Simple hydrocarbons and their variations.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"456",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Biometric Technologies",title:"Advanced Biometric Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The methods for human identity authentication based on biometrics - the physiological and behavioural characteristics of a person have been evolving continuously and seen significant improvement in performance and robustness over the last few years. However, most of the systems reported perform well in controlled operating scenarios, and their performance deteriorates significantly under real world operating conditions, and far from satisfactory in terms of robustness and accuracy, vulnerability to fraud and forgery, and use of acceptable and appropriate authentication protocols. To address some challenges, and the requirements of new and emerging applications, and for seamless diffusion of biometrics in society, there is a need for development of novel paradigms and protocols, and improved algorithms and authentication techniques. This book volume on "Advanced Biometric Technologies" is dedicated to the work being pursued by researchers around the world in this area, and includes some of the recent findings and their applications to address the challenges and emerging requirements for biometric based identity authentication systems. The book consists of 18 Chapters and is divided into four sections namely novel approaches, advanced algorithms, emerging applications and the multimodal fusion. The book was reviewed by editors Dr. Girija Chetty and Dr. Jucheng Yang We deeply appreciate the efforts of our guest editors: Dr. Norman Poh, Dr. Loris Nanni, Dr. Jianjiang Feng, Dr. Dongsun Park and Dr. Sook Yoon, as well as a number of anonymous reviewers.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-487-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5564-5",doi:"10.5772/969",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advanced-biometric-technologies",numberOfPages:396,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Girija Chetty and Jucheng Yang",publishedDate:"August 9th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/456.jpg",numberOfDownloads:60902,numberOfWosCitations:66,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:75,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:180,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 18th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"30495",title:"Dr.",name:"Girija",middleName:null,surname:"Chetty",slug:"girija-chetty",fullName:"Girija Chetty",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30495/images/5398_n.jpg",biography:"Girija Chetty, PhD is an Assistant Professor and Head of Software Engineering discipline in Faculty of Information Sciences and Engineering in University of Canberra, Australia. She received her Bachelors and Masters(Research) degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science \nfrom India, and Doctorate in Information Sciences and Engineering from Australia. She has several years of research, teaching and industry experience from India and Australia, and has led several research, development and consulting projects in the related areas. She has published over 80 research papers in peer-reviewed International Journals and Conferences, and serves on editorial and review panels for several Journals and Conferences, including Biometrics, Multimedia Intelligence and Security, and Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision. Her research interests \ninclude biometrics, image and video coding, pattern recognition, computer vision and artificial intelligence.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Canberra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"36689",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36689/images/1760_n.jpg",biography:"Jucheng Yang is a special professor of Haihe Scholar in College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China. He is a special professor of Tianjin City, too. He received his B.S. degree from South-Central University for Nationalities, China, and M.S. and Ph.D. degree from Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. He did his post-doc at the Advanced Graduate Education Center of Jeonbuk for Electronics and Information Technology-BK21 (AGECJEIT-BK21), Republic of Korea. He was a professor in Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, China and was a visiting fellow in the University of New South Wales, Australia. He has published over 50 papers in related international journals and conferences. He has served as editors or reviews of international journals such as IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics & Security, Sensors, Science China, Information Technology Journal and so on, and as reviewers or PC members of many conferences such as ICNC\\'06-FSKD\\'06, IMPRESS’09, FIRM-EPECC’11. He is the publicity chair of ICMeCG’10-11. He has applied 9 Chinese patents and was awarded 2 Chinese patents of biometrics. His research interests include biometrics, image processing, pattern recognition and neural networks.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"566",title:"Biostatistics",slug:"human-computer-interaction-biostatistics"}],chapters:[{id:"17738",title:"Multimodal Fusion for Robust Identity Authentication: Role of Liveness Checks",doi:"10.5772/18131",slug:"multimodal-fusion-for-robust-identity-authentication-role-of-liveness-checks",totalDownloads:2148,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Girija Chetty and Emdad 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The atmospheric emission of greenhouse gases as result of the constant burning of fossil fuels put a grave risk to the worldwide environs and subsequent climate variation [1]. Greenhouse gases such as CH4, CO2, N2O, and others organic pollutants result from the burning of carbon-based fuels [2]. Fossil fuel combustion affects negatively the climate change [3]. Furthermore, the mounting energy requirement has necessitated the price rise of conventional fuel which is diminishing. It is estimated that coal reserves will be depleted in around 200 years [4]; however, the world’s growing population and industrialization are driving an ever-increasing demand for energy [5, 6]. With the pressure of climate change and the structural problems in the energy sector, discovering and developing renewable energies to replace current dominant energy sources is necessary to ensure a sustainable energy future [7]. Because hydrogen has significant advantages as an energy transporter, a hydrogen-based economy has been emerging as a clean, efficient, zero-carbon alternative to current energy structures [8].
Hydrogen is not easily available in nature like fossil fuels. Though it might be obtained from any main energy source, it can be then employed as a straight fuel to the internal combustion engine in a fuel cell. The by-product of hydrogen is the water by-product [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The crucial trouble challenged by the modern world is the shortage of fossil. Therefore, it is indispensable to work out an alternative fuel that can substitute non-renewable fossil fuels. Hydrogen gas is one of the extremely versatile, efficient and sustainable clean energy carriers that may be used to substitute the fossil fuels due to its high energy yield when compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels [13, 14]. The energy storage capacity of hydrogen is superb because a unit weight of it can generate nearly 33 kWh of energy [15]. Substituting hydrogen for fossil fuels in ultimate energy uses could bring this key environmental welfare [16] into accordance with the technical, green and cost challenges, and it is easy to overcome the difficulties in, for instance, production, storage and transport of hydrogen [17, 18, 19]. Hydrogen can be considered to be a secondary energy source since it can be converted to energy in the form of heat or electricity through either combustion or electrochemical reactions. The chief problem in using hydrogen fuel roots from its absence in nature and the requirement of cheap production systems [20, 21]. Extensive processes exist for H2 production which depends on the kind of the raw materials considered. The processes could be separated into two main classes viz., traditional and technology that can be renewed. Class one process is the fossil fuels and comprises the techniques of pyrolysis and hydrocarbon reforming. In the latter process, hydrocarbon reforming process, involve the chemical methods of reforming: steam, dry, partial oxidation, autothermal steam and hydrocarbon decomposition.
The former class includes the techniques that bring hydrogen from biomass and water. The primary feeds of biomass are partitioned into two biological and thermochemical processes. The technology that concerns the thermochemical: primarily comprises combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction, while the biological processes are associated with photo-fermentation, bio-photolysis, dark fermentation, and sequential dark. The renewable knowhow involves the systems, which produces H2 from electrolysis, photo-electrolysis and thermolysis. The material input to these technologies is water only. Figure 1 displays the numerous pathways for hydrogen production.
Hydrogen production methods.
Hydrogen can be obtained from different processes. Microorganisms for instance algae and bacteria through biological processes generate hydrogen [8]. Splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen employing solar or electrolysis is another process. Chemical reactions and heat are used to discharge hydrogen from organic materials like biomass and fossil fuels via thermochemical processes.
Hydrogen is regarded as a renewable and sustainable solution for mitigating global fossil fuel utilization and destroying the global warming [22]. The purpose of producing hydrogen as “Green Hydrogen” is to cause zero or low environmental impact. For this purpose all CO2 and other pollutants must be removed when hydrogen is extracted from fossil fuels. Not only the environmental concern, but also the increase in energy demand inclines the researchers to develop new and current techniques and seek new energy sources. However, to ensure the sustainability of modern societies, hydrogen is a promising future energy carrier since it is a very important and environment friendly substitute to fossil fuels [23]. Hydrogen is counted as a green fuel since it is carbon-free henceforth CO2 emission free. However, it can be generated from an extensive collection of fossil fuel and viable energy origin, so the type of hydrogen production process determines the emissions that will occur. Besides being abundance in the universe, hydrogen is not consumed like hydrocarbons; because it changes state from water to hydrogen back and forth when used as a fuel. However, production of hydrogen is not always CO2 free. There exist various production methods such as gasification, electrolysis, and biological routes while these production methods can be performed using different feedstocks like water, biomass, or coal [24]. Some of these routes use non-renewable sources, some use extreme chemicals, and others have unknown life cycles. For the purpose of finding a clean energy route from the beginning of the circle to the end, a systematic approach to analysis is essential. This analysis should assess the whole production in such terms: terminating the dependency on non-renewable resources, reducing wastes, increasing efficiency or implementation of renewable sources to the systems.
Hydrogen is an element that possesses one proton and one electron. It is greatly plentiful and owns chemical properties that are exclusive and significant. Hydrogen is among the most available element in the world, which is chemically tied to the earth in great quantities and has to be free from an extensive assortment of feedstock. Other than water, the feed includes all hydrocarbon origin, namely natural gas, oil, biomass, and coal [25]. Currently, capital and maintenance costs, hazard and safety risk control, conversion performance, operation and design process flexibility are the key norms for the generating hydrogen. The selection of the feedstock and the minimization of the waste production play important role in setting criteria for maximizing hydrogen production.
Hydrogen is the simplest element chemically present. Hydrogen possesses only one proton, atomic number of unity, and average atomic weight of about 1 amu. H is the hydrogen symbol. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, particularly in planets and stars. Nevertheless, it is rare to find monoatomic hydrogen on Earth since it combines with other elements by covalent bonds. Hydrogen as such is not poisonous. It is nonmetal, tasteless, colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas. The molecular formula is H2. On the Earth, hydrogen compounds exist as hydrocarbons and water. The most familiar isotope of hydrogen is protium, (1H). It has a single proton and a single electron with no neutron. Hydrogen is characterized by melting point of −259.14°C, a boiling point of −252.87°C, and density of 0.08988 g/L. Hydrogen is lighter than air. It has two separate oxidation states, (+1, −1), that facilitate it to react as both a reducing agent and an oxidizing agent. There are two separate spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules, viz. orthohydrogen and parahydrogen. In the room temperature, the orthohydrogen constitutes 3/4 of hydrogen gas while the parahydrogen forms 1/4. Hydrogen is obtainable in different states, like compressed gas, liquid, slush, and solid and metallic forms [26, 27].
Hydrogen is extremely combustible gas and burns in the air starting from low concentration of 4–75%. The enthalpy for the combustion reaction for hydrogen is -286 kJ/mol., and is defined by the equation:
Moreover, a mixture of chlorine and hydrogen from 5 to 95% can cause an explosion. The explosion of these mixtures can be easily triggered by sunlight, heat and spark [28, 29]. The temperature at which the hydrogen autoignition happens is at 500°C. Invisible ultraviolet light to bare eyes are radiated by flames of pure hydrogen-oxygen. Therefore, a flame detector is essential to monitor the leak of burning. Because hydrogen floats in air, its flames cause less harm than hydrocarbon fires, and rises rapidly. H2 reacts with oxidizing elements, like chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides. Since hydrogen is an effective reducing agent, compounds of hydrogen halides are easily formed from the reaction of hydrogen and chlorine and fluorine. H2 commonly forms compounds with a lot of elements in spite of its stability. In the case of reaction, hydrogen can react with more electronegative elements like oxygen or halogens and therefore can have a partial positive charge. On the other hand, it can react with more electropositive elements like alkali metals and assume a partial negative charge. In addition, there is an intermolecular bonding known as hydrogen bonding that exists between hydrogen and elements like oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. This type of bonding is vital for the stability of many biological units. Hydrogen compounds with metals and metalloids are known as hydrides. H+ ion is formed when hydrogen is oxidized its electron is removed. Frequently, the H+ in aqueous solutions is termed as the hydronium ion, which is crucial in the chemistry of acid–base. There are three hydrogen isotopes in the universe: tritium, deuterium, and protium denoted as 3H, 2H, and 1H respectively. Compounds of hydrides are characterized by the participation of one or more hydrogen anions that possess reducing, nucleophilic, or basic properties. The bonding of hydrogen to a more electropositive element or group generates hydrides. While hydrides compounds usually react as reducing agent or Lewis bases by giving electrons, other metal hydrides react as hydrogen- atom donors and acids and. For example, the common drying reaction of calcium hydride:
Categories of hydrides are as follows:
a) Saline or ionic, these hydrides are formed by the bond between a very electropositive metal, mostly an alkaline earth or an alkali metal and hydrogen atom. Reducing reagents and heterogeneous bases are good examples of the uses of ionic hydrides in organic synthesis.
b) Covalent hydrides, often seen in the complex metal hydride, transition metal hydrides, are hydrogen centers that form hydrides, or those that are nucleophilic.
c) Interstitial hydrides usually occur in metals or alloys. They are often characterized by metallic bonding. Interstitial binary hydrides are formed when hydrogen gets in contact with transition metals.
A major hurdle in the hydrogen economy lies in its transport and storage. Though H2 is characterized by very low volumetric energy density, but it possesses high energy density based on mass. At ambient conditions molecular hydrogen is present as a gas, which is difficult. Liquefied or pressurized hydrogen gas is required to get sufficient fuel energy. When the gas pressure increased definitely the volumetric energy density will improve, however this entails a larger amount of energy be used to pressurize the gas. Otherwise, slush or liquid hydrogen can be employed [30, 31, 32]. An extensive amount of energy must be used to liquefy the hydrogen, which is cryogenic and hence boils at 20 K. Hydrogen is not suitable to be stored in tanks since hydrogen diffuses through any liner material arranged to preserve it, which eventually leads to the wearying of the container. Hydrogen is often kept in compound form like chemical hydride. The compounds can be shifted from place to place fairly easily and then decomposed into hydrogen gas. The requirements of compound to form at high pressure and temperatures and for the hydrogen to be desorbed lead the current barriers to practical storage. The surface of solid storage material adsorbs hydrogen and then be desorbed when needed. This technology is yet to be improved. Hydrogen has one of the widest explosive/ignition mixes ranges with air. The leak of hydrogen from its mixture with air will most probable cause an explosion, since the mixture of air and hydrogen form a broad explosive/ignition when it gets contact with flame or spark. The utilization of hydrogen as a fuel is confined by this issue, particularly in non-open areas like underground parking or tunnels. The burning flames of pure hydrogen in the UV range are unseen; therefore flame detector is essential to sense the hydrogen leakage. Moreover, hydrogen can be detected by smelling since it is odorless. While the hydrogen economy is expected to make a smaller carbon footprint, there are lots complexities regarding the ecological matters of hydrogen manufacturing. Fossil fuel reforming represents the main source of hydrogen; nonetheless this technique eventually leads to larger carbon dioxide emissions when compared to fossil fuel used in an internal combustion engine. Other problems comprise hydrogen production through electrolysis entails a larger energy input than straight using renewable energy and the likelihood of other lateral outputs [33].
Climate variation and fossil fuel exhaustion are the chief reasons leading to hydrogen technology. Various technologies are available for the production of hydrogen: These include electrical, thermal, hybrid and biological methods. Thermal conversion processes are the most utilized processes, with steam reforming becoming the best [34, 35]. Several reforming technologies are performed in industry. Hydrogen is also obtained from splitting water by electrolysis. Nevertheless, because of the strong bonds in water molecules, a 39.3 kWh of electrical energy is theoretically required to split 1 kg of water. Moreover, for hydrocarbon feedstock solar energy accomplishes most of the thermal conversion processes. Currently, in the refinery hydrogen is used as a raw material, rather than as an energy carrier. Often, hydrogen is transported via pipelines when it generated on-site. On the other hand, the procurement of an efficient, safe, and compact storage technology is vital for the transition from the fossil fuel-based energy carriers toward hydrogen. In recent days fuel cell applications are operated with liquefied hydrogen, kept in cryogenic tanks. Enormous research investigations are currently carried out in the arena of hydrogen solid-state storage. Nevertheless, the appropriate materials regarding the hydrogen storage capacity, cost, and thermodynamics are not yet enough. Lifetime, high storage density, prolonged cycle ability, satisfactory sorption kinetics and thermodynamics are the essential parameters for a hands-on storage material. No doubt hydrogen is a future energy carrier needed to have the proper the infrastructural technologies and logistics. Fossil fuel has the potential to balance between hydrogen as energy carrier of the future and the famous fossil fuel energy carriers. Hydrogen production processes are categorized as conventional and alternative energy resources like solar and wind, natural gas, coal, nuclear, biomass. There are several techniques for hydrogen generation from diverse raw materials and energy input selections. Having environmentally friendly properties, hydrogen became an eminent choice for an alternative fuel. The combustion techniques of fossil fuel destroy the environment and these days, less than 15% of total energy consumption of the world is not based on these techniques [36]. Consequently, hydrogen utilization as an alternative fuel is ideal since it is not an unsafe, poisonous or uncertain mode of production.
Hydrogen is generated from fossil fuels using numerous technologies, the principal of which are pyrolysis and hydrocarbon reforming. These techniques are the most advanced and normally employed, recovering virtually the whole hydrogen needs. About 48% of hydrogen is obtained from natural gas, 18% from coal, and 30% from naphtha and heavy oils [37, 38, 39]. Currently, the fuels from the fossil possess the principal role in the world hydrogen resource. Membrane reactors are used in the chemical and biochemical industries, to produce H2 from traditional fuels. A membrane frame permits mass transfer by the influence of driving forces of pressure, concentration, electric potential, temperature, and other driving forces. Membranes are classified into biological and synthetic based on their nature. A high selectivity and permeability, excellent chemical and stability are the required characteristics of the efficient H2-production membrane. Consequently, for a composite membrane, indispensable parts include a permeable support permitting the gases crossing, blended with a barrier restrictive to the inter-diffusion in the metallic support.
The process by which the hydrocarbon fuel is changed to produce hydrogen via reforming systems is termed hydrocarbon reforming. During the hydrocarbon reforming other components are employed along with the hydrocarbon. These include carbon dioxide and the system is termed as CO2 reforming or dry reforming. Moreover steam may include as reactants in the reforming system of the hydrocarbon. This system is branded as steam reforming. Both dry and steam reforming reactions are endothermic, Therefore, it necessary to furnish energy. Reforming the hydrocarbon with oxygen is known as partial oxidation, and the reaction is exothermic. When the steam and partial oxidation reactions are combined the system is called autothermal reforming [40].
In the steam reforming process, the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon into hydrogen and carbon monoxide is carried out in the presence of steam in the feed. The reforming procedure comprises gas purification, methanation, water-gas shift and synthesis gas production. Most feedstock contains natural gas, methane, and a mixture of light hydrocarbons, which include propane, butane, ethane, pentane, and both light and heavy naphtha. When the feed is contaminated with organic sulfur compounds, a desulphurization stage should precede the reforming step to circumvent the deactivation of the reforming catalyst which CO2 is seized and put in the ocean or geological reservoirs [41]. The primary chemical reaction that occurs during the steam reforming is:
Depending on the values n and m dictate the hydrocarbon type. For instance, methane reforming n and m are equal to 1 and 4 respectively. The methane steam reforming is the best and well- advanced method employed for extensive hydrogen output. The conversion performance amounts to 74–85%. When natural gas and steam are reacted over a nickel-based catalyst to generate synthesis, the reaction temperature is usually set to 850–900°C. About 30–35% of the entire amount of natural gas as a process fuel provides the needed energy of 63.3 kJ/mol of H2. To inhibit coke deposition on the catalyst and achieve a purified H2 output, the process operation is adjusted to 3.5 MPa pressure, steam-to-carbon ratios of 3.5, and high temperatures [42]. After the reformer, the mixture of gases goes through a heat recovery, and water gas shift reactor where an additional H2 is produced from the reaction between the steam and carbon monoxide then, the mixture of gases goes through either a pressure swing adsorption or through a CO2-removal and methanation producing virtually pure H2 [43]. Membrane reactors offer a remarkable solution. Since the topmost process of producing huge amounts of H2, SMR has been broadly evidenced by incorporating a delicate membrane which is operated right inside the reaction environs or downstream to reaction units (Figures 2 and 3).
Flow illustration of steam methane reforming unified-membrane process.
Methane (•), ethane (◊), propane (♦), and butane (▴) conversion as function of temperature for S/C 2.5 in SR of natural gas (catalyst with 900 cpsi); symbols: Experiment; lines: Model predictions [
Palladium-based membrane reactors of the second method provide considerable advantages by uniting the gas separation and chemical reaction in a unit. Generated H2 adsorbed and dissociated atomically on one side of the membrane in the reformer, diffuses, and lastly desorbs on the other side [44]. Similar reactant conversion is permitted by the Pb-based membrane reactors. Contrary to normal SMR which operate at high temperature 850–900°C, the membrane reactors operate at a lower temperature of 450–550°C and produce methane conversions up to 90–95% [45].
Partial oxidation (POX) technique chiefly comprises the reaction transformation of hydrocarbons, oxygen, and steam, to synthesis gas which consists of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Feedstocks starting from methane to naphtha are often used in the catalytic process at about 950°C, while the process operation takes place at 1150–1315°C for non-catalytic systems [44]. Pure O2 is used to incompletely oxidize the hydrocarbon feedstock, after the elimination of sulfur content in the feed removal. The generated synthesis is additionally purified and separated in a similar way as the output gas of the steam reforming method. The formidable price of the oxygen manufacturing and the extra expenses of desulphurization perform the process significantly expensive. In the process dealing with catalyst, the heat is delivered through the monitored combustion. Eq. (4), presents the catalytic reforming, while Eqs. (5) and (6) represent the chemical reactions of water gas shift and methanation.
Heavier feedstock like coal and heavy oil residues are suitable resources for the production of hydrogen when partial oxidation technique is applied.
In the process of autothermal reforming technique (ATR), the endothermic steam reforming receives heat from the combined exothermic partial oxidation to promote the production of hydrogen. Fundamentally, steam, air, and oxygen are fed to the reformer, starting the oxidation reactions as well as the reforming to happen simultaneously, as presented in Eq. (8).
When methane is autothermally reformed at 700°C inlet temperature and the proper ratios of steam to carbon and oxygen to carbon, a thermal efficiency of 60–75% and maximum hydrogen yield of about 2.8 are achieved [42]. The investment cost is about 50% lower than coal gasification. A small improvement is reported when the ATR reactor is combined with a Pd membrane. The high operating temperature of 900°C needed by the system ruins the efficiency improvement brought by the membrane [43].
The dry reforming is a chemical process that consists of converting hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide, considered as one of the world’s most abundant greenhouse gases to synthesis gas with a proper H2/CO molar ratio [46]. As a result, this process has the potentials to alleviate the environmental challenges related to greenhouse gases emissions and to transform biogas and natural gas to synthesis gas. Furthermore, the produced H2/CO ratio synthesis gas is suitable for the production of hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, in addition to the synthesis of oxygenated chemicals [47]. The dry reforming reaction is:
Being an extremely endothermic reaction, dry reforming requires high operating temperatures, usually in the range of 900–1273 K, to achieve the desired conversion levels. The forward reaction is favored at low pressures as dictated by stoichiometry. Additionally, it has been observed that an nCO2/CnHm molar ratio higher than the stoichiometric requirement of unity can also provide high synthesis gas yields. The positive effects of high reaction temperatures, low pressures, and high nCO2/CnHm molar.
The pyrolysis of hydrocarbon is a famous method where hydrogen solely comes from the hydrocarbon subjected to thermal decomposition via the following universal reaction:
Light liquid hydrocarbons having boiling points 200°C are decomposed thermo-catalytically to generate elemental carbon and hydrogen, however, dealing with residual fractions having boiling temperatures above 350°C, the production of hydrogen requires hydrogasification and cracking of methane. The direct reduction of carbon content in the natural gas known as often de-carbonization, which constitutes mainly methane, is performed at 980°C temperature and atmospheric pressure in the environment, where there is no water and air. Furthermore, pyrolysis does not involve CO2 removal steps and water gas shift. Carbon control and sequestration, which is energy intensive stage is replaced by carbon control that could be employed in the chemical industries and metallurgy. Therefore, the processes of partial oxidation or steam conversion are higher than investments for big plants causing 25–30% hydrogen production cost [45]. The price of hydrogen would be less if markets are found for the extensive amounts of carbon resulting from the natural gas decomposition. From the environmental perspective it would be more beneficial to dissociate catalytically natural gas to carbon and hydrogen, instead of H2 production by steam reforming of methane attached with CO2 sequestration [48]. For a specified temperature, the reduction of carbon content is increased by the constant elimination of hydrogen by membrane separation. For H2 separation, Pd-Ag alloys, which operate at lower temperatures and mitigate the carbon deposition, are normally used. The chief disadvantages of the present method are attributed to the very low hydrogen separation, which results from the membrane stability influenced by high temperatures required for the equilibrium of the reduction of the carbon content and the low H2 partial pressures in the reaction mixture [43].
Hydrocarbons, as their name denotes, are compounds of hydrogen and carbon. They represent one of the vital classes of organic chemistry. They exist in gaseous states such as propane and methane, a liquid state like benzene and hexane, and solid state as paraffin wax, polystyrene, naphthalene, and polyethylene.
Hydrocarbons are classified into:
Saturated hydrocarbons which are formed completely of single bonds between carbon–carbon and are saturated with hydrogen. The compound formula with a linear structure, alkanes are
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are called alkenes. Those with one double bond and non-cyclic structure have the formula
Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring. The hydrocarbon is characterized by strong covalent (sigma) bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle. Some simple hydrocarbons and their variations are given in Table 1.
Hydrocarbons are a primary energy source for current civilizations. The predominant use of hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source. In their solid form, hydrocarbons take the form of asphalt (bitumen) [49]. Methane and ethane are gaseous at ambient temperatures and cannot be readily liquefied by pressure alone. Propane is however easily liquefied and exists in ‘propane bottles’ mostly as a liquid. Butane is so easily liquefied that it provides a safe, volatile fuel for small pocket lighters. Pentane (C5H12) is a clear liquid at room temperature, commonly used in chemistry and industry as a powerful nearly odorless solvent of waxes and high molecular weight organic compounds, including greases. Hexane (C6H14) is also a widely used non-polar, non-aromatic solvent, as well as a significant fraction of common gasoline. The C6 through C10 alkanes, alkenes and isomeric cycloalkanes are the chief components of gasoline, naphtha, jet fuel and specialized industrial solvent mixtures. Hydrocarbons with low molecular weight such as methane, ethane, propane and ethane are termed as light hydrocarbons (LHs). Light hydrocarbons are the largest petroleum fraction which in between Cl and C9. They are catagenic products, formed between 75 and 140°C. The higher hydrocarbons are too stable to generate the LHs at these temperatures. Additionally, LHs are different from cracking products [50]. Many are structurally like bio-precursors. Basically, all isomers are found within the alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics with no visible preference for natural structures. It is improbable that the LHs are formed without support. The LHs constitute well over 50% of the carbon in petroleum. They seem to be a random mixture of classes (isoalkanes, cyclopentanes, cyclohexanes, and aromatics). For instance, the gasoline fraction of different crudes may be branded by identifying the relative amounts of the following five classes of hydrocarbons: normal paraffins, isoparaffins, alkylcyclopentanes, alkylcyclohexanes, and aromatics. Of analogous significance to hydrogen, is the production of its mixture with carbon monoxide (H2 + CO), normally named synthesis gas or syngas, which is a valuable raw material for numerous industrial uses. The significant natural sources of light hydrocarbons comprise leakage from oil and gas reservoirs and anaerobic production of methane. There are some reports of low molecular weight hydrocarbons in open ocean water. The coastal waters act as a source for atmospheric methane. The vital man-derived sources of methane in the coast are ports with their accompanying shipping and industrial activity, offshore petroleum drilling and production operations, and open ocean shipping activity. In 2010 almost, 50% of global anthropogenic methane emissions came from sources like agriculture, coal mines, landfill, oil and natural gas systems and waste water. Mobile sources in specific are famous to give meaningfully to urban hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide levels. For instance the vehicle exhaust accounts for most of the non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations in metropolitan cities [51, 52, 53].
Steam reforming of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a practical choice for producing hydrogen in isolated regions where there is no pipeline natural gas supply. The most common LPG gases include propane, butane (n-butane) and isobutane (i-butane), as well as mixtures of these gases. Fuel processing converts LPG into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Lopez-Ortiz et al. elaborated the utilization of cobalt tungstate in a chemical looping partial oxidation of methane process to generate syngas [54]. They carried out simulations and thermodynamic analysis. Results acquired indicated no carbon formation and syngas yield (89.6%) were calculated. Wang et al. investigated the autothermal reforming of LPG in a fixed-bed reactor by changing essential parameters like steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C), the oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C), reforming temperature, and catalyst [55]. It was established that temperature, S/C, and O/C were the most key parameters for fuel conversion and lowering carbon deposition. Similarly, steam reforming is applied to convert LPG to hydrogen using Rh, Ru, Pt, and other noble metal catalysts. For instance, Laosiripojana et al., used Ni- and Rh-based catalysts supported on GdCeO2 (CGO) and Al2O3 in steam reforming of LPG at 750–900°C [56]. They obtained that Rh/CeO2 catalyst gave the highest H2 yield. Steam reforming of LPG employing nickel-based perovskites (La-Ni-O) partly replaced with cobalt was examined [57]. The suitable selection of water/LPG feed ratio together with the proper Co/Ni ratio in the synthesis of perovskite precursors was vital to retain the catalyst active during LPG steam reform and hence the hydrogen production.
A broad experimental study of steam reforming (SR) of alkane components: methane, ethane, propane, butane, and natural gas for the catalytic conversion over a Rh-based catalyst was carried out and compared to numerically predicted conversion and selectivity [58]. The result established a mechanism for predicting product distribution in steam reforming of natural gas mixtures with varying compositions. Likewise, the developed simulation, permit the numerical calculation of chemical species profiles and surface coverage within catalytic monoliths. Steam reforming of ethane, propane, and butane display virtually same conversion and selectivity as a function of temperature and steam to carbon ratio (S/C).
Rhodium-based catalyst with different Rh content (1, 2.5 and 5 wt. %) and high surface area alumina support were tested for steam reforming of propane [59]. All catalysts exhibited complete conversion at 750°C with hydrogen selectivity over 98% and high stability for more than 140 hours’ time on stream. In the work of Ferrandon et al., Mono-metallic nickel and rhodium catalysts and bimetallic Ni-Rh catalysts supported on La-Al2O3, CeZrO2, and CeMgOx were arranged and assessed for catalyzing the steam and autothermal reforming of n-butane [60]. The bimetallic Ni-Rh supported on La-Al2O3 catalysts with low weight loading of rhodium showed higher H2 yields than Ni or Rh alone. The Ni-Rh/CeZrO2 catalyst exhibited higher performance and no coke formation, in comparison to similar metals on other supports. Hydrogen was produced from butane steam reforming using Ni/Ag loaded MgAl2O4 catalyst to substitute the conventional fast catalytic deactivation and lower H2 production from the hydrocarbon steam-reforming reaction [61]. The Ag-loaded catalyst showed considerably higher reforming reactivity than Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst. The silver-containing catalyst diminished the carbon formation and boosted the hydrogen product and selectivity. The production of H2 was enhanced up to 68% at 700°C for 1 h and this high efficiency sustained for up to 53 h.
Mesoporous nanocrystalline Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were used to examine the Partial oxidation (POX) of methane, ethane, and propane [62]. Different feed conditions were considered during the study. 5 wt. % Ni/Al2O3 catalysts displayed the maximum catalytic activity in the temperature range of 500–700°C. The catalyst was substantially stable for 48 h time on stream in methane partial oxidation. Moreover, increased carbon deposition on the catalysts was observed when ethane and propane in stoichiometric feed ratio were considered. Alternatively, the performance of CO2-reforming of methane over mesoporous Co-Ni/SBA-15-x (x = Mg, La, and Sc) was tested in continuous fixed bed at 700–800°C reaction temperature [63]. When the catalyst support was modified by adding Mg and Sc, the CH4 conversion was improved markedly by 28 and 26%, respectively at 700°C higher than the corresponding bare SBA-15 supported catalysts. TEM and TGA/GTA characterizations of spent catalyst established that the coke resistance was considerably upgraded as a result of the support alteration, leading to the formation of amorphous carbon. Consequently, Co-Ni/SC-SBA-15 catalyst remarkably promoted the stability and catalytic activity to produce synthesis gas.
With the increased production of shale gas through a new drilling technology of hydraulic fracturing significant attention has been paid to the utilization of ethane which accounts for about 7% of shale gas [64]. Jeong et al. proposed a pathway for using ethane to generate hydrogen [65]. The investigators performed the analysis of membrane reactor using techno-economic analysis and process simulation using Aspen HYSYS® for ethane steam reforming. The process simulation indicated high H2 selectivity. In ethane steam reforming, synthesis gas is produced as:
Alternatively, Veranitisagul et al. studied ceria and gadolinia doped ceria catalysts to produce syngas from ethane at the temperature range of 800–900
Methane (CH4) is a light hydrocarbon and the most important component of natural gas. Methane is also a strong and plentiful greenhouse gas (GHG), which makes it a significant contributor to climate change. Methane like other LHs can be converted to hydrogen using different methods as mentioned. The natural gas comprising C1, C2, C3, and C4+ have been widely used to produce hydrogen. As presented in Table 2, methane is a primary component in natural gas followed by ethane and propane [67].
Alkadiene | Cycloalkane | Alkyne (triple bond) | Alkene (double bond) | Alkane (single bond) |
---|---|---|---|---|
— | — | — | — | Methane |
— | — | Ethyne | Ethene | Ethane |
Propadiene | Cyclopropane | Propyne | Propene | Propane |
Butadiene | Cyclobutane | Butyne | Butene | Butane |
Pentadiene | Cyclopentane | Pentyne | Pentene | Pentane |
Hexadiene | Cyclohexane | Hexyne | Hexene | Hexane |
Heptadiene | Cycloheptane | Heptyne | Heptene | Heptane |
Octadiene | Cyclooctane | Octyne | Octene | Octane |
Nonadiene | Cyclononane | Nonyne | Nonene | Nonane |
Decadiene | Cyclodecane | Decyne | Decene | Decane |
Undecadiene | Cycloundecane | Undecyne | Undecene | Undecane |
Simple hydrocarbons and their variations.
Elements | Volumetric composition (%) | |
---|---|---|
Wet | Dry | |
Methane | 84.6 | 96.0 |
Ethane | 6.4 | 2.00 |
Propane | 5.3 | 0.60 |
Isobutane | 1.2 | 0.18 |
n-butane | 1.4 | 0.12 |
Isopentane | 0.4 | 0.14 |
n-Pentane | 0.2 | 0.06 |
Hexanes | 0.4 | 0.10 |
Heptanes | 0.1 | 0.80 |
Universal composition of dry and wet natural gas.
Catalytic carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CO2 reforming of CH4), also called dry reforming of methane to distinguish this process from steam reforming, has attracted rigorous research interest during the last decades. The interest is ascribed to the fact that CO2 reforming of CH4 mitigates carbon emissions. The reaction is endothermic:
The equilibrium conversion and the equilibrium product composition are influenced by the reaction temperature, pressure, initial reactant ratio, and the content of the inert gas. Nevertheless, catalysts must be employed to allow the reaction to take place in reasonable kinetics. Ni catalyst is found suitable for this reaction. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), particularly γ-Al2O3, is one of the best generally used catalyst support materials for CO2 reforming of CH4. Liao and Horng studied methane dry reforming to generate synthesis gas [68]. Their work concentrated on the heat recovery of the designed reformers. An oven was employed for the simulation of the heat recovery. The results specified that the oven temperature is proportional to the reforming reaction temperature and hence promote the energy of the reformer. When the energy of reformer was increased the synthesis gas production enhanced and efficiency of reforming and CO2 conversion was obviously raised. The production of hydrogen and carbon from the catalytic decomposition of methane via iron catalyst was explored [69]. The investigation covered the utilization of alumina supported catalysts over various iron loadings. Multiwall nanotubes were formed and as the % loading of Fe was increased, the hydrogen yield increased. When 60% Fe/Al2O3 catalyst was employed, the highest H2 yield of 77.2% was acquired. Similarly, mono-, bi- and tri-metallic catalysts obtained from iron-nickel-cobalt supported over alumina was examined for the decomposition of methane to hydrogen and value-added carbon. The catalytic activity of 30 wt. % Fe and 15 wt.% Co displayed the highest performance overall investigated catalysts. Figure 4 illustrates the hydrogen yield versus time on stream (TOS). It is apparent that the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) has some effect on the hydrogen yield [70]. Table 3 reviews the technologies along with their reaction temperatures and percentage of hydrogen yield. It is important to note that hydrogen yield depends on the type of catalyst, pretreatment and operating conditions [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
Stability performances in terms of H2 yield (%) over 15Co-30Fe/Al catalysts as a function of TOS at 700°C at different GHSVs.
Hydrogen production techniques | Temperature (°C) | Hydrogen yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Dry reforming | 750 | 43.0 | [71] |
850 | 78.0 | ||
Steam Reforming | 500 | 98.7 | [72] |
Steam Reforming | 750 | 85.0 | [73] |
Partial Oxidation | 850 | 88.9 | [74] |
Partial Oxidation | 750 | 36.8 | [75] |
Autothermal | 700 | 83.0 | [76] |
Autothermal | 850 | 78.0 | [77] |
Decomposition | 700 | 75 | [78] |
800 | 90 |
Summary of hydrogen yield from methane for various hydrogen production techniques.
Currently, about 1/5 of global energy is utilized as electricity, whereas 80% is utilized as fuel. Hydrogen energy is a clean and alternative energy that has been suggested as the energy carrier of the future. Solar-driven microalga hydrogen production is both a favorable and inspiring biotechnology, which play a significant role in the global drive to decrease GHG emissions. One of the major barriers with regard to the hydrogen economy is its production cost and inefficient storage methods, which need to be resolved. Current research efforts are focused on strain improvement by systems metabolic engineering and finding suitable conditions to increase the levels of hydrogen production. In the near future, it may be possible to perform knockouts and insertions based on the data available by modeling previous studies. The advent of synthetic biology necessitates such models since it aims at standardizing biology, which should give predicted responses. With all these advancements, the commercial feasibility of H2 production may rely on efficient production strategies with elevated yield, well-organized transport and storage systems ensuring the secured supply of hydrogen. Moreover, the prospect of light hydrocarbon hydrogen production is determined by the research advances such as enhancement of productivity through catalytic engineering and the advance of chemical reactors, the economic attentions like the price of fossil fuels, social appreciation, and use of hydrogen energy systems in our society. Today, hydrogen is being used to power a fleet of busses in some countries. More industries will accept hydrogen energy when a renewable economically viable process of hydrogen production is achieved. Last but not least, the integrated effort of both scientists and engineers is needed to fully implement hydrogen energy as the energy for the future. Mass hydrogen production is the foundation for the transition to a “hydrogen economy”, which has the potential to enable the development of distributed power generation networks [79].
The global crisis of fossil fuels has greatly stimulated worldwide interest to develop sustainable sources of energy carriers. Light hydrocarbons can be used as a potential source of hydrogen energy due to their inherent capacity to decompose the hydrocarbon into H2 using the thermochemical energy. Photo-biological hydrogen production is considered as a more efficient and less energy-intensive process. Hydrogen powered fuels can be used in different types of fuel cells as a clean energy to generate electricity with high efficiency. At present, hydrogen energy from microalgae is economically less feasible due to its high production cost. Nevertheless, efficient bio-hydrogen production from microalgae may be accelerated by recent technological advancements in metabolic and genetic engineering approaches.
Dr. Ibrahim is renowned for his pioneering work on fossil fuel conversion energy technologies; he has authored and co-authored more than a seventy refereed journal and conference papers. His main research interests include catalysis, hydrogen energy technologies.
Emergency services face increasing demands in their challenges to keep the public safe and healthy. They typically utilize a variety of information systems to store data relating to previous incidents and recall data to assist with new incidents and tasks such as capacity planning. One particular class of information systems that play a vital role in emergency service operations is decision support systems. Such systems combine data and logic together with rules and heuristics to allow operational decisions to be made based on the domain knowledge embodied within the system. Typical examples of such systems are utilized by Police Forces in the development of search strategies for locating missing persons.
According to National Guidelines set out for UK Police Forces, A
‘Anyone whose whereabouts cannot be established and where the circumstances are out of character or the context suggests the person may be subject of crime or at risk of harm to themselves or another’.
When someone is categorized as missing, the police will investigate their disappearance and try to find and safeguard them.
In 2013 the Guidelines introduced a second
‘A person not at a place where they are expected or required to be’ and perceived to be ‘not at any apparent risk’.
When someone is categorized as absent, no police response is required except to monitor and review the situation.
Typically absent cases involve individuals who go missing frequently (often referred to as frequent fliers). They are likely to be designated a missing person for the first few times that they are missing, but, if they return unharmed, thereafter they may be designated absent.
Missing person cases are both time consuming and resource intense, particularly in urban areas. Figure 1 highlights the scale of misper cases facing UK Police Forces and the volume of calls generated from dealing with such cases.
Key statistics for missing person in the UK, 2016–2017.
Mispers come from a spectrum of the population. Many are children (teenagers) who go missing from care homes; others are adults with mental illness or depression. Cases also include elderly people suffering from dementia-related conditions. Murder (homicide) cases, manslaughter cases and death by misadventure often start out as misper cases until a body is located. Current practice relies on heuristics and localized domain knowledge. Social scientists will often interview mispers in the hope of eliciting knowledge in relation to mispers’ intentions while they were missing. Typically, Police rely heavily on historical data and behavioral patterns. For example, many teenagers who go missing are found in local parks, where teenagers are known to congregate. Elderly people suffering from dementia may travel to a location associated with their past.
Many problems in machine learning are solved by using supervised learning techniques, in which specific training input patterns are input to the model. Supervised learning is often the preferred solution of choice and powerful models such as Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are available to implement supervised learning solutions. However, many cases exist where supervised learning is not applicable, typically when there is not one target variable of interest but many, or when different variables might be available or missing for each data point. Such examples include diagnosis in medicine, with many different types of diseases, symptoms, and context information available for a given patient. In a similar fashion, the problem of predicting the location of a missing person, or the distance that they may have traveled, poses similar problems to those found in medicine.
Bayesian networks (BNs) can deal with such challenges. BNs are seen as a popular choice for probabilistic reasoning and machine learning problems that are difficult to address with supervised learning techniques. BNs are undergoing a renaissance amongst the machine learning community as an effective probabilistic model that can be used to assist decision support. Implemented as a graphical network and supported by libraries in Python and R (e.g. bnlearn and Pomegranate), they allow probability inferences to generate ‘what if’? and ‘which is best’? In addition to medicine, BNs have been successfully applied to genetics, search and rescue (SAR) and general classification problems.
The particular strengths and weaknesses of BN may be summarized as:
They provide a natural way to handle missing data
Suitable for small and incomplete datasets
Combine different sources of knowledge
Explicit treatment of uncertainty and support for decision analysis
Fast response to queries
The main drawback of BNs is their inability to deal with continuous data, which needs to be discretized. Section 3 describes the application of BNs to develop a model to assist the decision-making process for misper cases. A more detailed consideration of the approach is described in [1].
The sections below review the main research approaches for dealing with missing person cases, which range from empirical techniques to formalized approaches.
There is some notable research concerned with the use of BN for Search And Rescue (SAR), in relation to people and objects who have either become lost or gone missing by accident. The distinction of course is that at-risk misper groups have intentionally gone missing, whilst SAR cases deal with entities, which have unintentionally become lost. The most notable use of Bayesian inference for search techniques was that of the search for Air France Flight AF 447, which crashed into the Atlantic on 1st June 2009 [2]. After 2 years of unsuccessful searching, the team used a Bayesian procedure developed for search planning to produce the posterior target location distribution. The distribution was used to guide the search and the wreckage was located within a week.
Reference [3] describes a Bayesian approach to modeling lost person behaviors based on terrain features in Wilderness Search and Rescue. The approach uses a first-order Markov transition matrix for generating a temporal, posterior predictive probability distribution map. The approach also uses a Bayesian χ2 test for goodness-of-fit and goes on to show that the model closely fits a synthetic dataset. Reference [4] provides a study of missing person behavior in Australia, conducted by Victoria Police. The study, which is part of the SARBayes project, considers a large dataset of parameters, some of which have more significance than others. Terrain plays an important role and the range of activities, relating to the missing person, are also considered (e.g. climbing, canoeing, hunting).
There are also several other machine learning-related approaches for dealing with missing person cases. For example, [5] compares the use of neural networks and rule-based systems for missing person cases in Australia. In later work [6] considers the use of J48 to derive rules, based on the popular C4.5 decision tree generator.
In the author’s own previous work [7] a missing person model was developed based on Situation Calculus. The approach represented the state changes that take place over time, whilst missing. The formalisms help to provide a consistent means to represent the uncertainty present in such investigations.
Two widely accepted empirical approaches are those of the UK booklet ‘Missing Persons: Understanding, Planning and Responding’ (colloquially referred to as the Grampian Study) [8] and the iFIND System [9], which is currently used by a number of UK Police forces.
The Grampian Study considers a similar set of at-risk groups to that of the author’s work. For each group the study provides a number of tables, which portray useful information, such as likely time periods of missing, distance traveled and likely places where a misper could be found. The Grampian Study also translates data into useful search ranges that can be superimposed on a map (Figure 2).
Grampian search profiles for 5–8 year olds.
iFIND follows a similar structure but is based on more recent data to provide more thorough coverage. iFIND provides more detail in terms of possible locations. Both Grampian and iFIND place emphasis on Time, Distance and Likely Location and these parameters also feature predominantly in the author’s work. Figure 3 shows a typical excerpt from iFIND in the form of a table, which highlights the places where mispers for the category were located. The majority are found outside locally, with a smaller proportion either returning home or being found at a friend’s house.
iFIND table of likely locations for 5–8 year olds.
Other research conducted by the author led to the development of the CASPER System (Computer Assisted Search Prioritization and Environmental Response) [10] to study the Geographies of Missing Persons. CASPER used primary and applied research and secondary data analysis to develop a Google map application to assist investigative and strategic decision-making. CASPER was developed to a prototype stage and demonstrated to several Police forces as a viable alternative to existing case management systems COMPACT [11] and NICHE [12] systems.
CASPER (Figure 4) was rich in terms of the geospatial information it provided, being able to display heatmaps, places of interest and even live CCTV footage. CASPER allows the search team to overlay a range of different layers onto a map region of interest. For example, the team may choose to overlay information on ATM cash machines if it is known that a misper is short of money. Alternatively, suicide hotspots can be overlaid (from precompiled suicide data) when dealing with a potential suicide case.
CASPER missing persons prototype.
However, the algorithms used in CASPER were largely rule-based, developed from ‘people like you’ approaches, based on
BNs are directed graphical models that have been used extensively in the fields of cognitive science and artificial intelligence throughout the latter half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The models are based on the theorem of Thomas Bayes [13], which allow probabilities to be updated in light of new evidence. BNs have been used for some time within the AI community and more recently amongst the machine learning community. Reference [14] provides an excellent account of how probability theory and decision theory began to attract the attention of the AI community in the late 1980s, which, when combined with graph theory, led to what we refer to today as Bayesian Networks.
Formally, for a discrete random variable
In a BN, a
For BNs, inference, is the computational method for deriving answers to queries given a probability model expressed as a BN. Inference in BNs can take on several different forms [15, 16], broadly speaking, it may be exact or approximate, depending upon the structure of the graph. Exact inference is not always possible when the number of combinations and paths is excessively large. However, it is often possible to refactor a BN graph (i.e. alter the graph structure) before resorting to approximate inference.
Let U be the set of random variables. Let
The probability distribution of the evidence variables and the query variables via marginalization, can be calculated as:
The normalization may be calculated as:
Then conditional probabilities may be calculated as:
A range of different questions can be asked, via inference, in relation to the probability distribution, such as:
Diagnosis:
Prediction:
Classification:
class
Decision-making (given a cost function)
The different questions may be considered in relation to how classical statistical models help to estimate either the value of something - regression framework or the state of something - classification framework. Prediction and classification would be as per the classical statistical model framework. Diagnosis adds to this by defining the outcomes from the model in organizational terms (e.g. Policing terms, such as high priority cases). Decision-making adds further to this by using the diagnosis to guide Policing activities. Decision-making effectively translates the statistical model into operational terminology for operational decision-making.
Essentially, a BN defines a unique JPD over
The Misper-Bayes model was developed from previous research conducted by the author [1]. The model represents the different categories of at-risk missing persons and their breakdown in terms of sex type and age. The model also represents the likely times that a person may be missing, and the distance traveled as well as the likely locations where they may be found. Data from iFIND was used to determine the male/female split and the same set of at-risk categories as iFIND were adopted. All of the iFIND data was examined and a set of network parameters were compiled.
The Misper-Bayes model is shown below (Figure 5) in terms of a digraph and associated conditional probability tables. The nodes in the graph represent the random variables, which are linked through the conditional probability tables. Most of the tables are fairly self-explanatory, with a couple of exceptions: the Cat(x) table reflects the different categories of at-risk mispers and the Loc(x) table reflects the different locations where mispers are likely to be found. Note that there is no edge connecting Cat(x) and Time(x) (although there was an edge in an earlier version of the model). It was found that Age(x) provides a better predictor of the time spend missing than Cat(x). For example, the age of a young child or an elderly subject has a direct bearing on the time that they are missing. Other variables were included in earlier versions of the model, such as race or ethnicity, but these were seen to have a lesser effect than the variables shown in Figure 5.
Misper-Bayes model.
Recalling Eq. (1), which gives the JPD over
The Misper-Bayes graphical model can be written as:
where:
Software libraries are available for common programming languages, which can be used to implement BNs. Two popular libraries for the Python programming language are pomegranate [18] and bnlearn [19]. bnlearn is a library, which can be used to learn the structure of a BN and estimate the parameters, based on a dataset [20]. bnlearn was used in this instance to learn the network structure based on data from iFIND. After several iterations and variable eliminations, the development process arrived at a graph similar to Figure 5. bnlearn starts with an empty network structure of all variables, then proceeds by adding, removing and reversing edges between nodes to maximize the goodness of fit of the model. The final structure, learned by bnlearn, contained an excessive number of edges, likely due to overfitting (i.e. noise within the data had been represented in the model itself). The unnecessary edges were thinned out, based on the interpretation of the causal relationships between variables to deliver the final structure of Figure 5. Finally, bnlearn was used to learn the parameters using iFIND data compiled from the summary table (Figure 3).
The model was trialed using a series of realistic misper cases and the results were promising (approx.. 90% agreement) in relation to those of iFIND. A full set of the results are available in [1].
The chapter has described the design and implementation of the Misper-Bayes model, which can be used to assist Police forces in determining the whereabouts of a missing person. Misper-Bayes provides a powerful tool, which can be used to good effect to whittle down the likely locations where the missing person may be found. The Misper-Bayes model was evaluated using a series of queries with a set of misper cases. For each query, the results of the model were cross-checked against the results of the iFIND system and the accuracy was approx.. 90%. The strength of the model lies in its simplicity yet versatility. When combined with a geospatial front-end (e.g. CASPER) [21, 22, 23], the Misper-Bayes model can be used to very good effect to assist Police Officers with the prioritization of their search strategy. The approach has also demonstrated the scope of BNs to support evidence-based policing beyond that of missing person cases.
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\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
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\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
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Stienen, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Nora Prochnow, Nora Sandu, Benham Bohluli and Bernhard Schaller",authors:[{id:"78171",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"},{id:"78525",title:"Mr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazim",slug:"amr-abdulazim",fullName:"Amr Abdulazim"},{id:"78530",title:"Dr",name:"Pooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr-Eshkevari",slug:"pooyan-sadr-eshkevari",fullName:"Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari"},{id:"126039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Nikolaus",surname:"Stienen",slug:"martin-stienen",fullName:"Martin Stienen"},{id:"126040",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Prochnow",slug:"nora-prochnow",fullName:"Nora Prochnow"},{id:"126041",title:"Dr.",name:"Benham",middleName:null,surname:"Bohluli",slug:"benham-bohluli",fullName:"Benham Bohluli"}]},{id:"26863",doi:"10.5772/26362",title:"The Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Arthroplasty – Options, Material Characteristics and Selection",slug:"the-bearing-surfaces-in-total-hip-arthroplasty-options-material-characteristics-and-selection",totalDownloads:9526,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Eajazi and Ali Sina Shahi",authors:[{id:"66361",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Eajazi",slug:"alireza-eajazi",fullName:"Alireza Eajazi"},{id:"74857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Seyyed Hosseinzadeh",slug:"hamid-reza-seyyed-hosseinzadeh",fullName:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh"},{id:"173207",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisina",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",slug:"alisina-shahi",fullName:"Alisina Shahi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8935,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. Syamasundar Rao"}]},{id:"45712",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Middle Face",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-middle-face",totalDownloads:4952,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2989",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"susan-henning",fullName:"Susan Henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",slug:"jean-masse",fullName:"Jean Massé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"202",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82020",title:"Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Novel Technique and Technology with Case Series",slug:"minimally-invasive-transforaminal-lumbar-interbody-fusion-a-novel-technique-and-technology-with-case",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105187",abstract:"Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) has been utilized to treat a variety of spinal disorders. Like other minimally invasive spine surgery techniques and technology, the MI-TLIF approach has the potential to limit the morbidity associated with larger exposures required for open surgery. The MI-TLIF approach has a number of advantages over many other minimally invasive spine surgery approaches including direct decompression of neural elements, collection of morselized autograph from the surgical site to achieve high fusion rates, restoration of spinal canal diameter, foraminal diameter, disk height, and reduction of spondylolisthesis. In this chapter, we discuss a novel technique for performing MI-TLIF developed by the senior author who is a leading minimally invasive spine surgeon. The technique and technology illustrated in this chapter were developed out of a recognition of a need to reduce the learning curve for performing MI-TLIF, as well as need for a cost-effective method that provides a high fusion rate, excellent clinical outcomes, and low complication rate. The indications, surgical planning, postoperative care, complications, and patient outcomes in a large series will be reviewed using this novel MI-TLIF technique.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"78335",title:"Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers",slug:"safety-and-efficiency-of-cervical-disc-arthroplasty-in-ambulatory-surgery-centers",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99589",abstract:"Introduction Anterior cervical surgeries have been safely performed in ambulatory surgery centers since 1995 with the first cases being one level anterior cervical discectomies without fusion, then in 1996, one level anterior cervical discectomies with fusion (ACDF). When it is was certain that outpatient fusion was safe, the number of ACDF levels slowly and methodically were increased to the now standard outpatient maximum of four level ACDF. During this evolution, with the introduction of arthroplasty surgery, one level arthroplasties were considered appropriate for outpatient surgery and now two-level outpatient cervical arthroplasties are routine and some three level arthroplasties have been performed with no additional morbidity compared to one level procedures. The author first reported a series of 27 patients in 2010 who underwent cervical disc replacement at an ASC. (Wohns, R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg. Neurol. Int. 1, 77, 2010). The average operative time was 40 minutes and the patients were observed over a period of three hours prior to discharge. None of the patients had major complications and there were no reports of worsening or persistent pain. The results of a Delphi study in 2018 compared the safety and efficiency of one-level and two-level arthroplasty procedures performed in an ASC and in a hospital setting. (Gornet et al. Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers vs Hospital Settings. Int’l J of Spine Surgery. Vol. 12, No.5, 2018, pp. 557-564). The study analyzed outcomes of 145 ASC patients, 348 hospital outpatients and 65 hospital inpatients and the conclusion was that both one and two-level arthroplasties may be performed safely in an ASC. Surgeries in ASCs are of shorter duration and performed with less blood loss without increased AEs. At the present time, there does not appear to be any contra-indication to performing the vast majority of cervical arthroplasties in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Furthermore, the cost of an outpatient arthroplasty is commonly 30% to 50% of the cost of hospital-based procedures.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Richard N.W. Wohns"},{id:"82255",title:"Minimally Invasive Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis with Case Series of Patients with Multi-level (3 or More Levels) Stenosis",slug:"minimally-invasive-laminectomy-for-lumbar-stenosis-with-case-series-of-patients-with-multi-level-3-o",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105186",abstract:"Lumbar stenosis is the most common pathology seen and treated by spine surgeons. It is often seen in the elderly population who frequently have multiple medical co-morbidities. Traditional approaches remove the spinous process and detach paraspinous muscles to achieve adequate canal decompression. This approach can damage the posterior tension band leading to permanent muscle damage, scar tissue formation, iatrogenic flatback syndrome, and increase risk of adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation. Performing lumbar laminectomy in a cost-effective manner is critical in effectively treating patients with lumbar stenosis. This chapter reviews a minimally invasive muscle-sparing approach to treating lumbar stenosis. The technique is performed through a tubular retractor. Direct decompression of the spinal stenosis is achieved while preserving the paraspinous muscle attachments and spinous process. This technique has multiple advantages and can potentially reduce load stress on adjacent levels and subsequent adjacent level pathology leading to further surgical intervention. In addition, the procedure shows how facet fusion is performed using the patient’s own locally harvested drilled morselized autograph to achieve bilateral facet fusion. By fusing the facets, we have shown that restenosis at the operative level is less likely to occur. This chapter will review a case series of multilevel lumbar stenosis including clinical outcomes.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"80705",title:"Cervical Arthroplasty",slug:"cervical-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:37,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102964",abstract:"Technological advances have allowed spine surgery to follow the trend toward minimally invasive surgery in general. Specifically, we have seen a corresponding rise in the popularity of cervical arthroplasty. For the treatment of cervical disc disease, arthroplasty is a less invasive option than the gold standard of cervical discectomy and arthrodesis, which by nature is more disruptive to surrounding tissues. Arthroplasty preserves the facets, maintains motion, and reduces the rate of adjacent segment breakdown. These factors counteract the negative impacts of fusion while maintaining the benefits. Arthroplasty implants themselves have become more streamlined to implant as well with less native bone destruction, and biomechanics more compatible with the native disc. While initial implants were ball and socket devices with complex fixation and plane-specific movements, later devices incorporated such motions as translation and compression. Viscoelastic components and materials more closely resembling native tissues afford a more biocompatible implant profile. Until cell-based therapies can successfully reproduce native tissue, we will rely on artificial components that closely resemble and assimilate them.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Jason M. Highsmith"},{id:"80605",title:"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Spinal Metastasis",slug:"minimally-invasive-treatment-of-spinal-metastasis",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102485",abstract:"Advancements in the treatment of systemic cancer have improved life expectancy in cancer patients and consequently the incidence of spinal metastasis. Traditionally, open spinal approaches combined with cEBRT (conventional external beam radiation therapy) allowed for local tumor control as well as stabilization and decompression of the spine and neural elements, but these larger operations can be fraught with one complications and delayed healing as well as additional morbidity. Recently, minimally invasive spine techniques are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of spinal metastasis for many reasons, including smaller incisions with less perioperative complications and potential for expedited time to radiation therapy. These techniques include kyphoplasty with radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous stabilization, laminectomy, and epidural tumor resection through tubular retractors, as well as minimally invasive corpectomy. These techniques combined with highly conformal stereotactic radiosurgery have led to the advent of separation surgery, which allows for decompression of neural elements while creating space between neural elements and the tumor so adequate radiation may be delivered, improving local tumor control. The versatility of these minimally invasive techniques has significantly improved the modern management of metastatic disease of the spine by protecting and restoring the patient’s quality of life while allowing them to quickly resume radiation and systemic treatment.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Eric R. Mong and Daniel K. Fahim"},{id:"76620",title:"Minimally Invasive Lateral Approach for Anterior Spinal Cord Decompression in Thoracic Myelopathy",slug:"minimally-invasive-lateral-approach-for-anterior-spinal-cord-decompression-in-thoracic-myelopathy",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97669",abstract:"Myelopathy can result from a thoracic disc herniation (TDH) compressing the anterior spinal cord. Disc calcification and difficulty in accessing the anterior spinal cord pose an operative challenge. A mini-open lateral approach to directly decompress the anterior spinal cord can be performed with or without concomitant interbody fusion depending on pre-existing or iatrogenic spinal instability. Experience using stand-alone expandable spacers to achieve interbody fusion in this setting is limited. Technical advantages, risks and limitations of this technique are discussed. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with thoracic and upper lumbar myelopathy treated with a lateral mini-open lateral approach. Review of the literature identified 6 other case series using similar lateral minimally invasive approaches to treat thoracic or upper lumbar disc herniation showing efficient and safe thoracic disc decompression procedure for myelopathy. This technique can be combined with interbody arthrodesis when instability is suspected.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Edna E. Gouveia, Mansour Mathkour, Erin McCormack, Jonathan Riffle, Olawale A. Sulaiman and Daniel J. Denis"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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