\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1009",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides an understanding on a large variety of aquaculture related topics. The book is organized in four sections. The first section discusses fish nutrition second section is considers the application of genetic in aquaculture; section three takes a look at current techniques for controlling lipid oxidation and melanosis in Aquaculture products. The last section is focused on culture techniques and management, ,which is the larger part of the book. The book chapters are written by leading experts in their respective areas. Therefore, I am quite confident that this book will be equally useful for students and professionals in aquaculture and biotechnology.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-974-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4373-4",doi:"10.5772/1516",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"aquaculture",numberOfPages:402,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"ed29c6b4a288a1549dc724e247930545",bookSignature:"Zainal Abidin Muchlisin",publishedDate:"January 27th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1009.jpg",numberOfDownloads:59369,numberOfWosCitations:48,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:115,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:182,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 24th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 24th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 29th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 28th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 26th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"92673",title:"Dr.",name:"Zainal",middleName:"Abidin",surname:"Muchlisin",slug:"zainal-muchlisin",fullName:"Zainal Muchlisin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92673/images/290_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Z. A. Muchlisin was born in Banda Aceh, Indonesia and graduated in Aquaculture Department from University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia in 1997 (Bachelor in Aquaculture). After graduating his Bachelor Degree, he started working for Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia from 1999, where he continues to work.. Dr Muchlisin was obtained his PhD Degree from University Sains Malaysia in Ichthyology field of study. He has published many papers in several reputable journals for example : Theriogenology (Elsevier), Cryobiology (Elsevier), Applied Ichthyology (Blackwell), Aquaculture Research (Blackwell), AACL Bioflux . In addition, he is an editor for a number of journals, proceedings, books, and he is also a reviewer for some referred journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Syiah Kuala University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"322",title:"Mariculture",slug:"mariculture"}],chapters:[{id:"27101",title:"Development of Biopolymers as Binders for Feed for Farmed Aquatic Organisms",doi:"10.5772/28116",slug:"development-of-biopolymers-as-binders-for-feed-for-farmed-aquatic-organisms-",totalDownloads:5541,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,signatures:"Marina Paolucci, Adele Fabbrocini, Maria Grazia Volpe, Ettore Varricchio and Elena Coccia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27101",authors:[{id:"72790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",surname:"Paolucci",slug:"marina-paolucci",fullName:"Marina Paolucci"},{id:"126170",title:"Dr.",name:"Adele",surname:"Fabbrocini",slug:"adele-fabbrocini",fullName:"Adele Fabbrocini"},{id:"126172",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",surname:"Volpe",slug:"maria-grazia-volpe",fullName:"Maria Grazia Volpe"},{id:"126173",title:"Dr.",name:"Ettore",surname:"Varricchio",slug:"ettore-varricchio",fullName:"Ettore Varricchio"},{id:"126174",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Coccia",slug:"elena-coccia",fullName:"Elena Coccia"}],corrections:null},{id:"27102",title:"Unsupplemented Artemia Diet Results in Reduced Growth and Jaw Dysmorphogenesis in Zebrafish",doi:"10.5772/29425",slug:"unsupplemented-artemia-diet-results-in-reduced-growth-and-jaw-dysmorphogenesis-in-zebrafish",totalDownloads:2090,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Michael P. 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Uthirakumar",authors:[{id:"35035",title:"Prof.",name:"Periyayya",middleName:null,surname:"Uthirakumar",fullName:"Periyayya Uthirakumar",slug:"periyayya-uthirakumar"}]},{id:"23345",title:"Carbon Nanostructures as Low Cost Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"carbon-nanostructures-as-low-cost-counter-electrode-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",signatures:"Qiquan Qiao",authors:[{id:"38772",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiquan",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",fullName:"Qiquan Qiao",slug:"qiquan-qiao"}]},{id:"23346",title:"Dye Sensitized Solar Cells as an Alternative Approach to the Conventional Photovoltaic Technology Based on Silicon - Recent Developments in the Field and Large Scale Applications",slug:"dye-sensitized-solar-cells-as-an-alternative-approach-to-the-conventional-photovoltaic-technology-ba",signatures:"Elias Stathatos",authors:[{id:"52979",title:"Prof.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Stathatos",fullName:"Elias Stathatos",slug:"elias-stathatos"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73679",title:"Splenectomy in Liver Cirrhosis with Splenomegaly and Hypersplenism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94337",slug:"splenectomy-in-liver-cirrhosis-with-splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism",body:'\nThe spleen is a unique organ with many functions, including its crosstalk with the liver in cirrhotic patients. This review aims to answer a clinical question “Should splenectomy be done in liver cirrhosis with hypersplenism and splenomegaly?” .
\nThe spleen is an organ full of mystery, as stated by Galen. From the ancient times until the Renaissance, descriptions of the gross anatomy of the spleen were relatively accurate, yet the physiology of this organ remains incomplete and inaccurate. Even until today, much of spleen’s function are still yet to be discovered [1].
\nSpleen comprised of two distinct compartments, both functional and morphological, namely red pulp and white pulp. The red pulp filters blood to remove foreign material and damaged erythrocytes. It also serves as iron, erythrocytes and platelets storages. With one fourth of body’s lymphocytes stores in the spleen, it is the largest secondary organ which initiate immune response to blood-borne antigens [2]. It exerts important effects on local and systemic immune responses, which have the potential to affect different tissues and organs [3]. The white pulp, composed by periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), the follicles and the marginal zones, are the one responsible for this so called immune functions [2].
\nIn addition, the spleen also produces opsonins, a substances that bind to the foreign antigen, which in turn enhance their uptake and phagocytosis by macrophages. Furthermore, the B-lymphocytes within the germinal centers of the spleen are also sites for the production of antibody activated by foreign antigen. The realization of this important immunological function has promoted the desire for splenic preservation [4].
\nThe association between the liver and spleen are shown in three different categories. Both organ, anatomically important in the portal circulation. Histologically, they share similar possession of reticuloendothelial structures, participating in substance exchange and cellular migration. And immunologically, both organs plays essential roles in immune homeostasis and pathogen clearance [2].
\nThe first recorded encounter between spleen and cirrhosis could be trace back to Carl Freiderich Quittenbaum (1793–1852) of Rostock, Germany, who removed the spleen of a woman with cirrhosis and ascites “more from the patient’s urgent entreaty rather than the surgeon’s judgment.” Unfortunately the woman lived only 6 h after the surgery [5].
\nThe palpable spleen has long been considered as an obvious signs of liver cirrhosis, frequently occurs in parallel with hypersplenism, to be the major cause of cytopenia and thrombocytopenia. This condition are relatively sub-fatal, even in the absence of a bleeding varices. During the progression of liver cirrhosis, the spleen-derived immune cells and cytokines may travel into the injured liver via portal blood flow. Together with the portal hypertension and congestion, this will result in splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Furthermore, the chemokines, DAMPs like HMGB1, or exosomes, are also release into the circulation, which will trigger the activation and/or migration of splenocytes. This mechanism are known as the liver and spleen crosstalk pathways during liver cirrhosis [2].
\nSpleen size in patients with cirrhosis varies by the etiology of the disease. While in healthy adults, the size of the spleen in usually less than 12 cm, in cirrhotic patients it is relatively larger, as shown in the study by Kashani et al. This study revealed that the mean spleen size in the alcohol group (13.1 ± 2.5 cm) was significantly smaller than in the hepatitis C (15.0 ± 3.4 cm) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (15.2 ± 3.0 cm) groups (95% confidence intervals of the mean difference, 0.6 to 3.3 and 0.8 to 3.4 cm, respectively), sonographically [6].
\nCirrhotic patients are generally considered as immunocompromised, mainly due to the development of bacterial infection and community-acquired infections. Since the spleen is the largest lymphoid organs with large amount of T and B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, splenectomy in cirrhotic patients has produced concern over decrease immunity and elevated risk of infection, namely overwhelming post splenectomy pneumococcal sepsis.
\nHowever, a study by Hirakawa et al., showed the possibility of reducing suppressive cell fractions and enhancement of the effector cell population and functions by means of splenectomy, thus ameliorate the impaired immune status of cirrhotic patients [7].
\nYamada et al. demonstrated that splenectomy improved hepatic functional reserves and nutritional metabolism, together with improvement in thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in cirrhotic patients. Splenectomy is thought to induce a decrease in platelet pooling or breakdown in the spleen of thrombocytopenic patients, and as a result, increase blood platelet counts. Bilirubinemia secondary to hypersplenism, which is caused by an increase in bilirubin production, that overloads the capacity of the liver to metabolize bilirubin, are also reduced after splenectomy [8].
\nIn a study by Ueda et al. of rats undergoing major liver resection with or without splenectomy, early stage splenic red pulp TGF-β1 production and secretion into the portal blood exert an inhibitory effect on liver regeneration. Splenectomy reversed this inhibition and enhanced the regeneration of hepatocytes [9].
\nStudy by Huang et al., unveiled serum cytokine profiles in HBV-related cirrhosis patients with PH and hypersplenism, indicating a potential role of the hypertensive spleen in the progression of liver disease. Furthermore, the changes in cytokine levels following splenectomy maybe potential advantageous to reduce liver fibrosis and accelerate liver regeneration as well as reduce the risk of HCC [10].
\nSplenectomy also enhanced the repopulation of adoptively transferred bone marrow cell in cirrhotic liver and decreased collagen deposition through the upregulation of MM9 expression in transferred bone marrow cells, as suggested by Iwamoto et al. [11], and improved the efficiency of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal cell transplant into the liver by enhancing liver SCF-1 and HGV expressions [12].
\nConsidering all of the above mention mechanism, targeting spleen for the treatment of liver cirrhosis can be achieved through [2]:
amelioration of cirrhosis’ fatal complications such as bleeding esophageal or gastric varices
efficiently improving liver function and the prognosis of esophageal varices
increasing the efficacy of liver transplantation and improving the prognosis of HCC
supplementary treatment for anti-HCV therapy in combination with interferons and other pharmaceuticals
Surgery in a patient with liver disease carries specific and higher risks, compare to those with normal populations. Perioperative care including assessment and optimalization is the key to a safe surgery. Many cirrhosis patients present themselves with a relative contraindications that preclude surgery.
\nThe predictors for complications including Child-Pugh class B or C, ascites, etiology of cirrhosis other than PBC, elevated creatinine, preoperative infection, COPD, preoperative upper GI bleeding, invasiveness of surgical procedure, intraoperative hypotension, and ASA status 4–5. While the predictors of mortality including male gender, Child-Pugh class B or C, ascites, etiology of cirrhosis other than PBC, preoperative infection, ASA status 4–5 and respiratory surgery. The presence of 1 risk factors carries a 9.3% risk of complications, and this increase with the more numbers of risk factors. A total of 7–8 risk factors carries a 100% risk of complications [13].
\nFriedman proposed the following list of contraindication to elective surgery in patients with liver disease, including acute viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, acute liver failure, acute renal failure, severe coagulopathy, hypoxemia and cardiomyopathy [14].
\nRegarding the preferred method for splenectomy, recently laparoscopic has become technically feasible, safe and effective procedure for hypersplenism secondary to cirrhosis, and contributes to less blood loss, shorter length of stay and less impairment of liver function. However, this methods are generally more costly and might not readily available in every hospital. Thus the choice of splenectomy method must be personally selected for each patient, surgeon and hospital [15].
\nIt is already a general consensus that liver transplantation is the preferred treatment options for patient with end stage liver disease. However, the waiting time for liver transplantation is also long due to the shortage of donor organs, even in living donor liver transplantation setting. Moreover, in some countries, liver transplantation still not a feasible option for all patients.
\nOne among many alternatives is by doing a splenectomy prior to liver transplantation in patient with liver cirrhosis and subsequent splenomegaly-hypersplenism. A study by Kong et al., studied 833 patient patients underwent liver transplantation, of which 88 patients had splenectomy before liver transplantation. They found that postoperative infection and 90-days mortality in the splenectomy and non-splenectomy group were not statistically difference. Furthermore, the post-transplant thrombocytopenia and early allograft dysfunctions is significantly lower in splenectomy group compare to non-splenectomy group. They suggested that pre-transplantation splenectomy is recommended in cases with risky patients without appropriate source of liver for LT. Taking into consideration the possibility of more difficult operation due to adhesion when transplantation is being done. One thing to note is that as a “re-operation” the splenectomy is often as- sociated with more difficult dissection due to adhesions [16].
\nSplenectomy is beneficial in reversal of the pathologic process through live regeneration and pre-transplant splenectomy could be an alternative in patients without appropriate source of liver for liver transplantation. However, perioperative considerations should be thoroughly assessed to allow a safe surgery.
\n“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
Part of this article was presented in APASL Congress, Bali, March 2020.
\nThis is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
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\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
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\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
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\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
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\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
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\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
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\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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