Particle displacement.
--\x3eE400\n
Equation of the xz shear stress component of the Reynolds stress:\n
Equation of the yz shear stress component of the Reynolds stress:\n
where
The wall conditions are set for the gas at the side walls of the channel based on the control volume method by [27, 28] in a similar way as in the case of the coincidence of shear of the mean flow velocity and gravity.
\nThe numerical simulation considers the turbulent dispersion of solid particles in horizontal channel uniform shear turbulent flow for two different cases: i) shear of the mean flow velocity is along the direction of gravity (Figure 1a) and ii) shear of the mean flow velocity is directed normally to gravity (Figure 1b). Therefore, two sets of the boundary conditions are used for the calculations.
\nThe boundary conditions for the particulate phase are set at the flow axis as follows:
\nCase 1 for z = 0:
\nCase 2 for y = 0:\n
The boundary conditions for the particulate phase are set at the channel walls according to [9]:
\nCase 1 for y = 0.5hy:\n
and applying the expression
Case 2 for z = 0.5hz:\n
ex is the coefficient of restitution in the axial direction, which is modeled as:\n
Here, the parameter
The conditions for the transverse and spanwise components of the gas velocity are set at the channel walls in terms of impenetrability and no-slip.
\nThe set of boundary conditions for gas and particulate phase at the exit of the channel is written, respectively, as follows:\n
The control volume method was applied to solve the 3D partial differential equations written for the unladen flow and the particulate phase (Eqs. (1)–(11)), taking into account the boundary conditions (Eqs. (12)–(21)). The governing equations were solved using the implicit lower and upper (ILU) matrix decomposition method with the flux-blending-differed correction and upwind-differencing schemes by [27]. This method is utilized for the calculations of the particulate turbulent flows in channels of the rectangular and square cross sections. The calculations were performed in the dimensional form for all the flow conditions. The number of the control volumes was 1120000.
\nThe obtained numerical results have been verified and validated in comparison with the data obtained by the experimental facility of Tallinn University of Technology.
\nThe experimental method for the determination of the particle dispersion was based on recording the particle trajectories by means of a high-speed video camera on separate regions of a flow that locate at various distances from a point source of particles, and the subsequent processing of the frames [30].
\nThe experimental setup for the investigations of particle dispersion (Figure 2) allowed to generate the shear flow similarly to [31] by means of flat plates installed with a varied pitch. The test section was 2 m long with 400 × 200 mm cross section.
\nExperimental setup.
Two cases of spatial orientation of shear of the mean flow velocity were investigated. Figure 2 shows the top view of the setup for the case when shear is along the direction of gravity (Figure 1a). For investigations of the particle dispersion when shear is directed normally to gravity (Figure 1b), the setup was turned sideways as a whole at an angle of 90° around the axis of the flow.
\nThe mean flow velocity was 5.1 m/s. Glass spherical particles (physical density of 2500 kg/m3) with an average diameter of 55 μm were used in the experiment runs. The root-mean-square deviation of the diameter of particles did not exceed 0.1. The particles were entered into the flow through the source point which was the L-shaped tubule of 200 μm inner diameter.
\nAll measurements and data processing were carried out at the flow location x = 1212 mm.
\nThe data processing technique [30] was applied to determine the particle spatial displacement along the y-axis, namely Dy, which characterizes quantitatively the particle turbulent dispersion. Dy is calculated as the axial displacement of the maximum value of distribution of the particle mass concentration determined at the location x = 1212 mm relative to the initial flow location that disposes near the exit of the source point.
\nThe numerical results presented below have been obtained at two locations of the flow: initial location signed “ini” and disposed at the exit of the particle source point and the location 2x/hy = 12.63 from the exit of the particle point source. The turbulent dispersion of 55-μm glass spherical particles was examined. The flow mass loading was about 10−6 kg dust/kg air.
\nFigures 3–15 show the numerical data obtained by the presented model for two cases of spatial orientation of shear of the mean flow velocity: shear is along the direction of gravity (case 1), and shear is directed normally to gravity (case 2).
\nTransverse distributions of axial velocities of gas and particles, case 1. Here and below u0 is the mean flow velocity; u0 = 5.1 m/s.
Spanwise distributions of axial velocities of gas and particles, case 2.
Transverse distributions of a turbulence kinetic energy; cases 1 and 2.
Spanwise distributions of a turbulence kinetic energy, cases 1 and 2.
Transverse distributions of xy shear stress component of the Reynolds stress of gas and particles, case 1. Here u′v′¯=u′v′¯/u02.
Spanwise distributions of xz shear stress component of the Reynolds stress of gas and particles, case 2. Here u′w′¯=u′w′¯/u02.
Transverse distributions of x-normal components of the Reynolds stress of gas and particles, case 1. Here u′2¯=u′2¯/u02 and u′s2¯=u′s2¯/u02.
Transverse distributions of particles mass concentration, case 1.
Spanwise distributions of axial velocities of gas and particles, case 1, location 2x/hy = 12.63.
Spanwise distribution of particles mass concentration, case 1.
Transverse distribution of particles mass concentration, case 2.
Spanwise distribution of particles mass concentration, case 2.
Transverse distributions of axial velocities of gas and particles, cases 1 and 2, location 2x/hy = 12.63.
Figure 3 shows the transverse distributions of axial velocities of gas and particles for case 1. It is evident that the linear profiles of the averaged axial velocity components of gas and particulate phase across the flow are almost preserved starting from the initial cross section till the pipe exit. Besides, they occupy almost the whole turbulent core of the flow with slight increase of the values in the turbulent core and decrease near the walls due to the effect of a viscous dissipation. The similar profiles are observed with respect of distribution of the same averaged axial velocity components for gas and particulate phase along the spanwise direction (Figure 4).
\nSince the axial velocity increases toward the bottom wall, the profiles of a turbulence kinetic energy have their higher values near the bottom wall area (Figure 5). However, along the spanwise direction, the profiles of the turbulence kinetic energy are symmetrical, since there is no change of the axial velocity along this direction (Figure 6).
\nThe profiles of the Reynolds shear stresses of gas and particulate phase are shown in Figures 7 and 8. Here it is evident that there is some kind of plateau in the turbulent core. This confirms that we deal with the shear flow; hence, it must be the constant value of the Reynolds shear stresses observed for cases 1 and 2, i.e., for the xy-plane (case 1) and xz-plane (case 2) Reynolds shear stress components. Here, the linear distributions of the averaged axial velocity components across the flow take place along the spanwise direction.
\nFigure 9 show the transverse distributions of x-normal components of the Reynolds stress of gas and particulate phase obtained for case 1. It can be seen that unlike
Figures 10–13 present the transverse and spanwise distributions of the particle mass concentration c/c0 across the flow at the initial location and the location 2x/hy = 12.63 for both the cases of spatial orientation of shear of the mean flow velocity. Here c0 is the value of the particle mass concentration at the initial location at the flow axis. These distributions reflect the character of the particle turbulent dispersion that occurs in the given channel shear flow. It is obvious that a) due to gravity the particles go down, and thus the mass concentration profile shifts toward the bottom wall (case 1) and b) the profiles become wider relative to their initial distributions due to the particle turbulent dispersion (Figure 10).
\nSince in case 1 there is symmetrical distribution of parameters along the spanwise direction (Figures 6 and 11), the symmetrical distribution of the mass concentration along this direction (Figure 12) can be observed, both at the initial and exit cross sections.
\nA similar situation is observed for case 2, when the linear change of the axial velocity takes place along the spanwise direction. Here the particles go down due to gravity (see Figure 13), and simultaneously there is no shift of the distribution of the mass concentration along the spanwise direction (Figure 14).
\nTable 1 presents the values of the particle spatial displacement Dy obtained experimentally and numerically for two cases of spatial orientation of shear of the mean flow velocity. This displacement characterized quantitatively the particle turbulent dispersion. It is evident that the numerical values of displacement fit satisfactory with the experimental ones that validate the reliability of the presented model.
\n\n | Case 1 | \nCase 2 | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment | \nModeling | \nExperiment | \nModeling | \n|
Dy, mm | \n46.0 | \n43.7 | \n48.2 | \n50.0 | \n
Particle displacement.
Table 1 shows that the particle dispersion in case 1 is smaller than in case 2. This fact can be explained by the particle axial velocity taking place in case 2 is smaller than the one for case 1 in the same y location (Figures 10, 13, and 15).
\nThe 3D Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSTM) based on the 3D RANS and statistical PDF approaches has been elaborated for the turbulent dispersion of solid particles in particulate horizontal channel shear flow domain.
\nThe main distinctive feature of the given model is in use of the same closure for both the carrier flow and particulate phase, namely the Reynolds differential equation.
\nThe presented model has several important advantages over the Lagrangian approach:
\ndirect simulation of the particle concentration;
direct simulation of the particles influence on a carrier flow;
there is no basic limit for the parameters of a particulate flow, namely the flow Reynolds number and value of the particle concentration.
Based on the given model, two cases of spatial orientation of shear of the mean flow velocity have been examined. It has been obtained that the effect of orientation of shear appears through decrease of the particle dispersion in case of directional coincidence between shear and gravity as compared with the case of their mutual perpendicularity.
\nThe validity of the elaborated model has been confirmed by experimental investigations of effect of shear of the mean flow velocity on the turbulent particle dispersion.
\nThe authors are grateful for the technical support of Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) in Austin, USA. The authors are grateful for the fulfilled research to the Estonia-Norway project EMP230 support. This study is related to the activity of the European network action COST MP1106 “Smart and green interfaces—from single bubbles and drops to industrial, environmental, and biomedical applications.”
\n3D printing is an object fabrication technique based on the sequential deposition of layers of materials. Using a computer-aided design (CAD) software, structures of various sizes and shapes can be produced. This method has found application in many sectors, from industrial engineering to personalized biomaterials and devices in medicine [1, 2]. Within the pharmaceutical field, 3D printing can produce small batches of medicinal products, with tailored dosages, shapes, sizes, and release characteristics [3]. These advantages of 3D printing facilitate the efforts towards personalized therapies. The need for the modification of a dose that will fit better a patient’s individual needs arises from differences in the patient’s age, weight, and severity of disease(s) [4]. Even though there are great advancements in drug administration methods, the orally administered drugs remain the most preferred choice by patients due to the fact that it is relatively safe, very convenient and cost-effective. The preference on oral solid pharmaceutical forms, especially tablets, has rendered the personalization of oral solid dosage forms a step forward in the healthcare system [4].
The increasing applications of 3D printing have made it a well-accepted concept at present times. Charles Hull is considered the pioneer of 3D printing, as he developed, patented, and commercialized the first equipment for the 3D printing of objects in 1983. Hull’s 3D printing technique was based on stereolithography. It consisted of a laser that moved across the surface of a liquid resin, curing it. This process was repeated layer by layer many times until the desired shape was formed. In 1988, Charles Deckard filed a patent for selective laser sintering. In this process, a laser beam is scanned over a powder bed to sinter or fuse the powder that is placed on a powder bed. The powder bed is then lowered, fresh powder is spread, and the process is repeated to produce a solid object. The un-bonded is then removed, and the structure can be further treated, for example, with heat, to enforce the bonding. In 1989, Scott Crump filed a patent on fused deposition modeling. Using this technique, the object is formed by depositing layers of solidifying materials (self-hardening waxes, thermoplastic resins, and molten metals) until the desired shape is formed [5, 6]. In 2015, the FDA approved Spritam®, the first 3D-printed prescription drug product to treat partial onset seizures, myoclonic seizures, and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Since then, many innovations have been evolved using the 3DP technology.
The oral dosage form production by the 3DP processes has many advantages specially for customizing drug delivery. The active ingredient can be included in the dosage form as per each patient requirements to achieve a personalized dose and release pattern. 3D printing aids also in achieving multidrug combinations with complex release profiles [7]. On-demand production and tailor-made products with specific geometries, designs, and shape forms can be achieved which otherwise would be difficult with the conventional tableting. Even though there has been intense research to circumvent the 3D printing flaws, this new technology has still some limitations. Few 3D printing techniques may produce relatively porous structures and uneven shapes of dosage forms [6]. When fused deposition modeling technique is utilized, the use of only thermostable drugs and the few available compatible excipients is a limiting step. Also, with stereolithography, the challenge lies on the potential drug degradation due to the exposure to UV light that induces polymerization reaction [5].
Irrespective of the 3D printing technique employed, the process follows three basic steps: the creation of a computer-aided design file; followed by its transformation to a rapid prototyping stereolithography file (.stl), which describes the surface geometry of the 3D object; and finally, its conversion to a machine specific code (.gcode) which is recognized by the 3D printer machine and creates the final object [8] (Figure 1).
The basic steps of 3D printing process.
There are various ways to classify the 3D techniques, according to the additive process followed, the form of the raw materials used, the mechanism of layering, or even the kind of printing heads utilized [9]. Figure 2 illustrates the different 3D printing techniques categorized by the raw materials employed. Among them, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, binder jetting, and fused deposition modeling are the most used techniques in the literature for the production of pharmaceutical dosage forms [10].
3D printing technique categorization.
Stereolithography employs raw materials in the liquid form, such as photosensitive/photopolymerizable liquid resins. A high-energy light source like ultraviolet irradiation solidifies the liquid resins, creating the 3D object [6]. Among the advantages of this technique are the high accuracy and good surface quality of the object. This method has been widely used for implant design and manufacture as well as for creating accurate 3D models acquired from various anatomical scans of a patient.
Selective laser sintering (SLS) technique utilizes raw materials in a powder form, and the laser used melts and bonds the layers of material powders together. SLS has been used for the manufacturing of artificial tissue.
On the other hand, binder jetting technique, also called drop-on-demand inkjet printing or 3D printing, is able to create 3D objects from powder materials by depositing liquid binder droplets onto a powder substrate and sticking the particles together [9, 10]. This technique along with the continuous inkjet printing belongs to the printing-based inkjet systems and has been utilized for the fabrication of implants and solid dosage forms, such as the first commercially printed tablet Spritam®.
Finally, the most widely spread technique is the fused deposition modeling (FDM), and it belongs to the nozzle-based printing techniques. FDM is characterized by the use of thermoplastic polymers that pass through a pre-heated printing head and is melted and extruded through a precise nozzle with a specific diameter. In contact with the cold printing surface, the polymers solidify and thus create the 3D object. A variation of this type of 3D printing technique is the semisolid extrusion system, in which semiconductors (gels, ointments) are printed through a syringe-shaped extruder [10]. In the recent years, these techniques have been extensively used for the research and development of various pharmaceutical forms such as hydrogels or coated solid dosage forms [11].
Figure 3 depicts the main additive manufacturing technologies which either experimentally or industrially have been used for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Basic 3D printing techniques deployed for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Orodispersible, sublingual, fast-dissolving drug delivery formulations that rapidly disintegrate in the oral cavity or immediate-release tablets by 3D printing have been produced [12, 13, 14, 15].
Multipurpose therapeutic systems offering tailored combinations of drugs, drug doses, and the desired release kinetic properties have attracted increasing attention, due to the advantages that these personalized pharmaceutical products could offer. In this respect, many scientists have designed modified-release oral dosage medicines, using 3D printing. The drug release from modified-release formulations is changed on purpose from that of an immediate-release formulation to achieve a preferred therapeutic goal. The applications of 3DP on modified per oral drug delivery are summarized in Table 1.
Release behavior* | Dosage form | API(s) | Excipient(s) | Technique | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified | Dual-compartment tablet | Rifampicin and isoniazid | Polyethylene oxide, polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | FDM/HME | [16] |
Three-compartment tablet | Hydrochlorothiazide | Partially hydrolyzed PVA (Mowiol®4–88), mannitol | FDM/HME | [17] | |
Tablets of various shapes | Paracetamol | Polyvinyl alcohol | FDM/HME | [18] | |
Caplets | Budesonide | Polyvinyl alcohol, Eudragit® L 100, triethyl citrate, talc, isopropanol-water solution | FDM/HME and fluid bed coating | [19] | |
Tablets | 5-Aminosalicylic acid and 4-aminosalicylic acid | Polyvinyl alcohol | FDM | [20] | |
Caplets | Paracetamol or caffeine | Polyvinyl alcohol | FDM | [21] | |
Tablets | 4-Aminosalicylic acid and paracetamol | Polyethylene glycol diacrylate, diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, and (PEG 300) | Stereolithography | [22] | |
Tablets | Acetaminophen | Methocel™ E50, polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidone K30), ethyl cellulose, Eudragit® RS 100, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, fluorescein, colloidal silicon dioxide | Inkjet printing | [23] | |
Extended | Tablets | Acetaminophen | Benecel™ HPMC E5 and Aqualon™ EC N14 with either Klucel™ HPC EF and LF, Soluplus®, or Eudragit® L 100 | FDM/HME | [24] |
Tablets | Theophylline | Eudragit RL 100, RS 100, and E and hydroxypropyl cellulose (SSL grade), triethyl citrate | FDM/HME | [25] | |
Tablets | Prednisolone | Polyvinyl alcohol | FDM | [26] | |
Tablets | Fluorescein | Polyvinyl alcohol | FDM | [27] | |
Controlled | Tablets | Fenofibrate | White beeswax | Inkjet printing | [28] |
Sustained | Polypill | Captopril, nifedipine, and glipizide | Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 2208), polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), tromethamine, lactose, sodium chloride, D-mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel™), cellulose acetate | Extrusion | [29] |
Delayed | DuoCaplet | Paracetamol and caffeine | Polyvinyl alcohol | FDM/HME | [30] |
Tablets | Paracetamol | Hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMC LG, MG, HG), methylparaben NF grade, magnesium stearate | FDM/HME | [31] | |
Shell-core tablets | Theophylline, budesonide, and diclofenac sodium | Core: Polyvinylpyrrolidone, triethyl citrate, talc or tribasic phosphate sodium, and API Shell: Eudragit® L 100–55, triethyl citrate, and talc | Dual FDM/HME | [32] | |
Pulsatile | Two-compartment capsular device | Acetaminophen | Polylactic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC acetate succinate, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, glycerol, polyethylene glycol (PEG 400, PEG8000), blue and yellow dye-containing formulations (Kollicoat®IR Brilliant Blue and Kollicoat®IRyellow) | FDM/HME injection molding | [33] |
Immediate /sustained | Bilayer tablet | Guaifenesin | Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 2910 & 2208), poly(acrylic acid), microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate | Extrusion | [34] |
Polypill | Aspirin, hydrochlorothiazide, ramipril, pravastatin sodium, atenolol | Cellulose acetate, D-mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000)sodium starch glycolate, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidon K30), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Methocel™ K100MCR), lactose | Extrusion | [35] | |
Immediate/extended | Tablets | Chlorpheniramine maleate | Microcrystalline cellulose powder, Eudragit® E 100, RLPO | Inkjet | [36] |
Enteric dual pulsatory | Tablets | Diclofenac | Avicel PH301, lactose, Eudragit® L 100, | Inkjet | [36] |
Dual pulsatory | Tablets | Diclofenac | Eudragit® E 100 and L 100 | Inkjet | [36] |
An overview of the 3DP technique applications in modified per oral drug delivery (FDM, fused deposition modeling; HME, hot-melt extrusion).
The release behavior reported as defined by the author.
Genina et al. [16] have shown that coupling fused deposition modeling 3D printing with the hot-melt extrusion offers a new method for manufacturing tailored-dosage medicines, with modified-release properties. In detail an oral dual-compartmental dosage unit (dcDU) has been designed, and the in vitro and in vivo release profiles of an antitubercular drug combination of rifampicin and isoniazid have been evaluated. These two active ingredients are considered as first-line therapy for tuberculosis but interact negatively with each other upon simultaneous release in acidic environment. This was circumvented by the compartmentalization of rifampicin and isoniazid into sealable compartments of 3D-printed dual-compartmental dosage units. This novel delivery system was characterized with focus on microscopic verification of the designed attributes, the modulation of drug release from dcDUs, and the pharmacokinetic profile of dcDUs in rats. In another study [17] an oral solid dosage form was developed by employing the fused deposition modeling, using a custom-built filament consisted of polyvinyl alcohol, mannitol, and hydrochlorothiazide, as a model drug, co-formulated via hot-melt extrusion. The dissolution studies performed demonstrated zero-order release kinetics. In another study [18], hot-melt extrusion and fused deposition modeling were used to produce different shaped tablets (cube, pyramid, cylinder, sphere, and torus) containing acetaminophen. It was found that drug’s release was not dependent on the tablet surface area, but on the surface-area-to-volume ratio, indicating the effect of the shape on the release profile. The results showed that the tablets of similar mass showed little difference in dissolution profiles that could be explained by the erosion-mediated process that controlled the drug release. Tablets of various shapes may alter the drug dissolution profiles and can aid in the design of new dosage forms with specific pharmacokinetic characteristic targeted to different sites in the gastrointestinal track. Fused deposition 3D printing technology alongside with hot-melt extrusion and fluid bed coating was used to fabricate modified-release budesonide dosage forms. The drug was loaded into polyvinyl alcohol filaments which were then engineered into capsule-shaped tablets and coated with a layer of enteric polymer. The dissolution studies showed that the drug release from the caplet formulation started at the small intestine and continued in a sustained manner throughout the large intestine and colon [19]. The same group of researchers has also produced tablets containing as model drugs the two aminosalicylic acid isomers, 5-aminosalicylic acid and 4-aminosalicylic acid, using fused deposition modeling. The results indicated that the release profiles obtained could be easily modified by the proper selection of the printing parameters [20]. Furthermore, fused deposition modeling was used to produce acetaminophen or caffeine caplets from polyvinyl alcohol filaments. The dissolution tests performed in biorelevant bicarbonate media revealed distinctive modified-release profiles, which were dependent on drug solubility and drug loading. The results indicated that the drug release can be faster from formulations incorporating the drug with higher solubility and higher loading [21]. Additionally, Wang et al. [22] managed to formulate modified-release tablets of paracetamol and 4-aminosalicylic acid using polyethylene glycol diacrylate as monomer and diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide as a photoinitiator in stereolithographic 3D printing. Also, in another study [23], researchers employed the powder bed/jetting method to construct a methacrylic or ethylcellulose matrix tablet to achieve a modified release of acetaminophen. Erosion and in vitro dissolution studies in ethylcellulose-containing tablets indicated that the drug was released via a two-dimensional surface erosion mechanism and 98% of the drug could be released linearly in 12 h. Tablets with other release-retardation materials, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, stearic acid, and Eudragit RS-100, showed similar release-retardation effects by different release mechanisms.
Zhang et al. fabricated solid-dispersion filaments with acetaminophen dissolved or dispersed in a polymer matrix by hot-melt extrusion technology, which was suitable for fused deposition modeling-based 3D printing. The 3D printed tablets showed more extended drug release rates than the directly compressed tablets [24]. In another study [25], using the same methods, scientists presented a flexible dose tablet system, suitable for both immediate and extended-release tablets. As excipients three methacrylic polymers (Eudragit RL, RS, and E) as well as a cellulose-based material (hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC SSL) were used, while theophylline was used as a model drug substance. Moreover, in another report [26], the feasibility of using a fused deposition modeling-based 3D printer to fabricate extended-release tablets, using prednisolone loaded poly(vinyl alcohol) filaments, and to control its release was investigated. The results indicated that the in vitro drug release was extended up to 24 h, showing that the fused deposition modeling is a promising method to control the dose of extended-release tablets. Moreover in another work, polyvinyl alcohol filaments have been loaded with fluorescein as a model drug, by swelling of the polymer in ethanolic drug solution, and 10-mm-diameter tablets of polyvinyl alcohol/fluorescein using fused deposition modeling 3DP were printed. The dissolution tests that were conducted in modified Hank’s buffer indicated controlled-release profiles [27].
Kyobula et al. [28] have prepared drug-loaded solid dosage forms with complex geometries such as honeycomb based, using hot-melt 3D inkjet printing. The model drug used was fenofibrate, and the relevant studies indicated controlled release. This study verified an alternative production approach for solid dosage forms with different geometry, which could achieve various release profiles for personalized drug products.
Khaled et al. [29] have employed 3D extrusion-based printing as a technique for the production of multi-active tablets with well-defined and separate controlled-release profiles for three different drugs, namely, captopril, nifedipine, and glipizide. This “polypill” incorporated an osmotic pump for captopril and sustained release compartments for nifedipine and glipizide. The dissolution testing showed that the captopril portion exhibited the expected zero-order drug release from an osmotic pump, while the others showed either first-order release or Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics dependent on the active/excipient ratio used.
Goyanes et al. [30] used the fused deposition modeling 3D printing to fabricate novel oral drug delivery systems with paracetamol and caffeine filaments of poly(vinyl alcohol), with the intent of applying this process to the production of personalized products, tailored at the point of dispensing or use. The design included a multilayer device, with each layer containing drug, whose identity was different to the drug in the adjacent layers, and a two-compartment device, comprising of a caplet in caplet (DuoCaplet), with each compartment containing a different drug. The drug release tests in biorelevant bicarbonate media showed unique drug release profiles depending on the macrostructure of the devices. In the multilayer device incorporating two drugs, the drug release rate was similar for both drugs but faster when the drug loading was higher. In DuoCaplets the drug incorporated in the external layer was released first, and there was a lag time until the release of the drug contained in the core, depending on the characteristics of the external layer. Moreover, the same group [31] used the fused deposition modeling and the hot-melt extrusion to generate paracetamol-loaded tablets from filaments produced from three different grades of hypromellose acetate succinate. The dissolution tests showed that the drug release from the tablets depended on the polymer composition, the drug loading, and the internal structure of the formulations. Especially, all HPMCAS-based tablets showed initial delayed release in the gastric medium and in the intestinal conditions, and the drug release was faster from the tablets prepared using polymers with a lower pH threshold. These results confirm that the fused deposition modeling 3DP makes possible the production of delayed-release printlets, without the need of enteric coating. Okwuosa et al. [32] managed to fabricate shell-core delayed-release tablets of theophylline, budesonide, and diclofenac sodium with dual fused deposition modeling 3D printing and hot-melt extrusion. For the core structure, filaments consisting of the polymer (PVP), plasticizer (triethyl citrate), filler (talc) or tribasic phosphate sodium, and the active ingredient were created with hot-melt extrusion. While for the shell, Eudragit L100–55, triethyl citrate, and talc were used. The created filaments were then used for the printing of caplets containing the active ingredient in the core, while the shell serves as an enteric coating. This study demonstrated the potential of fabricating patient-specific pH-responsive tablets in one step. In another article, Maroni et al. [33] have reported on the manufacture of a two-compartment capsular device conveying incompatible drugs or differing drug formulations using the fused deposition modeling and injection molding. Through the assembly of compartments that had different wall thickness and/or composition, the drug release could be characterized as pulsatile.
Khaled et al. [34] used the extrusion-based 3DP for the preparation of guaifenesin bilayer tablets with an immediate-release and a sustained-release layer. Drug release kinetics indicated Fickian diffusion drug release through the hydrated HPMC gel layer. The same group of researchers [35] used the same technique for the production of a novel complex geometry “five-in-one” polypill. The drugs, aspirin, hydrochlorothiazide, ramipril, and pravastatin atenolol, were physically separated in the polypill to avoid incompatibility issues and allow maximum flexibility. Release studies revealed immediate and sustained drug release mechanisms.
A research group formulated immediate−/extended-release tablets, which were composed of two drug-containing sections of different pH-based release mechanisms. The pulsed release of the model drug, chlorpheniramine maleate, took place after a lag time of 10 min followed by extended release of the compound over a period of 7 h. Furthermore, enteric dual pulsed-release tablets were constructed and the dissolution profiles showed that two pulses of diclofenac sodium, released, one immediately at t = 1 h and the second pulse began after a lag time of 4 h. The same group of researchers [36] also fabricated dual pulsed-release tablets, where one section eroded immediately in the acidic environment stage releasing diclofenac during the first 30 min, while the second section eroded 5 h later, at higher pH values.
The present chapter offers a review of the 3D-printed modified-release oral solid pharmaceutical formulations that have been created up to date. It aims at demonstrating the potential role of this technology in the tailored manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Even though 3DP has been introduced since the 1980s, there is still a lot of exploration in this field, especially for the creation of materials suitable for pharmaceutical and medical applications. One of the ongoing researches in the area is the 3DP of new, versatile materials that have the ability to change their properties under the influence of external factors or over time. The structural modification over time or otherwise called the fourth dimension, created a new term called “4D printing” [37]. In oral dosage forms, this technology allows the modification of drug delivery, since the timely release profile can be triggered by stimuli, such as pH, temperature, enzymes action, and time [38].
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5684},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5166},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1682},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10211},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:887},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15616}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1689},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"9"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10260",title:"E-Service",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"11dab65781b3c4347022c56477311f46",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kyeong Kang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10260.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2114",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyeong",surname:"Kang",slug:"kyeong-kang",fullName:"Kyeong Kang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9226",title:"Intelligent User Interfaces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2540a73b78f2f13158366ac0ab9d62a1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rüdiger Heimgärtner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9226.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"135236",title:"Dr.",name:"Rüdiger",surname:"Heimgärtner",slug:"rudiger-heimgartner",fullName:"Rüdiger Heimgärtner"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9980",title:"Vision Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc472f04a4214bf13db3f693a2c7c323",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vasanth Iyer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9980.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"301000",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasanth",surname:"Iyer",slug:"vasanth-iyer",fullName:"Vasanth Iyer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10517",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c184136bf5b833b19f7e12ace5531773",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10576",title:"Factoring Ethics in Technology, Policy Making and Regulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eff20787f4c5417ea12367e8a6d72e92",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali G. Hessami and Dr. Patricia Shaw",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10576.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10394",title:"Blockchain Potential in AI",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"700eff7270bae63fd214974a0bd8e77f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés and Dr. Paula Fraga-Lamas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10394.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186818",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago M.",surname:"Fernández-Caramés",slug:"tiago-m.-fernandez-carames",fullName:"Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10452",title:"Computer-Mediated Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed2d494d96079740341956fe830814ac",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Indrakshi Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",surname:"Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10403",title:"Recent Advances on Numerical Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d74c4bc8f3f49c49eb2e80810d938611",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10403.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10519",title:"Middleware Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c326d436ae0f4c508849d2336dbdfb48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5131},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1090",title:"Radiation Oncology",slug:"radiation-oncology",parent:{title:"Oncology",slug:"medicine-oncology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:100,numberOfWosCitations:56,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"radiation-oncology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2693",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5761829d7f0e5eb06b7337751b38b23c",slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",bookSignature:"Tejinder Kataria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2693.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141684",title:"Dr.",name:"Tejinder",middleName:null,surname:"Kataria",slug:"tejinder-kataria",fullName:"Tejinder Kataria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1561",title:"Brachytherapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c7f5404e634a5e233e051cdace59aa5",slug:"brachytherapy",bookSignature:"Kazushi Kishi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100002",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kishi",slug:"kazushi-kishi",fullName:"Kazushi Kishi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1553",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7bffcd98f458c5b6cd80615834f2b34",slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",bookSignature:"Gopishankar Natanasabapathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97379",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopishankar",middleName:null,surname:"Natanasabapathi",slug:"gopishankar-natanasabapathi",fullName:"Gopishankar Natanasabapathi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"34246",doi:"10.5772/34314",title:"Intra-Operative Radiotherapy with Electron Beam",slug:"intra-operative-radiotherapy-with-electron-beam",totalDownloads:3981,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"Ernesto Lamanna, Alessandro Gallo, Filippo Russo, Rosa Brancaccio, Antonella Soriani and Lidia Strigari",authors:[{id:"99609",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Lamanna",slug:"ernesto-lamanna",fullName:"Ernesto Lamanna"},{id:"104872",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Brancaccio",slug:"rosa-brancaccio",fullName:"Rosa Brancaccio"},{id:"104881",title:"PhD.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Gallo",slug:"alessandro-gallo",fullName:"Alessandro Gallo"},{id:"104899",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",middleName:null,surname:"Russo",slug:"filippo-russo",fullName:"Filippo Russo"},{id:"104910",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Soriani",slug:"antonella-soriani",fullName:"Antonella Soriani"},{id:"104912",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Strigari",slug:"lidia-strigari",fullName:"Lidia Strigari"}]},{id:"35967",doi:"10.5772/34172",title:"Progress in Californium-252 Neutron Brachytherapy",slug:"progress-in-cf-252-based-neutron-brachytherapy",totalDownloads:1829,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"brachytherapy",title:"Brachytherapy",fullTitle:"Brachytherapy"},signatures:"C.-K. Chris Wang",authors:[{id:"99025",title:"Prof.",name:"C-K",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"c-k-wang",fullName:"C-K Wang"}]},{id:"34244",doi:"10.5772/34974",title:"The Stopping Power of Matter for Positive Ions",slug:"the-stopping-power-of-matter-for-positive-ions-",totalDownloads:5998,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"Helmut Paul",authors:[{id:"102453",title:"Dr.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"helmut-paul",fullName:"Helmut Paul"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35967",title:"Progress in Californium-252 Neutron Brachytherapy",slug:"progress-in-cf-252-based-neutron-brachytherapy",totalDownloads:1829,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"brachytherapy",title:"Brachytherapy",fullTitle:"Brachytherapy"},signatures:"C.-K. Chris Wang",authors:[{id:"99025",title:"Prof.",name:"C-K",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"c-k-wang",fullName:"C-K Wang"}]},{id:"45389",title:"Applications to Radiotherapy Using Three Different Dosimetric Tools: MAGIC-f Gel, PENELOPE Simulation Code and Treatment Planning System",slug:"applications-to-radiotherapy-using-three-different-dosimetric-tools-magic-f-gel-penelope-simulation-",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Thatiane Alves Pianoschi and Mirko Salomón Alva-Sánchez",authors:[{id:"146061",title:"MSc.",name:"Thatiane",middleName:null,surname:"Pianoschi",slug:"thatiane-pianoschi",fullName:"Thatiane Pianoschi"},{id:"146080",title:"MSc.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Alva-Sánchez",slug:"mirko-alva-sanchez",fullName:"Mirko Alva-Sánchez"}]},{id:"45390",title:"Effects of Radiotherapy on Pharyngeal Reconstruction After Pharyngo-Laryngectomy",slug:"effects-of-radiotherapy-on-pharyngeal-reconstruction-after-pharyngo-laryngectomy",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan and Gregory Ian Siu Kee Lau",authors:[{id:"145457",title:"Prof.",name:"Jimmy Yu Wai",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"jimmy-yu-wai-chan",fullName:"Jimmy Yu Wai Chan"}]},{id:"35968",title:"Theoretical, Manufacturing and Clinical Application Aspects of a Prostate Brachytherapy I-125 Source in Brazil",slug:"theoretical-manufacturing-and-clinical-application-aspects-of-a-prostate-brachytherapy-i-125-source",totalDownloads:5006,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"brachytherapy",title:"Brachytherapy",fullTitle:"Brachytherapy"},signatures:"Carlos A. Zeituni, Carla D. Souza, Eduardo S. Moura, Roberto Kenji Sakuraba, Maria Elisa C.M. Rostelato, Anselmo Feher, João A. Moura, Samir Somessari and Osvaldo L. Costa",authors:[{id:"105031",title:"BSc",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Daruich De Souza",slug:"carla-daruich-de-souza",fullName:"Carla Daruich De Souza"},{id:"109988",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Rostelato",slug:"maria-elisa-rostelato",fullName:"Maria Elisa Rostelato"},{id:"109991",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Zeituni",slug:"carlos-a.-zeituni",fullName:"Carlos A. Zeituni"},{id:"110002",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Moura",slug:"eduardo-santana-de-moura",fullName:"Eduardo Santana De Moura"},{id:"110005",title:"BSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Kenji Sakuraba",slug:"roberto-kenji-sakuraba",fullName:"Roberto Kenji Sakuraba"},{id:"137965",title:"MSc.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Feher",slug:"anselmo-feher",fullName:"Anselmo Feher"},{id:"137966",title:"MSc.",name:"João Augusto",middleName:null,surname:"Moura",slug:"joao-augusto-moura",fullName:"João Augusto Moura"},{id:"137967",title:"MSc.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Somessari",slug:"samir-somessari",fullName:"Samir Somessari"},{id:"137968",title:"MSc.",name:"Osvaldo L. Da",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"osvaldo-l.-da-costa",fullName:"Osvaldo L. Da Costa"}]},{id:"45391",title:"Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer",slug:"locally-advanced-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:2908,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Hend Ahmed El-Hadaad and Hanan Ahmed Wahba",authors:[{id:"143598",title:"Dr.",name:"Hend",middleName:null,surname:"El-Hadaad",slug:"hend-el-hadaad",fullName:"Hend El-Hadaad"},{id:"155356",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanan",middleName:null,surname:"Wahba",slug:"hanan-wahba",fullName:"Hanan Wahba"}]},{id:"45393",title:"Reduction Mammaplasty and Intra-Operative Radiotherapy (IORT) in Conservative Surgery",slug:"reduction-mammaplasty-and-intra-operative-radiotherapy-iort-in-conservative-surgery",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Simonetta Franchelli, Paolo Meszaros, Michela Massa,\nMarina Guenzi, Renzo Corvò, Davide Pertile, Giorgia Timon,\nFerdinando Cafiero and Pierluigi Santi",authors:[{id:"143796",title:"Dr.",name:"Simonetta",middleName:null,surname:"Franchelli",slug:"simonetta-franchelli",fullName:"Simonetta Franchelli"},{id:"168420",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Santi",slug:"pier-luigi-santi",fullName:"Pier Luigi Santi"}]},{id:"35970",title:"Stereotactic Brachytherapy for Brain Tumors",slug:"stereotactic-brachytherapy-for-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"brachytherapy",title:"Brachytherapy",fullTitle:"Brachytherapy"},signatures:"Maximilian I. Ruge, Stefan Grau, Harald Treuer and Volker Sturm",authors:[{id:"112924",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximilian I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruge",slug:"maximilian-i.-ruge",fullName:"Maximilian I. Ruge"},{id:"112926",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Grau",slug:"stefan-grau",fullName:"Stefan Grau"},{id:"112927",title:"Dr.",name:"Harald",middleName:null,surname:"Treuer",slug:"harald-treuer",fullName:"Harald Treuer"},{id:"148156",title:"Prof.",name:"Volker",middleName:null,surname:"Sturm",slug:"volker-sturm",fullName:"Volker Sturm"}]},{id:"45387",title:"3D Dosimetric Tools in Radiotherapy for Photon Beams",slug:"3d-dosimetric-tools-in-radiotherapy-for-photon-beams",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Mirko Salomón Alva-Sánchez and Thatiane Alves Pianoschi",authors:[{id:"145569",title:"PhD.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Alva-Sánchez",slug:"mirko-alva-sanchez",fullName:"Mirko Alva-Sánchez"},{id:"146070",title:"MSc.",name:"Thatiane",middleName:null,surname:"Pianoschi",slug:"thatiane-pianoschi",fullName:"Thatiane Pianoschi"}]},{id:"34255",title:"Digital Filtering Techniques to Reduce Image Noise and Improve Dose Resolution in X-Ray CT Based Normoxic Gel Dosimetry",slug:"digital-filtering-techniques-to-reduce-image-noise-and-improve-dose-resolution-in-x-ray-ct-based-nor",totalDownloads:2531,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"N. Gopishankar, S. Vivekanandhan, A. Jirasek, S. S. Kale, G. K. Rath Sanjay Thulkar, V. Subramani, S. Senthil Kumaran and R. K. Bisht",authors:[{id:"97379",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopishankar",middleName:null,surname:"Natanasabapathi",slug:"gopishankar-natanasabapathi",fullName:"Gopishankar Natanasabapathi"},{id:"97398",title:"Dr.",name:"A",middleName:null,surname:"Jirasek",slug:"a-jirasek",fullName:"A Jirasek"},{id:"97399",title:"Dr.",name:"S",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekanandhan",slug:"s-vivekanandhan",fullName:"S Vivekanandhan"},{id:"97400",title:"Dr.",name:"S S",middleName:null,surname:"Kale",slug:"s-s-kale",fullName:"S S Kale"},{id:"130042",title:"Prof.",name:"G K",middleName:null,surname:"Rath",slug:"g-k-rath",fullName:"G K Rath"},{id:"130043",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjay",middleName:null,surname:"Thulkar",slug:"sanjay-thulkar",fullName:"Sanjay Thulkar"},{id:"130044",title:"Dr.",name:"S",middleName:null,surname:"Senthilkumaran",slug:"s-senthilkumaran",fullName:"S Senthilkumaran"},{id:"130062",title:"Dr.",name:"V",middleName:null,surname:"Subramani",slug:"v-subramani",fullName:"V Subramani"},{id:"130063",title:"Mr.",name:"R K",middleName:null,surname:"Bisht",slug:"r-k-bisht",fullName:"R K Bisht"}]},{id:"45392",title:"Nutrition Intervention Improves Nutritional Status and Quality of Life Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy",slug:"nutrition-intervention-improves-nutritional-status-and-quality-of-life-outcomes-in-patients-undergoi",totalDownloads:3223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Elisabeth Isenring",authors:[{id:"140941",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Isenring",slug:"elisabeth-isenring",fullName:"Elisabeth Isenring"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"radiation-oncology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/189039/sherif-mehanny",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"189039",slug:"sherif-mehanny"},fullPath:"/profiles/189039/sherif-mehanny",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()