Sivapatham Sundaresan

By Sivapatham Sundaresan and Paliarasu Rajapriya

Part of the book: Prevention, Detection and Management of Oral Cancer

By Sivapatham Sundaresan and Palanirasu Rajapriya

The burden of liver cancer is higher in Hispanics, African Americans, and Asians. Viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are the most common etiological/risk factors for liver cancer. Approximately 80–90% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs in patients with underlying liver cirrhosis. Individuals with advanced cirrhosis represent a high-risk group for liver cancer. To fill the increasing gap between basic science and clinical research, translational research has been developed as an emerging technology. Basic science attempts to unravel the mechanisms of disease using tools (e.g., culture systems and animal models) that allow for easy manipulation of biological processes. Further, culture systems and animal models are useful to derive causal associations, but they generally do not include an endpoint directly applicable to clinical practice. Hence, development of new tools for early detection, including the evaluation of liquid biopsy, identification of tissue biomarkers of treatment response, execution of precision and enhancement of patient stratification in patients at risk for HCC development to enable chemoprevention clinical trials becomes important. It was identified as translational research has begun as an effective approach to facilitate the development of novel molecular-based biomarkers and to accelerate the implementation of laboratory discoveries into clinically applicable tools. Despite great advancement in diagnosis and management of HCC, the exact biology of the tumor remains poorly understood generally limiting the clinical outcome. Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the molecular mechanisms and subsequently individual prediction of corresponding prognostic traits would transform both diagnosis and treatment of HCC and is the key goal of modern medicine. To overcome the challenge and to accelerate the progress, a collaborative effort from various clinical research groups and translational approach is needed.

Part of the book: Translational Research in Cancer

By Sivapatham Sundaresan and Lavanya Selvaraj

A recent advance next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has enabled the identification of potential disease-based biomarkers in saliva or epithelial cells. There has been no effective oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) biomarker or well-organised molecular detection method until now, which make early diagnosis difficult, if not impossible. This chapter summarises advances in cancer research using NGS and proposes biomarkers for screening and diagnosis of OSCC using the NGS technique. As part of our review, we covered four categories: OSCC and salivary biomarkers, Uses of NGS and definitions, present biomarkers in NGS, and Candidate salivary biomarkers for OSCC using NGS.

Part of the book: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

By Sivapatham Sundaresan and S.K. Lavanya

Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) is the foremost as often as possible analyzed cancer of the bladder in men around the world, and it positioned the 6th in terms of the number of cases analyzed. A total 30% of bladder tumors likely result from word-related introduction within the work environment to carcinogens. Approximately 70–75% of recently analyzed UBCs are low-grade or non-invasive. As of 2019, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether or not screening bladder cancer in patients without symptoms is feasible. The determination of UBC is made utilizing distinctive tests such as pee cytology and cystoscopy. Cytology tests are uncaring for low-grade cancer, whereas cystoscopy measures the measure of the sore. A biopsy will be done in the event that anomalous tissue is found amid cystoscopy. UBC can be recognized early by cytology, which has moo affectability for low-grade cancer, and by cystoscopy, which is intrusive and costly. Subsequently, numerous analysts have meticulously distinguished pee natural markers for non-invasive UC determination so that treatment victory can be expanded. Organic markers for early UBC discovery are summarized in this chapter, counting FDA-approved and exploratory markers, as well as a few of the unused innovations and developments that have the potential to help investigate endeavors in early UC detection.

Part of the book: Update on Bladder Cancer