Stir casting process parameters.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5792",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sea Urchin - From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",title:"Sea Urchin",subtitle:"From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is addressed to the readers operating in the sea urchin field of research, as well as to the lovers of this fascinating organism. Sea urchin, among the most known marine invertebrates belonging to the deuterostomes, is more closely related to humans than other invertebrates, thus representing a suitable model system not only for developmental biology and ecotoxicology but also for biomedicine. The topics described highlight the validity and versatility of this organism for different kinds of investigations. A collection of interesting chapters contributes to this volume and clearly shows the reason of the high interest manifested by a huge number of scientists around the world for this organism over time. Each contribution is a separate and comprehensive chapter but within the book's aim.",isbn:"978-953-51-3526-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3525-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4636-0",doi:"10.5772/65503",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sea-urchin-from-environment-to-aquaculture-and-biomedicine",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"03e5af4d15dfb028a11e298e47948799",bookSignature:"Maria Agnello",publishedDate:"October 4th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5792.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8607,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 8th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 8th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175306/images/6183_n.jpg",biography:"She graduated in Biological Sciences that enabled to the profession of biologist in 2001; in 2005, she achieved the qualification of laboratory technologist and in 2006 the PhD degree in Cellular and Developmental Biology. From 2006 to 2010, she was a research fellow at the current Department STEBICEF of Palermo University, and from 2010 to 2017, she was an adjunct professor of Developmental Biology for the degree course of Biological Sciences. She was an associated research fellow for the SZN of Naples since 2016; in the current year, she achieved the enablement to associate professor for the “Comparative Anatomy and Cytology” sector. Her research activity, focused on stress response, apoptosis, autophagy and mitochondria in embryos and oocytes of sea urchin, has led to several publications on international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Palermo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"322",title:"Mariculture",slug:"mariculture"}],chapters:[{id:"56623",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sea Urchin - Knowledge and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70415",slug:"introductory-chapter-sea-urchin-knowledge-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1474,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Agnello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56623",authors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello"}],corrections:null},{id:"54868",title:"Sea Urchin Covering Behavior: A Comparative Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68469",slug:"sea-urchin-covering-behavior-a-comparative-review",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Covering behavior in sea urchins is an important aspect of many species’ ecology and has a variety of perceived benefits including food source, mechanical defense, shielding from sunlight, and predator protection. The goal of this study was to determine whether an urchin genus’s main benefit from this form of crypsis is correlated with either phylogenetic relationships or environmental factors (ocean depth and climate). To evaluate this hypothesis, a literature review was conducted on 15 urchin genera that use the covering reaction. The function of this behavior for the aforementioned genera was both mapped onto a phylogeny and evaluated, based on the climate and depth of the genera’s habitats to determine whether the patterns exist. The results suggest that phylogenetic relationships provide a more functional predictive tool for determining the purpose of covering in an urchin genus than its environment. This conclusion is useful for understanding the biology of sea urchins as well as how the covering reaction relates to the many other cryptic behaviors used by animal species.",signatures:"Morgan A. Ziegenhorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54868",authors:[{id:"196540",title:"Ms.",name:"Morgan",surname:"Ziegenhorn",slug:"morgan-ziegenhorn",fullName:"Morgan Ziegenhorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"56010",title:"Effects of Environmental Factors on Reproduction of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Intermedius",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69511",slug:"effects-of-environmental-factors-on-reproduction-of-the-sea-urchin-strongylocentrotus-intermedius",totalDownloads:1502,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The results of long-term studies (2003–2015) of the reproductive biology of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius in wild populations located in the northwestern Sea of Japan along 400 km of the coast of the Primorye region of Russia and differing by the level of anthropogenic pressure are reported. Our analysis showed that since 1970–1980s, the shift in spawning season from autumn to early summer occurred in S. intermedius populations inhabiting anthropogenically polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay, resulting in the appearance of three types of populations that differ from each other in the proportions of individuals with early spawning (the end of May–June) and late spawning (September–early October). Our results indicate that neither photoperiod nor temperature may be considered as the primary external factors determining a shift in S. intermedius temporal patterns of gonad maturation and the timing of spawning and that phytoplankton concentration is the main factor for initiation of sea urchin spawning activity. We hypothesized that the shift in spawning season from autumn to early summer in S. intermedius populations inhabiting polluted areas can be explained by a phenotypic response of this species to environmental changes caused by chronic eutrophication.",signatures:"Peter M. Zhadan, Marina A. Vaschenko and Tatyana N. Almyashova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56010",authors:[{id:"198112",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Vaschenko",slug:"marina-vaschenko",fullName:"Marina Vaschenko"},{id:"198123",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Zhadan",slug:"peter-zhadan",fullName:"Peter Zhadan"},{id:"198124",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tatiana",surname:"Almyashova",slug:"tatiana-almyashova",fullName:"Tatiana Almyashova"}],corrections:null},{id:"55822",title:"Morphological and Biochemical Profiles of the Gonadal Cycle in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Wild Type vs. Bred",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68895",slug:"morphological-and-biochemical-profiles-of-the-gonadal-cycle-in-the-sea-urchin-paracentrotus-lividus-",totalDownloads:1522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Paracentrotus lividus gonads represent a valued gourmet delicacy, particularly appreciated in Europe and in Japan. Their commercial value is generally associated to their size, freshness, colour and texture. Diet, gametogenesis and environmental conditions have a marked influence, promoting the indispensable mechanisms of synthesis, selective storage and mobilization of the bioactive compounds, as lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of gonads in order to obtain nutrients. The objective of this work is to compare the morphological and biochemical profiles of reproductive life cycle of the gonads of adult P. lividus in its marine natural environment and adult captured sea urchins breeding into a fish aquaculture system. The reproductive cycle of male and female wild and breeding P. lividus was characterized during 1 year by analysing variations of the gonadal content of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of animals captured at four different locations of the south-western coast of Salento, Italy, with the animals grown in a fish farm and fed with four different types of diet. The gonadal and repletion indexes were determined before the specimen dissection for evaluation of sex, development stages and physiological aspects. Gonads were processed for histological and biochemical analysis. The gonadal content of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates was performed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and by spectrometry, respectively.",signatures:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo, Elisabetta Carata, Stefania Mariano and\nLuciana Dini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55822",authors:[{id:"103116",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Dini",slug:"luciana-dini",fullName:"Luciana Dini"},{id:"206595",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardetta Anna",surname:"Tenuzzo",slug:"bernardetta-anna-tenuzzo",fullName:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo"},{id:"206596",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",surname:"Carata",slug:"elisabetta-carata",fullName:"Elisabetta Carata"},{id:"206597",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Mariano",slug:"stefania-mariano",fullName:"Stefania Mariano"}],corrections:null},{id:"56006",title:"Importance of Gamete Quality in Ecotoxicological Application: Natural versus Bred Population in Paracentrotus lividus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69235",slug:"importance-of-gamete-quality-in-ecotoxicological-application-natural-versus-bred-population-in-parac",totalDownloads:1206,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several approaches have been tested to respond to the depletion of wild stocks, from the production of seeds to the setting up of closed echinoculture systems, starting with fertilization of eggs with the consequent development to adult sea urchins. Hence, in the last years, our research group has focused on the assessment of a feasible and sustainable strategy aimed to ensure a rapid and effective gonadal growth of healthy gametes in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) to employ in ecotoxicological application. In order to compare the health of obtained gametes with wild populations, the effectiveness of diets was evaluated with different biological parameters, such as fertilization and embryo-development test, and with histological analysis of gonads to appraise the stage of maturation. Moreover, the information regarding different breeding conditions of adults and genetic variability should be combined with the analysis of larval settlement and its requirements, demonstrating the importance of these parameters for the possible closure of the echinoculture cycle in RAS. Results achieved so far in terms of gonadal development and health of gametes have provided evidence of success in overcoming natural gaps between reproductive events in natural populations and an efficient and standardize breeding condition in RAS.",signatures:"Sartori Davide, Lera Samantha, Silvia Giuliani, Simona Macchia,\nLorenzo Morroni, David Pellegrini and Andrea Gaion",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56006",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56006",authors:[{id:"197878",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Davide",surname:"Sartori",slug:"davide-sartori",fullName:"Davide Sartori"},{id:"198021",title:"MSc.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Giuliani",slug:"silvia-giuliani",fullName:"Silvia Giuliani"},{id:"198197",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Gaion",slug:"andrea-gaion",fullName:"Andrea Gaion"},{id:"198480",title:"MSc.",name:"Simona",surname:"Macchia",slug:"simona-macchia",fullName:"Simona Macchia"},{id:"198482",title:"Dr.",name:"Samantha",surname:"Lera",slug:"samantha-lera",fullName:"Samantha Lera"},{id:"198486",title:"MSc.",name:"David",surname:"Pellegrini",slug:"david-pellegrini",fullName:"David Pellegrini"},{id:"198490",title:"MSc.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Morroni",slug:"lorenzo-morroni",fullName:"Lorenzo Morroni"}],corrections:null},{id:"56605",title:"The Sea Urchin Embryo: A Model for Studying Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Human Diseases and for Testing Bioactive Compounds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70301",slug:"the-sea-urchin-embryo-a-model-for-studying-molecular-mechanisms-involved-in-human-diseases-and-for-t",totalDownloads:1627,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of the current knowledge concerning fundamental genetic mechanisms, evolutionary processes and development, cellular physiology, and pathogenesis comes from studies of different animal model systems. Whereas mice, rats, and other small mammals are generally thought of as the typical model systems used by researchers in biomedical studies, aquatic models including both freshwater and marine organisms have long proved to be essential for the study of basic biological processes. For over a century, biologists have used the sea urchin embryo as a prototype for the investigation of developmental mechanisms that contribute to building the embryo body plan. Here we highlight the contribution of the sea urchin embryo as a simple model for studying aging and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the pathways and mechanisms involved in cell survival and death. Moreover, we point out the role of this embryonic system as a potent and affordable tool for learning about developmental effects and toxicity responses to environmental contaminants and chemical compounds.",signatures:"Maria Di Bernardo and Marta Di Carlo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56605",authors:[{id:"198292",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Di Carlo",slug:"marta-di-carlo",fullName:"Marta Di Carlo"},{id:"198293",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Di Bernardo",slug:"maria-di-bernardo",fullName:"Maria Di Bernardo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2052",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9bbb1af278ed9e5df351641aaf598f0",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. 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S. Fernandes, Denis V. Coury and Mário Oleskovicz",authors:[{id:"24580",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",fullName:"Daniel Barbosa",slug:"daniel-barbosa"},{id:"24992",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Oleskovicz",fullName:"Mario Oleskovicz",slug:"mario-oleskovicz"},{id:"27725",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:"Machado",surname:"Monaro",fullName:"Renato Monaro",slug:"renato-monaro"},{id:"27726",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Souza Fernandes",fullName:"Ricardo Souza Fernandes",slug:"ricardo-souza-fernandes"},{id:"27727",title:"Dr.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Vinicius Coury",fullName:"Denis Vinicius Coury",slug:"denis-vinicius-coury"}]},{id:"16129",title:"Anti-Multipath Filter with Multiple Correlators in GNSS Receviers",slug:"anti-multipath-filter-with-multiple-correlators-in-gnss-receviers",signatures:"Chung-Liang Chang",authors:[{id:"26056",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chung-Liang Chang",slug:"chung-liang-chang"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"393",title:"Adaptive Filtering Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fcca6dde43a408a5cc07096108c37ece",slug:"adaptive-filtering-applications",bookSignature:"Lino Garcia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"682",title:"Dr.",name:"Lino",surname:"Garcia Morales",slug:"lino-garcia-morales",fullName:"Lino Garcia Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2387",title:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0ca0243d04d5f4e7c6d9e9c54d6cc6f5",slug:"new-approach-of-indoor-and-outdoor-localization-systems",bookSignature:"Fouzia Boukour Elbahhar and Atika Rivenq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140822",title:"Dr.",name:"Fouzia",surname:"Elbahhar",slug:"fouzia-elbahhar",fullName:"Fouzia Elbahhar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3743",title:"Fault Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72846863e133fd8ef84ab2379a43405d",slug:"fault-detection",bookSignature:"Wei Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3743.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3605",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6240",title:"Adaptive Robust Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19601f78e28ac1956912e5eeb6b834ac",slug:"adaptive-robust-control-systems",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180551",title:"Prof.",name:"Anh Tuan",surname:"Le",slug:"anh-tuan-le",fullName:"Anh Tuan Le"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2dae75adf13d3e082893264d82967fb",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82183",title:"Selection and Fabrication of HMMC (AL6063-SIC-B4C-MG)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104160",slug:"selection-and-fabrication-of-hmmc-al6063-sic-b4c-mg",body:'Figure 1 displays the flowchart of the HMMC development. During stir casting, a non-homogeneous mixture pattern has been an apprehension. The inclination is due to inappropriate segregation of reinforcement because of incorrect process parameters (rotation of stirrer, angle of stirring application, condition of wetting, and density). The material properties likewise have been reported to modify the characteristics of the homogeneous mix. The main metal matrix melted to obtain a molten state by melting it above its liquid temperature. The preheated reinforcement material is combined gradually so that a semi-solid-state is achieved. Repeatedly, the entire mix is needed to get heated to produce a molten state, and in between, stirring is done to attain the entirely conceivable consistency. The capability of the stir casting method predominantly rests on stirring speed, stirring duration, and stirring temperature [3, 4].
Flow-chart of HMMC development.
Here a crucible composed of ceramic or graphite is being utilized to melt the parent metal in a furnace. A mechanized stirrer with a graphite impeller with a rotation speed of around 150–800rpm is engaged to agitate the melt (see Figure 2) periodically. The reinforcement materials are preheated to eliminate the humidity substances, facilitating wettability during stirring. Sakthivelu [2] had recommended a maximum limit of 30% of reinforcement for stable composites.
Stir casting technique for the MMCs fabrication [
The uniform dissemination of the reinforcement materials in the parent metal is essential for the advance in the coveted properties such as stiffness, toughness, tensile strength, etc. The stirrer with inadequate rpm provides an ineffectual activating force on the central metal matrix, contributing to an inadequate association [5]. Cluster arrangement and agglomeration inclination were recorded at slow rpm of mixing. The stirrer operated at high rpm provides considerable benefits in the creation of the expected composite since, at high rpm, the shear force supports the reinforced material to get the transfer inside the metal matrix dispersed phase and better bonding action with the metal matrix deep inside it, thereby setting up a coherent mix [5]. It has also been reported that porosity inclination can be stepped up at enhanced stirrer speed since gas particles induce inside the matrix.
Stirring time likewise influences the distribution of dispersion into the metal matrix. Clustering of the material is observed at the lower stirring time, and further non-uniform mixture with fewer inclusions of reinforcement materials [6].
With a rise in temperature of the matrix metal, the viscosity was established to reduce, generating an effect in the reinforcement materials distribution. In extension, the chemical reaction was further revealed to develop with a rise in the temperature of the molten material [7].
The development of HMMC through stir casting typically uses the following phases. Figure 3 illustrates the phases of melting of metal matrix composite to its melting point. The stirring of molten metal is managed to utilize an electric motor.
Phases of the stir casting process.
Table 1 displays the stir casting process parameters retained during the fabrication of HMMC.
S. No. | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|
1 | Preheating chamber temperature | 850°C |
2 | Furnace temperature | 900°C |
3 | Core temperature | 750-800°C |
4 | Voltage | 440 V |
5 | Frequency | 50 Hz |
6 | Stirrer speed | 300–400 rpm |
7 | Die pre-heating temperature | 200°C |
Stir casting process parameters.
The reinforcement material is delivered with continuous stirring movement through a stirrer to associate the reinforcements in the matrix of the parent metal. The mixture is eventually poured into the mold and solidifies naturally. The pertinent equipment employed for HMMC development is summarized.
Figure 4 presents the original furnace adopted for the development of the HMMC. It has a temperature gauge with a regulator switch to regulate the temperature. The maximum temperature obtainable is around 1400°C. A convenient mechanical stir system generates a vortex in the melt, facilitating an exquisite melt blending, composing the metal matrix and related reinforcements. In order to evade the chances of solid particles settlement at the base of the crucible, a bottom pouring furnace is likewise suggested.
Electric furnace used for HMMC development.
The mechanical stirrer plays an essential role in forming an acceptable vortex in the melt to bring about the best possible coherence. Distinctive impeller stirrers can be used, i.e., single, double, and multiblade impeller. The double blade impeller (Figure 5) is employed mainly to develop AMCs. The single and multiblade impeller is handled primarily in chemical industries.
Actual photo of mechanical stirrer used.
Figure 6 displays impeller stirrers accepted for HMMC development. The blade was applied with a coating of zirconia onto a stainless-steel stirrer. The zirconia layer helps in averting probable reactions between the molted aluminum material and stainless steel of the stirrer. The impellers have been investigated for developing a sufficient vortex during the mixing process.
Impeller stirrer and types.
Crucible is a container in which the metal matrix is melted to its molten temperature and the desired refracting materials are being added. Nowadays, diverse materials consisting of Alumina, Tungsten, Graphite, etc. are being adopted as a crucible. For HMMC development, the reinforcement materials (SiC and B4C) were pre-heated in the Alumina crucible (Figure 7), whereas the parent metal (Al6063) is melted in a graphite crucible shown in Figure 8.
The Graphite crucible experiences the following advantages.
High melting temperature (2500°C).
It is easily accessible.
The cost is less in comparison to tungsten.
Graphite has good electrical conductivity.
Alumina crucible.
Graphite crucible.
The induction resistance furnace with a temperature regulator is linked with a three-phase electricity supply. To control the current and voltage supply, an ammeter and voltmeter were associated with the circuit. Figure 9 illustrates the ammeter and voltmeter. The ammeter indicates the instantaneous current flowing in the circuit. The induction resistance furnace is engaged with moving iron type (M-Tech industries) with range 0-10A. The Voltmeter is likewise utilized for measuring the instantaneous voltage value across the circuit with a range 0–300 volt.
Ammeter and voltmeter.
The current drawn by the electrical inductor furnace, depends on the furnace size, shape, and capabilities. The furnace shown withdraws around 55A to 75A. The efficiency spectrum of an electrical furnace is surprisingly modest; all modern electrical furnaces have an AFUE of 100%. That means that entire electric furnaces convert electricity into heat energy without any losses. Due to energy losses in ducts and the energy required to run a blower, the electric furnace is slightly expensive for operation [8]. The energy requirement is AC 380/7kw/50 Hz. The induction furnace also comprises a temperature regulator and digital display unit of temperature. Figure 10 shows the Digital display unit with a regulator switch.
Digital display unit with regulator switch.
A graphite material die was utilized to shape and solidify molten material obtained after the rigorous stirring of Al 6063, SiC, and B4C. The size of the die is 100 × 50 × 30 with a tapered shape. Figure 11 displays the die adopted for fabrication.
Graphite die with HMMC brick.
Electric furnace.
Wt. measurement of (a) Al 6063 material, (b) SiC (c) B4C.
Preheating of SiC and B4C.
Aluminum billets melting in furnace.
Motorized stirring of HMMC.
Graphite die with HMMC brick.
Solidified HMMC bricks.
Figure 19(a) and (b) show the weight measurement of brick one and brick two. The brick was cut into a smaller size of 30 mm × 20mm × 5 mm for experimentation on Die Sinking EDM. The wire EDM (Annexure 4) was used for preciously cutting the bricks so that the internal grain structures were not disturbed. Figure 20 shows the line diagram of the HMMC sample, and Figure 21 shows the actual sample.
(a). Wt. measurement of brick 1. (b). Wt. measurement of brick 2.
Line diagram of the specimen.
View of the sample.
Aluminum 6063 is broadly employed as a general-purpose alloy in many engineering applications such as the extrusion process, owing to its fair strength [11]. Table 2 exhibits the constituents of Al6063.
Al6063 | Wt. % | Al6063 | Wt. % |
---|---|---|---|
Al | Max 97.5 | Mn | Max 0.2–0.7 |
Cr | Max 0.11 | Si | 0.2–0.9 |
Cu | Max 0.09 | Ti | Max 0.11 |
Fe | Max 0.36 | Zn | Max 0.92 |
Mg | 0.44–0.89 |
Composition of Al6063 [4].
Table 3 (a-c) presents the physical and thermal properties of B4C [12], Al6063 [4], and SiC [13], respectively.
(a) B4C | (b) SiC | (c) Al 6063 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Properties | Value | Properties | Value | Properties | Value |
Specific Heat (°C) | 700 | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (°C) | 4 | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (per o C) | 0.000022 |
Melting Point (°C) | 2783 | Specific Heat (°C) | 750 | Thermal Conductivity (cal/cm2/ cm/ Celsius at 25°C) | 0.285 |
Density (g/cm3) | 2.55 | Melting Point (°C) | 2730 | Electrical Conductivity (% copper standard at 20 °C) | 33.5 |
Thermal Conductivity (W/mk) | 17–42 | Density (g/cm3) | 3.21 | Density (g/cm3) | 2.64 |
Hardness (Kg/mm2) | 2900–3580 | Thermal Conductivity (W/mk) | 120 | Freezing Range (°C) approx. | 625–525 |
(a, b) physical properties of B4C and SiC (c) thermal properties of Al6063.
Boron carbide (B4C) is one of the hardest materials available. Above 1250°C, it has been harder than cubic boron nitride and diamond. B4C is an alluring reinforcement substance owing to its unique balance between thermal and chemical properties. Moreover, it possesses a smaller density and greater hardness value of order 30 GPa. Thus, B4C-reinforced HMMCs fabricated through the moderate-cost stir casting structure have gained higher attractiveness among researchers [14, 15]. B4C has good mechanical strength with desired properties of neuron absorption [16].
Silicon carbide (SiC) is constituted of tetrahedra of silicon and carbon atoms with influential bonds in the crystal lattice. The SiC material has less thermal enlargement, immense strength, and thermal conductivity of greater order and has been recorded to be resistant against thermal shock [17, 18]. The SiC can tolerate severe temperatures and has got high hardness coupled with low density.
Magnesium (Mg) is acknowledged for promoting grain refinement, wettability, and reinforcing the solid solution [19].
The spark atomic emission spectrometry (SAES) was conducted with ASTM E1251–11 standards (test procedure for Al and Al alloys) to determine the elements present in the HMMC samples. Table 4(a) illustrates the composition and %wt of elements. Table 4(b) indicates the HMMC significant properties. The density of HMMC (2637 kg/m3) as obtained through the test report has been used to calculate the MRR and EWR [20, 21].
(a) | (b) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HMMC | % Wt | HMMC | % Wt | Properties | Value |
Al | 91.43 | Mg | 0.087 | ||
Si | 4.151 | Cr | 0.037 | Melting point | 750–800 |
Cu | 1.516 | Ti | 0.027 | U.T.S | 110Mps |
Zn | 1.498 | Sn | 0.022 | Tensile Strength | 118 Mpa |
Fe | 0.806 | V | 0.006 | Break Load | 9.44KN |
Mn | 0.149 | Cd | 0.0019 | Yield Stress | 82 Mps |
Ni | 0.13 | Co | <0.001 | Hardness | 72HB |
Pb | 0.089 | Density | 2637 kg/m3 |
(a) Composition of HMMC (b) significant properties of HMMC.
For establishing the homogeneity of the HMMC, the sample was tested by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure 22 displays the uniform dispersion of SiC and B4C in the specimen. No segregation of SiC grains along with B4C particles was stationed along the grain edges. Dissemination of grains is acknowledged to be intra-granular, in which the maximum particles locate inside the grains. The uniform distribution is commensurate with the efficient and timely stirring action during the stir casting process [22]. The crater’s size is less with B4C particles this could be because of the creation of a boron oxide (B2O3) layer on the B4C ceramic, because of liquid-to-liquid reaction leading to an expansion in the wettability, which is observable at a specialized high temperature [23]. Many researchers proposed that reinforcement in the particulate form up to wt. 30% may be included in a molten metal matrix to perform a more substantial reinforcement distribution [24]. Reinforcement is added emphatically into the molten stage of aluminum. The stirring speed, time of stir, stirrer blade angle, pouring temperature, solidification rate, reinforcement size, and elements percentage influence the fabricated composite consistency.
SEM image of the stir casted HMMC.
The stir casting process involves melting the metal at around 800-1000°C. The metal matrix used is Aluminum 6063 with Boron Carbide (B4C) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) as reinforced materials. The melting operation produces specific unwanted gases and residual waste, which must be discussed. Table 5 illustrates the relevant unwanted gases/residual waste with apprehensions on the environment and human beings [27].
Sr. No | Unwanted Gases/ Residual Waste | Environmental concerns and human health |
---|---|---|
1 | Aluminum hydroxide | Exposure to Aluminum hydroxide may cause repulsion, vomiting, hyperacidity, pungency, Low blood phosphates (hypophosphatemia), distaste, causticity leading to bowel obstruction, Fecal impaction [25]. |
2 | Aluminum oxides | Indicative toxicity has been reported, followed by chronic inhalation of the aluminum oxides. Long-term aluminum oxide inhalation may cause pneumoconiosis with cold and exertion and a restrictive pattern of rib cage function. In severe cases, death has been reported due to respiratory failure. |
3 | Aluminum sulfates | Eating or gulping aluminum sulfate produces serious disturbance to the digestive organs and stomach. An influenced individual may encounter retching, queasiness, and runs, adding water to aluminum sulfate can make a sulfuric acid structure. The sulfuric acid may cause soil damage by reducing its constituents. |
4 | Boron Oxides | Acute effects: The boron oxides contacts can aggravate the skin and eyes. Breathing in Boron Oxide can bother the nose and throat, causing hacking and wheezing. Introduction to Boron Oxide may cause heaving wooziness, cerebral pain, sickness, and so forth. |
Chronic Effects: The accompanying long-haul wellbeing influences may happen after some time getting an introduction to Boron Oxide and can keep going for months to years [26]. Boron oxide may make permanent damage to kidney and livers. | ||
5 | Silicon Dioxide | Silicon Dioxide exists naturally on earth and our bodies. No evidence has been reported to advocate its implication on human health, but more research is required to ascertain its role on the body. Inhalation of silica dust may cause diseases related to breathing. |
6 | Fly Ash particles | It can get placed in the deepest part of the lungs, where it may cause an asthmatic attack, inflammation, and immunological reactions. They contribute to Particulate Matter 2.5 and 10. |
7 | Magnesium Oxide | Exposure to Magnesium Oxide can cause “metal fume fever” which is a symptom in which the patent gets a metallic taste in the throat with headache, sneezing symptoms, cold symptoms. |
List of unwanted gases/residual waste/effects on the environment.
This chapter focuses on the comprehensive development stages of the HMMC (84%wt of Al 6063–10%wt of SiC-5%wt of B4C with 1%wt. of Mg) through the stir casting method. A comprehensive description of the essential ingredients (electric furnace, stirrer, the crucible, die) required for HMMC fabrication and the procedures has been covered. Reinforcement is added emphatically into the molten stage of aluminum. The stirring speed, time of stir, stirrer blade angle, pouring temperature, solidification rate, reinforcement size, and elements percentage influence the fabricated composite consistency. The developed HMMC was further analyzed for composition and specific mechanical and thermal tests. The HMMC density of 2700 kg/m3 was noted for MRR calculations. For confirming the homogeneity of the HMMC, the sample was analyzed using an SEM test. Dissemination of grains was noticed to be intra-granular, in which the maximum particles reside inside the grains. The uniform distribution is proportional due to the efficient and timely stirring action during the stir casting process. The crater’s size is observed to be less with B4C particles because of the creation of a boron oxide (B2O3) layer on the B4C ceramic because of liquid-to-liquid reaction leading to an expansion in the wettability, which is observable at a specialized high temperature. During the stir casting process, the melting action of material emits out certain gases and residuals apart from the required composite. The residuals have specific environmental concerns. The severe effects caused by aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfate, boron oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, and fly ash on the environment have also been covered.
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In this context, this chapter presents key subjects while implementing a quality management system at materials science laboratories and some considerations on strategies for effectively implementing such systems.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Rodrigo S. Neves, Daniel P. Da Silva, Carlos E. C. Galhardo, Erlon H.\nM. Ferreira, Rafael M. Trommer and Jailton C. Damasceno",authors:[{id:"20571",title:"Prof.",name:"Erlon H.",middleName:null,surname:"Martins Ferreira",slug:"erlon-h.-martins-ferreira",fullName:"Erlon H. 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The quality practices or quality management systems adopted by industries will further evolve due to the changes of quality concepts as time goes by. This chapter discusses the change of quality concepts and the related revolution of quality management systems in the past century. The quality concepts were gradually changed from the achievement of quality standards, satisfaction of customer needs, and expectations to customer delight. Since merely satisfying customers is not enough to ensure customer loyalty, the enterprises gradually focus on customers’ emotional responses and their delight in order to pursue their loyalty. The emotion of “delight” is composed of “joy” and “surprise,” which can be achieved as the customers’ latent requirements are satisfied. Thus, the concept of “customer delight” and the means to provide the innovative quality so as to meet the unsatisfied customers’ latent needs are elaborated on. Finally, a framework of innovation creation is developed that is based on the mining of customer's latent requirements. This outline will manifest the essential elements of the related operation steps.",book:{id:"5486",slug:"quality-control-and-assurance-an-ancient-greek-term-re-mastered",title:"Quality Control and Assurance",fullTitle:"Quality Control and Assurance - An Ancient Greek Term Re-Mastered"},signatures:"Ching-Chow Yang",authors:[{id:"11862",title:"Prof.",name:"Ching-Chow",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"ching-chow-yang",fullName:"Ching-Chow Yang"}]},{id:"62915",title:"Advanced Methods of PID Controller Tuning for Specified Performance",slug:"advanced-methods-of-pid-controller-tuning-for-specified-performance",totalDownloads:3522,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter provides a concise survey, classification and historical perspective of practice-oriented methods for designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and autotuners showing the persistent demand for PID tuning algorithms that integrate performance requirements into the tuning algorithm. The proposed frequency-domain PID controller design method guarantees closed-loop performance in terms of commonly used time-domain specifications. One of its major benefits is universal applicability for both slow and fast-controlled plants with unknown mathematical model. Special charts called B-parabolas were developed as a practical design tool that enables consistent and systematic shaping of the closed-loop step response with regard to specified performance and dynamics of the uncertain controlled plant.",book:{id:"6323",slug:"pid-control-for-industrial-processes",title:"PID Control for Industrial Processes",fullTitle:"PID Control for Industrial Processes"},signatures:"Štefan Bucz and Alena Kozáková",authors:[{id:"21933",title:"Ms.",name:"Alena",middleName:null,surname:"Kozakova",slug:"alena-kozakova",fullName:"Alena Kozakova"},{id:"213658",title:"Dr.",name:"Štefan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucz",slug:"stefan-bucz",fullName:"Štefan Bucz"}]},{id:"75699",title:"Data Clustering for Fuzzyfier Value Derivation",slug:"data-clustering-for-fuzzyfier-value-derivation",totalDownloads:300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The fuzzifier value m is improving significant factor for achieving the accuracy of data. Therefore, in this chapter, various clustering method is introduced with the definition of important values for clustering. To adaptively calculate the appropriate purge value of the gap type −2 fuzzy c-means, two fuzzy values m1 and m2 are provided by extracting information from individual data points using a histogram scheme. Most of the clustering in this chapter automatically obtains determination of m1 and m2 values that depended on existent repeated experiments. Also, in order to increase efficiency on deriving valid fuzzifier value, we introduce the Interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means (IT2PFCM), as one of advanced fuzzy clustering method to classify a fixed pattern. In Efficient IT2PFCM method, proper fuzzifier values for each data is obtained from an algorithm including histogram analysis and Gaussian Curve Fitting method. Using the extracted information form fuzzifier values, two modified fuzzifier value m1 and m2 are determined. These updated fuzzifier values are used to calculated the new membership values. Determining these updated values improve not only the clustering accuracy rate of the measured sensor data, but also can be used without additional procedure such as data labeling. It is also efficient at monitoring numerous sensors, managing and verifying sensor data obtained in real time such as smart cities.",book:{id:"9976",slug:"fuzzy-systems-theory-and-applications",title:"Fuzzy Systems",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Systems - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"JaeHyuk Cho",authors:[{id:"329648",title:"Prof.",name:"JaeHyuk",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",slug:"jaehyuk-cho",fullName:"JaeHyuk Cho"}]},{id:"39778",title:"GPS and the One-Way Speed of Light",slug:"gps-and-the-one-way-speed-of-light",totalDownloads:3492,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2387",slug:"new-approach-of-indoor-and-outdoor-localization-systems",title:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems",fullTitle:"New Approach of Indoor and Outdoor Localization Systems"},signatures:"Stephan J.G. Gift",authors:[{id:"141106",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Gift",slug:"stephan-gift",fullName:"Stephan Gift"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"115",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"77466",title:"Optimization of Model Predictive Control Weights for Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor by Using the Multi Objective Bees Algorithm",slug:"optimization-of-model-predictive-control-weights-for-control-of-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor-b",totalDownloads:149,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98810",abstract:"In this study, the model predictive control (MPC) method was used within the scope of the control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The strongest aspect of the MPC, the ability to control multiple components with a single function, is also one of the most difficult parts of its design. The fact that each component of the function has different effects requires assigning different weight coefficients to these components. In this study, the Bees Algorithm (BA) is used to determine the weights. Using the multi-objective function in BA, it has been tried to determine the weights that reduce the current values together with the speed error. Three different PI controllers have been designed to compare the MPC method. The coefficients of one of these are tuned with BA. Good Gain Method and Tyreus-Luyben Method were used in the other two. As a result of experimental studies, it has been observed that MPC can control PMSM more smoothly and accurately than PI controllers, with weights optimized with BA. With MPC, PMSM has been controlled with 15% settling time than other controllers and also with no overshoot.",book:{id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering - Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg"},signatures:"Murat Sahin"},{id:"78164",title:"Use of Discrete-Time Forecast Modeling to Enhance Feedback Control and Physically Unrealizable Feedforward Control with Applications",slug:"use-of-discrete-time-forecast-modeling-to-enhance-feedback-control-and-physically-unrealizable-feedf",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99340",abstract:"When the manipulated variable (MV) has significantly large time delay in changing the control variable (CV), use of the currently measured CV in the feedback error can result in very deficient feedback control (FBC). However, control strategies that use forecast modeling to estimate future CV values and use them in the feedback error have the potential to control as well as a feedback controller with no MV deadtime using the measured value of CV. This work evaluates and compares FBC algorithms using discrete-time forecast modeling when MV has a large deadtime. When a feedforward control (FFC) law results in a physically unrealizable (PU) controller, the common approach is to use approximations to obtain a physically realizable feedforward controller. Using a discrete-time forecast modeling method, this work demonstrates an effective approach for PU FFC. The Smith Predictor is a popular control strategy when CV has measurement deadtime but not MV deadtime. The work demonstrates equivalency of this discrete-time forecast modeling approach to the Smith Predictor FBC approach. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. 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She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. 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His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. 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Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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