Typical worksheet detailing the BVF measurements obtained in the extracranial duplex ultrasound (ECDU) examination [14]. This worksheet indicates distal L IJV obstruction, with collateral flow through the R IJV (erect) possibly indicating some CSVO.
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
The term “cerebrospinal venous system” (CSVS) was first proposed by Tobinik in 2006 to describe the generally valveless venous system that extends from the cranium along the whole length of the spine to the sacrum [1]. In effect the CSVS connects the intracranial veins to the pelvic plexuses and directly or indirectly communicates with organs in the neck, chest, and abdomen. Batson [2], in a series of experiments involving human cadavers and living monkeys, demonstrated the continuity of the CSVS from the cranium to the pelvis and established that the CSVS provided a direct vascular route for the spread of tumors, infection, or emboli from the pelvis to the brain. Batson established that the CSVS was primarily valveless thereby allowing venous flow in both directions.
In 1829 Beschet [3] produced detailed drawings depicting the multiple anastomoses of the cranial vertebral veins that led to the recognition of the anatomic and physiologic continuity that exists between the CSVS and the venous sinuses and plexuses of the brain. Groen et al. [4] divided the CSVS into three connecting divisions—the internal vertebral venous plexuses, which surround the spinal cord; the external vertebral venous plexuses (anterior and posterior), which surround the vertebral column; and the basivertebral veins, which run transversely within the vertebrae. The vertebral venous plexuses course longitudinally along the entire length of the spine, from the sacrum to the cranium (Figure 1). Groen and colleagues [5] had previously confirmed that all three divisions of the CSVS freely intercommunicate and that all divisions of the CSVS lack valves. The only exception to this is at the cranial end where the vertebral veins (VVs) have a terminal valve, where they communicate with brachiocephalic veins in the neck [6].
The vertebral venous plexus comprises an interconnected and richly anastomosed system of veins that run along the entire length of the vertebral column.
The anatomic connections between the vertebral venous plexuses and the intracranial venous system have been confirmed by multiple investigators [2, 3, 4]. There is also communication among facial veins, ophthalmic and orbital veins, and intracerebral veins [7]. Distally, the CSVS communicates with other superficial valveless veins in the back and thoracoabdominal wall [5, 8]. In addition, the CSVS communicates with the systemic venous system, including the azygous veins (and thereby the posterior bronchial vein and the parietal pleural veins), the left renal and suprarenal veins, the portal venous system, and both vena cava, thereby providing a continuous, bidirectional venous system that both bypasses and communicates with the valve-bearing, directional, systemic venous system [1, 4, 5, 8]. At the caudal end the CSVS freely communicates with the pelvic and prostatic veins and the sacral venous plexus.
A unique feature of cerebral venous drainage is its dependence on posture. While in the supine position the internal jugular veins (IJVs) are the main drainage pathways, in the upright position the IJVs generally collapse with the VVs, internal and external vertebral venous plexuses compensating to a large extent [9, 10, 11]. Valdueza et al. [12] using duplex sonography, measured cerebral venous outflow in 23 healthy human volunteers, found that internal jugular flow decreased from 700 mL/minute in the supine position to 70 mL/minute at 90° elevation. They also found a corresponding increase in vertebral vein flow from 40 mL/minute at 0° elevation to 210 mL/min at 90°, with the balance of the unmeasured flow probably passing through the vertebral venous plexuses, which are inaccessible to Doppler measurement. In addition, duplex ultrasound studies have shown that the drainage of the cerebral blood is asymmetric with a preferential outflow via the right IJV and VV [13, 14].
Chronic cerebrospinal venous obstruction (CCSVO) refers to cerebrospinal venous blood flow disturbances with venous obstructions in the major extracranial veins of the head, neck, and vertebral column that predominantly affect the CSVS but may also involve the IJVs. The predominant pathology is chronic and constant obstruction of the major veins of the neck and vertebral column with resultant development of collateral flow and new pathways. The veins involved include the IJVs, VVs, external and internal vertebral venous plexuses, and azygous veins. CCSVO may be associated with a wide range of chronic vascular and inflammatory diseases, generally with manifestations in the head, neck, and chest [15, 16]. These include multiple sclerosis, rosacea, disfiguring dilated superficial veins in the head, neck, and chest, cervical spondylosis as well as chronic cough, chronic sinusitis, and chronic fatigue syndrome. The vague neurological symptoms of brain fog, poor cognition, headaches, and fatigue are common presenting symptoms of the syndrome.
The venous obstructions reduce the flow in the neck veins and can result in complete occlusion of these veins, most commonly affecting the vertebral veins and internal and external vertebral venous plexuses. Thibault [17] has suggested that these venous obstructions are due to a chronic persistent venulitis caused by the obligate, intracellular parasite, C
In contrast, localized venous obstructions in the neck caused by apparent extrinsic compression, particularly affecting the IJVs, have also been reported [19]. IJV extrinsic compression at the passage between the C1 transverse process and the styloid process, presents with anatomical features of Eagle syndrome (an elongated styloid process impinging the surrounding blood vessels) and has been associated with intracranial hypertension and venous outflow reduction. The most frequent symptoms are headache, tinnitus, insomnia, visual disturbances, and localized pain is characteristic [20].
To accurately assess obstruction in the CSVS, Thibault and Lewis have developed a quantitative extracranial duplex ultrasound examination (ECDU) of the neck veins [14]. The method of the ECDU has been described in detail [14, 16]. To take advantage of the normal postural dependency of the venous outflow from the brain, venous obstruction is determined by comparing the venous blood volume flow (VBVF) measurements for the different segments of the vein examined (Figure 2) in the supine and erect positions. The sensitivity and specificity of the ECDU examination for the identification of stenoses in the IJVs have been calculated as 85% and 100%, respectively, by using venography as the gold standard [14].
Schematic diagram demonstrating venous blood volume flow (VBVF) measurement sites. J1: proximal internal jugular vein; J2 mid internal jugular vein; J3: distal internal jugular vein [
Color-flow duplex ultrasound scanning is performed using a 7.5 MHz linear array multi-frequency transducer. The patients are examined supine (0°) with the head in a neutral position. Each IJV is visualized in a sagittal plane, lateral to the common carotid artery. The IJV is followed to its confluence with the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins at the base of the neck. In B-mode, the proximal IJV is assessed with anatomic abnormalities, such as duplication and valvular malformations. Vein wall thickening can indicate present or past inflammation, and collaterals are recorded and mapped. Color Doppler is employed to demonstrate flow in the vein, the direction of flow, and turbulence. Stagnation of flow, defined as stationary blood that elicits no Doppler signal, is noted. Cephalad flow (reflux) is assessed during normal respiration. If the reversed flow is present on the pulsed or color Doppler signals, the time duration of reflux is measured on the pulsed Doppler tracing. Reflux is present if the duration exceeds 0.88 s [21]. Color Doppler assists in locating stenoses. Throughout the ECDU, the ultrasound transducer is lightly placed on the skin surface to avoid compression of the veins.
BVF measurements are obtained bilaterally from the proximal (J1), mid (J2), and distal (J3) IJV segments [22], and the mid-VVs (Figure 2). The J1 segment reading is generally discarded as it has demonstrated high variability in the BVF measurement at that level related to excessive turbulence close to the proximal valve [23]. If no or low flow is recorded in the VV, then another reading is taken distally as the segmental obstruction is frequently observed in the VVs. To record a BVF, the pulsed Doppler sample volume is placed in the center of the longitudinally imaged vein with a sample gate size the diameter of the vessel. Pulsed Doppler recordings are obtained over 3–5 cardiac cycles. With the Doppler spectrum frozen, the venous Doppler signal (Figure 3) is traced for 3–5 cardiac cycles. The cross-sectional area (CSA) is obtained by measuring the diameter of the vein at the location of the sample volume (Figure 3). The BVF is displayed and recorded in milliliters per minute (Figure 3).
Duplex ultrasound image with color doppler demonstrating measurement of BVF in the J2 segment of an IJV by calculating the circular CSA of the vein with BVF averaged over 3–5 cardiac cycles in the supine position. The BVF measurement obtained from the J2 segment IJV shows an abnormally high-flow rate of 880 ml/min [
When the examination is completed in the supine position, the patient is positioned in the seated position (90°) with the head in a neutral position looking directly ahead. The patient takes several deep inspirations and expirations and rests quietly for a 2-min period to allow for adaptation to the postural change before the commencement of the erect examination [24]. The right and left IJV and VVs are re-assessed for valvular competence, reflux, stenosis or thrombosis, external compression, and stagnation of flow. BVF measurements of the J1, J2, and J3 segments of the IJV and mid-cervical VVs are repeated. The measurements for the erect position are taken at the same positions as the supine measurements. A typical BVF worksheet is shown in Table 1.
Supine | Flow volumes right (ml/min) | Flow volumes left (ml/min) |
---|---|---|
IJV (J1) | 836 | 346 |
IJV (J2) | 400 | 154 |
IJV (J3) | 266 | 37 |
Vertebral | 7 | 17 |
Int. Carotid A. | 279 | 482 |
Vertebral A. | 53 | 60 |
Global Arterial Cerebral Blood Flow 874 mls/min | ||
IJV (J1) | 1317 | 46 |
IJV (J2) | 249 | 41 |
IJV (J3) | 349 | 0 |
Vertebral | 82 | 61 |
Typical worksheet detailing the BVF measurements obtained in the extracranial duplex ultrasound (ECDU) examination [14]. This worksheet indicates distal L IJV obstruction, with collateral flow through the R IJV (erect) possibly indicating some CSVO.
The loss of normal postural change in the VBVF reading is suggestive of obstruction in either the jugular venous system or the CSVS. Note that detection of obstruction in the CSVS depends on direct measurement of VV BF (in either or both positions) and corresponding increased IJV BF in the erect position where normally the IJV collapses with a corresponding 10-fold reduction in BF compared with the supine position [12]. If there is CSVO, there will usually be increased collateral flow through the IJV on the same side and occasionally through the VV of the opposite side. If there is unilateral obstruction of an IJV, there will be increased flow through the IJV of the opposite side, increased flow through the VV of the same side, or the presence of collaterals including increased flow in the external jugular vein. Obstruction in the vertebral venous plexuses cannot be measured directly by ultrasonography, however, can be inferred if the IJV flows are increased in the erect position when the VV BFs are normal.
Chambers et al. in their study [25], suggested that normal results may be defined according to 10th and 90th percentiles (Table 2).
Supine | Sitting | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Patients | Controls | Patients | Controls | |
J1a | 531 (219, 980) | 634 (241, 848) | 891 (238, 1403) | 457 (162, 937) |
J2 | 354 (181, 477) | 371 (221, 614) | 203 (94, 382) | 177 (64, 418) |
J3 | 259 (129, 429) | 393 (215, 622) | 161 (55, 259) | 131 (68, 272) |
VV | 44 (21, 63) | 35 (19, 59) | 103 (51, 180) | 101 (44, 226) |
J1a | 332 (57, 640) | 356 (164, 618) | 324 (98, 635) | 345 (109, 1143) |
J2 | 258 (174, 476) | 261 (144, 431) | 119 (61, 330) | 134 (72, 357) |
J3 | 171 (109, 332) | 179 (110, 297) | 73 (25, 155) | 72 (29, 192) |
VV | 28 (18, 47) | 27 (15, 46) | 87 (51, 72) | 76 (50, 131) |
Median (and interquartile range) volume flow values (mL/s) in early MS patients and controls [13].
J1 values excluded in the first 24 cases.
J1: inferior internal jugular vein; J2: mid internal jugular vein; J3: superior internal jugular vein; VV: vertebral vein.
It is possible for the L IJV to be compressed completely in the erect position with no other abnormality observed. However, Zamboni [22] has stated that no flow in any segment in any position is abnormal. Therefore, in the situation of an isolated IJV segment showing no flow in the erect position, the probability of abnormality should be based on the presence of abnormal collateral flow (Table 1, L IJV erect position with collateral flow through R IJV). Abnormal patterns of flow manifested by the VBVFs should be consistent over time in the same patient but may show signs of improvement with treatment or deterioration with the progression of the disorder.
Clinical practice guidelines have been developed to interpret the VBVFs in the ECDU of neck veins based on previously published data of “normal” subjects [10, 11, 12, 13], and the author’s clinical experience in assessing abnormalities in neck vein venous flow using this examination (Table 3). If there is borderline flow in the VVs in the erect position, the probability of abnormality is increased if there is increased collateral flow in the ipsilateral IJV in the erect position signifying obstruction somewhere in the CSVS.
High (mL/min) | Normal (mL/min) | Low (mL/min) | |
---|---|---|---|
IJV J2 | >750 | 150–750 | <150 |
IJV J3 | >600 | 100–600 | <100 |
VV | >90 | 20–90 | <20 |
IJV J2 | >170 | 30–170 | <30 |
IJV J3 | >150 | 10–150 | <10 |
VV | >250 | 70–250 | <70 |
IJV J2 | >600 | 100–600 | <100 |
IJV J3 | >400 | 80–400 | <80 |
VV | >70 | 20–70 | <20 |
IJV J2 | >170 | 20–170 | <20 |
IJV J3 | >150 | 10–150 | <10 |
VV | >250 | 70–250 | <70 |
BVF guidelines to diagnosing abnormalities in neck vein blood flow [16].
A chronic infective venulitis involving persistent
(a) Relative anatomy of the thoracic duct. Note the close association of the thoracic duct to the azygos vein on the thoracic spine. (b) the termination of the thoracic duct at the confluence of the subclavian vein, left internal jugular vein, and left vertebral vein. Infected macrophages and lymphocytes with
The infective venulitis theory was originally developed to explain the neck vein abnormalities found in subjects with MS [17].
From the chest and neck,
Because of the high prevalence of antibodies present in adults, the relevance of persistent
In laboratory mice,
CRP is an acute-phase protein that serves as an early marker of inflammation or infection. During bacterial infection or inflammatory disease states, CRP levels rise rapidly within the first 6–8 hours and peak at levels of up to 350–400 mg/L after 48 h. Highly sensitive (hs)CRP is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is quantified as follows [54]:
low: CRP level under 1.0 mg/L
average: between 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L
high: above 3.0 mg/L.
There is a correlation between the elevation of serum CRP and the presence of
Many bacteria, including
Liver hepcidin levels in mice increase during acute
There have been many epidemiological, microbiological, serological, and histological studies that suggest that
Successful treatment of chronic persistent
The triphasic
Because of this life cycle and various physiological mechanisms of the organism, short courses of single antibiotics have been shown to be ineffective in eliminating
The effect of a CAP directed at treating the persistent infection with
Ninety-one consecutive patients presenting with MS were investigated for the presence of circulating
ECDU was performed as previously described [14].
Blood volume flow (BVF) data from the 91 patients were measured across affected and unaffected sides from multiple vein segments (J2, J3, and VV) (Figure 2). Owing to the known postural changes that occur in the IJVs and VVs10–12 J2 and J3 readings were recorded in the supine position, whereas VV readings were recorded in the erect position. A side (right or left) was considered affected if one or more of the BVFs from J2, J3, or VV were below the reference range described in Table 3. Overall, 40 subjects had bilateral “affected” sides, 45 had unilateral “affected” sides, and six had neither side “affected.”
All patients were treated with a CAP for 6 months then had repeat ECDU to assess response. The sonographer was blinded as to the “affected” or “unaffected” status of each vein segment at the 6-month follow-up examination.
The CAP consisted of minocycline 50–100 mg twice daily according to patient weight, roxithromycin 150 mg twice daily, tinidazole 500 mg twice daily for 2 days each month, and NAC 1200 mg twice daily. This protocol is based on that advised by Stratton and Wheldon [72, 75].
The advantage of this study was that it incorporated two within-subject controls (un-affected side and pre-post comparisons) and a between-subjects control (no
Mean values pooled over three vein segments over time [
There was a statistically significant posttreatment difference seen for the affected side of
This study demonstrated that obstructed VBF in the major extracranial veins of the neck in subjects with MS can be improved by a prolonged CAP, specifically designed to treat persistent
The ability of
In addition, one of the mechanisms that
Disulfiram also forms disulfides with thiol-bearing substances that can modify bacterial thiol-disulfide exchange to evoke antimicrobial effects [91]. For this reason it has been recently reported as being effective in treating multi-resistant staphylococcus infections [91] and chronic Borreliosis [92].
For the treatment of chronic
Symptoms should begin to improve within 1 month of commencing treatment, but this is highly variable. Initially, vague neurological symptoms such as brain fog and poor cognition improve, followed by improvement in fatigue and general energy levels. Chronic cough, headaches, and rosacea also improve early. This should be accompanied by improvement in abnormal blood tests, such as liver function tests (ALT, AST), increase in serum Fe levels with a corresponding decrease in elevated serum ferritin (if abnormal initially), and a progressive reduction in inflammatory markers (CRP). Serum lipids should be checked at 3 months and if cholesterol and/or LDL levels remain elevated above the target levels (4.5 and 2.5 mmol/L, respectively), then a statin, such as either rosuvastatin or simvastatin, should be introduced at a low dose initially and then titrated every 3 months to achieve an LDL around 2 mmol/L. The addition of berberine appears to help attain this goal.
Generally, the aim is to suspend the CAP at 6 months and continue long-term treatment with statin, berberine, and resveratrol. This timetable, however, needs to be adapted to individual patient responses and requirements. Flexibility in management is essential.
Thibault Combined Antibiotic Protocol (CAP)
For Persistent
The initial treatment is generally for 6 months. After that, treatment may be reduced to a maintenance program (statin, resveratrol, and berberine) if deemed to be appropriate to prevent relapse.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. 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Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. 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(2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. 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He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"339759",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Macavoray",slug:"abu-macavoray",fullName:"Abu Macavoray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"339758",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Emikpe",slug:"benjamin-emikpe",fullName:"Benjamin Emikpe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"339760",title:"Mr.",name:"Moinina Nelphson",middleName:null,surname:"Kallon",slug:"moinina-nelphson-kallon",fullName:"Moinina Nelphson Kallon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"419965",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Górka",slug:"pawel-gorka",fullName:"Paweł Górka",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture in Krakow",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"420253",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhijun J.",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"zhijun-j.-cao",fullName:"Zhijun J. 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Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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