it extra volume and weight as well as financial investments in equipment. After all, oil, which is not derived from salt, can very quickly damage the pipeline. The requirements for the oil content of the water and especially for chlorides more stringent on the refineries. The oil content of water before processing must be no more than 0.1% of the mass and for salts-no more than 5 mg/l [3, 31]. These related requirements using much more expensive equipment (columns, heat exchangers, reboilers, etc.). Also, these the requirements induce to reduce the energy consumption, to reduce the corrosion of the equipment, to increase the life of the catalysts, improves the quality of the petroleum products. If these requirements not performed, the oil is necessarily subjected to desalting and dehydration at the electric desalting plant (electrostatic desalter). The surfactants are added if the crude oil contains a lot of suspended solids. The crude oil is heated usually to a temperature of 50 to 90°C to reduce viscosity and surface tension for easier mixing and separation of water.
The distillation is heating a liquid solution or mixture of liquid stream to produce steam, and then collecting and condensing that steam. In the simplest case, the products of the distillation process are limited to the upper distillate and the bottom, the composition of which differs from the feed. Thus, the major purpose of distillation is the separation or splitting into two or more products from a feed [32]. The distillation or rectification is one of the oldest and most common methods of chemical separation [33]. Historically, one of the most famous uses is the production of spirits from wine. More simply, in other words, the target of distillation is usually to remove the light component from the heavy component mixture, or vice-versa, to separate the heavy product from the light component mixture [32]. One of the components of crude oil refining is distillation, therefore a stage of refining. Oil refining is a rather complex technological process that begins with the transportation of oil from the field to refineries. The fractionation or distillation column exists in practically all oil refining technologies through reforming, thermal cracking, hydrocracking, etc. [20]. Before receiving the petroleum products common to users, the oil goes through several stages before becoming a finished product. Some of these stages are [1, 9, 20, 21]:
pre-treatment of crude oil;
distillation atmospheric and vacuum;
catalytic reforming, isomerization;
alkylation, visbreaking, coking;
catalytic cracking, hydrocracking;
treatment of petroleum products (hydrotreatment, desulphurization, etc.)
The oil emulsion is a complex mixture of naphthenic, paraffin, aromatic carbohydrates, which have different molecular weight and boiling point, and sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen organic compounds. At distillation receive a big range of oil products and semi-products. The principle of the process is based on the difference between the initial boiling point of the components. As a result, the oil is divided into fractions up to fuel oil and tar and even base oil. The distillation of oil can be carried out [34]:
Single evaporation or flash vaporization
Multiple evaporations
Gradual evaporation
The single evaporation of oil is a one-step separation technique. The single evaporation process involves heating the oil to increase the temperature and enthalpy to the true boiling point (TBP) of the vapor-liquid mixture. The process of multiple evaporations is a sequence of single evaporation with a gradual increase in the heating temperature. Distillation by gradual evaporation is a slight change in the oil’s state with every single evaporation. The main devices in which the distillation of oil are distillation columns, reboilers, furnaces, etc. [1].
The difficulty of separating crude oils is mainly determined by the volatility of the key components or by the difference in the boiling point of the key components [34]. The closer the relative volatility is to one per mole, the more plates or plates are needed and more irrigation is needed to achieve the same purity of distillate and residue. For key components, two adjacent components are taken for key components, one belonging to the distillate, the other to the residual product. The relative volatility of these adjacent components and their proportion in crude oil are the main criterion determining the difficulty of sufficiently clear separation from crude oil [34]. More the tangent of the angle of inclination of the TBP increase, the easier the separation conditions are. The wider the crude oil TBP intervals, more the distillate and the residue obtained during the process are clean. As we all know, crude oil from the bowels of the Earth contains salt as dissolved salt in a tiny drop of water that forms water into an emulsion [1, 9]. This water cannot be completely separated by gravity or mechanical means. The deep separation of water from the emulsion occurs with electrostatic at the plant, before the distillation process [20].
After desalting process, the crude oil is heated in heat exchangers or reboilers (preheating of crude oil). Of course, preheating is not sufficient, since the oil must be partially evaporated to the extent that all products except atmospheric residues must be in the vapor phase when the oil enters the atmospheric column. Thus, the furnace is required to raise the temperature between 330 and 385°C depending on the components of oil [35]. The partially evaporated crude oil is transferred to the flash zone column located at a point below the distillation column and above what is called the stripping section. The main distillation column is generally up to 50 m with a 30–50 valve [34]. The size of the column is determined by the number of plates and the amount of steam. Besides, the amount of steam is determined by the content of crude oil in volatile elements or compounds. As a result, the rising steam in huge amounts and at top flow rates, requires a large diameter column above the flash zone [1, 34]. At the bottom of the section, water vapor is injected into the column to remove the atmospheric residue of any light hydrocarbon and reduce the partial pressure of hydrocarbon vapors in the flash zone [20]. This causes the true boiling point of hydrocarbons to decrease and causing more hydrocarbons to boil and raise the column to eventually thicken and removed as lateral flows. As hot vapors grow from the flash zone, they ascend into the column through the plates to the upper zone of the column [36]. A portion part of the light fraction of naphtha or gasoline returns to the column in the form of reflux. This reflux allows controlling the quality of the distillate and the pressure in the column. The main products of atmospheric petroleum distillation are [33]:
Gas
Gasoline (35–200°C)
Kerosene (220–275°C)
Diesel or gas oil (200–400°C)
Atmosphere residue (above 350°C).
The distillation process is carried out in columns with plates inside and it is as follows: hot vapors, rising on the column, in contact with the cooler liquid (reflux) flowing down. There is a cooling of the vapors, hence condensation; a transition from vapors to liquid. This is the process of mass transfer and heat exchange; the contact efficiency is provided by the plates. Most of the side currents (light fractions) pass through the striping section, where they are again dispersed to control their starting and ending boiling point, while the liquid is heated, the low boiling components evaporate [36]. The temperature and pressure have a great influence on the processes (movement of fluids) due to the plates inside the column [32]. The distillation plates are designed to create close contact between Steam and liquid during the grinding process. Mainly apply grid, groove, cap, s-shape, valve, and other types of plates. The design of the plates, besides the close contact between steam, and liquid must ensure sufficient performance of the column, have a low hydraulic resistance to the flow of steam. For example, the movement of vapors in distillation columns depends on the types of plates shown in Figures 9 and 10 [32]. The materials used in the design are also of great importance because they influence the metal capacity of structures, ease of assembly, and cleaning.
The types of plate in the column: (a) cap, (b) grid, (C) valve.
The movement of steam and liquid flows on the cap plates.
The distillation is designed to separate gas and liquid mixtures comprising two or more components or fractions. We can classify distillation columns according to various characteristics [32, 34]:
by technological application;
by an internal device (plates) ensuring contact between the steam and the liquid;
columns of atmospheric vacuum.
The quality of distillation depends on the number of plates in the column and the amount of irrigation. The speed of movement of vapors in the column and the distance between the plates is great significance. The design of distillation plates is important in the column’s performance. Thus, under practical conditions, the heat exchange between steam and liquid on the plate does not reach the equilibrium state, so the concept of plate efficiency (energy conversion efficiency) was introduced. It depends on the design and operating conditions and usually varies between 0.4 and 0.8 [32]. The distillation column comprises three (3) zones: the separation zone, the crude supply (feeding zone), and the heating zone. The feeding zone is generally below the separation zone. However, in some columns like the stripping columns, the feeding zone is located in the upper area of the column. Also, we can say that the separation zone in this type of column is non-existent. In short, this type of column is a column stabilization.
In oil refining, the first oil separation process is very often operated with complex columns or main columns [20]. The oil is sent to the atmospheric distillation column and after the desalination process. The oil is supplied to the feeding area in the form of steam, liquid, or vapor-liquid mixture. This area is called evaporative. Above the entrance (feeding zone) to the oil is the separation zone of the column, and below-the heating zone. In the evaporation zone of the column, there is single evaporation of the oil heated long before in the furnace or the heat exchanger. The purpose of atmospheric distillation is the primary separation of various “Fractions” of hydrocarbons: fuel gases, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, kerosene, diesel fuel, and from the bottom of the distillation; the atmospheric residue (heavy hydrocarbon residue). The residues from the atmospheric distillation column or atmospheric residues are sent to the vacuum distillation column. The atmospheric residues in the vacuum column (under the vacuum condition) and temperatures above 400°C give new fractions (heavy gasoil) [1, 32].
In oil refining, a fairly large number of plate types are widespread; new types are being developed. This situation is explained by the desire to develop more productive and economic plates than those used previously. The choice of the types of plate depends on a load of steam and liquid, the physical properties of steam and liquid [34]. In order to ensure optimal conditions for the operation of columns in various technological processes, it is necessary to use plates of different designs [32]. In atmospheric columns, steam and liquid charges are moderate. While in vacuum columns, large vapor loads and small liquid loads are observed, that is low volumetric expenditures of liquid and high linear velocities of vapors. Thus, for some varieties of columns, several types of plates are recommended, depending on the particular conditions of operation and use of these columns. These operating conditions of the column provide a comparative assessment of the different types of plates under these operating conditions as shown in Table 3. The comparison is carried out on the following characteristics and indicators [34]:
efficiency;
operating stability range;
hydraulic resistance;
ability to work on contaminated raw materials;
cost (or weight) of the column.
Feedstocks | ton/h | % mass | Products | ton/h | % mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Oil emulsion, including: • Oil • Water 2. Surfactants (Demulsifiers) 3. Water processing (freshwater) | 140.0000 138.6000 1.4000 0.0004 14.0000 | 100.0000 99.0000 1 0.0003 10 | 1. Stable oil, including: • Desalted oil • Water 2. Drainage water 3. Loss | 138.1589 138.0897 0.06916 15.0032 0.8383 | 98.6849 98.6355 0.0495 10.7191 0.5988 |
Total | 154.0004 | 110.0003 | Total: | 154.0004 | 110.0003 |
The material balance of electrostatic desalter.
Types columns or application | Plates types | Restrictions on column diameter |
---|---|---|
AVDU units or CDU | C or S-shaped plates | No |
Atmospheric distillation of CDU or ADU, with including stripping | C or S-shaped plates | No |
Valve plates | No less 3 m | |
Jet plates | Not over 3.2 m | |
Vacuum distillation of CDU or VDU | Jet plates with bumpers | No |
Any installation, especially if there is no reliable design data | Cap plates | No |
Types of plates common in refining oil plants.
As already noted above, there is a multitude of types of plates. Then we will talk about the most frequent plates in oil plants.
The plates with holes, usually have holes on 3/16 inch to 1 inch. Pairs come out of the holes to get a multi-hole effect. The Steam or vapor velocity prevents liquid from passing through the holes. The number and size of the hole are based on the fall of steam in the column. The fluid flow is transported down the tower using triggers, a dam, and a bypass device on the side of the plate. The Minimum capacity sieve tray capacity is about 70% [30].
The cap plate is a “classic” plate, although it is still very widespread nowadays, it is gradually replaced by plates of other, more effective types. The dominant part of the cover plate is a steel disc (or cover plate) with holes for steam pipes. Usually provided with slots for passing steam, the steam will be in contact with the liquid bubble formed on the next tray. It can operate at low steam and liquid velocities [36] (less than 2 gallons per minute per foot of average flow width). The fittings are welded to the disc. Above the nozzles, caps with a diameter of 60 or 80 mm are installed. Caps have slots with a height of 15; 20 or 30 mm.
The valve plates are mainly used in CDU or AVDU and gas plants. The dominant element of the plate is a valve of round or rectangular shape that closes the holes at the base of the plate of appropriate shape. Structurally, the valve is made so that it cannot be raised to a certain height. The arrangement of the valves of round shape on the plane of the plate is the same as the plugs on the cap plate. The valve plate is used that rises with increasing steam velocity and then decreases as the stream velocity decreases, which stops the liquid from flowing. The valve can be round or rectangular, with or without a frame. The disk rises with an increase in the velocity of steam [30, 36].
The jet plate consists of a flat sheet, on which there are offset slots made in the form of a tongue with the cut-out part bent upwards. All slots are bent at a side angle. The plate has a drainage device of the usual design, but does not have a drain bar at the outlet of the liquid from the plate [32].
The role of the furnace is to heat the oil to a temperature in the range of 330–385°C in order to achieve a vapor-liquid balance before the distillation column [1, 7, 25, 29]. The most popular furnace in the Russian Federation is the tube furnace, as shown in Figure 11. The tube furnace is a unit designed to heat and force chemical processes inside the chamber, which are achieved by using the heat generated when fuel is burned. To calculate the heat balance of the atmospheric column, it is necessary to determine the heat of the furnace by the vapor phase and the liquid phase, therefore determine the material balance of the furnace. For example, the furnace material balance we used Bonga crude and the following data [25]:
the temperature at the entrance of raw materials into the convection chamber t1 = 250°C;
the temperature at the outlet of raw materials in the convection chamber t2 = 380°C;
the pressure at the exit of the furnace, p = 2 bars;
the data of the molar and mass composition of desalted crude are presented in Table 4.
Cross-sectional with heat exchange chamber of a tube furnace.
Components | kg/kmol | kg/h | % mass | Mole fraction | Steam |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C2H6 | 30 | 22.11 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1028.85 |
C3H8 | 33 | 388.23 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 404.90 |
Iso-C4H10 | 58 | 563.69 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 135.04 |
N-C4H10 | 58 | 886.98 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 126.43 |
Iso-C5H12 | 72 | 124.34 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 85.12 |
N-C5H12 | 72 | 31.78 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 84.19 |
75–105 | 95.1 | 4863.19 | 3.52 | 0.08 | 103.15 |
105–125 | 107.72 | 3550.68 | 2.57 | 0.05 | 25.25 |
125–145 | 118.72 | 4738.85 | 3.43 | 0.06 | 19.53 |
145–165 | 130.52 | 9035.59 | 6.54 | 0.10 | 15.72 |
165–185 | 143.12 | 2528.31 | 1.83 | 0.03 | 12.51 |
185–205 | 156.52 | 5526.36 | 4.00 | 0.05 | 9.84 |
205–225 | 170.72 | 5567.80 | 4.03 | 0.05 | 7.66 |
225–245 | 185.72 | 7046.10 | 5.10 | 0.06 | 5.88 |
245–265 | 201.52 | 4324.37 | 3.13 | 0.03 | 4.47 |
265–285 | 218.12 | 6769.79 | 4.90 | 0.05 | 3.35 |
285–305 | 235.52 | 7046.10 | 5.10 | 0.04 | 2.47 |
305–325 | 253.72 | 8469.14 | 6.13 | 0.05 | 1.80 |
325–345 | 272.72 | 15017.87 | 10.87 | 0.08 | 1.30 |
345–375 | 297.6 | 21456.08 | 15.53 | 0.11 | 0.92 |
>375 | 443.91 | 30132.46 | 21.81 | 0.10 | 0.58 |
H2O | 18 | 69.08 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Data of the molar and mass composition of desalted crude.
We use the method of gradual approximation to calculate the percentage of the top product’s distillate, with the Eq. (35).
Where, Cmol-molar composition of the upper product (distillate); emol- the mole fraction of the distillate; Ki-phase equilibrium constant of components
Graph of the vapor-liquid state isotherm.
From the graph (Figure 12) we determine that the molar fraction of distillation is emol = 0.855. The molar composition of the liquid is also found by the formula (36).
The mass fraction of distillation is calculated by the formula (37):
where MsrP is average molecular weight of the vapor phase; MsgC is average molecular weight of feedstocks.
Molecular masses are calculated according to the rule of additivity (38):
Accordingly, MsrР = 180.54; MsrC = 206.77. emas = 0.747.
The amount of steam and liquid mG phases is determined by the formulas (39), (40):
where F (feedstock) is the exiting flow from the electrostatic desalter, and entering the tube furnace.
The mass of the vapor phase = 103,104 kg/h, the mass of liquid phase = 35054.88 kg/h. The mass composition of crude oil, vapor, and liquid phase after furnace are presented in Table 5.
Components | Feedstock | Products | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude oil composition | Vapor phase composition | Liquid phase composition | ||||
kg/h | % mass | kg/h | % mass | kg/h | % mass | |
C2H6 | 22.11 | 0.02 | 22.10 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
C3H8 | 388.23 | 0.28 | 388.05 | 0.38 | 1.47 | 0.00 |
Iso-C4H10 | 563.69 | 0.41 | 562.91 | 0.55 | 4.85 | 0.00 |
N-C4H10 | 886.98 | 0.64 | 885.67 | 0.86 | 8.16 | 0.00 |
Iso-C5H12 | 124.34 | 0.09 | 124.07 | 0.12 | 1.37 | 0.00 |
N-C5H12 | 31.78 | 0.02 | 31.71 | 0.03 | 0.35 | 0.00 |
75–105 | 4863.19 | 3.52 | 4827.44 | 4.68 | 135.74 | 0.00 |
105–125 | 3550.68 | 2.57 | 3517.01 | 3.41 | 112.85 | 0.00 |
125–145 | 4738.85 | 3.43 | 4683.13 | 4.54 | 169.45 | 0.00 |
145–165 | 9035.59 | 6.54 | 8902.49 | 8.63 | 368.15 | 0.01 |
165–185 | 2528.31 | 1.83 | 2481.17 | 2.41 | 118.91 | 0.00 |
185–205 | 5526.36 | 4.00 | 5394.59 | 5.23 | 303.92 | 0.01 |
205–225 | 5567.80 | 4.03 | 5396.30 | 5.23 | 362.68 | 0.01 |
225–245 | 7046.10 | 5.10 | 6762.91 | 6.56 | 550.50 | 0.02 |
245–265 | 4324.37 | 3.13 | 4095.48 | 3.97 | 410.07 | 0.01 |
265–285 | 6769.79 | 4.90 | 6293.92 | 6.10 | 787.63 | 0.02 |
285–305 | 7046.10 | 5.10 | 6384.01 | 6.19 | 1014.91 | 0.03 |
305–325 | 8469.14 | 6.13 | 7401.03 | 7.18 | 1519.84 | 0.04 |
325–345 | 15017.87 | 10.87 | 12475.46 | 12.10 | 3365.64 | 0.10 |
345–375 | 21456.08 | 15.53 | 16251.21 | 15.76 | 6314.27 | 0.18 |
>375 | 30132.46 | 21.81 | 6154.41 | 5.97 | 19501.56 | 0.56 |
H2O | 69.08 | 0.05 | 68.95 | 0.07 | 2.51 | 0.00 |
Total | 138158.9 | 100 | 103,104 | 100 | 35054.88 | 100 |
The material balance of tube furnace.
The production capacity of the atmospheric distillation unit for processing crude oils is 1,159,200 tons/year, with an initial load of 140 kg/h. This material balance as shown in Table 6 was made based on the physicochemical characteristics of Bonga crude oil and the typical CDU model without the K-1 oil topping column.
Feedstocks | ton/year | % mass | Products | ton/year | % mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Oil emulsion 2. Chemical agent (demulsifiers) 3. Water processing (freshwater) 4. Water vapor | 1,159,200 3.48 115.92 4968 | 99.56 0.00 0.01 0.43 | 1. Gases (LPG) 2. Fractions 35–145 3. Fractions 145–230 4. Fractions 230–320 5. Fractions 320–350 The target products. (sum. fractions) 6. Associated product (Atmospheric residues) 7. Drainage water | 4938.72 69109.88 125052.05 201243.36 231212.84 631556.87 413475.76 119254.770 | 0.42 5.93 10.74 17.28 19.86 54.25 35.51 10.24 |
Total | 1164287.39 | 100 | Total | 1164287.39 | 100 |
The material balance of atmospheric distillation unit with operating time 340 days by year (365 days −20 days)
Based on the evaluation of the concept of the technological scheme for the construction of a technological scheme of crude distillation unit at refineries in Russia. The topping column K-1 in most cases is a simple design as shown in Figure 13 [28], although it fractionates the crude oil into the many components like ethane, light gasoline, etc.. There are schemes in which light gasoline is displayed under the distillate in the top of the column, and heavy gasoline on the side flanks of the column. The topping column K-1 collects 50–60% of the potential of light gasoline. The residues of column K-1 are therefore the raw material of the main atmospheric column. The composition of this raw material is weighted in such a way that an excessively high feed temperature is required, permissible temperature (380°C). The singularities of the topping column K-1 operation are as follows [1, 28]:
The low yield of rectified gasoline (5–15% of the mass of the column load) makes it difficult to collect the gasoline fraction from the oil;
Extremely high liquid loading in the heating zone of the pre-evaporation column due to the low steam load worsens the conditions for steaming light fractions from the residue under the action of hot jet reflux;
The relatively small enthalpy of crude oil (220°C) introduced into the column does not create sufficient heat flow for distillation, therefore, it is necessary to introduce additional heat in the form of hot jet reflux;
Maintaining high pressure in the column to ensure air and water condensation of light gasoline fractions in condensers-refrigerators (separators).
Possible schemes of operation with oil topping column K-1. (a) Column K-1 with back topped crude. (b) Column K-1 with heavy gasoline and back topped crude. (c) Column K-1 without back topped crude.
The purpose of this column is to extract from the oil the remains of dissolved gas (if the oil has not been stabilized) and a light gasoline fraction with a boiling point of 85°C. After atmospheric residue of K-2 shipped to the vacuum column K-5 for to obtain vacuum distillates (heavy gasoil) and tar. In order to illustrate our argument, a typical P&ID flow diagram process of the atmospheric distillation unit in Russian refineries is presented in Figure 14.
The typical P&ID flow diagram process of atmospheric distillation unit at refineries in Russian Federation.
A general technological approach to the atmospheric distillation unit (ADU) can be described as below [28].
The oil topping column K-1:
Top temperature, °С – no higher than 245;
Low temperature, °С – no higher than 150;
Pressure, bar – no more than 3.0.
The typical products of K-1 are;
Gases
Light straight run naphtha (light gasoline or light naphtha)
Heavy gasoline (or military jet fuel)
Topped crude
The main atmospheric column K-2:
Top temperature, °С – no higher than 350;
Low temperature, °С – no higher than 150;
Pressure, bar – no more than 1.4.
The typical products of K-2 are:
Heavy gasoline (or military jet fuel)
Kerosene (light distillate or jet fuel)
Middle distillates or light gas oil (LGO) – Diesel
Heavy distillates – atmospheric gas oil (AGO) or heavy gas oil (HGO)
Crude column bottoms -atmospheric residue or topped crude
The distillation processes are the processes of oil separation into more or less homogeneous fractions without chemical conversion of its constituent substances. The process of separation of liquid substances by their boiling temperatures is atmospheric and vacuum. The atmospheric distillation can be carried out in the following ways:
With a single separation – furnaces and separation of distillate in one (main) distillation column k-2;
Double separation in two distillation columns- in the pre-evaporation column k-1 with separation of light gasoline fractions and the main column-2;
Gradual separation.
The oil topping column K-1, in atmospheric distillation, collects 50–60% of the potential of light gasoline from oil [28]. Otherwise, the composition of oil for the atmospheric column K2 is so weighted that an excessively high supply temperature is required, permissible temperature (380°C). The oil topping column K-1 is especially important in the general crude distillation unit technology in Russia. We know that the choice of flow process technology is dictated by the physicochemical properties of the oils and their compounds. Indeed, the choice of structure of atmospheric vacuum distillation units or atmospheric distillation units is determined by the characteristics of crude oil. Finally, according to our studies, the distillation unit with the oil topping column K-1, is more flexible and versatile, which on the whole allows processing any feedstock. Table 7 shows the conclusions on the different types of atmospheric distillation [28].
Types of CDU | Crude distillation unit with K-1 | Crude distillation unit without K-1 |
---|---|---|
Advantages |
|
|
Disadvantages |
|
|
Summary of advantages and disadvantages of different types of technology.
The crude oil is a complex mixture of paraffin, naphthenic, aromatic, and other hydrocarbons with different molecular masses and boiling temperatures. Also, the oil contains sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Therefore, to obtain from oil commodity products for various purposes, apply methods of separation of oil into fractions or groups of hydrocarbons. The modern dewatering-desalting processes are designed with electrostatic desalter only by horizontal geometry design: Atmospheric and atmospheric-vacuum. The horizontal design of electrostatic desalter has a lot of advantages, such as a large area of electrodes and, accordingly, a larger amount of oil per unit section of the device, a lower vertical speed of the moving oil flow, which provides favorable conditions for water sedimentation, as well as implementing processes with higher pressure and temperature. The electrostatics desalters are characterized by:
More favorable conditions for the deposition of water drops;
Specific performance, 3 times higher than vertical and ball structures in the presence of low specific gravity and lower cost of the device;
Simplicity of design, a small amount of electrical equipment, ease of installation, availability of maintenance and maintainability;
Ability to work with high pressure and temperature parameters.
However, the pretreatment of crude oil is not only concerned with its desalting and dewatering, but also with its degasification and packaging into a semi-product under the standard like ASTM D 1250-97, API Petroleum Measurement and GOST R 51858.
The distillation processes are the processes of oil separation into more or less homogeneous fractions (cups) without chemical conversion of its constituent substances. The process of separation of liquid substances by their boiling temperatures is atmospheric and vacuum. The oil distillation via single and multiple evaporations. In industrial conditions, the processes are carried out on the equipment of continuous action. During the single-evaporation distillation, the oil is heated to a certain temperature and all fractions that have passed into the vapor phase are collected. The distillation of the oil by multiple evaporations consists in that the oil is first heated to a temperature allowing to separate the light gasoline fraction. Then the crude without the fraction of light gasoline is heated to a higher temperature, and fractions that boil at about 375°C (that is, fractions of heavy gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel fuel) are also collected. In the residue from distillation, atmospheric residues are obtained. The atmospheric residues are distilled under vacuum, from which the lubricating oil fractions are obtained. Finally, the tar is obtained as residues from vacuum distillation. In other words, oil is consistently heated three times, each time separating the vapor phase from the liquids. The resulting steam and liquid phases are subjected to rectification in columns. Thus, industrial processes of oil distillation are based on a combination of distillation with single and multiple evaporations and subsequent rectification of the steam and liquid phases. We want to emphasize that this is the case, we use the K-1 oil topping column. However, if the process is executed without column k1, the same process is shorter and with the results already mentioned above. In the distillation column, there are distillation plates on which the vapors rising along the column are in contact with the flowing liquid (reflux). Reflux is created due to the fact that part of the upper product returns to the liquid state to the upper plate and flows down, enriching the rising vapors with low-boiling components. One of the ways to increase the concentration of high-boiling components in the residue from oil distillation is to introduce an evaporator into the lower part of the distillation column. As such, you can use water vapor, inert gas (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, petroleum gas), gasoline vapor or kerosene. The water vapor is most widely used as an evaporator for oil refining. Its presence in the distillation column reduces the partial pressure of hydrocarbons, and therefore their boiling point. As a result, the lowest-boiling hydrocarbons in the liquid phase, after single evaporation, pass into a vaporous state and, together with water vapor, rise up the column. In many literatures, it is recommended to use super-heated water vapor and enter it into the column with a temperature equal to the temperature of the feedstock or slightly higher. Usually, the water vapor used after steam pumps and turbines at a pressure of 2–3 bar is superheated in a tube furnace and introduced into a column with a temperature of 350–450°C. The use of wet vapor steam is not practiced, since its temperature and pressure are interrelated, for example, when introducing a column of 350°C, its pressure is equal to 170 bar. Besides, with increasing pressure, the cost of saturated water vapor increases sharply, so it is not economical to use it. If the wet vapor steam enters a column of low-pressure saturated water vapor, for example, 10 bar and, accordingly, with a temperature of 180°C, then part of the heat will go to heat it.
GOST | Russian Interstate-standard |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
NF EN ISO | French Norms European Norms International Organization for Standardization |
ρ90 | density at 90°С |
μoil crude | kinematic viscosity of crude oil |
AVDU | atmospheric-vacuum distillation unit |
ADU | atmospheric distillations unit |
CDU | crude distillation unit |
Refinery | petroleum refinery plant |
VDU | vacuum distillation unit |
K1 | oil topping atmospheric column |
K2 | main atmospheric column |
TBP | true boiling point |
t/h | ton/hour |
kg/h | kilogram/hour |
WV | water Vapor |
P&ID | piping and instrumentation diagram |
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18 FILLER ads"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11609",title:"Fungicides - Application, Technologies, and Materials for the Future of Plant Disease Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3a8c9d55c21ce8d69d2edc94f9e592f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mizuho Nita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11609.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11648",title:"Current Status and Ecological Aspects of Seabirds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7754b354f7deebdb8576189aefbdbc5c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11648.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11620",title:"Tomato - From Cultivation to Processing Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cdc23b5aad5d52bc0f0327c453ac7a1b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Pranas Viskelis, Dr. Dalia Urbonaviciene and Dr. Jonas Viskelis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11620.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"83785",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",surname:"Viskelis",slug:"pranas-viskelis",fullName:"Pranas Viskelis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11020",title:"Dietary Supplements - Challenges and Future Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2283ae2d0816c17ad46cbedbe4ce5e78",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11020.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11627",title:"Oilseed Crops - Biology, Production and Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"010cdbbb6a716d433e632b350d4dcafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mirza Hasanuzzaman and MSc. Kamrun Nahar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11627.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11615",title:"Humus and Humic Substances - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a9b75be6b30278fca930c4dd560a8b2b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11615.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11802",title:"Honey - Composition and Properties",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"60482dae5e08f5b22b0c7a2749cdfc02",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Imran, Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad and Dr. Rabia Shabir Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11802.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"208646",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Imran",slug:"muhammad-imran",fullName:"Muhammad Imran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10744",title:"Astrocytes in Brain Communication and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b6a8e2bb5f070305768945fdef8eed2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10744.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11667",title:"Marine Pollution - Recent Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e524cd97843b075a724e151256773631",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Monique Mancuso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"318562",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",surname:"Mancuso",slug:"monique-mancuso",fullName:"Monique Mancuso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11619",title:"Root Vegetables",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c5535e66fed5abd8f80ee521b51b2d3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Prashant Kaushik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11619.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311935",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"prashant-kaushik",fullName:"Prashant Kaushik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11644",title:"Structural and Molecular Aspects of DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"83dfefc2400d2d037281f1e25bbc544b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11644.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11638",title:"Meat Science and Nutrition - Recent Advances and Innovative Processing Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3923d89fcf837fac59c906f9694ab1f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Sajid Arshad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11638.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:76},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"761",title:"Wireless Communication Network",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-wireless-communication-network",parent:{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:320,numberOfWosCitations:299,numberOfCrossrefCitations:270,numberOfDimensionsCitations:428,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"761",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8086",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Design, Deployment and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dd4efd7e9d6964d97acdfb61c669f14",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-design-deployment-and-applications",bookSignature:"Siva S. Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",middleName:null,surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10514",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",subtitle:"Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0b2bfca0b284c263217545bccbeef64",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-recent-development-applications-and-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Mohamed Zellagui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151680",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zellagui",slug:"mohamed-zellagui",fullName:"Mohamed Zellagui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7655",title:"UWB Technology",subtitle:"Circuits and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a8844db3de865f124deb5c1c049d602",slug:"uwb-technology-circuits-and-systems",bookSignature:"Mohamed Kheir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226312",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kheir",slug:"mohamed-kheir",fullName:"Mohamed Kheir"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6844",title:"Array Pattern Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e02b2568d2a4103098b8544c30c1325f",slug:"array-pattern-optimization",bookSignature:"Jafar Ramadhan Mohammed and Khalil Hassan Sayidmarie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6844.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5854",title:"Dr.",name:"Jafar Ramadhan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"jafar-ramadhan-mohammed",fullName:"Jafar Ramadhan Mohammed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6531",title:"Antennas and Wave Propagation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76af4534bc3daf038b32438c752655d4",slug:"antennas-and-wave-propagation",bookSignature:"Pedro Pinho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6531.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122497",title:null,name:"Pedro",middleName:"Renato Tavares",surname:"Pinho",slug:"pedro-pinho",fullName:"Pedro Pinho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5914",title:"Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d85edb2cf7e2780dc8f029a0f4021520",slug:"optical-fiber-and-wireless-communications",bookSignature:"Rastislav Roka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112777",title:"Dr.",name:"Rastislav",middleName:null,surname:"Róka",slug:"rastislav-roka",fullName:"Rastislav Róka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5480",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",subtitle:"A Physical Layer Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da8d6b0a60a9c1ad989e111fde79785c",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",bookSignature:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3406",title:"Selected Topics in WiMAX",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a50705a81f7e17efa43d2639d47e3b15",slug:"selected-topics-in-wimax",bookSignature:"Gianni Pasolini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79639",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianni",middleName:null,surname:"Pasolini",slug:"gianni-pasolini",fullName:"Gianni Pasolini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"913",title:"Advanced Transmission Techniques in WiMAX",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"007b8894fe253046bab7aadc41eb6bc4",slug:"advanced-transmission-techniques-in-wimax",bookSignature:"Roberto C. Hincapie and Javier E. Sierra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/913.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72042",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Hincapie",slug:"roberto-hincapie",fullName:"Roberto Hincapie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"15",title:"Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks",subtitle:"Protocol Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"mobile-ad-hoc-networks-protocol-design",bookSignature:"Xin Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/15.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13802",title:"Prof.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xin-wang",fullName:"Xin Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"384",title:"Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"mobile-ad-hoc-networks-applications",bookSignature:"Xin Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13802",title:"Prof.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xin-wang",fullName:"Xin Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"26",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wireless-mesh-networks",bookSignature:"Nobuo Funabiki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/26.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15698",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuo",middleName:null,surname:"Funabiki",slug:"nobuo-funabiki",fullName:"Nobuo Funabiki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52822",doi:"10.5772/66048",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",totalDownloads:14699,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"In this chapter, we explore the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for the future radio access for 5G. We first provide the fundamentals of the technique for both downlink and uplink channels and then discuss optimizing the network capacity under fairness constraints. We further discuss the impacts of imperfect receivers on the performance of NOMA networks. Finally, we discuss the spectral efficiency (SE) of the networks that employ NOMA with its relations with energy efficiency (EE). We demonstrate that the networks with NOMA outperform other multiple access schemes in terms of sum capacity, EE and SE.",book:{id:"5480",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",fullTitle:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks - A Physical Layer Perspective"},signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak"}]},{id:"8493",doi:"10.5772/8006",title:"Monitoring Cold Chain Logistics by Means of RFID",slug:"monitoring-cold-chain-logistics-by-means-of-rfid",totalDownloads:8999,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"3341",slug:"sustainable-radio-frequency-identification-solutions",title:"Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions",fullTitle:"Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions"},signatures:"Luis Ruiz-Garcia and Loredana Lunadei",authors:null},{id:"12860",doi:"10.5772/13309",title:"Energy Issues and Energy Aware Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks",slug:"energy-issues-and-energy-aware-routing-in-wireless-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:4568,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"15",slug:"mobile-ad-hoc-networks-protocol-design",title:"Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks",fullTitle:"Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Protocol Design"},signatures:"Marco Fotino and Floriano De Rango",authors:[{id:"3066",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriano",middleName:null,surname:"De Rango",slug:"floriano-de-rango",fullName:"Floriano De Rango"},{id:"14362",title:"PhD.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Fotino",slug:"marco-fotino",fullName:"Marco Fotino"}]},{id:"54645",doi:"10.5772/68088",title:"Power‐Over‐Fiber Applications for Telecommunications and for Electric Utilities",slug:"power-over-fiber-applications-for-telecommunications-and-for-electric-utilities",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Beyond telecommunications, optical fibers can also transport optical energy to powering electric or electronic devices remotely. This technique is called power over fiber (PoF). Besides the advantages of optical fiber (immunity to electromagnetic interferences and electrical insulation), the employment of a PoF scheme can eliminate the energy supplied by metallic cable and batteries located at remote sites, improving the reliability and the security of the system. Smart grid is a green field where PoF can be applied. Experts see smart grid as the output to a new technological level seeks to incorporate extensively technologies for sensing, monitoring, information technology, and telecommunications for the best performance electrical network. On the other hand, in telecommunications, PoF can be used in applications, such as remote antennas and extenders for passive optical networks (PONs). PoF can make them virtually passives. We reviewed the PoF concept, its main elements, technologies, and applications focusing in access networks and in smart grid developments made by the author’s research group.",book:{id:"5914",slug:"optical-fiber-and-wireless-communications",title:"Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications",fullTitle:"Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications"},signatures:"Joao Batista Rosolem",authors:[{id:"202012",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:"Batista",surname:"Batista Rosolem",slug:"joao-batista-rosolem",fullName:"Joao Batista Rosolem"}]},{id:"8502",doi:"10.5772/8015",title:"RFID-based Information System for Patients and Medical Staff Identification and Tracking",slug:"rfid-based-information-system-for-patients-and-medical-staff-identification-and-tracking",totalDownloads:8682,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"3341",slug:"sustainable-radio-frequency-identification-solutions",title:"Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions",fullTitle:"Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions"},signatures:"Tudor Ioan Cerlinca, Cristina Turcu, Cornel Turcu and Marius Cerlinca",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52822",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",totalDownloads:14706,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"In this chapter, we explore the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for the future radio access for 5G. We first provide the fundamentals of the technique for both downlink and uplink channels and then discuss optimizing the network capacity under fairness constraints. We further discuss the impacts of imperfect receivers on the performance of NOMA networks. Finally, we discuss the spectral efficiency (SE) of the networks that employ NOMA with its relations with energy efficiency (EE). We demonstrate that the networks with NOMA outperform other multiple access schemes in terms of sum capacity, EE and SE.",book:{id:"5480",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",fullTitle:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks - A Physical Layer Perspective"},signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",middleName:null,surname:"Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak"}]},{id:"63215",title:"Smart Antenna Systems Model Simulation Design for 5G Wireless Network Systems",slug:"smart-antenna-systems-model-simulation-design-for-5g-wireless-network-systems",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The most recent antenna array technologies such as smart antenna systems (SAS) and massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are giving a strong increasing impact relative to 5G wireless communication systems due to benefits that they could introduce in terms of performance improvements with respect to omnidirectional antennas. Although a considerable number of theoretical proposals already exist in this field, the most common used network simulators do not implement the latest wireless network standards and, consequently, they do not offer the possibility to emulate scenarios in which SAS or massive MIMO systems are employed. This aspect heavily affects the quality of the network performance analysis with regard to the next generation wireless communication systems. To overcome this issue, it is possible, for example, to extend the default features offered by one of the most used network simulators such as Omnet++ which provides a very complete suite of network protocols and patterns that can be adapted in order to support the latest antenna array systems. The main goal of the present chapter is to illustrate the improvements accomplished in this field allowing to enhance the basic functionalities of the Omnet++ simulator by implementing the most modern antenna array technologies.",book:{id:"6844",slug:"array-pattern-optimization",title:"Array Pattern Optimization",fullTitle:"Array Pattern Optimization"},signatures:"Vincenzo Inzillo, Floriano De Rango, Luigi Zampogna and Alfonso A. Quintana",authors:null},{id:"52919",title:"Waveform Design Considerations for 5G Wireless Networks",slug:"waveform-design-considerations-for-5g-wireless-networks",totalDownloads:3399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, we first introduce new requirements of 5G wireless network and its differences from past generations. The question “Why do we need new waveforms?” is answered in these respects. In the following sections, time‐frequency (TF) lattice structure, pulse shaping, and multicarrier schemes are discussed in detail. TF lattice structures give information about TF localization of the pulse shape of employed filters. The structures are examined for multicarrier, single‐carrier, time‐division, and frequency‐division multiplexing schemes, comparatively. Dispersion on time and frequency response of these filters may cause interference among symbols and carriers. Thus, effects of different pulse shapes, their corresponding transceiver structures, and trade‐offs are given. Finally, performance evaluations of the selected waveform structures for 5G wireless communication systems are discussed.",book:{id:"5480",slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",fullTitle:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks - A Physical Layer Perspective"},signatures:"Evren Çatak and Lütfiye Durak‐Ata",authors:[{id:"19414",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutfiye",middleName:null,surname:"Durak-Ata",slug:"lutfiye-durak-ata",fullName:"Lutfiye Durak-Ata"},{id:"189749",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Evren",middleName:null,surname:"Çatak",slug:"evren-catak",fullName:"Evren Çatak"}]},{id:"54645",title:"Power‐Over‐Fiber Applications for Telecommunications and for Electric Utilities",slug:"power-over-fiber-applications-for-telecommunications-and-for-electric-utilities",totalDownloads:2566,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Beyond telecommunications, optical fibers can also transport optical energy to powering electric or electronic devices remotely. This technique is called power over fiber (PoF). Besides the advantages of optical fiber (immunity to electromagnetic interferences and electrical insulation), the employment of a PoF scheme can eliminate the energy supplied by metallic cable and batteries located at remote sites, improving the reliability and the security of the system. Smart grid is a green field where PoF can be applied. Experts see smart grid as the output to a new technological level seeks to incorporate extensively technologies for sensing, monitoring, information technology, and telecommunications for the best performance electrical network. On the other hand, in telecommunications, PoF can be used in applications, such as remote antennas and extenders for passive optical networks (PONs). PoF can make them virtually passives. We reviewed the PoF concept, its main elements, technologies, and applications focusing in access networks and in smart grid developments made by the author’s research group.",book:{id:"5914",slug:"optical-fiber-and-wireless-communications",title:"Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications",fullTitle:"Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications"},signatures:"Joao Batista Rosolem",authors:[{id:"202012",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:"Batista",surname:"Batista Rosolem",slug:"joao-batista-rosolem",fullName:"Joao Batista Rosolem"}]},{id:"75267",title:"Wireless Power Charging in Electrical Vehicles",slug:"wireless-power-charging-in-electrical-vehicles",totalDownloads:596,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology can transfer electrical energy from a transmitter to a receiver wirelessly. Due to its many advantages, WPT technology is a more adequate and suitable solution for many industrial applications compared to the power transfer by wires. Using WPT technology will reduce the annoyance of wires, improve the power transfer mechanisms. Recently, the WPT gain enormous attention to charging the on-board batteries of the Electric Vehicle (EV). Several well-known car manufacturing companies start efforts to adopt WPT technology and enhance its features. Therefore, WPT can be achieved through the affordable inductive coupling between two coils named a transmitter and a receiver coil. In EV charging applications, transmitter coils are located underneath the road, and receiver coils are installed in the EV. The inductive WPT of resonant type is generally applied to medium-high power transfer applications like EV charging because it achieves better energy efficiency. In this chapter, various WPT technologies are discussed and tested in EV wireless charging applications. Furthermore, extensive information is given to developing an advanced WPT technology that can transfer maximum power by achieving maximum efficiency.",book:{id:"10514",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-recent-development-applications-and-new-perspectives",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",fullTitle:"Wireless Power Transfer – Recent Development, Applications and New Perspectives"},signatures:"Nassim Iqteit, Khalid Yahya and Sajjad Ahmad Khan",authors:[{id:"270815",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:"O. Moh.",surname:"Yahya",slug:"khalid-yahya",fullName:"Khalid Yahya"},{id:"315602",title:"Dr.",name:"Nassim",middleName:null,surname:"Iqteit",slug:"nassim-iqteit",fullName:"Nassim Iqteit"},{id:"319848",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:"Ahmad",surname:"Khan",slug:"sajjad-khan",fullName:"Sajjad Khan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"761",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/189855",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"189855"},fullPath:"/profiles/189855",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()