Oil yield values at various stages for treated and untreated heated sunflower meal samples.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-918-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-917-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-919-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",bookSignature:"Prof. Palanikumar Kayaroganam",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",keywords:"Response Surface, Modeling, Second Order, Curve Fitting, Optimization, Multiple Performance Optimization, Experimentation, Industry Needs, Engineering Applications, Response Surface Modeling, Service Sector, Residual Analysis",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in statistical modeling, simulation and optimization, head of the Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, receiver of the best researcher award from ISTE, world top 1% reviewer by Publon, holder of 15 published patents with Google h-index of 45.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321730/images/system/321730.jpg",biography:'Dr. K. Palanikumar is presently Professor and Principal, Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai, India. He completed his Masters Degree in Production Engineering with first rank from Annamalai University and obtained Ph.D Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. He has more than 25 years of experience in teaching and research. He has advised 15 Ph.D scholars as a supervisor and has received “National Best Researcher Award" from ISTE. He has published more than 110 papers in SCI Journals having impact factor and 225 papers in Scopus Indexed Journals. He has also published/presented more than 300 papers in international and national journals and conferences. His Google Scholar h-index is 45. He is the life member of Indian Tribology Society of India, Indian Society for Non- Destructive testing (ISNT), Indian Welding Society, Indian Society for Technical Education and Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), and Indian Institution of Production Engineers. He is the Associate Editor of “Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technology” and “International Journal of Materials Forming and Machining Processes (IJMFMP)”. His current area of research includes composite materials, statistical analysis, machining of composite materials, modern manufacturing, optimization, simulation and modeling.',institutionString:"Sri Sairam Institute of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"184402",firstName:"Romina",lastName:"Rovan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184402/images/4747_n.jpg",email:"romina.r@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"37946",title:"On Control Design of Switched Affine Systems with Application to DC-DC Converters",doi:"10.5772/39127",slug:"on-control-design-of-switched-affine-systems-with-application-to-dc-dc-converters",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37946.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/37946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/37946",totalDownloads:1905,totalViews:138,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 18th 2011",dateReviewed:"January 19th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 25th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/37946",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/37946",book:{slug:"frontiers-in-advanced-control-systems"},signatures:"E. I. Mainardi Júnior, M. C. M. Teixeira, R. Cardim, M. R. Moreira, E. Assunção and Victor L. Yoshimura",authors:[{id:"122338",title:"Dr.",name:"Edvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Assuncao",fullName:"Edvaldo Assuncao",slug:"edvaldo-assuncao",email:"edvaldo@dee.feis.unesp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"122339",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo C. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Marcelo C. M. Teixeira",slug:"marcelo-c.-m.-teixeira",email:"marcelo@dee.feis.unesp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"134667",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Cardim",fullName:"Rodrigo Cardim",slug:"rodrigo-cardim",email:"rcardim@dee.feis.unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"137600",title:"Mr.",name:"Edson",middleName:null,surname:"Italo Mainardi Jr",fullName:"Edson Italo Mainardi Jr",slug:"edson-italo-mainardi-jr",email:"edsonitalo@yahoo.com.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"138138",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoel R.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Manoel R. Moreira",slug:"manoel-r.-moreira",email:"m.rmoreira@yahoo.com.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"138139",title:"MSc.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Leonardo",surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Victor Yoshimura",slug:"victor-yoshimura",email:"victor.yoshimura@cba.ifmt.edu.br",position:"Assistant Professor",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2286",title:"Frontiers in Advanced Control Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Frontiers in Advanced Control Systems",slug:"frontiers-in-advanced-control-systems",publishedDate:"July 25th 2012",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2286.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37942",title:"Highlighted Aspects From Black Box Fuzzy Modeling For Advanced Control Systems Design",slug:"highlighted-aspects-from-black-box-fuzzy-modeling-for-advanced-control-systems-design",totalDownloads:2316,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",authors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra"}]},{id:"37943",title:"Online Adaptive Learning Solution of Multi-Agent Differential Graphical Games",slug:"online-adaptive-learning-solution-of-multi-agent-differential-graphical-games",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis and Frank L. Lewis",authors:[{id:"13440",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Frank L. Lewis",slug:"frank-l.-lewis"},{id:"14111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyriakos G.",middleName:null,surname:"Vamvoudakis",fullName:"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis",slug:"kyriakos-g.-vamvoudakis"}]},{id:"37944",title:"Neural and Genetic Control Approaches in Process Engineering",slug:"neural-and-genetic-control-approaches-in-process-engineering",totalDownloads:2391,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Javier Fernandez De Canete, Pablo Del Saz, Alfonso Garcia-Cerezo and Inmaculada Garcia-Moral",authors:[{id:"137452",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez De Canete",fullName:"Javier Fernandez De Canete",slug:"javier-fernandez-de-canete"},{id:"137554",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Del Saz",fullName:"Pablo Del Saz",slug:"pablo-del-saz"},{id:"137555",title:"Dr.",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Moral",fullName:"Inmaculada Garcia-Moral",slug:"inmaculada-garcia-moral"},{id:"150828",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Cerezo",fullName:"Alfonso Garcia-Cerezo",slug:"alfonso-garcia-cerezo"}]},{id:"37945",title:"New Techniques for Optimizing the Norm of Robust Controllers of Polytopic Uncertain Linear Systems",slug:"new-techniques-for-optimizing-the-norm-of-robust-controllers-of-polytopic-uncertain-linear-systems",totalDownloads:2385,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Luiz F. S. Buzachero, Edvaldo Assuncao, Marcelo C. M. Teixeira and Emerson R. P. Da Silva",authors:[{id:"122334",title:"MSc.",name:"Luiz F. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Buzachero",fullName:"Luiz F. S. Buzachero",slug:"luiz-f.-s.-buzachero"},{id:"122338",title:"Dr.",name:"Edvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Assuncao",fullName:"Edvaldo Assuncao",slug:"edvaldo-assuncao"},{id:"122339",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo C. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Marcelo C. M. Teixeira",slug:"marcelo-c.-m.-teixeira"},{id:"122340",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson R. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",fullName:"Emerson R. P. Da Silva",slug:"emerson-r.-p.-da-silva"}]},{id:"37946",title:"On Control Design of Switched Affine Systems with Application to DC-DC Converters",slug:"on-control-design-of-switched-affine-systems-with-application-to-dc-dc-converters",totalDownloads:1905,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"E. I. Mainardi Júnior, M. C. M. Teixeira, R. Cardim, M. R. Moreira, E. Assunção and Victor L. Yoshimura",authors:[{id:"122338",title:"Dr.",name:"Edvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Assuncao",fullName:"Edvaldo Assuncao",slug:"edvaldo-assuncao"},{id:"122339",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo C. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Marcelo C. M. Teixeira",slug:"marcelo-c.-m.-teixeira"},{id:"134667",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Cardim",fullName:"Rodrigo Cardim",slug:"rodrigo-cardim"},{id:"137600",title:"Mr.",name:"Edson",middleName:null,surname:"Italo Mainardi Jr",fullName:"Edson Italo Mainardi Jr",slug:"edson-italo-mainardi-jr"},{id:"138138",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoel R.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Manoel R. Moreira",slug:"manoel-r.-moreira"},{id:"138139",title:"MSc.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Leonardo",surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Victor Yoshimura",slug:"victor-yoshimura"}]},{id:"37947",title:"PID Controller Tuning Based on the Classification of Stable, Integrating and Unstable Processes in a Parameter Plane",slug:"pid-controller-tuning-based-on-the-classification-of-stable-integrating-and-unstable-processes-in-a-",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomislav B. Šekara and Miroslav R. Mataušek",authors:[{id:"137867",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:"Blagoje",surname:"Šekara",fullName:"Tomislav Šekara",slug:"tomislav-sekara"},{id:"137869",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Mataušek",fullName:"Miroslav Mataušek",slug:"miroslav-matausek"}]},{id:"37948",title:"A Comparative Study using Bio-Inspired Optimization Methods Applied to Controllers Tuning",slug:"a-comparative-study-using-bio-inspired-optimization-methods-applied-to-controllers-tuning",totalDownloads:2794,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Davi Leonardo de Souza, Fran Sérgio Lobato and Rubens Gedraite",authors:[{id:"125558",title:"Prof.",name:"Fran Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Fran Sergio Lobato",slug:"fran-sergio-lobato"}]},{id:"37949",title:"Adaptive Coordinated Cooperative Control of Multi-Mobile Manipulators",slug:"adaptive-coordinated-cooperative-control-of-multi-mobile-manipulators",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Víctor H. Andaluz, Paulo Leica, Flavio Roberti, Marcos Toibero and Ricardo Carelli",authors:[{id:"138122",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Andaluz",fullName:"Victor Andaluz",slug:"victor-andaluz"},{id:"138124",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Leica",fullName:"Paulo Leica",slug:"paulo-leica"}]},{id:"37950",title:"Iterative Learning - MPC: an Alternative Strategy",slug:"iterative-learning-mpc-an-alternative-strategy",totalDownloads:2151,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eduardo J. Adam and Alejandro H. González",authors:[{id:"138027",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Eduardo Adam",slug:"eduardo-adam"}]},{id:"37951",title:"FPGA Implementation of PID Controller for the Stabilization of a DC-DC “Buck” Converter",slug:"fpga-implementation-of-pid-controller-for-the-stabilization-of-a-dc-dc-buck-converter",totalDownloads:5200,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eric William Zurita-Bustamante, Jesús Linares-Flores, Enrique Guzmán-Ramírez and Hebertt Sira-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"135851",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Linares-Flores",fullName:"Jesús Linares-Flores",slug:"jesus-linares-flores"}]},{id:"37952",title:"Model Predictive Control Relevant Identification",slug:"model-predictive-control-relevant-identification",totalDownloads:2540,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rodrigo Alvite Romano, Alain Segundo Potts and Claudio Garcia",authors:[{id:"59058",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Claudio Garcia",slug:"claudio-garcia"},{id:"63529",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:"Segundo",surname:"Potts",fullName:"Alain Potts",slug:"alain-potts"},{id:"137954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Alvite",surname:"Romano",fullName:"Rodrigo Romano",slug:"rodrigo-romano"}]},{id:"37953",title:"System Identification Using Orthonormal Basis Filters",slug:"system-identification-using-orthonormal-basis-filters",totalDownloads:2753,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lemma D. Tufa and M. Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"138148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lemma Dendena",middleName:null,surname:"Tufa",fullName:"Lemma Dendena Tufa",slug:"lemma-dendena-tufa"},{id:"138149",title:"Dr.",name:"Marappagounder",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",fullName:"Marappagounder Ramasamy",slug:"marappagounder-ramasamy"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6129",title:"Kalman Filters",subtitle:"Theory for Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7341ee991eeb22a10a8b14bcd53a24b6",slug:"kalman-filters-theory-for-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58317",title:"A Reference Recursive Recipe for Tuning the Statistics of the Kalman Filter",slug:"a-reference-recursive-recipe-for-tuning-the-statistics-of-the-kalman-filter",signatures:"Mudambi R Ananthasayanam",authors:[{id:"209685",title:"Prof.",name:"Mudambi",middleName:"R",surname:"Ananthasayanam",fullName:"Mudambi Ananthasayanam",slug:"mudambi-ananthasayanam"}]},{id:"58052",title:"The Error Covariance Matrix Inflation in Ensemble Kalman Filter",slug:"the-error-covariance-matrix-inflation-in-ensemble-kalman-filter",signatures:"Guocan Wu and Xiaogu Zheng",authors:[{id:"210688",title:"Dr.",name:"Guocan",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Guocan Wu",slug:"guocan-wu"}]},{id:"57977",title:"Unscented Kalman Filter for State and Parameter Estimation in Vehicle Dynamics",slug:"unscented-kalman-filter-for-state-and-parameter-estimation-in-vehicle-dynamics",signatures:"Mark Wielitzka, Alexander Busch, Matthias Dagen and Tobias\nOrtmaier",authors:[{id:"122290",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Ortmaier",fullName:"Tobias Ortmaier",slug:"tobias-ortmaier"},{id:"201140",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Wielitzka",fullName:"Mark Wielitzka",slug:"mark-wielitzka"},{id:"202801",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Dagen",fullName:"Matthias Dagen",slug:"matthias-dagen"},{id:"222868",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Busch",fullName:"Alexander Busch",slug:"alexander-busch"}]},{id:"58292",title:"Sensitivity-Based Adaptive SRUKF for State, Parameter, and Covariance Estimation on Mechatronic Systems",slug:"sensitivity-based-adaptive-srukf-for-state-parameter-and-covariance-estimation-on-mechatronic-system",signatures:"Mauro Hernán Riva, Mark Wielitzka and Tobias Ortmaier",authors:[{id:"122290",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Ortmaier",fullName:"Tobias Ortmaier",slug:"tobias-ortmaier"},{id:"201140",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Wielitzka",fullName:"Mark Wielitzka",slug:"mark-wielitzka"},{id:"210832",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mauro",middleName:"Hernán",surname:"Riva",fullName:"Mauro Riva",slug:"mauro-riva"}]},{id:"57768",title:"Kalman Filters for Parameter Estimation of Nonstationary Signals",slug:"kalman-filters-for-parameter-estimation-of-nonstationary-signals",signatures:"Sarita Nanda",authors:[{id:"209587",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarita",middleName:null,surname:"Nanda",fullName:"Sarita Nanda",slug:"sarita-nanda"}]},{id:"57455",title:"Kalman Filter Models for the Prediction of Individualised Thermal Work Strain",slug:"kalman-filter-models-for-the-prediction-of-individualised-thermal-work-strain",signatures:"Jia Guo, Ying Chen, Weiping Priscilla Fan, Si Hui Maureen Lee,\nJunxian Ong, Poh Ling Tan, Yu Li Lydia Law, Kai Wei Jason Lee and\nKok-Yong Seng",authors:[{id:"171298",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Seng",fullName:"Kok-Yong Seng",slug:"kok-yong-seng"},{id:"209402",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Ying Chen",slug:"ying-chen"},{id:"209404",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Jia Guo",slug:"jia-guo"},{id:"220688",title:"Ms.",name:"Weiping Priscilla",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Weiping Priscilla Fan",slug:"weiping-priscilla-fan"},{id:"220689",title:"Ms.",name:"Si Hui Maureen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Si Hui Maureen Lee",slug:"si-hui-maureen-lee"},{id:"220690",title:"Mr.",name:"Junxian",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Junxian Ong",slug:"junxian-ong"},{id:"220691",title:"Ms.",name:"Poh Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Poh Ling Tan",slug:"poh-ling-tan"},{id:"220692",title:"Ms.",name:"Yu Li Lydia",middleName:null,surname:"Law",fullName:"Yu Li Lydia Law",slug:"yu-li-lydia-law"},{id:"220693",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai Wei Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kai Wei Jason Lee",slug:"kai-wei-jason-lee"}]},{id:"57512",title:"Application of Kalman Filtering in Dynamic Prediction for Corporate Financial Distress",slug:"application-of-kalman-filtering-in-dynamic-prediction-for-corporate-financial-distress",signatures:"Qian Zhuang",authors:[{id:"209794",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Qian Zhuang",slug:"qian-zhuang"}]},{id:"57651",title:"Predicting Collisions in Mobile Robot Navigation by Kalman Filter",slug:"predicting-collisions-in-mobile-robot-navigation-by-kalman-filter",signatures:"Angel Sánchez, Homero Ríos, Gustavo Quintana and Antonio Marín",authors:[{id:"210685",title:"MSc.",name:"Angel",middleName:"Juan",surname:"Sanchez Garcia",fullName:"Angel Sanchez Garcia",slug:"angel-sanchez-garcia"},{id:"211071",title:"Dr.",name:"Homero",middleName:null,surname:"Rios Figueroa",fullName:"Homero Rios Figueroa",slug:"homero-rios-figueroa"},{id:"211072",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Marin Hernandez",fullName:"Antonio Marin Hernandez",slug:"antonio-marin-hernandez"},{id:"219509",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Quintana Carapia",fullName:"Gustavo Quintana Carapia",slug:"gustavo-quintana-carapia"}]},{id:"59091",title:"Efficient Matrix-Free Ensemble Kalman Filter Implementations: Accounting for Localization",slug:"efficient-matrix-free-ensemble-kalman-filter-implementations-accounting-for-localization",signatures:"Elias David Niño Ruiz, Rolando Beltrán Arrieta and Alfonso Manuel\nMancilla Herrera",authors:[{id:"107082",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elias",middleName:"David",surname:"Nino-Ruiz",fullName:"Elias Nino-Ruiz",slug:"elias-nino-ruiz"}]},{id:"58238",title:"Kalman Filters for Reference Current Generation in Shunt Active Power Filter (APF)",slug:"kalman-filters-for-reference-current-generation-in-shunt-active-power-filter-apf-",signatures:"Ahmad Shukri Bin Abu Hasim, Syed Mohd Fairuz Bin Syed Mohd\nDardin and Zulkifilie Bin Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"208972",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Mohd Fairuz",middleName:null,surname:"Syed Mohd Dardin",fullName:"Syed Mohd Fairuz Syed Mohd Dardin",slug:"syed-mohd-fairuz-syed-mohd-dardin"},{id:"209475",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Shukri",middleName:null,surname:"Abu Hasim",fullName:"Ahmad Shukri Abu Hasim",slug:"ahmad-shukri-abu-hasim"},{id:"218276",title:"Prof.",name:"Zulkifilie",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Zulkifilie Ibrahim",slug:"zulkifilie-ibrahim"}]},{id:"57692",title:"Applications of Kalman Filters for Coherent Optical Communication Systems",slug:"applications-of-kalman-filters-for-coherent-optical-communication-systems",signatures:"Lalitha Pakala and Bernhard Schmauss",authors:[{id:"210340",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Lalitha",middleName:null,surname:"Pakala",fullName:"Lalitha Pakala",slug:"lalitha-pakala"},{id:"210654",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schmauss",fullName:"Bernhard Schmauss",slug:"bernhard-schmauss"}]},{id:"57673",title:"Kalman Filter for Moving Object Tracking: Performance Analysis and Filter Design",slug:"kalman-filter-for-moving-object-tracking-performance-analysis-and-filter-design",signatures:"Kenshi Saho",authors:[{id:"209334",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kenshi",middleName:null,surname:"Saho",fullName:"Kenshi Saho",slug:"kenshi-saho"}]},{id:"57985",title:"Distributed Kalman Filter",slug:"distributed-kalman-filter",signatures:"Felix Govaers",authors:[{id:"209490",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Govaers",fullName:"Felix Govaers",slug:"felix-govaers"}]},{id:"57804",title:"Consensus-Based Distributed Filtering for GNSS",slug:"consensus-based-distributed-filtering-for-gnss",signatures:"Amir Khodabandeh, Peter J.G. Teunissen and Safoora Zaminpardaz",authors:[{id:"116970",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Teunissen",fullName:"Peter Teunissen",slug:"peter-teunissen"},{id:"210691",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Khodabandeh",fullName:"Amir Khodabandeh",slug:"amir-khodabandeh"},{id:"210714",title:"Dr.",name:"Safoora",middleName:null,surname:"Zaminpardaz",fullName:"Safoora Zaminpardaz",slug:"safoora-zaminpardaz"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72841",title:"Pulsed Electrical Discharge and Pulsed Electric Field Treatment during Sunflower Seed Processing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93273",slug:"pulsed-electrical-discharge-and-pulsed-electric-field-treatment-during-sunflower-seed-processing",body:'\nSunflower oil production is rapidly emerging in Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, and other countries, filling an important niche of locally supplied protein and fat sources. Sunflower seeds are becoming of outmost importance to fulfill the requirements for safe products and find efficient ways to reduce potential chemical and technological hazards. Current methods of sunflower seed processing rely on well-developed and established food industry thermal treatment (roasting, drying, heating, and cooling), mechanical treatment (cleaning, flaking, grinding, and pressing), and fractionation methods (extraction, sedimentation, separation, centrifugation, etc.) [1, 2, 3, 4]. Application of novel emerging processing technologies, which potentially can improve processing efficiency and quality of the products to the sunflower seeds, is rather limited.
\nDevelopment of a novel scientific direction should be based on an active implementation of green technologies [5]. Green technologies include methods that enhance the efficiency of extraction of target components (oils, fats, phospholipids, polyphenols, pigments, etc.) from plant materials and can improve the traditional processing technology or combine traditional technology with novel emerging technologies [5].
\nSunflower oil is a high-calorie product that is widely used in its natural form for food, canning, and cosmetic production purposes [6]. Sunflower oil is attracting increasing attention as a source of renewable raw materials for chemical and energy industries. The range of its use for chemical purposes is extremely wide—from use as a starting material for chemical synthesis to use as lubricants. Sunflower oil is more environmentally friendly: it decomposes after 7 days by 95%, whereas mineral oil decomposes only by 15–17%. As a biodiesel fuel, sunflower oil can partially replace natural oil reserves, reducing CO2 emission [7]. Sunflower is one of the main crops used for biofuel production. An additional raw material during sunflower processing is sunflower husk, which is actively introduced as fuel pellets in alternative energy [8, 9].
\nRecently some promising emerging technologies of electrical treatment such as pulsed electric field (PEF) and high-voltage electrical discharges (HVED) for oil production were reported by several authors [10, 11]. As a novel industry-scale technology, pulsed electric field has already been mentioned as an innovative solution for electroporation of oil cells [12,13] during extraction process. Permeabilization of the oil cell membrane can be increased due to rectangular bipolar or monopolar electrical pulses (millisecond or even microsecond pulse width). During volumetric PEF treatment, micro- and nano-pores are formed [14]. Such gentle treatment with low-temperature effects is quite important for heat-sensitive and organic materials. For oilseeds this technology forms an intercellular component film on the surface of treated materials due to electroporation [15]. This effect is studied by our research group and has great potential in oil extraction process.
\nTo release the oil from the solid seed matrix, at a preparation stage, flaking, crushing, and roasting are used. According to [16] more than 40% sunflower spherosomes remain undestroyed after crushing and roasting. This limits a residual oil yield in sunflower meal. PEF or PED pretreatment assists in releasing the oil from lipo-vacuoles of mesocarp cells that have not been disrupted. Depending on process conditions (possibility of soaking or wetting of treating mass), PEF or PED treatment is preferred.
\nIn order to expand the scope of application of PED and PEF treatments on an industrial scale, a clear understanding of the changes in the internal material structure, rheological behavior, processing efficiency, and extraction kinetics is necessary.
\nAs a novel technology, pulsed electrical discharge (PED) treatment has already been mentioned as innovative solution for electroporation of oil cells [10, 11, 15] during extraction process. The oil cell membrane can be charged sufficiently using monopolar electrical pulses (millisecond or even microsecond pulse width) to cause the rapid dielectric breakdown of material tissue under focused discharge energy. The main result of PED treatment is micro- and nano-channel formation [17] with low-temperature effects, which is quite important for heat-sensitive materials. For oilseeds this technology forms an intercellular oil film on the surface of treated materials due to electroporation [15]. This effect is studied by our research group and has great potential in oil extraction process.
\nPilot-scale PED treatment set-up is described in Figure 1a. Pulsed electrical discharges were distributed to the treating mass in a filamentary glow discharge mode. Treatment chamber was in a point-plane electrode configuration. A stainless steel sphere (10 mm in diameter) was connected to a permanent magnet to focus discharges. Top and bottom electrodes were placed in a dielectric holder. The electrode gap was set as 15 mm. Treatment chamber was set on positioning platform with two stepper motors. Sunflower mass treatment trajectory was controlled by the authors’ software in accordance with Figure 1b. Immediately after PED treatment, sunflower mass was transfer for pressing step.
\nExperimental set-up used to generate pulsed electrical discharges in air (a), schematic visualization of treatment trajectory in a treatment cell (b), and visualization of a treatment process (c) (adopted from [18]).
In Advanced Technologies Lab (Krasnodar, Russia), PED treatment was performed using the Matsusada power high-voltage system in combination with high-voltage amplifier [18]. In the set-up used in these experiments, the pulse or discharge duration was of 10 μs, and the frequency was 30 Hz. Each pulse or discharge applied provides a voltage of 30 kV. Specific input energy ranged from 10.0 J/kg up to 1.0 kJ/kg (Figure 1c).
\nThe nature of the applied discharge in the treatment is shown in Figure 1. The high-voltage discharge oscillogram (Figure 2) is shown as two signals (purple and yellow). The yellow line characterizes the input signal coming to the amplifier and has distortion on the increasing front of the forward-angle pulse. The purple signal characterizes the output discharge on the electrodes. In this case, the microprobe on the falling edge of the rectangular signal in the form of repeated exponential pulses is clearly visible. These pulses characterize the presence of a breakdown in the air, visually observed during the experiment.
\nWaveform of the input signal coming to the amplifier (yellow) and the output high-voltage signal coming to the electrodes (purple).
Crushing and roasting are industrial technological steps assisting to release the oil from solid seed matrix, but not totally. To analyze the effect of PED treatment, treated sample was covered with gold and analyzed on FESEM. When analyzing the micrographs of the seed cake surface after roasting and PED treatment, an oil film (F) is clearly visible, and electrical holes (H), expressed in the form of convex craters, less than 2 microns in size are noticeable (Figure 3c). PED pretreatment assists in releasing the oil from lipo-vacuoles of mesocarp cells that have not been disrupted. After sunflower seed cake roasting operation (110°C), globules of oil (O) are clearly visible in the dark and light areas, as well as an oil film (F), expressed in the form of light homogeneous areas (Figure 3b). FESEM images of PED-treated sunflower seed cake are shown in Figure 3. The oil cell membrane (M) is presented in the form of looped light fibers surrounding the oil cell (Figure 3a,b). At rest the pulp there is a loose coagulation structure. The adhesion between the dispersed particles occurs mainly due to the free oil released as a result of roasting process. Thus, the contacting particles of the seed cake form a skeleton in a fixed oily film, adhered to the walls of the screw channel.
\nSEM image of initial (a) and heat moisture-treated sunflower seed cake (b) and FESEM image of heat moisture-treated plus PED-treated sunflower seed cake at x250 and x600 magnification (adopted from [18]).
Studying the pulsed electrical discharge effect on rheological behavior of sunflower seed cake can help to advance work and to develop projects for their industrial application. Few authors reported positive effects on rheological properties on some oil crops [19, 20]. Positive effects of electric discharges on rheological behavior of material with high viscosity are reported by several authors [21, 22]. It means that electrical treatment process can modify internal seed structure, increase the amount of destroyed spherosomes, and change rheological parameters of seed cake.
\nStructurally sunflower seed cake is a complicated dispersed system consisting of dispersed phase bubbles, oil globules with husk droplets, and dispersed medium as a protein shell (Figure 3). Such dispersed systems usually are non-Newtonian and characterized by complex rheological behavior.
\nEach individual pulsed discharge develops according to filamentary glow discharge mechanism. With a large surface resistance of the dielectric material (sunflower cake), a charge is created on its surface, created both during the charge drift from the discharge zone of the gas gap and as a result of the surface discharge. Electrical discharges penetrate the sunflower seed mass causing the crater appearance in a treatment zone. As a focused electrical discharge, energy forms a channel and damages cell membranes.
\nWhen analyzing SEM images and considering the supplied pulse, discrete traces of surface discharges can be noted. The size of the craters remaining on the test material averages 3–10 μm (Figure 3c). It is important to note that for discharge with a “positive” voltage, they do not merge with each other, which indicates the same sign of the electric charge distributed over their body.
\nConsidering the duration of the development of plasma-chemical processes, the speed of ions in an electric field, and the diffusion of chemically active compounds, the processing time of the material was determined to be minimal in terms of product quality. The maximum number of destroyed cell membranes and the maximum release of free oil to the surface were observed when exposed to a maximum number of pulses.
\nUsing a modified rotational viscometer Fungilab One Pro (Fungilab, Spain) for sunflower mass, an apparent viscosity via shear rate dependence was obtained. Figure 4 shows the apparent viscosity for PED-treated and non-treated sunflower seed mass as a function of the shear rate. Non-Newtonian shear- thinning behavior from the flow curves sunflower seed cake (pretreated and non-treated) exhibit is observed. A similar shear-thinning behavior has also been observed for sesame seed [23] and sage seed solutions [24].
\nApparent viscosity and shear rate dependence of non-treated seed cake (∆) and after PED treatment for protocol a with number of discharges n = 1800 (■), n = 1200 (x), and n = 600 (○).
Pulsed electrical discharges contributed to the mechanical destruction of oil globules and the release of free oil to the surface. PED treatment decreases the initial shear stress from 24.5 to 22.9 Pa for samples after treatment with an E = 16 kV/cm field and number of discharges n = 1800.
\nMost of the oilseed materials have inhomogeneous loose structure in comparison with cellular structure of fruits and vegetables. PED effect can be visually observed for a first few cell layers on sunflower mass surface. This indicates a filtration or diffusion processes acting inside the internal material structure. As a result, there is no significant difference between viscosity curves for treated by PED and untreated materials (Figure 4).
\nInitial oil content of heated sunflower meal according to the specification was 49.78 ± 0.5%. To analyze PED treatment effect on oil extraction, heated sunflower meal was treated and then pressed and extracted using n-hexane. Figure 5 shows the extraction kinetic curves without and after PED treatment. PED treatment was performed at the following parameters: field strength 13.3 kV/cm, number of pulses 3600, and processing time 2 minutes. Table 1 shows the oil yield data at various stages of the experiment. With the use of pretreatment with high-voltage discharges, the maximum oil yield was 15.7%, compared to the oil yield without treatment of 13.8% after 3 minutes of pressing (Table 1). It is worth noting that the improved oil yield later positively affected the residual oil content in sunflower meal, reducing the amount of oil by 0.58%.
\nThe yield of oil versus time dependence during pressing on hydraulic press.
\n | Pressing | \nSolvent extraction | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|
Without PED | \nAfter PED | \nWithout PED | \nAfter PED | \n|
Oil yeild, % | \n13.8 ± 0.2 | \n15.7 ± 0.2 | \n34.18 moisture (3.01) | \n33.47 moisture (1.55) | \n
Residual oil content of sunflower meal, % | \n\n | \n | 1.19 ± 0.06 | \n0.61 ± 0.05 | \n
Oil yield values at various stages for treated and untreated heated sunflower meal samples.
Due to the preliminary destruction of the integrity of the oil cell membranes, the mass has a “sponge-like” structure. Like dielectric breakdown process, the flow of charged particles passes through the structure of the material and forms a channel. Due to the formation of numerous channels, mass transfer characteristics are improved.
\nPresented curves at Figure 5 have a similar appearance to the extraction kinetics curve. It can be seen that due to the PED pretreatment, the integrity of the oil cells disintegrated, which as a result caused an improved oil yield. Previous data related to the application of a pulsed electric field to the oilseed material sunflower showed the possibility of destruction of oilseed cells using electric fields [11]. This is also confirmed by microstructural studies [17].
\nIn sunflower oil production depending on the modernity of production, 0.5–5% of the oil remains in the sunflower oilseed meal [16]. Totally, it reaches up to 25 g/1 kg of sunflower oil as a monetary loss. Preliminary PED treatment could potentially help to extract 99.8% of sunflower oil during extraction. For a large-scale sunflower oil plant with 1200 tons/day capacity, PED technology could potentially increase the sunflower oil production by 6.96 tons per day. This additional revenue increases profit margins and pays back the investment in PED equipment.
\nChemical parameters such as peroxide and acid value of extracted by pressing sunflower oil are shown in Table 2. The peroxide value characterizes the degree of oxidation of fats and oils and expressed in terms of the number of grams of iodine absorbed per gram of the sample. The peroxide value for oil for untreated and PED treated samples were 6.8 and 13.7, respectively. From the authors’ point of view, the double roasting process could cause such high value of the peroxide value after PED treatment. Since to recreate the industrial process of heated sunflower meal processing it was heated for a long time to a temperature of 100°C, first for processing with high-voltage discharges, and as a preparation for pressing. As a result, the active action of oxygen during prolonged heating process contributed to an increase in this parameter by two times.
\nSample | \nPeroxide value | \nAcid value | \n
---|---|---|
Untreated | \n6.8 mmol active O2/kg | \n1.45 ml KOH/g | \n
PED treated with E = 13.3 kv/cm and number of pulses n = 3600 | \n13.7 mmol active O2/kg | \n1.43 ml KOH/g | \n
Oil quality indicators for samples treated and untreated by PED.
Acid value (the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize free acids in 1 g of the sample) was used to check the purity of the oil and characterizes the degree of lipid hydrolysis. The acid number of the processed heated sunflower meal did not change and amounted to 1.43 KON/g.
\nFor a more detailed analysis of the oil quality after treatment, IR spectrometry was used. Data from the obtained spectra for samples without and after processing are shown in Figure 6.
\nIR spectrum of untreated extracted oil (blue line) and after PED treatment (red line).
The spectrum obtained for pretreated oil had an additional absorption band in the region of 2300–2500 cm−1. Several groups of RNH3\n+, R2C═NH+, and RnPH3−n phosphines can fluctuate in this region. Based on these data, it can be assumed that as a result of pulsed electrical discharge treatment, a new substance may be formed, which includes an amino or phospho group, due to the transition of molecules to an excited state. Sunflower seeds contain a whole complex of vitamins and microelements, including phosphorus, which are not present in the sunflower oil. Perhaps a new method of pretreatment allows you to extract nitrogen-containing vitamins such as B6 and B9. Tables 3 and 4 provide a detailed breakdown of the spectrum for amino or phospho groups.
\nSalts of amines | \n|||
---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n3300–3030 (3.03–3,30) 1430–1390 (7.00–7.20) | \nc. c. | \nυN-H, wide, δN-H, wide | \n
\n\n | \n~3000 (3.33) ~2500 (4.00) ~2000 (5.00) 1600–1575 (6.25–6.35) 1500 (6.67) | \nδN-H, wide, c. δN-H, med. δN-H, med. δN-H\n δN-H\n | \nFew bands | \n
\n\n | \n2700–2250 (3.70–4.33) | \nc. | \nυN-H, sometimes it appears as a group of bands | \n
\n\n | \n2700–2250 (3.70–4.33) | \nc. | \nυN-H, sometimes it appears as a group of bands | \n
\n\n | \n— | \n— | \nDoes not have characteristic bands | \n
\n\n | \n2500–2300 (4.00–4.34) 2200–1800 (4.55–5.56) | \nср | \nWide band, sometimes manifested in the form of groups of strips | \n
Decoding the IR spectrum by the amino group.
Phosphines\n | \n2275–2440 (4.40–4.01) 1080–1090 (9.26–9.17) 910–940 (10.00–10.64) 1405–1440 (7.12–6.94) | \nυPH, med. δPH2, med. δPH2\n δCH2P\n | \n\n |
Phosphine oxides\n | \n1140–1300 (8.77–7.69) ~1150 (~8.70) ~1190 (~8.40) | \nc. c. c. | \nThe frequency is affected by the electronegativity of substituents Aliphatic Aromatic | \n
Phosphoric acid\n | \n2550–2700 (3.92–3.70) 2100–2350 (4.76–4.26) | \nυOH, med. υOH, med. | \nWide band | \n
Decoding the IR spectrum for the phospho group.
Thus, according to the results of oil quality parameters, it was shown that PED treatment at the stage of preparation of the material for subsequent processing has a nonsignificant effect. The detected deterioration of the peroxide number value is primarily associated with the setting of the experiment and requires a more detailed analysis.
\nAccording to the data obtained, a novel technology for sunflower oil production called pulsed electrical discharge pretreatment has been shown as an emerging technology to improve sunflower oil yield.
\nPulsed electric field technology is foreseen as a rather flexible tool applicable for a range of cases from stressing of single cells or electroporation of plant cells as a preparation method before extraction or drying [25]. PEF treatment is a series of high-voltage electric pulses of short duration that creates the electric field strength from 1 to 80 kV/cm inside the treatment chamber. In a recent study on oil crops [11], it has been discovered that PEF can damage the structure of oil cells during the process, as well as facilitate the oil extraction without any temperature effects before extraction.
\nWith respect to oil crops, continuous PEF treatment method is a sequence of the following operations: preparing the material (grinding, soaking), PEF treatment in continuous flow mode, drying, and extraction (Figure 7).
\nPilot PEF system with a continuous-flow chamber for sunflower oil production and continuous-flow treatment chamber with a parameter control system [26].
PEF treatment requires pre-shredding and soaking process of the material to produce a homogeneous, conductive medium. PEF treatment technology has been tested on such oil materials, such as olives [27], canola [28], and rapeseed [13]. As noted above, one of the conditions of PEF treatment is sufficient conductivity of the medium (humidity of material should be not less than 50%) [13]. Conductivity (electrical conductivity) also varies with temperature and dielectric characteristics of the material itself. Most oil-bearing materials are polar dielectrics, which creates certain difficulties for the industrial application of the PEF treatment method. The requirement to conduct the process of wetting of oil-bearing material is not always possible on production and can lead to a negative effect of the treatment [15]. Given the heterogeneity of the structure of the crushed seed, treatment according to the PEF treatment method in the works [13, 15] was conducted in the following sequence: grinding, moisturizing with the addition of water (approximately 1:1), PEF treatment, drying, and screw pressing.
\nRecent trend of PEF treatment application as a pretreatment prior to extraction of oil from oil-bearing materials. The greatest effect of PEF treatment as a preparatory stage was noted for olives [27]. The authors note that the increase in the yield of olive oil was 13.3 wt.% after processing with pulsed electric field intensity of 2 kV/cm and energy expenditure of 11.25 kJ/kg. The content of phenolic components, phytosterols, and tocopherols is significantly higher than in the samples without treatment.
\nPEF treatment with field strength E = 7 kv/cm and energy expenditure Q = 84 kJ/kg for rapeseeds allowed to increase the yield of oil by 2%, while the content of various associated useful components in the oil increased [13]. When black cumin seed was exposed to a field strength of E = 3.25 kV/cm, the yield of oil was increased by 37% [11]. However, the authors do not comment on such a significant increase in output of oil screw press after processing, limited only by the explanation of the effect of the opening of oil cells due to the treatment. [10] noted a 4.9 wt% increase in output of oil of sesame after PEF treatment with a field strength of E = 20 kV/cm, a pulse frequency of 0.5 Hz, and duration of 10 μs with preservation of quality characteristics.
\nPEF treatment method compared to the process of heating food products is more effective, since it allows to maintain the original quality characteristics of the food product. This treatment can be combined with other electro-physical methods of “green technologies” in the process of extracting vegetable oils [5]. With respect to oleaginous materials, data are available only on a pilot plant with a capacity of 2, 20, and 40 kW.
\nBased on the above, it can be concluded that PEF technology has a great potential of industrial application by combining the traditional processes of production of vegetable oils during the stages of preparation of the material for extraction and conducting extraction with an overlay of PEF and preparation prior to screw pressing. PEF treatment method regarding oil crops requires a number of preparatory operations such as soaking and subsequent drying, which creates a number of difficulties in the transition to large-scale production. However, this problem can be solved by soaking in solvent, as is done on the example of sunflower seeds [15].
\nModification of the surface structure of a sunflower cotyledon after PEF treatment is shown in Figure 8. The possibility of sunflower oil cell destruction using short unipolar electrical pulses is clearly noticeable. It was experimentally defined that on the area of 1 mm2, more than 25 convex craters appeared. According to average sunflower cell size of 100–200 μm, pulsed electric field was effecting on most of the cell membranes. Such kind of treatment could be used to create a new type of porous body structures [29].
\nExperimental set-up used to generate pulsed electrical discharges in air (a) and schematic visualization of treatment trajectory in a treatment cell (b).
In the case of pulse electric field application, sunflower body can be presented in the form of a modified capillary-porous model with additional microcapillaries. Such new model can be used to describe heat and mass transfer processes in sunflower seeds pretreated by pulsed electric field.
\nExtraction yield obtained after PEF treatment is considered to be the main parameter to determine the economic efficiency and global performance of PEF-assisted sunflower oil production. In PEF application for the oil extraction processes from sunflower seeds, the main parameter is the applied energy. Sunflower seed preparation for PEF treatment and further extraction process were performed using ethanol solvent. It was determined that the increase in specific energy for a given electrical conductivity of samples has a monotonical increasing power dependence (Figure 9).
\nThe oil yield on specific energy of PEF treatment dependence.
However, a further increase in the intensity index E does not significantly increase the oil yield index. The energy consumed (56.7 kJ/kg) for 7 kV/cm is the highest value of the oil yield of 48.5%, which was established experimentally and limited by temperature influence appearing during PEF treatment.
\nFrom a chemical point of view, PEF treatment has no increased reaction of molecular oxygen with triacylglycerine, which negatively effects on chemical characteristics. PEF increases the content of human health-related compounds, such as polyphenols and tocopherols [15]. Sunflower oil spectra and color plot of untreated and PEF-treated sunflower seeds are shown in Figure 10.
\nSunflower oil spectra plot and color plot for PEF-treated (1) marked as a black line and untreated samples (2) marked as a green line.
Non-treated oil obtained after ethanol extraction (Figure 10, black line) has a yellowish hue and lies in the second quadrant of the color spectrum. The same results of the oil yield were obtained for PEF-treated sunflower mass by ethanol (green line). Main color parameters such as L*, a*, and b* for extracted sunflower oil are listed in Table 5. PEF treatment affected lightness on sunflower oil, ranging from 91.68 in untreated to 92.06 in PEF-treated samples. Applying of PEF treatment allowed to increase the blue-yellow coordinate b* from −1.84 up to −1.46. For PEF pretreated sunflower mass, initial value of green-red coordinate, a*, decreased from 9.51 down to 7.06. From the authors’ point of view, such difference in color parameters might be due to a chemical reaction of electrodes and plant material.
\nSample | \nL*\n | \na*\n | \nb*\n | \n
---|---|---|---|
Untreated | \n91.68 | \n−1.84 | \n9.51 | \n
PEF-treated | \n92.06 | \n−1.46 | \n7.06 | \n
General color parameters of control and PEF sunflower oil.
In summary, the initial sunflower oil after PEF treatment became more yellowish and greenish oil.
\nAccording to the data obtained in this chapter, a novel technology for sunflower oil production called pulsed electric field pretreatment has been shown as an emerging technology to improve sunflower oil yield up to 8.05% using ethanol as a solvent. This is not a maximum possible increase, since the disintegration index did not reach its maximal value for a completely destroyed amount of cell membranes. However, in production cycles, factories are using n-hexane which is more efficient for extraction processes. PEF treatment in a continuous flow of roasted sunflower seed cake material could help sunflower oil mills to increase profit margins.
\nPulsed electrical discharge and pulsed electric field treatment were studied on physical, morphological, and oil recovery characteristics of sunflower seeds. The efficiency of PED technology for sunflower seed oil yield and oil quality, along with surface and rheological behavior, was studied. Solvent extraction efficiency and internal structure changes along with oil quality were studied for sunflower seeds pretreated by PEF. Our study demonstrates significance of both technologies for structural change and technological parameter efficiency.
\nThe obtained effects are directly dependent on the processing method, preliminary preparation of the material, its initial component composition, and structure of the material. Moreover, as shown by literature data, the use of these electrical treatment methods allows to obtain products (oils), enriched with bioactive components. From the point of view of product quality, the proposed methods are able to preserve the original taste and organoleptic and qualitative indicators of oil-bearing materials and can be used to obtain high-quality functional products. Most of the research related to the study of methods of PED and PEF treatment should be carried out on pilot equipment, with technological parameters close to the industrial scale. It undoubtedly actualizes the obtained results and allows to predict the effects for the industrial scale.
\nThe reported research was funded by internal grant of Kuban State University of Technology.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"535"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"455",title:"Industrial Economy",slug:"industrial-economy",parent:{title:"Economic Development",slug:"economic-development"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:47,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"industrial-economy",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8150",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5a930b0695ff23259fe96f219ff9a15",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5819",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",subtitle:"Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e551ea4bdbca2454d3f7abb2837814d",slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",bookSignature:"Soha Maad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5819.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7692",title:"Dr.",name:"Soha",middleName:null,surname:"Maad",slug:"soha-maad",fullName:"Soha Maad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"66110",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84770",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"68007",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85036",title:"Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass",slug:"overview-of-the-process-of-enzymatic-transformation-of-biomass",totalDownloads:714,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Namita Singh, Anita Devi, Manju Bala Bishnoi, Rajneesh Jaryal, Avni Dahiya, Oleksandr Tashyrev and Vira Hovorukha",authors:[{id:"278205",title:"Prof.",name:"Namita",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"namita-singh",fullName:"Namita Singh"},{id:"282352",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"anita-devi",fullName:"Anita Devi"},{id:"282353",title:"MSc.",name:"Avni",middleName:null,surname:"Dahiya",slug:"avni-dahiya",fullName:"Avni Dahiya"},{id:"282354",title:"MSc.",name:"Manju Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Bishnoi",slug:"manju-bala-bishnoi",fullName:"Manju Bala Bishnoi"},{id:"282355",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Tashyrev",slug:"oleksandr-tashyrev",fullName:"Oleksandr Tashyrev"},{id:"282356",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Jaryal",slug:"rajneesh-jaryal",fullName:"Rajneesh Jaryal"},{id:"282939",title:"Dr.",name:"Vira",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorukha",slug:"vira-hovorukha",fullName:"Vira Hovorukha"}]},{id:"55744",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69369",title:"Smart Microgrids: Optimizing Local Resources toward Increased Efficiency and a More Sustainable Growth",slug:"smart-microgrids-optimizing-local-resources-toward-increased-efficiency-and-a-more-sustainable-growt",totalDownloads:720,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Wilfried Elmenreich, Tamer Khatib and Andrea Monacchi",authors:[{id:"163771",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Elmenreich",slug:"wilfried-elmenreich",fullName:"Wilfried Elmenreich"},{id:"197214",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Monacchi",slug:"andrea-monacchi",fullName:"Andrea Monacchi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66376",title:"Biotechnology in Agricultural Policies of Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"biotechnology-in-agricultural-policies-of-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:459,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Joel W. Ochieng and Anthony Ananga",authors:[{id:"74792",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel W.",middleName:null,surname:"Ochieng",slug:"joel-w.-ochieng",fullName:"Joel W. Ochieng"},{id:"299783",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Ananga",slug:"anthony-ananga",fullName:"Anthony Ananga"}]},{id:"55744",title:"Smart Microgrids: Optimizing Local Resources toward Increased Efficiency and a More Sustainable Growth",slug:"smart-microgrids-optimizing-local-resources-toward-increased-efficiency-and-a-more-sustainable-growt",totalDownloads:720,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Wilfried Elmenreich, Tamer Khatib and Andrea Monacchi",authors:[{id:"163771",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Elmenreich",slug:"wilfried-elmenreich",fullName:"Wilfried Elmenreich"},{id:"197214",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Monacchi",slug:"andrea-monacchi",fullName:"Andrea Monacchi"}]},{id:"66110",title:"Gold Recovery Process from Primary and Secondary Resources Using Bioadsorbents",slug:"gold-recovery-process-from-primary-and-secondary-resources-using-bioadsorbents",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Katsutoshi Inoue, Durga Parajuli, Manju Gurung, Bimala Pangeni, Kanjana Khunathai, Keisuke Ohto and Hidetaka Kawakita",authors:[{id:"198951",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ohto",slug:"keisuke-ohto",fullName:"Keisuke Ohto"},{id:"259238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetaka",middleName:null,surname:"Kawakita",slug:"hidetaka-kawakita",fullName:"Hidetaka Kawakita"},{id:"289372",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",slug:"katsutoshi-inoue",fullName:"Katsutoshi Inoue"},{id:"298633",title:"Dr.",name:"Bimala",middleName:null,surname:"Pangeni",slug:"bimala-pangeni",fullName:"Bimala Pangeni"},{id:"298634",title:"Dr.",name:"Manju",middleName:null,surname:"Gurung",slug:"manju-gurung",fullName:"Manju Gurung"},{id:"298635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanjana",middleName:null,surname:"Khunathai",slug:"kanjana-khunathai",fullName:"Kanjana Khunathai"},{id:"298636",title:"Dr.",name:"Durga",middleName:null,surname:"Parajuli",slug:"durga-parajuli",fullName:"Durga Parajuli"}]},{id:"65966",title:"Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool to Implement Sustainable Development in the Bioeconomy and Circular Economy",slug:"life-cycle-assessment-as-a-tool-to-implement-sustainable-development-in-the-bioeconomy-and-circular-",totalDownloads:674,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Izabela Samson-Bręk, Marta Gabryszewska, Justyna Wrzosek and Barbara Gworek",authors:[{id:"281239",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Samson-Brek",slug:"izabela-samson-brek",fullName:"Izabela Samson-Brek"},{id:"290299",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Gabryszewska",slug:"marta-gabryszewska",fullName:"Marta Gabryszewska"},{id:"290300",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Wrzosek",slug:"justyna-wrzosek",fullName:"Justyna Wrzosek"},{id:"290301",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Gworek",slug:"barbara-gworek",fullName:"Barbara Gworek"}]},{id:"68007",title:"Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass",slug:"overview-of-the-process-of-enzymatic-transformation-of-biomass",totalDownloads:714,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Namita Singh, Anita Devi, Manju Bala Bishnoi, Rajneesh Jaryal, Avni Dahiya, Oleksandr Tashyrev and Vira Hovorukha",authors:[{id:"278205",title:"Prof.",name:"Namita",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"namita-singh",fullName:"Namita Singh"},{id:"282352",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"anita-devi",fullName:"Anita Devi"},{id:"282353",title:"MSc.",name:"Avni",middleName:null,surname:"Dahiya",slug:"avni-dahiya",fullName:"Avni Dahiya"},{id:"282354",title:"MSc.",name:"Manju Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Bishnoi",slug:"manju-bala-bishnoi",fullName:"Manju Bala Bishnoi"},{id:"282355",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Tashyrev",slug:"oleksandr-tashyrev",fullName:"Oleksandr Tashyrev"},{id:"282356",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Jaryal",slug:"rajneesh-jaryal",fullName:"Rajneesh Jaryal"},{id:"282939",title:"Dr.",name:"Vira",middleName:null,surname:"Hovorukha",slug:"vira-hovorukha",fullName:"Vira Hovorukha"}]},{id:"66428",title:"Review of Biofuel Technologies in WtL and WtE",slug:"review-of-biofuel-technologies-in-wtl-and-wte",totalDownloads:540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Bruno B. Garcia, Gonçalo Lourinho, Paulo Brito and Pedro Romano",authors:[{id:"261653",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Brito",slug:"paulo-brito",fullName:"Paulo Brito"},{id:"261654",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",slug:"pedro-romano",fullName:"Pedro Romano"},{id:"291751",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Bruno B.",middleName:"B",surname:"Garcia",slug:"bruno-b.-garcia",fullName:"Bruno B. Garcia"},{id:"291752",title:"MSc.",name:"Gonçalo",middleName:null,surname:"Lourinho",slug:"goncalo-lourinho",fullName:"Gonçalo Lourinho"}]},{id:"67691",title:"The Use of Waste Management Techniques to Enhance Household Income and Reduce Urban Water Pollution",slug:"the-use-of-waste-management-techniques-to-enhance-household-income-and-reduce-urban-water-pollution",totalDownloads:430,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Olayiwola A. Akintola, Olufunmilayo O. Idowu, Suraju A. Lateef, Gbenga A. Adebayo, Adekemi O. Shokalu and Omolara I. Akinyoola",authors:[{id:"293178",title:"Dr.",name:"Olayiwola A.",middleName:null,surname:"Akintola",slug:"olayiwola-a.-akintola",fullName:"Olayiwola A. Akintola"},{id:"297217",title:"Dr.",name:"Olufunmilayo O.",middleName:null,surname:"Idowu",slug:"olufunmilayo-o.-idowu",fullName:"Olufunmilayo O. Idowu"},{id:"297218",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraju A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lateef",slug:"suraju-a.-lateef",fullName:"Suraju A. Lateef"},{id:"297219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbenga A.",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo",slug:"gbenga-a.-adebayo",fullName:"Gbenga A. Adebayo"},{id:"297221",title:"Dr.",name:"Adekemi O.",middleName:null,surname:"Shokalu",slug:"adekemi-o.-shokalu",fullName:"Adekemi O. Shokalu"},{id:"297222",title:"Mrs.",name:"Omolara I.",middleName:null,surname:"Akinyoola",slug:"omolara-i.-akinyoola",fullName:"Omolara I. Akinyoola"}]},{id:"55877",title:"SMEs Development through Public and Private Partnerships: The Key Role of Research Transfer and Patent Information Analysis",slug:"smes-development-through-public-and-private-partnerships-the-key-role-of-research-transfer-and-paten",totalDownloads:606,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"research-and-development-evolving-trends-and-practices-towards-human-institutional-and-economic-sectors-growth",title:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices",fullTitle:"Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors Growth"},signatures:"Henri Dou",authors:[{id:"202239",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Henri",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",slug:"henri-dou",fullName:"Henri Dou"}]},{id:"68851",title:"Introductory Chapter: Objectives and Scope of Bioeconomy",slug:"introductory-chapter-objectives-and-scope-of-bioeconomy",totalDownloads:354,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Krzysztof Biernat",authors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}]},{id:"65827",title:"The Bioeconomy: An Opportunity for the Spanish Economy",slug:"the-bioeconomy-an-opportunity-for-the-spanish-economy",totalDownloads:391,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",fullTitle:"Elements of Bioeconomy"},signatures:"Manuel Laínez and María Jesús Periago",authors:[{id:"139716",title:"Dr.",name:"María Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Periago",slug:"maria-jesus-periago",fullName:"María Jesús Periago"},{id:"280580",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Laínez",slug:"manuel-lainez",fullName:"Manuel Laínez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"industrial-economy",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/184264/nazia-qamar",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"184264",slug:"nazia-qamar"},fullPath:"/profiles/184264/nazia-qamar",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()