\r\n\tThe applications are those related to intelligent monitoring activities such as the quality assessment of the environmental matrices through the use of innovative approaches, case studies, best practices with bottom-up approaches, machine learning techniques, systems development (for example algorithms, sensors, etc.) to predict alterations of environmental matrices. The goal is also to be able to protect natural resources by making their use increasingly sustainable.
\r\n\r\n\tContributions related to the development of prototypes and software with an open-source component are very welcome.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book is intended to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in the field of Ambient Intelligence. A format rich in figures, tables, diagrams, and graphical abstracts is strongly encouraged.
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Mohamed",authors:[{id:"42713",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Ekesi",fullName:"Sunday Ekesi",slug:"sunday-ekesi"},{id:"53233",title:"Dr.",name:"Samira",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Samira Mohamed",slug:"samira-mohamed"}]},{id:"23747",title:"Quality Control of Baculoviral Bioinsecticide Production",slug:"quality-control-of-baculoviral-bioinsecticide-production",signatures:"Solange Ana Belén Miele, Mariano Nicolás Belaich and Pablo Daniel Ghiringhelli",authors:[{id:"52118",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Ghiringhelli",fullName:"Pablo Daniel Ghiringhelli",slug:"pablo-daniel-ghiringhelli"},{id:"54727",title:"Mrs.",name:"Solange Ana Belen",middleName:null,surname:"Miele",fullName:"Solange Ana Belen Miele",slug:"solange-ana-belen-miele"},{id:"54728",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariano Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Belaich",fullName:"Mariano Nicolas Belaich",slug:"mariano-nicolas-belaich"}]},{id:"23748",title:"Quality Control and Characterization of Scintillating Crystals for High Energy Physics and Medical Applications",slug:"quality-control-and-characterization-of-scintillating-crystals-for-high-energy-physics-and-medical-a",signatures:"Daniele Rinaldi, Michel Lebeau, Nicola Paone, Lorenzo Scalise and Paolo Pietroni",authors:[{id:"49866",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Scalise",fullName:"Lorenzo Scalise",slug:"lorenzo-scalise"},{id:"54920",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldi",fullName:"Daniele Rinaldi",slug:"daniele-rinaldi"},{id:"59026",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Lebeau",fullName:"Michel Lebeau",slug:"michel-lebeau"},{id:"59027",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",fullName:"Nicola Paone",slug:"nicola-paone"},{id:"78731",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Pietroni",fullName:"Paolo Pietroni",slug:"paolo-pietroni"}]},{id:"23749",title:"Effect of Last Generation Additives on the Concrete Durability",slug:"effect-of-last-generation-additives-on-the-concrete-durability",signatures:"Ana M. Carvajal, M. Soledad Gómez, Pablo Maturana and Raul Molina",authors:[{id:"42072",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:"MarÃa",surname:"Carvajal",fullName:"Ana Carvajal",slug:"ana-carvajal"},{id:"42100",title:"Prof.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Maturana",fullName:"Pablo Maturana",slug:"pablo-maturana"},{id:"84065",title:"Prof.",name:"Soledad",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez",fullName:"Soledad Gomez",slug:"soledad-gomez"},{id:"84067",title:"Mr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",fullName:"Raul Molina",slug:"raul-molina"}]},{id:"23750",title:"A Convenient and Inexpensive Quality Control Method for Examining the Accuracy of Conjugate Cam Profiles",slug:"a-convenient-and-inexpensive-quality-control-method-for-examining-the-accuracy-of-conjugate-cam-prof",signatures:"Wen-Tung Chang and Long-Iong Wu",authors:[{id:"43114",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Tung",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Wen-Tung Chang",slug:"wen-tung-chang"},{id:"51808",title:"Prof.",name:"Long-Iong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Long-Iong Wu",slug:"long-iong-wu"}]},{id:"23751",title:"Material Characterization and Failure Analysis for Microelectronics Assembly Processes",slug:"material-characterization-and-failure-analysis-for-microelectronics-assembly-processes",signatures:"Chien-Yi Huang, Ming-Shu Li, Shan-Yu Huang, Cheng-I Chang and Min-Hui Huang",authors:[{id:"52412",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Ming-Shu Li",slug:"ming-shu-li"},{id:"52426",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien-Yi",middleName:"Jay",surname:"Huang",fullName:"Chien-Yi Huang",slug:"chien-yi-huang"},{id:"98841",title:"MSc.",name:"Cheng-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Cheng-I Chang",slug:"cheng-i-chang"},{id:"98978",title:"BSc.",name:"Min Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Min Hui Huang",slug:"min-hui-huang"},{id:"99353",title:"MSc.",name:"Shan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Shan-Yu Huang",slug:"shan-yu-huang"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74441",title:"Responding to Changes in Environmental Turbulence - A Strategy to Driving Business Growth in Facing Economic Downturns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95054",slug:"responding-to-changes-in-environmental-turbulence-a-strategy-to-driving-business-growth-in-facing-ec",body:'\nThe modern global economy is on the brink of a new industrial revolution, as evidenced by many actual trends, following the provisions of modern economic theory (economic cycle theory, crisis theory, innovation theory). Overcome the global crisis, a new wave of innovation has needed where Industry 4.0 will become a new global industrial landmark and standard of development in the real economic sector of the entire global economic system [1]. In line with the goals of society 5.0, Industry 4.0 revolutionizes the production industry by increasing operational efficiency, new business models, services, and products. Society 5.0 focuses on using technology developed by Industry 4.0 to benefit humankind by utilizing advanced technology to solve problems and the economy. This study identifies that disruption of innovation through environmental turbulence offers opportunities to drive business development. Society 5.0 focuses on people and changes from innovation to technological transformation through industrial automation 4.0 [2, 3]. In this study, environmental turbulence refers to exogenous factors that give rise to uncertain and volatile situations that impact business performance [4, 5].
\nWhile some companies view environmental instability as a risk that threatens performance, it has understood as a threat and an opportunity for more entrepreneurial firms. It opens opportunities for the growth of various new businesses accompanied by increasingly fierce competition [6]. The desire to find ways to overcome turbulence and create growth and success from turbulence drives companies to think and act. Rapid technological advances have led to significant business developments and changes [7]. Likewise, as reported by The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018, the interruption and disruption of technological change create extraordinary possibilities and challenges which strengthen by using the convergence of digital, physical and organic technology that has characterized the rise of the Fourth Industrial Revolution [8].
\nEnvironmental turbulence can occur in several factors: technology turbulence, competition intensity, market turbulence, and regulation. The biggest factor is due largely to rapid technological changes and the high intensity of competition marked by customer composition changes, behavior, and preferences. In Indonesia, over the top service (OTT) penetration was long before Covid-19 eroded revenue providers [9, 10]. Even though the operator is experiencing growth, the Telco industry requires a large investment, but the income is low. Although growing, digital services have not replaced declining operator revenues [11, 12]. When environmental turbulence occurs, it causes a direct disruption to company performance. Thus, the company’s initial response must be fast to reduce accumulated losses. In the firm’s predetermined response model, management reactions are initiated without delay on the rational trigger point, as illustrated in Figure 1 [13]. Due to the environment’s turbulent characteristics, both the base model and the Determinant model of responses are triggered after the event has occurred.
\nDecisive model of firm response to a crisis event.
In this study, the methodology used is a qualitative systematic literature review on various aspects of the topics discussed, including strategy, distinctive capability, environmental turbulence, and business model strategies. The basic ideas on carrying out such a systematic review had borrowed from leading scholars in the field [14]. Both integrative and interpretive techniques had used to uncover new insights into strategy. Various studies on dynamic strategies and volatile business environments have collected it from various primary qualitative studies conducted using this methodology. Several in-depth studies of the subject matter have carried it out so that conclusions have drawn it. Thus, the literature review’s qualitative synthesis has used it as the basis for the arguments discussed in this chapter.
\nThis study is also measured by asking respondents’ perceptions through explanatory studies and preliminary surveys on market predictability, innovation, and customer preferences. Disruptive innovation through environmental turbulence is a major creative driver for reengineering businesses. It is not just innovation but agile innovation that can take advantage of economic downturns by developing new creative business models by making new paradigm shifts [15, 16]. As globalization and digitization evolve, organizations must respond quickly to changing market demands. According to Milan Krstic, 2018 agile innovation is a collaborative process that connects innovation, people, technology, projects, and outputs that impact paradigm shifts driven by competition in the market and rapid technological advances [16]. Agile innovation emphasizes creative and adaptable teamwork in solving complex problems; Lean development focuses on eliminating all losses continuously so that the innovation process is significantly faster [15]. Thus, the company can be fast responding to Changes in Environmental Turbulence to encourage business growth in the face of deteriorating company performance.
\nExploratory case studies and literature reviews are using to test environmental turbulence’s antecedents, Distinctive Innovation Capabilities, through business model innovation strategies to firm performance [17, 18].
\nThis study fills the gap from the previous study. Since 2000, most business models have focused on organizations’ mediating role to mediate technology capabilities and firm performance. Only a handful of research publications so far have examined how organizations innovating should have structured collaborations and interact fluidly [19, 20]. There are no studies that elaborate on how organizations exploit internal resources and structures and how to access, configure, and utilize external resources embedded in business model strategies to produce the ability to manage business turbulence in the industrial evolution of the 4.0 era through Distinctive Innovation Capabilities [21, 22]. This research’s authenticity lies in how management produces a practically oriented framework of how organizations shape to be innovative and competitive by building a common business model. However, this study has limitations due to its qualitative nature and conceptual framework, which needs further investigation through large-scale surveys by quantitative research. The conceptualization and investigation of the independent and combined effects of business model innovation, environmental turbulence, and Distinctive Innovation Capabilities structures on organizational agility highlight the importance of complementarity between antecedents and add to the cumulative pool of knowledge in this research area.
\nFrom a managerial perspective, this study provides a comprehensive view of environmental turbulence impact, how to develop a Distinctive Innovation Capability strategy for developing an organization’s business model, how to achieve it, what variables contribute, and how to relate it to performance. Institutional cooperation requires collaboration in an innovation environment where consumers, companies, universities, and public authorities work together to produce innovation (Quadruple Helix). It means that the resulting research can apply to national development, and higher education is responsive to industrial, customer and social needs [23, 24].
\nCompanies are operating in a more dynamic environment that affects environmental turbulence that occurs influence business model transformation and business performance. Many studies confirm that several conditions in the Study of Environmental Turbulence and Model Transformation & Business Models affect company performance [25, 26, 27, 28]. The more turbulent an environment, companies must rely on innovation to neutralize the outdated threats of products and technology and take advantage of new technological opportunities to create new business models that can support company performance [29, 30]. However, according to [31] pragmatically, some problems will be missed and become strategic surprises even at the most sophisticated environmental scanning method. The recent economic downturn and current pressures on the market have increased the need for leaders to have a strategic business model plan [32]. Organizations whose historical business models have based on organic growth must now strategically position themselves taking into account the new ‘rules of the game’ and develop a posture that increases strategic, managerial aggressiveness [33].
\nThe process of forming a volatile environment is inseparable from the influence of technology, the emergence of a new economic order, changing values and lifestyles, and the availability of an exchange of information flows, goods and services with a decreasing price trend accompanied by the high speed of the flow of goods/services and the dissemination of information. The emergence of an economic model of sharing transportation and accommodation has disrupted business establishment. Several studies have confirmed the relationship between environmental turbulence and business strategy models and then show that it successfully competitive advantage. Besides, it mediates the role of business model innovation to show that there is a relationship, and the results of several studies suggest that business model innovation has a positive effect on company performance [34, 35].
\nThe description above means the higher the organization’s ability to provide the right solutions with a good business model innovation strategy that can provide added value to the organization. Then the innovative business model will perform better in facing competitive advantages in the telecommunications industry. Therefore, it had assumed that environmental turbulence influences business innovation. According to [36], human resources and capabilities are important components of a company’s competitive advantage in a resource-based view. The concept of turbulence was initially introduced in 1965 by Emery and Trist. The business environment has been influencing by several components (competition, customers, suppliers, shareholders, public markets, regulatory bodies, legislative bodies, technology, economics, and society) [37]. Environmental turbulence influences the external environment or changes in the future [38, 39]. Based on the contingency theory [40, 41], organizations react to environmental changes, and organizational strategies are determined based on environmental conditions that occur. Figure 2 shows that many studies on environmental turbulence strategies with a link and difference focus have described it as pedigrees for the theoretical foundation of environmental turbulence from the market and organization perspective.
\nTheoretical foundation of environmental turbulence. Source: Various publication
This study ends with the definition of environmental turbulence for the Telecommunication Industry. Organizational ability to project business planning creatively, flexibly, and adaptively to anticipate potential disruptors, new regulations, technology changes, competition, social patterns, and consumer lifestyles. The dimension of environmental turbulence in this study is; Dynamics - the extent to which the company’s environmental components’ elements remain the same over time or a continuous flux [42]. The degree of dynamism (instability) has influenced it by changing environmental change and change intensity. Complexity - Increasing number of elements and their interdependence [43], homogeneity/heterogeneity [44] contribute to environmental complexity. Predictability - uncertainty, or ignorance, is a dimension related to the extent of causation and the availability of information about change contributing to the level of uncertainty [39, 45].
\nThe literature on strategic management shows different capabilities or competencies as an important part of an organization’s resources and competitive advantage. Mintzberg and Quinn [46] argue that Distinctive Innovation capability, as a competitive advantage source, provides the basis for a sustainable competitive advantage [43]. Meanwhile, Drucker [47] and Cavusgil et al. [48] discussed the importance of the ability of innovation for organizations to survive in an unstable environment [46, 47]. Innovation capability had proposed as a high-level integration capability, namely, forming and managing various capabilities [48]. Organizations with this innovation capability can integrate their company’s core capabilities and resources to stimulate innovation successfully [49, 50].
\nAccording to Amabile [51] and quoted by Zhao et al. [52] states that innovation capability is the application of knowledge relevant to the achievement of value in an organization. Teece and Pisano [53] and Teece et al. [54] suggested that the winners in the global market are companies that demonstrate timely responsiveness and innovation that is fast and flexible [55, 56], together with management’s ability to coordinate effectively and re-apply internal and external competencies [57]. However, Miranda and Figueiredo [58] distinguish routine and innovative companies based on technological innovation capabilities with the factors that shape vision and strategy capabilities [51, 52], utilization of competency bases, organizational intelligence, creativity and idea management, organizational structures and systems, culture and climate and technology management [53]. Saunila defines innovation capabilities by influencing an organization’s ability to manage innovation [53]. These aspects include participatory leadership culture, ideation, organizational structure, climate, worker welfare, knowledge development, regeneration, external knowledge [54], and individual activity [59].
\nThis study concludes that Distinctive Innovation capability is the company’s ability to develop and manage fast and flexible innovation by leveraging technology management’s creative capabilities, knowledge development, integrating capabilities, and core company resources to stimulate innovation and provide added value for companies to gain competitive advantage.
\nAny organization interested in competing in a dynamic market must create unique benefits that enable it to gain a competitive advantage over competitors. However, [60] argues that business has become a global and global market, which increasingly encourages an Innovation Business Model because companies must overcome global challenges. The way to outperform competitors is through innovation. Innovation as a strategy involves creating new ideas, processes, and methods to improve current goods and services or bring them into new products and services [37]. Innovation is needed to maintain the existing competitive position and the competitive advantage that has obtained it. Most studies conclude that business model innovation increases competitive advantage and contributes significantly [58, 61]. Previous studies examined cloud and digital computing as disruptive innovations. Building on this reflection, to better understand business model innovation resulting from accepting a cloud benefit model [36, 62].
\nTechnology has changed organizations must realize that a classic business model, such as buying and selling at a premium price, will no longer work [63]. Technological changes provide the necessary context for understanding the transformation of new digital technologies [64, 65, 66]. This article will help understand why this new business model’s strategy innovation is important and why everyone should understand the most successful business models. Looking at the business model is essential to understanding how to position a company and generate additional revenue [58, 60, 67]. New business models can also help companies become more resilient to market dynamics and diversify business strategy [68, 69]. Successful disruptive business models are often customer focused. Based on the description above, the higher the organization’s ability to provide the right solutions with a good business model innovation strategy that can provide sustainable Business Models, Added value to the organization, the high-level innovation will perform better in the face of competitive advantage [69, 70]. Therefore, a business model paradigm’s concept logic can help understand specific innovation to transformation challenges that companies will face when introducing new business models, a simplified schematic overview strategy Sustainability Business Model, reconceptualized from Figure 3 [71].
\nSustainability business model transformation.
An extensive literature review guided the choice of variables for the conceptual framework. Identify the dominant antecedents considered to form the business model innovation strategy and firm performance by developing it through exploratory case studies. Thus, in line with this study, the objectives are to examine the effect of Environmental Turbulence (ET), Distinctive Innovation Ability, and business model innovation influence firm performance (FP). The literature review of the concepts above will answer the questions in this study by explaining how the relationship between Environmental Turbulence (ET), Distinctive Innovation capabilities, and business model innovation affects company performance (FP)?
\nTherefore, based on the study literature and explanatory case study, this study defined several hypotheses. The following hypotheses have been compiled by modeling the relationships between the variables examined in detail in this section, and a conceptual research model developed, as shown in Figure 4.
Business model innovation has a positive effect on company performance.
Environmental Turbulence (ET) has a positive effect on company performance (FP) directly and indirectly through a business model innovation strategy.
Typical Innovation Capabilities have a positive influence on company performance (FP) directly or indirectly through a business model innovation strategy.
Conceptual model.
The explanation above and based on the previous literature means that the higher the organization’s ability to provide the right solution with a good environmental turbulence strategy that can add value to firm performance, either directly or through an innovation model business strategy. Meanwhile, based on a previous study, the higher its ability to carry out business model innovation and a good distinctive innovation capability, the higher its performance. Therefore, it should have assumed that based on the hypothesis in Figure 4, there is an influence between environmental turbulence, business innovation strategy, and distinctive innovation capability on company performance in the telecommunications industry.
\nExploratory case studies and systematic literature reviews prove that business strategy innovation and firm performance are essential for business success when faced with intense environmental turbulence. Typical Innovation Capabilities and Firm Performance are determined by appropriate revenue in the ongoing market and the expansion of technology and innovation in products for new information for decision-making capabilities [70]. Therefore, innovative portfolio business models are at the center of strategic decision-making capabilities, especially when the complexity of innovation and dynamics increases. This study conceptually develops a framework that connects environmental turbulence, distinctive innovation capabilities, business model innovation, and tests its effect on company performance. This study uses information processing theory to propose and test the antecedents and consequences of a business model innovation strategy.
\nInnovative business model capabilities are a continuous change from new business strategies to keep pace with market developments, competitive advantage, and performance. Therefore, innovation capabilities are not simply the ability to successfully run a new business or manage mainstream capabilities. However, innovation capability is about synthesizing three paradigms, enabling innovative companies to produce new products and services that are quality-focused, efficient, and responsive.
\nThis study proposes the idea of a Typical Innovation capability. We have used the innovation management literature and several case studies as examples of Cisco Systems to demonstrate how innovation capabilities synthesize new and mainstream flows to achieve effective innovation performance. The next section identifies the elements of makeup innovation capability. Therefore, the innovation capability model aims to build a theoretical framework that highlights the actions managers can take to influence innovation success. However, several attempts have made it use a dynamic capabilities approach to produce a holistic innovation capability model. Organizations focus on innovation and innovation output as a competitive strategy.
\nBesides, this study has been able to fill the gaps and enhance previous studies on business model innovation strategies. It has explained that the distinctive Innovation capabilities by utilizing the external organizational structure’s capabilities and flexibility can face business turbulence. It allows organizations to achieve an increase in business strategy innovation capabilities, high-quality company performance in the face of economic decline, and at the same time, add to this cumulative knowledge study. Investigations of a set of antecedents of distinctive Innovation capabilities, business model innovation strategies, and environmental turbulence on company performance have highlighted the importance of complementarity as critical factors developed in future research.
\nThis research has limitations in telecommunications information, communication, and technology in Indonesia. As an antecedent of the Service Innovation has identified it, and its relationship has presented, large-scale quantitative surveys will test the conceptual framework and further explore each variable’s role. Furthermore, future research expands to consider the international implications of research and the broader scope.
\nFrom a managerial perspective, this research gives organization management a comprehensive view of enhancing innovation business model strategy and consecutively providing a solution to customers and influencing it and their relationships. This study will benefit the telecommunications companies that want to move to digital transformation, which is still an expensive and lengthy process, by using strengthening integrative capability to perfecting internal monetization, but especially overcoming external monetization from the opportunity of environmental turbulence to leap forward. Portfolio managers have suggested it intensify the information system’s use as it positively impacts an organization’s innovation business performance by intensifying information exchange with internal and external stakeholders.
\nFrom the social impact perspective, with the sustainable growth of technology-based companies, through innovative business models, Distinctive Innovation capability and environmental turbulence capabilities, companies can provide general benefits from the microeconomic side to customers and at a macro level to the performance of the company and industry in general. Thus, it can be a driving force for the advancement of digitalized technology knowledge and adopted by the community to prepare development towards society 5.0.
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\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\nTERMINATION
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\\n\\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\\n\\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nMISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\\n\\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\\n\\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\\n\\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Author, and any Co-Author, confirms that they are, and will remain, a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Work and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process, including all published versions, is retained by the Author and any Co-Authors.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
\n\nThe Author, on his/her own behalf and on behalf of the Co-Authors, will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Work as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Work arising from the translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits as determined by IntechOpen.
\n\nAUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\nWhen distributing or re-publishing the Work, the Author agrees to credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Author guarantees that Co-Authors will also credit the Monograph/Compacts as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Work.
\n\nThe Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Author will be held responsible for the payment of the agreed Open Access Publishing Fee before the completion of the project (Monograph/Compacts publication).
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of issue of the invoice. The Author or whoever is paying on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Work worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen, at its request, the original copies of such consents for inspection or the photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from those who might recognize themselves or be identified by others, for example from case reports or photographs.
\n\nThe Author shall respect confidentiality during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Author and Co-Authors are confidential and are intended only for the recipients. The contents of any communication may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\nAUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm and warrant that the Work does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Work contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
\n\nThe Author agrees to indemnify IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses, as well as all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of, or in connection with, any breach of the agreed confirmations and warranties. This indemnity shall not apply in a situation in which a claim results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\nNothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\nTERMINATION
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Author and/or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (being a private individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Author and/or any Co-Author (as a corporate entity) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for, or enters into, any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn the event of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Author of the decision in writing.
\n\nIntechOpen’s DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen, at its discretion, agrees to publish the Work attributing it to the Author and Co-Authors.
\n\nUnless prevented from doing so by events beyond its reasonable control, IntechOpen agrees to provide publishing services which include: managing editing (editorial and publishing process coordination, Author assistance); publishing software technology; language copyediting; typesetting; online publishing; hosting and web management; and abstracting and indexing services.
\n\nIntechOpen agrees to offer free online access to readers and use reasonable efforts to promote the Publication to relevant audiences.
\n\nIntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement on behalf of the Author and Co-Authors against third parties, for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements. In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Work, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement that is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\nIntechOpen has the right to include/use the Author and Co-Authors names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Work and has the right to contact the Author and Co-Authors until the Work is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\nMISCELLANEOUS
\n\nFurther Assurance: The Author shall ensure that any relevant third party, including any Co-Author, shall execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nThird Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\nEntire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by, or on behalf of, the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (known as the "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of any fraudulent pre-contract misrepresentation or concealment.
\n\nWaiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\nVariation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall have effect unless it is in writing and signed by the parties, or their duly authorized representatives.
\n\nSeverance: If any provision, or part-provision, of this Publication Agreement is, or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted. Any modification to, or deletion of, a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
\n\nGoverning law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim, including non-contractual disputes or claims arising out of, or in connection with it, or its subject matter or formation, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of, or in connection with, this Publication Agreement, including any non-contractual disputes or claims.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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