Pre-2006 agricultural and residential land use analysis in the study area.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6339",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward",title:"Towards Malaria Elimination",subtitle:"A Leap Forward",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward was started to mark the occasion for renewed commitment to end malaria transmission for good (the WHO\'s call for "Malaria Free World" by 2030). This book is dedicated for the benefit of researchers, scientists, program and policy managers, students and anyone interested in malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases with the goal of sharing recent information on success stories, innovative control approaches and challenges in different regions of the world. Some main issues that emerged included multidrug-resistant malaria and pandemic risk, vaccines, cross-border malaria, asymptomatic parasite reservoir, the threat of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi, insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and outdoor malaria transmission. This book is one little step forward to bring together in 17 chapters the experiences of malaria-expert researchers from five continents to present updated information on disease epidemiology and control at the national/regional level, highlighting the constraints, challenges, accomplishments and prospects of malaria elimination.',isbn:"978-1-78923-551-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-550-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-413-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69750",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"towards-malaria-elimination-a-leap-forward",numberOfPages:452,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"2ab88726cd9291b2b1c29889c948c902",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin and Vas Dev",publishedDate:"July 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6339.jpg",numberOfDownloads:16602,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:173,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 15th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 30th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 28th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50017/images/3936_n.png",biography:"Sylvie Manguin is a Full Research Professor at the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), based at the University of Montpellier, France. She is a leading medical entomologist and academician researcher whose main interest concerns mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. She has developed studies on Anopheles mosquitoes from three continents (Asia, Africa, Americas) including molecular species identification, population genetics, phylogenetic, vectorial capacities, spatial surveillance, midgut microbiota biodiversity, salivary immunological markers and vector control approaches. She is the author of 90 indexed publications, six book chapters, three books including “Anopheles mosquitoes: New insights into malaria vectors” for which she is the Editor (InTech Open Access) and “Biodiversity of malaria in the World” (John Libbey Ed.), respectively published in 2013 and 2008. She is also the Secretary General of the International Federation of Tropical Medicine (IFTM) http://www.iftm-hp.org/board.html, member of the Editorial Boards of the Malaria Journal and Acta Tropica and she serves as reviewer in several international institutions and more than 20 scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Institut de Recherche pour le Développement",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"151166",title:"Dr.",name:"Vas",middleName:null,surname:"Dev",slug:"vas-dev",fullName:"Vas Dev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151166/images/5604_n.jpg",biography:"Vas Dev has superannuated from services from the National Institute of Malaria Research, a premier research organization for malaria research, and served as Officer-in-Charge of one of its field stations based in Assam, north-eastern region of India for over 25 years. He was actively involved in operational research for evaluation of newer technologies for vector control, routine surveillance of antimalarial medicines for treatment of malaria, diagnostics and human resource development. His primary research interests are in vector biology with special reference to epidemiology and control of malaria. His research efforts have culminated in number of technologies, viz., long-lasting insecticidal nets, artemisinin-based combination therapy for treatment of drug-resistant malaria, rapid diagnostic test kits that all have been incorporated for benefit of State healthcare services of north-eastern states, major public and private sectors, and defense establishments alike resulting in substantial disease transmission reduction. He has over 150 research publications in index journals and serves as the member of editorial board of several scientific journals. He is the recipient of numerous coveted fellowships, awards and distinctions in his field of research, and is currently an active member of learned societies",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Malaria Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1131",title:"Global Health",slug:"global-health"}],chapters:[{id:"61376",title:"Malaria Elimination: Challenges and Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77092",slug:"malaria-elimination-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Umberto D’Alessandro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61376",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61376",authors:[{id:"214368",title:"Prof.",name:"Umberto",surname:"D'Alessandro",slug:"umberto-d'alessandro",fullName:"Umberto D'Alessandro"}],corrections:null},{id:"60988",title:"The Artemisinin Resistance in Southeast Asia: An Imminent Global Threat to Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76519",slug:"the-artemisinin-resistance-in-southeast-asia-an-imminent-global-threat-to-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:1034,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Aung Pyae Phyo and François Nosten",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60988",authors:[{id:"214099",title:"Dr.",name:"Aung",surname:"Pyae Phyo",slug:"aung-pyae-phyo",fullName:"Aung Pyae Phyo"},{id:"215774",title:"Prof.",name:"Francois",surname:"Nosten",slug:"francois-nosten",fullName:"Francois Nosten"}],corrections:null},{id:"62029",title:"Preparing for the Next Global Threat: A Call for Targeted, Immediate Decisive Action in Southeast Asia to Prevent the Next Pandemic in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78261",slug:"preparing-for-the-next-global-threat-a-call-for-targeted-immediate-decisive-action-in-southeast-asia",totalDownloads:809,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Colin Ohrt, Thang Duc Ngo and Thieu Quang Nguyen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62029",authors:[{id:"217746",title:"Dr.",name:"Colin",surname:"Ohrt",slug:"colin-ohrt",fullName:"Colin Ohrt"},{id:"240534",title:"Dr.",name:"Thang Duc",surname:"Ngo",slug:"thang-duc-ngo",fullName:"Thang Duc Ngo"},{id:"240535",title:"Dr.",name:"Thieu Quang",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"thieu-quang-nguyen",fullName:"Thieu Quang Nguyen"}],corrections:null},{id:"61584",title:"Challenges in the Control and Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77082",slug:"challenges-in-the-control-and-elimination-of-plasmodium-vivax-malaria",totalDownloads:1044,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Puji BS Asih, Din Syafruddin and John Kevin Baird",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61584",authors:[{id:"216332",title:"Dr.",name:"Puji",surname:"Asih",slug:"puji-asih",fullName:"Puji Asih"},{id:"216335",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Baird",slug:"kevin-baird",fullName:"Kevin Baird"},{id:"239838",title:"Prof.",name:"Din",surname:"Syafruddin",slug:"din-syafruddin",fullName:"Din Syafruddin"}],corrections:null},{id:"61329",title:"Human and Simian Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion and Challenges for Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76901",slug:"human-and-simian-malaria-in-the-greater-mekong-subregion-and-challenges-for-elimination",totalDownloads:730,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Jeffrey Hii, Indra Vythilingam and Arantxa Roca-Feltrer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61329",authors:[{id:"151116",title:"Dr.",name:"Indra",surname:"Vythilingam",slug:"indra-vythilingam",fullName:"Indra Vythilingam"},{id:"214902",title:"Dr.",name:"Arantxa",surname:"Roca-Feltrer",slug:"arantxa-roca-feltrer",fullName:"Arantxa Roca-Feltrer"},{id:"215079",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Hii",slug:"jeffrey-hii",fullName:"Jeffrey Hii"}],corrections:null},{id:"61559",title:"Understanding the Importance of Asymptomatic and Low- Density Infections for Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77293",slug:"understanding-the-importance-of-asymptomatic-and-low-density-infections-for-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:1046,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Chris Drakeley, Bronner Gonçalves, Lucy Okell and Hannah Slater",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61559",authors:[{id:"215238",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",surname:"Drakeley",slug:"chris-drakeley",fullName:"Chris Drakeley"},{id:"215831",title:"Dr.",name:"Bronner",surname:"Goncalves",slug:"bronner-goncalves",fullName:"Bronner Goncalves"},{id:"215834",title:"Dr.",name:"Hannah",surname:"Slater",slug:"hannah-slater",fullName:"Hannah Slater"},{id:"215835",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",surname:"Okell",slug:"lucy-okell",fullName:"Lucy Okell"}],corrections:null},{id:"62169",title:"Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: An Update at a Global Scale",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78375",slug:"insecticide-resistance-in-malaria-vectors-an-update-at-a-global-scale",totalDownloads:1574,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,signatures:"Jacob M. Riveron, Magellan Tchouakui, Leon Mugenzi, Benjamin D.\nMenze, Mu-Chun Chiang and Charles S. Wondji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62169",authors:[{id:"212661",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Wondji",slug:"charles-wondji",fullName:"Charles Wondji"},{id:"215729",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",surname:"Riveron",slug:"jacob-riveron",fullName:"Jacob Riveron"},{id:"215730",title:"MSc.",name:"Magellan",surname:"Tchouakui",slug:"magellan-tchouakui",fullName:"Magellan Tchouakui"},{id:"215731",title:"MSc.",name:"Leon",surname:"Mugenzi",slug:"leon-mugenzi",fullName:"Leon Mugenzi"},{id:"215732",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Menze",slug:"benjamin-menze",fullName:"Benjamin Menze"},{id:"240599",title:"MSc.",name:"Mu-Chun",surname:"Chiang",slug:"mu-chun-chiang",fullName:"Mu-Chun Chiang"}],corrections:null},{id:"60966",title:"Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Challenges and Prospects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76337",slug:"malaria-elimination-in-the-greater-mekong-subregion-challenges-and-prospects",totalDownloads:841,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,signatures:"Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Amnat\nKhamsiriwatchara, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Than Naing Soe, Myat\nPhone Kyaw and Jetsumon Sattabongkot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60966",authors:[{id:"217491",title:"Dr.",name:"Liwang",surname:"Cui",slug:"liwang-cui",fullName:"Liwang Cui"},{id:"240119",title:"Prof.",name:"Yaming",surname:"Cao",slug:"yaming-cao",fullName:"Yaming Cao"},{id:"240120",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaranit",surname:"Kaewkungwal",slug:"jaranit-kaewkungwal",fullName:"Jaranit Kaewkungwal"},{id:"240121",title:"Mr.",name:"Amnat",surname:"Khamsiriwatchara",slug:"amnat-khamsiriwatchara",fullName:"Amnat Khamsiriwatchara"},{id:"240122",title:"Prof.",name:"Saranath",surname:"Lawpoolsri",slug:"saranath-lawpoolsri",fullName:"Saranath Lawpoolsri"},{id:"240123",title:"MSc.",name:"Than Naing",surname:"Soe",slug:"than-naing-soe",fullName:"Than Naing Soe"},{id:"240124",title:"Dr.",name:"Myat Phone",surname:"Kyaw",slug:"myat-phone-kyaw",fullName:"Myat Phone Kyaw"},{id:"240125",title:"Prof.",name:"Jetsumon",surname:"Sattabongkot",slug:"jetsumon-sattabongkot",fullName:"Jetsumon Sattabongkot"}],corrections:null},{id:"59967",title:"Ending Malaria Transmission in the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) Countries: Challenges and the Way Forward",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75405",slug:"ending-malaria-transmission-in-the-asia-pacific-malaria-elimination-network-apmen-countries-challeng",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Kinley Wangdi and Archie CA Clements",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59967",authors:[{id:"212325",title:"Dr.",name:"Kinley",surname:"Wangdi",slug:"kinley-wangdi",fullName:"Kinley Wangdi"},{id:"221224",title:"Prof.",name:"Archie",surname:"Clements",slug:"archie-clements",fullName:"Archie Clements"}],corrections:null},{id:"61600",title:"Malaria Elimination in the People’s Republic of China: Current Progress, Challenges, and Prospects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77282",slug:"malaria-elimination-in-the-people-s-republic-of-china-current-progress-challenges-and-prospects",totalDownloads:949,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,signatures:"Shaosen Zhang, Li Zhang, Jun Feng, Jianhai Yin, Xinyu Feng, Zhigui\nXia, Roger Frutos, Sylvie Manguin and Shuisen Zhou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61600",authors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"},{id:"222596",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger",surname:"Frutos",slug:"roger-frutos",fullName:"Roger Frutos"},{id:"241436",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaosen",surname:"Zhang",slug:"shaosen-zhang",fullName:"Shaosen Zhang"},{id:"249302",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuisen",surname:"Zhou",slug:"shuisen-zhou",fullName:"Shuisen Zhou"},{id:"249874",title:"Ms.",name:"Li",surname:"Zhang",slug:"li-zhang",fullName:"Li Zhang"},{id:"249875",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Feng",slug:"jun-feng",fullName:"Jun Feng"},{id:"249876",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianhai",surname:"Yin",slug:"jianhai-yin",fullName:"Jianhai Yin"},{id:"249877",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinyu",surname:"Feng",slug:"xinyu-feng",fullName:"Xinyu Feng"},{id:"249880",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhigui",surname:"Xia",slug:"zhigui-xia",fullName:"Zhigui Xia"}],corrections:null},{id:"61663",title:"Declining Transmission of Malaria in India: Accelerating Towards Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77046",slug:"declining-transmission-of-malaria-in-india-accelerating-towards-elimination",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Sunil Dhiman, Vijay Veer and Vas Dev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61663",authors:[{id:"244465",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Dhiman",slug:"sunil-dhiman",fullName:"Sunil Dhiman"},{id:"244466",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Veer",slug:"vijay-veer",fullName:"Vijay Veer"},{id:"249455",title:"Dr.",name:"Vas",surname:"Dev",slug:"vas-dev",fullName:"Vas Dev"}],corrections:null},{id:"62219",title:"Malaria Transmission in South America—Present Status and Prospects for Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76964",slug:"malaria-transmission-in-south-america-present-status-and-prospects-for-elimination",totalDownloads:826,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Jan Evelyn Conn, Maria Eugenia Grillet, Margarita Correa and Maria\nAnice Mureb Sallum",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62219",authors:[{id:"154256",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Anice",surname:"Sallum",slug:"maria-anice-sallum",fullName:"Maria Anice Sallum"},{id:"214033",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Conn",slug:"jan-conn",fullName:"Jan Conn"}],corrections:null},{id:"60602",title:"Malaria Eradication in the European World: Historical Perspective and Imminent Threats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76435",slug:"malaria-eradication-in-the-european-world-historical-perspective-and-imminent-threats",totalDownloads:736,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Evangelia-Theophano Piperaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60602",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60602",authors:[{id:"213542",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelia - Theophano",surname:"Piperaki",slug:"evangelia-theophano-piperaki",fullName:"Evangelia - Theophano Piperaki"}],corrections:null},{id:"61237",title:"Assessing Malaria Vaccine Efficacy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77044",slug:"assessing-malaria-vaccine-efficacy",totalDownloads:695,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Laurent Rénia, Yun Shan Goh, Kaitian Peng, Marjorie Mauduit and\nGeorges Snounou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61237",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61237",authors:[{id:"215401",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurent",surname:"Renia",slug:"laurent-renia",fullName:"Laurent Renia"},{id:"243625",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun Shan",surname:"Goh",slug:"yun-shan-goh",fullName:"Yun Shan Goh"},{id:"243626",title:"Dr.",name:"Katian",surname:"Peng",slug:"katian-peng",fullName:"Katian Peng"},{id:"243628",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjorie",surname:"Mauduit",slug:"marjorie-mauduit",fullName:"Marjorie Mauduit"},{id:"243629",title:"Dr.",name:"Georges",surname:"Snounou",slug:"georges-snounou",fullName:"Georges Snounou"}],corrections:null},{id:"61993",title:"Malaria Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Present Status and Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77241",slug:"malaria-transmission-blocking-vaccines-present-status-and-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:1026,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Ogobara K. Doumbo, Karamoko Niaré, Sara A. Healy, Issaka Sagara\nand Patrick E. Duffy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61993",authors:[{id:"220804",title:"Prof.",name:"Ogobara",surname:"Doumbo",slug:"ogobara-doumbo",fullName:"Ogobara Doumbo"}],corrections:null},{id:"60183",title:"Newer Approaches for Malaria Vector Control and Challenges of Outdoor Transmission",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75513",slug:"newer-approaches-for-malaria-vector-control-and-challenges-of-outdoor-transmission",totalDownloads:1171,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"John C. Beier, André B.B. Wilke and Giovanni Benelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60183",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60183",authors:[{id:"212309",title:"Prof.",name:"John C.",surname:"Beier",slug:"john-c.-beier",fullName:"John C. Beier"},{id:"238235",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre",surname:"Wilke",slug:"andre-wilke",fullName:"Andre Wilke"},{id:"238241",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Benelli",slug:"giovanni-benelli",fullName:"Giovanni Benelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"61802",title:"Entomological Surveillance as a Cornerstone of Malaria Elimination: A Critical Appraisal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78007",slug:"entomological-surveillance-as-a-cornerstone-of-malaria-elimination-a-critical-appraisal",totalDownloads:1215,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,signatures:"Gerry F. Killeen, Prosper P. Chaki, Thomas E. Reed, Catherine L.\nMoyes and Nicodem J. Govella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61802",authors:[{id:"217064",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerry",surname:"Killeen",slug:"gerry-killeen",fullName:"Gerry Killeen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1809",title:"Insight and Control of Infectious Disease in Global Scenario",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ef57f4cdbc59a806312c24bff4e3097",slug:"insight-and-control-of-infectious-disease-in-global-scenario",bookSignature:"Priti Kumar Roy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1809.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95723",title:"Dr.",name:"Roy",surname:"Priti",slug:"roy-priti",fullName:"Roy Priti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3432",title:"Current Topics in Public Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbfaa5b624db308171170cb70e9de196",slug:"current-topics-in-public-health",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"670",title:"Addictions",subtitle:"From Pathophysiology to Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c807a142be4c589ba8d325568a2d9ae",slug:"addictions-from-pathophysiology-to-treatment",bookSignature:"David Belin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97877",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Belin",slug:"david-belin",fullName:"David Belin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"762",title:"Contemporary and Innovative Practice in Palliative Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"243832000765abc39fee7009494c2ab0",slug:"contemporary-and-innovative-practice-in-palliative-care",bookSignature:"Esther Chang and Amanda Johnson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86476",title:"Prof.",name:"Esther",surname:"Chang",slug:"esther-chang",fullName:"Esther Chang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5171",title:"Recent Advances in Drug Addiction Research and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4d43741fe591f3102735d26db3c51a0",slug:"recent-advances-in-drug-addiction-research-and-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"William M. Meil and Christina L. Ruby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5171.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87876",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Meil",slug:"william-meil",fullName:"William Meil"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1886",title:"Primary Care at a Glance",subtitle:"Hot Topics and New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa9970e335b085064f8b2b9cc44fb81d",slug:"primary-care-at-a-glance-hot-topics-and-new-insights",bookSignature:"Oreste Capelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110047",title:"Dr.",name:"Oreste",surname:"Capelli",slug:"oreste-capelli",fullName:"Oreste Capelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5796",title:"Dengue",subtitle:"Immunopathology and Control Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea7594d938547fcd4fe8d358527695b0",slug:"dengue-immunopathology-and-control-strategies",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7090",title:"Current Issues in Global Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e4c3c0c459e7615e74cdc125d5b500c",slug:"current-issues-in-global-health",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5593",title:"Highlights on Several Underestimated Topics in Palliative Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d6978626a682a6aac26c2ddba9c99e34",slug:"highlights-on-several-underestimated-topics-in-palliative-care",bookSignature:"Marco Cascella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199335",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Cascella",slug:"marco-cascella",fullName:"Marco Cascella"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66301",slug:"corrigendum-to-denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",title:"Corrigendum to: Denim Fabrics Woven with Dual Core-Spun Yarns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66301.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66301",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66301",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66301",chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"2328",leadTitle:null,title:"Clay Minerals in Nature",subtitle:"Their Characterization, Modification and Application",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Clay is an abundant raw material which has a variety of uses and properties depending on their structure and composition. Clay minerals are inexpensive and environmentally friendly naturally occurring nanomaterials, thanks to their 1 nm thick silicate layers, in all types of sediments and sedimentary rocks. \nThe book chapters have been classified according to their characteristics in topics and applications. Therefore, in the first section five chapters is dedicated to the characterization and utilization of clay minerals in deposits. The second section includes four chapters about the significance of clay minerals in soils. Third section is devoted to different aspects of clay minerals research, especially to the characterization of structure and modifications for their application.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0738-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4277-5",doi:"10.5772/2708",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"clay-minerals-in-nature-their-characterization-modification-and-application",numberOfPages:328,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"112c3a1f61e5fe575b0a49a9013ebe88",bookSignature:"Marta Valaškova and Gražyna Simha Martynkova",publishedDate:"September 12th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2328.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:59207,numberOfWosCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitations:55,numberOfDimensionsCitations:142,numberOfTotalCitations:229,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 9th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 14th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 12th 2012",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"128173",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Valaskova",slug:"marta-valaskova",fullName:"Marta Valaskova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128173/images/2454_n.png",biography:"Marta Valášková, C.Sc., D.Sc. is an academic employee for science and research at Nanotechnology Centre VSB – Technical University of Ostrava in Czech Republic.\nShe completed her M.Sc. at Charles University in Prague in 1980, at the Faculty of Science. In the same year she also got the degree of RNDr (Rerum Naturalium Doctoris) at Charles University in the field of Mineralogy and Crystallography at the Faculty of Science. In the year 1990 she completed her C.Sc. (Candidatus Scientiarum, which is an equivalent degree to Ph.D.) at the Faculty of Science in Prague in the field of Mineralogy and Crystallography. She defended at Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague degree of Doctor of Geological and Geophysical Sciences (D.Sc.) in 2011.\nHer research areas cover X-ray powder diffraction structure analysis of silicates and focused on phyllosilicates (clay minerals). At present time, its research activities are concerned mainly on preparation and structural characterization of phyllosilicates for their use as clays nanofillers to clay/polymer nanocomposites, phyllosilicate substrates of inorganic and organic compounds and, mixtures of clay minerals precursors into ceramic components in nanocomposites.\nShe is an author and coauthor of 45 original scientific papers and other peer-viewed journals and conference proceedings.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Ostrava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"131833",title:"Dr.",name:"Gražyna",middleName:null,surname:"Simha Martynková",slug:"grazyna-simha-martynkova",fullName:"Gražyna Simha Martynková",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131833/images/3246_n.jpg",biography:"Gražyna Simha Martynková an associate professor at Nanotechnology Centre of VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, got her M.Sc. degree in Processes Engineering and her Ph.D. in Chemical and Energy Processing at VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava. \nIn 2008 she habilitated in Chemical Metallurgy at VŠB-TUO. Her area of focus is on research and development of composites and nanocomposites based on layered materials, especially natural carbon and clay minerals. Using X-ray Powder Diffraction methods she characterizes carbon materials, friction composites, nanocomposites with polymeric and ceramic matrices with the special functional fillers. The experimentaldata generated is utilized for molecular modeling of the designed materials. She lectures on materials science and nanotechnology at her university and is a doctoral supervisor of students pursuing their She had authored and co-authored 35 scientific articles in professional impacted journals, and another 50 articles and conference proceedings. She is a co-author of 4 chapters in books and 4 monographies on composite materials. In 2007 she was awarded the rector’s prize for “Great results in R n’D” at her university VŠB-TUO. She is a co-organizer of international scientific conference NanoOstrava.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Ostrava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"669",title:"Clay Minerals",slug:"clay-minerals"}],chapters:[{id:"38849",title:"Documentation, Application and Utilisation of Clay Minerals in Kaduna State (Nigeria)",slug:"documentation-characterisation-and-utilisation-of-clay-minerals-in-kaduna-state-nigeria",totalDownloads:7073,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"40031",title:"Mr",name:"Oluwafemi Samuel",surname:"Adelabu",slug:"oluwafemi-samuel-adelabu",fullName:"Oluwafemi Samuel Adelabu"}]},{id:"38850",title:"Clay Minerals from the Perspective of Oil and Gas Exploration",slug:"clay-minerals-from-the-perspective-of-oil-and-gas-exploration",totalDownloads:15431,totalCrossrefCites:12,authors:[{id:"138867",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu",surname:"Jiang",slug:"shu-jiang",fullName:"Shu Jiang"}]},{id:"38851",title:"Kolsuz-Ulukisla-Nigde Clays, Central Anatolian Region - Turkey and Petroleum Exploration",slug:"clays-and-petroleum-exploration",totalDownloads:2458,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"141617",title:"Dr.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Davarcioglu",slug:"burhan-davarcioglu",fullName:"Burhan Davarcioglu"}]},{id:"38852",title:"Claystone as a Potential Host Rock for Nuclear Waste Storage",slug:"claystone-as-a-potential-host-rock-for-nuclear-waste-storage",totalDownloads:2407,totalCrossrefCites:7,authors:[{id:"139234",title:"Dr.",name:"Karoly",surname:"Lazar",slug:"karoly-lazar",fullName:"Karoly Lazar"},{id:"141762",title:"MSc.",name:"Zoltan",surname:"Mathe",slug:"zoltan-mathe",fullName:"Zoltan Mathe"}]},{id:"38853",title:"Distribution and Origin of Clay Minerals During Hydrothermal Alteration of Ore Deposits",slug:"distribution-and-origin-of-clay-minerals-during-hydrothermal-alteration-of-ore-deposits",totalDownloads:3145,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}]},{id:"38854",title:"Soil Moisture Retention Changes in Terms of Mineralogical Composition of Clays Phase",slug:"the-influence-of-mineralogical-composition-of-clay-on-moisture-retention-in-the-soil",totalDownloads:2352,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"138883",title:"MSc.",name:"Mile",surname:"Markoski",slug:"mile-markoski",fullName:"Mile Markoski"},{id:"142342",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Mitkova",slug:"tatjana-mitkova",fullName:"Tatjana Mitkova"}]},{id:"38855",title:"The Impact of Clay Minerals on Soil Hydrological Processes",slug:"influence-of-clay-minerals-on-the-hydrological-processes-in-soil-environment",totalDownloads:3505,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139218",title:"PhD.",name:"Milan",surname:"Gombos",slug:"milan-gombos",fullName:"Milan Gombos"}]},{id:"38856",title:"Relations of Clay Fraction Mineralogy, Structure and Water Retention in Oxidic Latosols (Oxisols) from the Brazilian Cerrado Biome",slug:"water-retention-in-oxidic-latosols-from-the-brazilian-cerrado-region",totalDownloads:2161,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"145151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Carla",surname:"Carducci",slug:"carla-carducci",fullName:"Carla Carducci"}]},{id:"38857",title:"Fougerite a Natural Layered Double Hydroxide in Gley Soil: Habitus, Structure, and Some Properties",slug:"fougerite-a-layered-double-hydroxide-in-gley-soil-habitus-structure-and-some-properties",totalDownloads:2314,totalCrossrefCites:6,authors:[{id:"149841",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabienne",surname:"Trolard",slug:"fabienne-trolard",fullName:"Fabienne Trolard"},{id:"159630",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilhem",surname:"Bourrié",slug:"guilhem-bourrie",fullName:"Guilhem Bourrié"}]},{id:"38858",title:"Role of Clay Minerals in Chemical Evolution and the Origins of Life",slug:"role-of-clay-minerals-in-chemical-evolution-and-the-origin-of-life",totalDownloads:4119,totalCrossrefCites:15,authors:[{id:"142318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideo",surname:"Hashizume",slug:"hideo-hashizume",fullName:"Hideo Hashizume"}]},{id:"38859",title:"Vermiculite: Structural Properties and Examples of the Use",slug:"vermiculite-structural-properties-and-examples-of-the-use",totalDownloads:4118,totalCrossrefCites:6,authors:[{id:"128173",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Valaskova",slug:"marta-valaskova",fullName:"Marta Valaskova"}]},{id:"38860",title:"Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Imogolite as an Oxidation Catalyst",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-fe-imogolite-as-an-oxidation-catalyst",totalDownloads:2891,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"139956",title:"Prof.",name:"Masashi",surname:"Ookawa",slug:"masashi-ookawa",fullName:"Masashi Ookawa"}]},{id:"38861",title:"Application of Clay Mineral-Iridium(III) Complexes Hybrid Langmuir-Blodgett Films for Photosensing",slug:"application-of-clay-iridium-iii-complexes-hybrid-langmuir-blodgett-films-for-photosensing",totalDownloads:2193,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139109",title:"Prof.",name:"Hisako",surname:"Sato",slug:"hisako-sato",fullName:"Hisako Sato"}]},{id:"38862",title:"Application of Electrochemistry for Studying Sorption Properties of Montmorillonite",slug:"application-of-electrochemistry-for-studying-sorption-properties-of-montmorillonite",totalDownloads:2805,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"140744",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuzana",surname:"Navrátilová",slug:"zuzana-navratilova",fullName:"Zuzana Navrátilová"}]},{id:"38863",title:"Methods of Determination for Effective Diffusion Coefficient During Convective Drying of Clay Products",slug:"methods-of-determination-for-effective-diffusion-coefficiente-during-convective-drying-of-clay-p",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"140599",title:"Dr.",name:"Milos",surname:"Vasic",slug:"milos-vasic",fullName:"Milos Vasic"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5073",title:"Clays, Clay Minerals and Ceramic Materials Based on Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fabe9873702a3823c66170984aa141e",slug:"clays-clay-minerals-and-ceramic-materials-based-on-clay-minerals",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6561",title:"Current Topics in the Utilization of Clay in Industrial and Medical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e80257a8be3236c4d1ae37c21b7d2671",slug:"current-topics-in-the-utilization-of-clay-in-industrial-and-medical-applications",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35757",title:"CA-MRSA: Epidemiology of a Pathogen of a Great Concern",doi:"10.5772/33943",slug:"ca-mrsa-epidemiology-of-a-pathogen-of-a-great-concern",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35757.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35757",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35757",totalDownloads:1668,totalViews:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 26th 2011",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 20th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35757",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35757",book:{slug:"epidemiology-insights"},signatures:"Mariana Fávero Bonesso, Adilson de Oliveira and Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",authors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha",email:"cunhamlr@ibb.unesp.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"97899",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Fávero Bonesso",fullName:"Mariana Fávero Bonesso",slug:"mariana-favero-bonesso",email:"mfbonesso@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2140",title:"Epidemiology Insights",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Epidemiology Insights",slug:"epidemiology-insights",publishedDate:"April 20th 2012",bookSignature:"Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2140.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35754",title:"Microsatellite Typing of Catheter-Associated Candida albicans Strains",slug:"microsatellite-typing-of-catheter-associated-candida-albicans-strains",totalDownloads:1369,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Astrid Helga Paulitsch-Fuchs, Bettina Heiling, Birgit Willinger and Walter Buzina",authors:[{id:"90880",title:"Dr.",name:"Astrid Helga",middleName:null,surname:"Paulitsch-Fuchs",fullName:"Astrid Helga Paulitsch-Fuchs",slug:"astrid-helga-paulitsch-fuchs"}]},{id:"35755",title:"Epidemiology of Bloodstream Candida spp. Infections Observed During a Surveillance Study Conducted in Spain",slug:"epidemiology-of-bloodstream-candida-spp-infections-observed-during-a-nationwide-sentinel-surveillanc",totalDownloads:1699,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"R. Cisterna, G. Ezpeleta and O. Tellería",authors:[{id:"90856",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Cisterna",fullName:"Cisterna",slug:"cisterna"}]},{id:"35756",title:"Epidemiology of Dermatomycoses in Poland over the Past Decade",slug:"epidemiology-of-dermatomycoses-in-poland-over-the-past-decades",totalDownloads:2736,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Katarzyna Kalinowska",authors:[{id:"88392",title:"MSc.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Kalinowska",fullName:"Katarzyna Kalinowska",slug:"katarzyna-kalinowska"}]},{id:"35757",title:"CA-MRSA: Epidemiology of a Pathogen of a Great Concern",slug:"ca-mrsa-epidemiology-of-a-pathogen-of-a-great-concern",totalDownloads:1668,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariana Fávero Bonesso, Adilson de Oliveira and Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",authors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha"},{id:"97899",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Fávero Bonesso",fullName:"Mariana Fávero Bonesso",slug:"mariana-favero-bonesso"}]},{id:"35758",title:"MRSA Epidemiology in Animals",slug:"mrsa-epidemiology-in-animals",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patrícia Yoshida Faccioli-Martins and Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",authors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha"},{id:"97879",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:"Yoshida",surname:"Faccioli-Martins",fullName:"Patrícia Faccioli-Martins",slug:"patricia-faccioli-martins"}]},{id:"35759",title:"Epidemiological Aspects of Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp.: The Use of Molecular Tools with Emphasis on MLST",slug:"epidemiological-aspects-of-oxacillin-resistant-staphylococcus-spp-the-use-of-molecular-tools-with",totalDownloads:1862,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"André Martins and Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",authors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha"},{id:"97868",title:"MSc.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Martins",fullName:"André Martins",slug:"andre-martins"}]},{id:"35760",title:"Impact of Epidemiology on Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia",slug:"impact-of-epidemiology-on-molecular-genetics-of-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:1147,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nagafumi Doi, Yoko Hoshi, Masanari Itokawa, Takeo Yoshikawa and Tomoe Ichikawa",authors:[{id:"58508",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoko",middleName:null,surname:"Hoshi",fullName:"Yoko Hoshi",slug:"yoko-hoshi"},{id:"94429",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Doi",fullName:"Nagafumi Doi",slug:"nagafumi-doi"}]},{id:"35761",title:"The Epidemiology of Child Psychopathology: Basic Principles and Research Data",slug:"the-epidemiology-of-child-psychopathology-basic-principles-and-research-data",totalDownloads:3253,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kuschel Annett",authors:[{id:"90611",title:"Dr.",name:"Annett",middleName:null,surname:"Kuschel",fullName:"Annett Kuschel",slug:"annett-kuschel"}]},{id:"35762",title:"Epidemiology of Tics",slug:"epidemiology-of-tics",totalDownloads:2065,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Blair Ortiz, William Cornejo and Lucía Blazicevich",authors:[{id:"91466",title:"Dr.",name:"Blair",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz Giraldo",fullName:"Blair Ortiz Giraldo",slug:"blair-ortiz-giraldo"},{id:"92858",title:"Dr.",name:"José William",middleName:null,surname:"Cornejo Ochoa",fullName:"José William Cornejo Ochoa",slug:"jose-william-cornejo-ochoa"},{id:"98756",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucía",middleName:null,surname:"Blazicevich",fullName:"Lucía Blazicevich",slug:"lucia-blazicevich"}]},{id:"35763",title:"A Review of the Etiology Delirium",slug:"a-review-of-the-etiology-delirium",totalDownloads:3141,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nese Kocabasoglu, Gul Karacetin, Reha Bayar and Turkay Demir",authors:[{id:"91417",title:"Prof.",name:"Nese",middleName:null,surname:"Kocabasoglu",fullName:"Nese Kocabasoglu",slug:"nese-kocabasoglu"},{id:"98044",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Karacetin",fullName:"Gul Karacetin",slug:"gul-karacetin"},{id:"98046",title:"Prof.",name:"Reha",middleName:null,surname:"Bayar",fullName:"Reha Bayar",slug:"reha-bayar"},{id:"98048",title:"Dr.",name:"Turkay",middleName:null,surname:"Demir",fullName:"Turkay Demir",slug:"turkay-demir"}]},{id:"35764",title:"The SIALON Project: Report on HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviour Among MSM in Six European Cities",slug:"the-sialon-project-report-on-hiv-prevalence-and-risk-behaviour-among-msm-in-six-european-cities",totalDownloads:1771,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Massimo Mirandola, Jean-Pierre Foschia, Michele Breveglieri, Martina Furegato, Enrica Castellani, Ruth Joanna Davis, Lorenzo Gios, Dunia Ramarli and Paola Coato",authors:[{id:"92589",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Mirandola",fullName:"Massimo Mirandola",slug:"massimo-mirandola"}]},{id:"35765",title:"Modeling Infectious Diseases Dynamics: Dengue Fever, a Case Study",slug:"modeling-infectious-diseases-dynamics-dengue-fever-a-case-study",totalDownloads:4445,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maíra Aguiar, Nico Stollenwerk and BobW. Kooi",authors:[{id:"89315",title:"Dr",name:"Maira",middleName:null,surname:"Aguiar",fullName:"Maira Aguiar",slug:"maira-aguiar"},{id:"115353",title:"Prof.",name:"Bob W.",middleName:null,surname:"Kooi",fullName:"Bob W. Kooi",slug:"bob-w.-kooi"},{id:"115590",title:"Prof.",name:"Nico",middleName:null,surname:"Stollenwerk",fullName:"Nico Stollenwerk",slug:"nico-stollenwerk"}]},{id:"35766",title:"Epidemiology of Simian Polyomavirus SV40 in Different Areas of Russian Federation (RF)",slug:"epidemiology-of-poliomavirus-sv-40-in-different-regions-of-russia",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"B. Lapin and M. Chikobava",authors:[{id:"88065",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Lapin",fullName:"Boris Lapin",slug:"boris-lapin"}]},{id:"35767",title:"Wildlife Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology in Iberian Peninsula",slug:"wildlife-tuberculosis-a-systematic-review-of-the-epidemiology-in-the-iberian-peninsula",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Nuno Santos, Margarida Correia-Neves, Virgílio Almeida and Christian Gortázar",authors:[{id:"49382",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarida",middleName:null,surname:"Correia-Neves",fullName:"Margarida Correia-Neves",slug:"margarida-correia-neves"},{id:"97034",title:"MSc.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Nuno Santos",slug:"nuno-santos"},{id:"98962",title:"Prof.",name:"Virgílio",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",fullName:"Virgílio Almeida",slug:"virgilio-almeida"},{id:"98966",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Gortazar",fullName:"Christian Gortazar",slug:"christian-gortazar"}]},{id:"35768",title:"Microbial Properties of Ethiopian Marketed Milk and Milk Products and Associated Critical Points of Contamination: An Epidemiological Perspective",slug:"microbial-properties-of-marketed-milk-and-ethiopian-fermented-milk-products-and-associated-critical",totalDownloads:4939,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Zelalem Yilma",authors:[{id:"87858",title:"Dr.",name:"Zelalem",middleName:null,surname:"Yilma",fullName:"Zelalem Yilma",slug:"zelalem-yilma"}]},{id:"35769",title:"Epidemiology of Lymphoid Malignancy in Asia",slug:"epidemiology-of-lymphoid-malignancy-in-asia",totalDownloads:4644,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Zahra Mozaheb",authors:[{id:"88507",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Mozaheb",fullName:"Zahra Mozaheb",slug:"zahra-mozaheb"}]},{id:"35770",title:"Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Latin America: Epidemiology and Perspectives",slug:"primary-immunodeficiencies-in-latin-america",totalDownloads:2273,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paolo Ruggero Errante and Antonio Condino-Neto",authors:[{id:"91274",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Condino-Neto",fullName:"Antonio Condino-Neto",slug:"antonio-condino-neto"},{id:"123572",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Ruggero Errante",fullName:"Paolo Ruggero Errante",slug:"paolo-ruggero-errante"}]},{id:"35771",title:"On Combining Family Data from Different Study Designs for Estimating Disease Risk Associated with Mutated Genes",slug:"on-combining-family-data-from-different-study-designs-for-estimating-disease-risk-associated-with-mu",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yun-Hee Choi",authors:[{id:"96590",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun-Hee",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Yun-Hee Choi",slug:"yun-hee-choi"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"313",title:"Health Management",subtitle:"Different Approaches and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50844b8973e93e755acd2e5a950f2766",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Śmigórski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24978",title:"A Future for Integrated Diagnostic Helping",slug:"a-future-for-integrated-diagnostic-helping",signatures:"Mathieu Thevenin and Anthony Kolar",authors:[{id:"30814",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathieu",middleName:null,surname:"Thevenin",fullName:"Mathieu Thevenin",slug:"mathieu-thevenin"},{id:"32281",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"KOLAR",fullName:"Anthony KOLAR",slug:"anthony-kolar"}]},{id:"24979",title:"A Mobile-Phone-Based Health Management System",slug:"a-mobile-phone-based-health-management-system",signatures:"Yu-Chi Wu, Chao-Shu Chang, Yoshihito Sawaguchi, Wen-Ching Yu, Men-Jen Chen, Jing-Yuan Lin, Shih-Min Liu, Chin-Chuan Han, Wen-Liang Huang and Chin-Yu Su",authors:[{id:"37234",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yu-Chi Wu",slug:"yu-chi-wu"},{id:"57564",title:"Prof.",name:"Chao-Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chao-Shu Chang",slug:"chao-shu-chang"},{id:"57565",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Wen-Ching Yu",slug:"wen-ching-yu"},{id:"62120",title:"Dr.",name:"Men-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Men-Jen Chen",slug:"men-jen-chen"},{id:"62121",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wen-Liang Huang",slug:"wen-liang-huang"},{id:"62859",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihito",middleName:null,surname:"Sawaguchi",fullName:"Yoshihito Sawaguchi",slug:"yoshihito-sawaguchi"},{id:"95860",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing-Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Jing-Yuan Lin",slug:"jing-yuan-lin"},{id:"95861",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Mim",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Shih-Mim Liu",slug:"shih-mim-liu"},{id:"95862",title:"Prof.",name:"Chin-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Chin-Chuan Han",slug:"chin-chuan-han"},{id:"96055",title:"MSc.",name:"Chin-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Chin-Yu Su",slug:"chin-yu-su"}]},{id:"24980",title:"Health Care with Wellness Wear",slug:"health-care-with-wellness-wear",signatures:"Hee-Cheol Kim, Yao Meng and Gi-Soo Chung",authors:[{id:"36619",title:"Prof.",name:"Hee-Cheol",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hee-Cheol Kim",slug:"hee-cheol-kim"},{id:"55841",title:"Dr.",name:"Gi-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Gi-Soo Chung",slug:"gi-soo-chung"},{id:"96800",title:"Ms.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Yao Meng",slug:"yao-meng"}]},{id:"24981",title:"Smart Health Management Technology",slug:"smart-health-management-technology",signatures:"Hiroshi Nakajima",authors:[{id:"15358",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakajima",fullName:"Hiroshi Nakajima",slug:"hiroshi-nakajima"}]},{id:"24982",title:"Association of Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence with Childhood Morbidity in Bangladesh",slug:"association-of-intimate-partner-physical-and-sexual-violence-with-childhood-morbidity-in-bangladesh",signatures:"Mosiur Rahman and Golam Mostofa",authors:[{id:"36058",title:"Mr.",name:"Mosiur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Mosiur Rahman",slug:"mosiur-rahman"},{id:"118368",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Golam",middleName:null,surname:"Mostofa",fullName:"Md. Golam Mostofa",slug:"md.-golam-mostofa"}]},{id:"24983",title:"Making a Healthy Living Space Through the Concept of Healthy Building of Building Medicine",slug:"making-a-healthy-living-space-through-the-concept-of-healthy-building-of-building-medicine",signatures:"Chih-Yuan Chang",authors:[{id:"45759",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chih-Yuan Chang",slug:"chih-yuan-chang"}]},{id:"24984",title:"Mycotoxins: Quality Management, Prevention, Metabolism, Toxicity and Biomonitoring",slug:"mycotoxins-quality-management-prevention-metabolism-toxicity-and-biomonitoring",signatures:"C. N. Fokunang, O. Y. Tabi, V. N. Ndikum, E. A. Tembe-Fokunang, F. A. Kechia, B. Ngameni, N. Guedje, R. B. Jiofack, J. Ngoupayo, E. A. Asongalem, J. N. Torimiro, H. K. Gonsu, S. Barkwan, P. Tomkins, B. T. Ngadjui, J. Y. Ngogang, T. Asonganyi and O. M. T. Abena",authors:[{id:"37803",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Ntungwen",surname:"Fokunang",fullName:"Charles Fokunang",slug:"charles-fokunang"},{id:"38626",title:"Dr.",name:"Estella",middleName:null,surname:"Tembe-FOKUNANG",fullName:"Estella Tembe-FOKUNANG",slug:"estella-tembe-fokunang"},{id:"38627",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederick",middleName:null,surname:"Kechia",fullName:"Frederick Kechia",slug:"frederick-kechia"},{id:"38628",title:"Dr.",name:"Bethelemy",middleName:null,surname:"Ngameni",fullName:"Bethelemy Ngameni",slug:"bethelemy-ngameni"},{id:"38629",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Guedje",fullName:"Nicole Guedje",slug:"nicole-guedje"},{id:"38630",title:"Mr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Jiofack",fullName:"Rene Jiofack",slug:"rene-jiofack"},{id:"38631",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ngoupayo",fullName:"Joseph Ngoupayo",slug:"joseph-ngoupayo"},{id:"38632",title:"Prof.",name:"Bonaventure",middleName:null,surname:"Ngadjui",fullName:"Bonaventure Ngadjui",slug:"bonaventure-ngadjui"},{id:"38633",title:"Prof.",name:"Tazoacha",middleName:null,surname:"Asonganyi",fullName:"Tazoacha Asonganyi",slug:"tazoacha-asonganyi"},{id:"126729",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Tabi",fullName:"Yves Tabi",slug:"yves-tabi"},{id:"126730",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentine",middleName:null,surname:"Ndikum",fullName:"Valentine Ndikum",slug:"valentine-ndikum"},{id:"126731",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Asongalem",fullName:"Asongalem",slug:"asongalem"},{id:"126732",title:"Dr.",name:"Judith",middleName:null,surname:"Torimiro",fullName:"Judith Torimiro",slug:"judith-torimiro"},{id:"126733",title:"Dr.",name:"Hortense",middleName:null,surname:"Gonsu",fullName:"Hortense Gonsu",slug:"hortense-gonsu"},{id:"126734",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"Barkwan",fullName:"Salwa Barkwan",slug:"salwa-barkwan"},{id:"126735",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tomkins",fullName:"Paul Tomkins",slug:"paul-tomkins"},{id:"126736",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeane",middleName:null,surname:"Ngogang",fullName:"Jeane Ngogang",slug:"jeane-ngogang"},{id:"126737",title:"Prof.",name:"Obama",middleName:null,surname:"Abena",fullName:"Obama Abena",slug:"obama-abena"}]},{id:"24985",title:"Non-Invasive Methods for Monitoring Individual Bioresponses in Relation to Health Management",slug:"non-invasive-methods-for-monitoring-individual-bioresponses-in-relation-to-health-management",signatures:"Vasileios Exadaktylos, Daniel Berckmans and Jean-Marie Aerts",authors:[{id:"20140",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Berckmans",fullName:"Daniel Berckmans",slug:"daniel-berckmans"},{id:"20246",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",middleName:null,surname:"Exadaktylos",fullName:"Vasileios Exadaktylos",slug:"vasileios-exadaktylos"},{id:"62404",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Aerts",fullName:"Jean-Marie Aerts",slug:"jean-marie-aerts"}]},{id:"24986",title:"Environmental Pollution and Chronic Disease Management – A Prognostics Approach",slug:"environmental-pollution-and-chronic-disease-management-a-prognostics-approach",signatures:"Bernard Fong and A. C. M. Fong",authors:[{id:"38518",title:"Dr",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",fullName:"Bernard Fong",slug:"bernard-fong"},{id:"54652",title:"Prof.",name:"Acm",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",fullName:"Acm Fong",slug:"acm-fong"}]},{id:"24987",title:"Epidemiology and Prevention of Traffic Accidents in Cuba",slug:"epidemiology-and-prevention-of-traffic-accidents-in-cuba",signatures:"Humberto Guanche Garcell and Carlos Martinez Quesada",authors:[{id:"43183",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Guanche Garcell",fullName:"Humberto Guanche Garcell",slug:"humberto-guanche-garcell"},{id:"43191",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez Quesada",fullName:"Carlos Martinez Quesada",slug:"carlos-martinez-quesada"}]},{id:"24988",title:"Health Infrastructure Inequality and Rural-Urban Utilization of Orthodox and Traditional Medicines in Farming Households: A Case Study of Ekiti State, Nigeria",slug:"health-infrastructure-inequality-and-rural-urban-utilization-of-orthodox-and-traditional-medicines-i",signatures:"Taiwo Ejiola Mafimisebi and Adegboyega Eyitayo Oguntade",authors:[{id:"36236",title:"Dr.",name:"Taiwo",middleName:null,surname:"Mafimisebi",fullName:"Taiwo Mafimisebi",slug:"taiwo-mafimisebi"},{id:"55640",title:"Dr.",name:"Adegboyega",middleName:null,surname:"Oguntade",fullName:"Adegboyega Oguntade",slug:"adegboyega-oguntade"}]},{id:"24989",title:"A New Economic and Social Paradigm for Funding Recovery in Mental Health in the Twenty First Century",slug:"a-new-economic-and-social-paradigm-for-funding-recovery-in-mental-health-in-the-twenty-first-century",signatures:"Robert Parker",authors:[{id:"36500",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Parker",fullName:"Robert Parker",slug:"robert-parker"}]},{id:"24990",title:"Three Decades of the Integrated Child Development Services Program in India: Progress and Problems",slug:"three-decades-of-the-integrated-child-development-services-program-in-india-progress-and-problems",signatures:"Niyi Awofeso and Anu Rammohan",authors:[{id:"36610",title:"Prof.",name:"Niyi",middleName:null,surname:"Awofeso",fullName:"Niyi Awofeso",slug:"niyi-awofeso"},{id:"36674",title:"Prof.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Rammohan",fullName:"Anu Rammohan",slug:"anu-rammohan"}]},{id:"24991",title:"Disease Management of Avian Influenza H5N1 in Bangladesh – A Focus on Maintaining Healthy Live Birds",slug:"disease-management-of-avian-influenza-h5n1-in-bangladesh-a-focus-on-maintaining-healthy-live-birds",signatures:"Muhiuddin Haider and Bethany Applebaum",authors:[{id:"38977",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhiuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",fullName:"Muhiuddin Haider",slug:"muhiuddin-haider"}]},{id:"24992",title:"Affectation Situation of HIV/AIDS in Colombian Children",slug:"affectation-situation-of-hiv-aids-in-colombian-children",signatures:"Ana María Trejos Herrera, Jorge Palacio Sañudo Mario Mosquera Vásquez and Rafael Tuesca Molina",authors:[{id:"39587",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Trejos Herrera",fullName:"Ana Trejos Herrera",slug:"ana-trejos-herrera"},{id:"53276",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Tuesca Molina",fullName:"Rafael Tuesca Molina",slug:"rafael-tuesca-molina"},{id:"53277",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Palacio",fullName:"Jorge Palacio",slug:"jorge-palacio"},{id:"53278",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"null",fullName:"Mario null",slug:"mario-null"}]},{id:"24993",title:"Strengthening Health Systems in Yemen: Review of Evidence and Implications for Effective Actions for the Poor",slug:"strengthening-health-systems-in-yemen-review-of-evidence-and-implications-for-effective-actions-for-",signatures:"Abdulwahed Al Serouri, John Øvretveit, Ali A. Al-Mudhwahi and Majed Yahia Al-Gonaid",authors:[{id:"56732",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Wahed",middleName:null,surname:"Al Serouri",fullName:"Abdul Wahed Al Serouri",slug:"abdul-wahed-al-serouri"},{id:"57880",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Øvretveit",fullName:"John Øvretveit",slug:"john-ovretveit"},{id:"57881",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-Mudhwahi",fullName:"Ali Al-Mudhwahi",slug:"ali-al-mudhwahi"},{id:"57882",title:"Mr.",name:"Majed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Gonaid",fullName:"Majed Al-Gonaid",slug:"majed-al-gonaid"}]},{id:"24994",title:"Performance Measurement Features of the Italian Regional Healthcare Systems: Differences and Similarities",slug:"performance-measurement-features-of-the-italian-regional-healthcare-systems-differences-and-similari",signatures:"Milena Vainieri and Sabina Nuti",authors:[{id:"106396",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Vainieri",fullName:"Milena Vainieri",slug:"milena-vainieri"},{id:"115413",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",middleName:null,surname:"Nuti",fullName:"Sabina Nuti",slug:"sabina-nuti"}]},{id:"24995",title:"Causal Inference in Randomized Trials with Noncompliance",slug:"causal-inference-in-randomized-trials-with-noncompliance",signatures:"Yasutaka Chiba",authors:[{id:"27306",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Chiba",fullName:"Yasutaka Chiba",slug:"yasutaka-chiba"}]},{id:"24996",title:"Design of Scoring Models for Trustworthy Risk Prediction in Critical Patients",slug:"design-of-scoring-models-for-trustworthy-risk-prediction-in-critical-patients",signatures:"Paolo Barbini and Gabriele Cevenini",authors:[{id:"30619",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Cevenini",fullName:"Gabriele Cevenini",slug:"gabriele-cevenini"},{id:"41489",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Barbini",fullName:"Paolo Barbini",slug:"paolo-barbini"}]},{id:"24997",title:"Human Walking Analysis, Evaluation and Classification Based on Motion Capture System",slug:"human-walking-analysis-evaluation-and-classification-based-on-motion-capture-system",signatures:"Bofeng Zhang, Susu Jiang, Ke Yan and Daming Wei",authors:[{id:"42911",title:"Prof.",name:"Daming",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Daming Wei",slug:"daming-wei"},{id:"52921",title:"Prof.",name:"Bofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Bofeng Zhang",slug:"bofeng-zhang"},{id:"52924",title:"Ms",name:"Susu",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Susu Jiang",slug:"susu-jiang"},{id:"52937",title:"Mr",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Ke Yan",slug:"ke-yan"}]},{id:"24998",title:"The Role of Mass Media Communication in Public Health",slug:"the-role-of-mass-media-communication-in-public-health",signatures:"Daniel Catalán-Matamoros",authors:[{id:"49198",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Catalan-Matamoros",fullName:"Daniel Catalan-Matamoros",slug:"daniel-catalan-matamoros"}]},{id:"24999",title:'The Unresolved Issue of the "Terminal Disease" Concept',slug:"the-unresolved-issue-of-the-terminal-disease-concept",signatures:"Sergio Eduardo Gonorazky",authors:[{id:"46071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Gonorazky",fullName:"Sergio Gonorazky",slug:"sergio-gonorazky"}]},{id:"25000",title:"Prolactin and Schizophrenia, an Evolving Relationship",slug:"prolactin-and-schizophrenia-an-evolving-relationship",signatures:"Chris J. Bushe and John Pendlebury",authors:[{id:"52184",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Bushe",fullName:"Bushe",slug:"bushe"},{id:"53918",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Pendlebury",fullName:"John Pendlebury",slug:"john-pendlebury"}]},{id:"25001",title:"Tolerance to Tick-Borne Diseases in Sheep: Highlights of a Twenty-Year Experience in a Mediterranean Environment",slug:"tolerance-to-tick-borne-diseases-in-sheep-highlights-of-a-twenty-year-experience-in-a-mediterranean-",signatures:"Elisa Pieragostini, Elena Ciani, Giuseppe Rubino and Ferruccio Petazzi",authors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini"},{id:"55877",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Ciani",fullName:"Elena Ciani",slug:"elena-ciani"},{id:"55878",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Rubino",fullName:"Giuseppe Rubino",slug:"giuseppe-rubino"},{id:"55879",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferruccio",middleName:null,surname:"Petazzi",fullName:"Ferruccio Petazzi",slug:"ferruccio-petazzi"}]},{id:"25002",title:"The Foragining Ecology of the Green Turtle in the Baja California Peninsula: Health Issues",slug:"the-foragining-ecology-of-the-green-turtle-in-the-baja-california-peninsula-health-issues",signatures:"Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez, Ana Luisa Talavera-Saenz, Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango, Mónica Lara-Uc and Susan Gardner",authors:[{id:"36024",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Riosmena-Rodriguez",fullName:"Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez",slug:"rafael-riosmena-rodriguez"},{id:"56096",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Gardner",fullName:"Susan Gardner",slug:"susan-gardner"},{id:"56104",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Hinojosa-Arango",fullName:"Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango",slug:"gustavo-hinojosa-arango"},{id:"56105",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Talavera-Saenz",fullName:"Ana Luisa Talavera-Saenz",slug:"ana-luisa-talavera-saenz"},{id:"56106",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Lara-Uc",fullName:"Monica Lara-Uc",slug:"monica-lara-uc"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73183",title:"Disparity in Peri-Urbanisation Process in Lagos, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93530",slug:"disparity-in-peri-urbanisation-process-in-lagos-nigeria",body:'
Peri-urbanisation in Lagos State is spearheaded by many actors often with conflicting interest [1]. The pattern and rate of land conversion from agricultural land use to residential and other land uses at the peripheral does not have corresponding infrastructure. Imbalance in changes in the peri-urban interface of most developing countries poses several challenges to planning and ultimately leads to a distortion in urban policy [2]. Urban transition in Lagos peri-urban interface is traceable to many factors, some of which include socio-demography, linkages to the metropolises, availability of basic services, availability and affordability of housing for the low income migrants and the state government policy on land use.
While the conversion of land at the peripheral of cities can enhance the provision of housing and space for industrial expansion [3], interactions of many forces at the peri-urban interface determine the sustainability. Primarily, the heterogeneous population makes it difficult for an effective community participation in the development of basic services [4, 5]. Urban quality of life is a function of participative planning and, this is greatly influenced by the socio-demography of the migrants which are mostly of the low income group in the periphery [6].
Urban form is a major determining factor in the extent and pattern of expansion. The dispersed nature of peri-urban settlements in most developing countries encourages government’s disparity in infrastructure development. This is a major factor influencing the peri-urbanisation process in developing countries. Lack of urban compactness constitutes an economic burden in terms of providing basic services [7]. Isolated settlements from the urban core suffer from lack of infrastructure due to distance and the financial implications. Ease of commuting also encourages rapid expansion in cities’ periphery [1]. Investigation by Adedire and Iweka [8] shows that effective linkages through different means of transportation are a catalyst in the development of metropolitan fringe. The expansion of settlements is in response to extent of linkages [9].
This study seeks to fill the gap in research on peri-urbanisation process in Lagos periphery. Some research works have been carried out on land use changes, rural-urban linkages and environmental quality in Nigerian peri-urban settlements [1, 10, 11, 12]. But none of these researches had assessed the disparity in the transition trends and the implications on the urban quality of life in Lagos peri-urban. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the causes of disparity in peri-urbanisation process in Lagos, Nigeria.
One of the accompanying negative effects of urbanisation in developing countries is outward expansion of built up area and conversion of agricultural lands into residential and industrial uses [13]. The peri-urban expansion is part of a wider urbanisation process; it is the consequence of urbanisation [14]. Urbanisation in Lagos State, Nigeria has attached to it, peri-urbanisation which is an urban-driven transition in the territory outside the metropolitan regions or urban core [15].
The peri-urbanisation process is mostly in response to growth in population and spatial demand for industrial and economic activities. It is the gradual transformation of rural land to urban as a result of physical and human interactions [16]. The basic distinguishing factors between the rural, peri-urban and urban are population, built up density, infrastructure, administration, boundaries and economies [17]. Spatial morphology of rural-urban region includes the urban core, urban inner area, the suburban area, urban periphery, and rural hinterland [18].
Notable transformations in the peri-urban include socio-demographic, morphological, cultural, economic and functional changes [19]. The urban periphery in most developing countries, allows multi-dimensional development. It accommodates industrial activities due to the limited land area in the city centre and also provides a means of housing for the urban population [20]. In addition, peri-urban settlements also serve as a major provider of housing for urban population in highly populated cities in developing countries [7, 20, 21].
With high population growth rate and continuous rural-urban drift in most developing countries, housing deficit becomes a critical challenge [22]. This creates a seized opportunities in real estate development in creating well planned towns in the peri-urban. Therefore, peri-urban settlements in African nations are emerging with massive investment in housing development and infrastructure development because of the possibility of lower houses price of housing, large living space and a better environment. In addition, location of housing in the peri-urban is enhanced by transport, accessibility to employment and services. This is partially responsible for the growth of peri-urban settlements in Lagos [1, 8].
Drivers of housing expansion in the peri-urban are perceived infrastructural development, improved socio-economic activities and development of the tourism sector [23]. With improvement in transportation and the rising household incomes, which enhances more vehicle ownership, housing development in African peri-urban settlements is also increased [19]. Also the decline in urban environmental quality influences residential development in cities’ periphery of developing countries [6]. Improved transport infrastructure has aided the spread of most peri-urban radially in all directions. Transport and communications are key factors in addition to infrastructure in facilitating and encouraging urban-rural migration regarded as counter urbanisation [10, 24].
In addition, the relocation of economic activity to peri-urban zones of most developing nations gradually leads to pull factors in terms of opportunity to engage in small industry, property investment, and improved urban quality, cheaper land for housing and improved infrastructure. Locational benefits are enabled by closeness to places of work, which is made achievable by improved transportation and the presence of public and private institutions, also commercial ventures [25].
The roles of different actors also inform the type and extent of urban transition in the peri-urban. Notable actors are local farmers, peri-urban residents, entrepreneurs, property developers and government institutions [26]. Entrepreneurs represent the demand side of the land market due to the spatial demand for commercial and industrial activities. The supply and demand of land market is controlled by property developers having greater hold on monetary and political powers, and in return influencing changes in the interface. They fill in the gap created by laxity of government in terms of formal control [26].
To compare and contrast the peri-urbanisation process in Lagos State, Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki are selected as case studies. Ikorodu represents the highly urbanised peri-urban in Lagos in terms of residential development and population growth while Ibeju-Lekki represents the least urbanised peri-urban in Lagos in term of population growth and housing development. Ikorodu is located in the North East of Lagos State along the Lagos lagoon and situated at a distance of approximately 36 km north of Lagos. It occupies a land area of about 345 km2. It is situated at approximately latitude 6°36′ North and longitude 3°30′ East. Ikorodu had an enumerated population of 535,619. The sample frame constitutes the existing buildings in the peri-urban. Ibeju-Lekki local government area is approximately 75 km long and about 20 km wide and has a land area of about 646 km2, which equals one quarter of the total land mass of Lagos State. It is situated at approximately latitude 40°15′ North latitude 40°17′ North and longitude 13,015′ East and 13,020′ East. According to the National Population Commission [27] census, Ibeju-Lekki had a population of 117,481 out of Lagos State’s total of 9,113,605 (Figure 1).
Map of Lagos State showing the case studies. Source: Field work (2017).
Primary and secondary data for this study were extracted from the responses in the questionnaire, analysis of observation chart and the analysis of the spatial data. Quantitative data include the drivers of urban expansion, residents’ demography, locational convenience and commuting frequency. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive method. Spatial data that is, satellite images were acquired from Google Earth while shape-files of the study areas were extracted from the state government’s archive. Analogue spatial data were converted to digital and brought into ArcGIS environment in to reference them geographically.
It can be observed in Figures 2a, b and 3a, b and that both Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki have experienced noticeable spatial expansion in terms of residential development between years 2006 and 2016. Ikorodu could be seen to have developed more in areal extent than Ibeju-Lekki as shown by Figure 3 that greater percentage of the latter is still undeveloped. Ikorodu has less undeveloped area of land mass having experienced a surge in housing development within the study timeline. Urban expansion in both locations is motivated by different factors. Analysis of agricultural and residential land use in the study areas is presented in Table 1.
(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in Ikorodu study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).
(a) Extent of residential expansion in 2006. (b) Extent of residential expansion in 2016. Development trend in Ibeju-Lekki study area 2006–2016. Source: Field work (2017).
Land use | Pre-1980 | 1980–2000 | 2000 | 2002 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ikorodu | ||||
Agricultural | — | 18,236.94 | 17,268.72 | 21,084.94 |
Residential | 622.23 | 8799.78 | 12,492.33 | 17, 972.62 |
Other land uses | 36,321.19 | 9906.70 | 7182.36 | 7885.85 |
Ibeju-Lekki | ||||
Agricultural | 54,774.96 | 20,804.16 | 46,109.26 | — |
Residential | — | 4049.27 | 6932.13 | 11,243.00 |
Other land uses | 1830.06 | 31,751.60 | 3563.63 | 45,362.02 |
Pre-2006 agricultural and residential land use analysis in the study area.
Other land uses: civic, commercial, business, conservation, water catchment, marshlands, fishing port, forest and wild palm trees, industrial, institutional, new ocean terminal, parks, open space, recreation and tourism, water body.
Source: Lagos State Ministry of Lands (2005).
Prior to 1980, peripheral settlements in the study areas were predominantly green areas used mainly for agriculture, conservation, water catchment, forest and wild palm trees as shown by the analysis in Table 1. In Ikorodu, between years 1980 and 2000, agriculture became the major player in land use with gradual land conversion for residential purpose taking 8799.78 and 4049.27 hectares in Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki respectively. Residential land use continued to rise exponentially from 622.23 hectares in the year preceding 1980 to 17,972.62 hectares in 2002. Till date, agriculture and residential land uses have been the major forces behind the peri-urbanisation process in Ikorodu. The increase in residential land use in Ikorodu peri-urban is as a result of housing deficit in the neighbouring metropolitan area like Ikeja (the capital of the host state, Lagos). A gradual push into the peri-urban settlements by the saturation of core metropolitan Lagos due to rapid population growth and as a result of rural-urban drift led to residential development in all Lagos peri-urban settlements from year 1980.
The growth pattern in Ibeju-Lekki differs in terms of land use from that of Ikorodu. It has less land conversion. Also, residential land use in Ibeju-Lekki is not pronounced until 1980 when usage increased to 4049.27 hectares, and subsequently 6932.13 and 11,243.00 hectares in the year 2000 and year 2002 respectively. Peri-urbanisation in Ibeju-Lekki is a response to the development of the highways. Pioneering towns like Awoyaya and Abijo developed as a result of their closeness to the metropolitan centre of Lagos Island. Linear settlements grew along the major highways while the growth of the inner periphery was in response to land speculation. With land reclassification and government acquisition of land for development, infrastructure limited was necessary thus aiding the opening of the inner periphery for mixed use development. Residential segregation and residents’ socio-demography influenced the settlement patterns. Various types of settlements also grew in response topography, culture and political reasons.
From the perception of the residents, different factors were driving urban expansion in Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki periphery as analysed in Table 2. The major factors driving urban expansion in Ikorodu are low cost of living 20.8%, land affordability 18.2%, employment 16.1%, improved urban quality 12.9%, workplace location, and property investment. Ikorodu is known to house various institutions both private and public thus creating a haven for employment. In terms of land affordability, in comparison to the excessive cost of land in Lagos urban centre, Ikorodu provide good workplace and residential location at affordable cost. Other less important drivers are road accessibility, secured land tenure, cost of transportation, education and closeness to kinsmen. Peri-urbanisation process is driven by different principal factors in Ibeju-Lekki. In this periphery, major causes of the expansion in the study area are land affordability 27.3%, workplace location 14.8%, improved urban quality 15% and property investment 14.2%. Also vital to the growth of Ibeju-Lekki are employment and closeness to kinsmen. Government-led and private developer-led housing developments in the study area are on the increase because of the improved urban quality in Ibeju-Lekki.
Ikorodu | Ibeju-Lekki | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Drivers of expansion | N = 379 | % | N = 366 | % |
Land affordability | 69 | 18.2 | 100 | 27.3 |
Low cost of living | 79 | 20.8 | 29 | 7.9 |
Workplace location | 43 | 11.3 | 54 | 14.8 |
Improved urban quality | 49 | 12.9 | 55 | 15 |
Employment | 61 | 16.1 | 29 | 7.9 |
Study | 7 | 1.8 | 3 | 0.8 |
Good and accessible road network | 3 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.5 |
Low cost of transportation | 10 | 2.6 | 1 | 0.3 |
Secured land tenure | 14 | 3.7 | 15 | 4.1 |
Property investment | 38 | 10 | 52 | 14.2 |
Closeness to kinsmen | 16 | 4.2 | 26 | 7.1 |
Drivers of expansion in the study areas.
Data from the National Population Commission [27] census analysed in Table 3 shows a huge leap in housing development in both Ikorodu and Ibeju-Lekki local government areas from the year 2006. Ikorodu local government has witnessed a more residential land conversion than Ibeju-Lekki. Housing developments in Ikorodu was 52,819 units in 2006, and 89,609 units in 2016 as obtained in the surface counting of selected 18 peri-urban settlements in Ikorodu. In Ibeju-Lekki local government, as noted by the National population Commission [27], a total of 7701 housing units were acknowledged in 2006 while during the surface counting of residential developments aided by aerial photographs during the field work in September, 2016, 11,746 units of housing were noted in the selected 16 peri-urban settlements in Ibeju-Lekki. In comparison to the urban core, individuals have access to affordable lands for housing and economic-related developments in the peri-urban and this is a major pull factor for peri-urbanisation in both cases.
In the expansion of periphery settlements, linkages play a huge role. This comes in terms of interconnectivity between metropolises and the rural areas. Good commuting encourages a pull of urban population to the city periphery for residential and industrial development. The commuting patterns of the respondents in the case studies as presented in Table 4 shows 38.8% of Ikorodu residents commute daily to the city, 36.1% on a weekly basis and 25.1% as the need arises. This reflects good level of linkage between Ikorodu periphery and the surrounding urban areas. The commuting hour shows 31.1% of the residents spend less than 30 minutes for daily commuting to work, 30.6% spend about 1 hour, 13.5% show a commuting time of 1 hour, 30 minutes, 16.6% spend between 1 and 2 hours, 5.8% spend 3 hours and other unspecified commuting time is about 1.6%. Residents’ purpose of commuting to the city shows 54.4% of the respondents’ population commute to the city for work, 23.2% for groceries, 20.3% for supply of their medium scale businesses and 0.6% for other needs.
Ikorodu | Ibeju-Lekki | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 379 | % | N = 366 | % | |
Frequency of commuting | ||||
Daily | 147 | 39 | 125 | 34.2 |
Weekly | 137 | 36 | 122 | 33.3 |
Others (specify) | 95 | 25 | 116 | 31.7 |
Average time of commuting | ||||
Less than 30 minutes | 118 | 31 | 57 | 15.6 |
31–60 minutes (1 hour) | 116 | 31 | 129 | 35.2 |
61–90 minutes (1 and half hours) | 51 | 14 | 90 | 24.6 |
91–120 minutes (2 hours) | 63 | 17 | 38 | 10.4 |
121–180 minutes (3 hours) | 22 | 5.8 | 51 | 13.9 |
Unknown | 9 | 2.4 | 1 | 0.3 |
Purpose of commuting | ||||
Work | 206 | 54 | 156 | 42.6 |
Groceries | 88 | 23 | 111 | 30.3 |
Supply for business | 77 | 20 | 99 | 27 |
Others | 8 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
Commuting patterns in the study areas.
Source: Field survey (2017).
In Ibeju-Lekki, 34.2% of the respondents’ population travel to the urban centres daily, 33.3% commute to the city centre weekly and 31.4% travel as the needs arise. The highest commuting time to and from places of work daily in Ibeju-Lekki peri-urban is 3 hours while the least commuting time is 30 minutes. 35.2% spends an average of 60 minutes (1 hour) daily commuting, 24.6% spend 90 minutes, 15.6% spends less than 30 minutes, 14.2% spends almost 180 minutes (3 hours) while 10.4% spend an average of 120 minutes (2 hours) commuting daily. 42.6% of the respondents travel for work related purpose, 30.3% travel to either the city centre and neighbouring peri-urban for groceries while 27% travel to the city centre for supply of materials for their enterprises.
Convenience is vital in the expansion of cities ‘periphery’. Factors like closeness to work, closeness to market or the central business district, and availability of public transport were considered in the study areas.
Good public transportation system exists in Ikorodu as shown in Table 5 and Figure 4. Among the respondents, 83.9% have access to good transport system while 15.6% do not. In Ibeju-Lekki, 22.1% of household heads lack good public transportation due to their residential location in the inner periphery. This is translated to high cost of transportation for residents without personal vehicles in such areas as shown by observation during the field survey. However, 77.6% indicated good public transportation at their disposal.
Ikorodu | Ibeju-Lekki | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N = 379 | % | N = 366 | % |
Availability of public transport | ||||
Yes | 318 | 83.9 | 284 | 77.6 |
No | 59 | 15.6 | 81 | 22.1 |
Unknown | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 |
Closeness to work | ||||
Yes | 276 | 72.8 | 314 | 85.8 |
No | 102 | 26.9 | 52 | 14.2 |
Unknown | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
Closeness to CBD | ||||
Yes | 273 | 72 | 315 | 86.1 |
No | 104 | 27.4 | 51 | 13.9 |
Unknown | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
Analysis of locational convenience in the case studies.
Source: Field survey (2017).
Road networks and transportation system in Ikorodu periphery. Source: Field survey (2017).
In Ikorodu, good accessibility to work is enhanced by the strategic locations of most institutions and the efficient distribution of government organisations around both primary and secondary roads. 72.8% of the respondents’ population were privileged to have good proximity to their works while 26.9% were not as presented in Table 5. In Ibeju-Lekki, a greater percentage of the respondents have good workplace location than in Ikorodu. 85.8% indicated locational benefits while 14.2% are were negatively affected by their residential location in relation to places of work. These findings gives strength to Alonso’s access trade off model which states that the choice of residential location in periphery settlements could offer an opportunity lost and opportunity cost. A trade-off exists between cheaper land in the peri-urban and the hours of commuting (Figure 5).
Workplace locations in Ikorodu periphery. Source: Field survey (2017).
In Ikorodu periphery, 72.0%, a reasonable size of the respondents had residential location advantage by virtue of their proximity to the central business districts, but 27.4% were disadvantaged. 86.1% of respondents in Ibeju-Lekki periphery were close to the central business district while 13.9% were not close to the central business district leading to increased commuting to the city.
There have been phenomenal changes in land use and land cover of Nigerian peripheral interface. New towns outside the metropolises of developing countries undergo expansion due to population growth and housing deficits in the urban areas. The spatial transformation is mostly accompanied with encroachment into the surrounding agricultural land. The study areas in this study are experiencing conversion in land use but differ in pattern and extent. Findings show generally that the major factors influencing peri-urbanisation are land affordability, improved road network and the emergence of gated exclusive housing developments by private developers in the peri-urban areas.
There exist disparity in the peri-urbanisation process in the study areas and this could be attributed to many factors, among which are the level of the linkages, locational convenience (both for workplace and residential development), people’s socio-demography and the government housing policy. The degree of establishment of each of these variables in the study areas determines the rapidity of the peri-urbanisation process. The wider land conversion experienced in Ikorodu is traceable to the presence of these variables in the periphery.
Availability of good transportation network is a motivation for living in the suburb. Locational benefit is a huge pull factor to the peripheral for residential developments. The commuting pattern shows the interdependencies between the periphery and urban centres, mostly for socio-economic purposes. This corroborates the findings of [1]. Most peri-urban residents work in the city centre while having residential location in the metropolitan fringe. Both locations however have good proximity to the Central Business District. Also the ability of housing providers to put locational convenience into consideration would promote balanced development.
Linkages show that the peri-urban cannot function in isolation. The first case study, Ikorodu has been subjected to rapid changes due to locational convenience and availability of public transportation. The frequency of commuting in Ikorodu is more than that of Ibeju-Lekki. Findings show work-related activities as the major reason for commuting to the urban centre in Ikorodu peri-urban. Commuting time from the peri-urban to the city centre for various activities is longer in Ibeju-Lekki than Ikorodu and this could be attributed to the nature of the settlements that are mostly dispersed.
Also improved infrastructure and concentrated development of institutions in Ikorodu are major contributors to the rapid expansion of the peri-urban interface. The peri-urbanisation process is usually slowed down where there is dearth of infrastructure and socio-economic institutions. It can be concluded that equality in infrastructure development will limit disparity in peri-urbanisation process. Prior studies by Binns et al. [11] and Lawanson et al. [1] have shown that Lagos as a rapidly urbanising region is not exempted from the peri-urbanisation phenomenon.
IntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117096},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"160",title:"Surface Science",slug:"surface-science",parent:{title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"},numberOfBooks:16,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:329,numberOfWosCitations:227,numberOfCrossrefCitations:162,numberOfDimensionsCitations:405,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"surface-science",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10061",title:"21st Century Surface Science",subtitle:"a Handbook",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69253b3c7ba801a5fcd9c47827345f93",slug:"21st-century-surface-science-a-handbook",bookSignature:"Phuong Pham, Pratibha Goel, Samir Kumar and Kavita Yadav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10050",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf66006063d4d72349fb33cc056095c1",slug:"corrosion",bookSignature:"Ambrish Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10050.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7343",title:"Superhydrophobic Surfaces",subtitle:"Fabrications to Practical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"017db4d856b5d454aead24128743ba3e",slug:"superhydrophobic-surfaces-fabrications-to-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Mehdi Khodaei, Xiuyong Chen and Hua Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7343.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19478",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Khodaei",slug:"mehdi-khodaei",fullName:"Mehdi Khodaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8242",title:"Applied Surface Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2515a9d613325af2ddf6d8ef2b53f4d",slug:"applied-surface-science",bookSignature:"Gurrappa Injeti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12369",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurrappa",middleName:null,surname:"Injeti",slug:"gurrappa-injeti",fullName:"Gurrappa Injeti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7550",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d09bcd91e393d15a578f1b632f118e7",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",bookSignature:"Ambrish Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dc37c2c972a253d544da9849049222f",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98b8dfac28575877f1846a661c9150bc",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7385",title:"Cavitation",subtitle:"Selected Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075ee4bb432760777ffcba092d0cffae",slug:"cavitation-selected-issues",bookSignature:"Wojciech Borek, Tomasz Tański and Mariusz Król",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186373",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Borek",slug:"wojciech-borek",fullName:"Wojciech Borek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7471",title:"Advanced Surface Engineering Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4c1a23accacc46fd18b49f2e5c6d303e",slug:"advanced-surface-engineering-research",bookSignature:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185329",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"mohammad-asaduzzaman-chowdhury",fullName:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7352",title:"Granularity in Materials Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a451ff13b9bc3b08989979518577594a",slug:"granularity-in-materials-science",bookSignature:"George Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"Z.",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6702",title:"Polymer Rheology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c24234818cd4b2ce3ed569c2b29f714c",slug:"polymer-rheology",bookSignature:"Jose Luis Rivera-Armenta and Beatriz Adriana Salazar Cruz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6512",title:"Superfluids and Superconductors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24385ec1d5de9c6597896900c80ee279",slug:"superfluids-and-superconductors",bookSignature:"Roberto Zivieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6512.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181334",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Zivieri",slug:"roberto-zivieri",fullName:"Roberto Zivieri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:16,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30968",doi:"10.5772/36975",title:"Polymer Gel Rheology and Adhesion",slug:"rheology-and-adhesion-of-polymer-gels",totalDownloads:15099,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:56,book:{slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Anne M. Grillet, Nicholas B. Wyatt and Lindsey M. Gloe",authors:[{id:"110676",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Grillet",slug:"anne-grillet",fullName:"Anne Grillet"},{id:"138225",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Wyatt",slug:"nicholas-wyatt",fullName:"Nicholas Wyatt"},{id:"138226",title:"Ms.",name:"Lindsey",middleName:null,surname:"Gloe",slug:"lindsey-gloe",fullName:"Lindsey Gloe"}]},{id:"48822",doi:"10.5772/60808",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:2382,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:"N.",surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"30975",doi:"10.5772/36619",title:"Solution Properties of κ-Carrageenan and Its Interaction with Other Polysaccharides in Aqueous Media",slug:"solution-properties-of-k-carrageenan-and-its-interaction-with-other-polysaccharides-in-aqueous-media",totalDownloads:7122,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Alberto Tecante and María del Carmen Núñez Santiago",authors:[{id:"109087",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tecante",slug:"alberto-tecante",fullName:"Alberto Tecante"},{id:"109098",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez-Santiago",slug:"maria-del-carmen-nunez-santiago",fullName:"Maria Del Carmen Nunez-Santiago"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67748",title:"Formation of Anticorrosive Structures and Thin Films on Metal Surfaces by Applying EDM",slug:"formation-of-anticorrosive-structures-and-thin-films-on-metal-surfaces-by-applying-edm",totalDownloads:614,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors"},signatures:"Pavel Topala, Alexandr Ojegov and Vitalie Besliu",authors:[{id:"254355",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Topala",slug:"pavel-topala",fullName:"Pavel Topala"},{id:"254366",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandr",middleName:null,surname:"Ojegov",slug:"alexandr-ojegov",fullName:"Alexandr Ojegov"},{id:"254368",title:"Dr.",name:"Besliu",middleName:null,surname:"Vitalie",slug:"besliu-vitalie",fullName:"Besliu Vitalie"}]},{id:"67077",title:"Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Monitoring: Fundamentals of Electrolytic Corrosion",slug:"electrochemical-techniques-for-corrosion-and-tribocorrosion-monitoring-fundamentals-of-electrolytic-",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors"},signatures:"Abdenacer Berradja",authors:[{id:"238628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abdenacer",middleName:null,surname:"Berradja",slug:"abdenacer-berradja",fullName:"Abdenacer Berradja"}]},{id:"64392",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",totalDownloads:1740,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors"},signatures:"Geethamani Palanisamy",authors:[{id:"253697",title:"Dr.",name:"Geethamani",middleName:null,surname:"P",slug:"geethamani-p",fullName:"Geethamani P"}]},{id:"48818",title:"Modification of Surface Energy and Wetting of Textile Fibers",slug:"modification-of-surface-energy-and-wetting-of-textile-fibers",totalDownloads:2336,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Franco Ferrero and Monica Periolatto",authors:[{id:"173940",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrero",slug:"franco-ferrero",fullName:"Franco Ferrero"},{id:"174224",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Periolatto",slug:"monica-periolatto",fullName:"Monica Periolatto"}]},{id:"72939",title:"Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"21st-century-surface-science-a-handbook",title:"21st Century Surface Science",fullTitle:"21st Century Surface Science - a Handbook"},signatures:"Aravind Kumar Jagadeesan, Krithiga Thangavelu and Venkatesan Dhananjeyan",authors:[{id:"319215",title:"Dr.",name:"Aravind",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"aravind-kumar",fullName:"Aravind Kumar"},{id:"321759",title:"Dr.",name:"Krithiga",middleName:null,surname:"Thangavelu",slug:"krithiga-thangavelu",fullName:"Krithiga Thangavelu"},{id:"321760",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkatesan",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanancheyan",slug:"venkatesan-dhanancheyan",fullName:"Venkatesan Dhanancheyan"}]},{id:"68236",title:"The Arrhenius Acid and Base Theory",slug:"the-arrhenius-acid-and-base-theory",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"corrosion",title:"Corrosion",fullTitle:"Corrosion"},signatures:"Shikha Munjal and Aakash Singh",authors:[{id:"290524",title:"Ms.",name:"Shikha",middleName:null,surname:"Munjal",slug:"shikha-munjal",fullName:"Shikha Munjal"}]},{id:"62882",title:"Inside the Phenomenological Aspects of Wet Granulation: Role of Process Parameters",slug:"inside-the-phenomenological-aspects-of-wet-granulation-role-of-process-parameters",totalDownloads:647,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"granularity-in-materials-science",title:"Granularity in Materials Science",fullTitle:"Granularity in Materials Science"},signatures:"Veronica De Simone, Diego Caccavo, Annalisa Dalmoro, Gaetano\nLamberti, Matteo d’Amore and Anna Angela Barba",authors:[{id:"140173",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Barba",slug:"anna-angela-barba",fullName:"Anna Angela Barba"},{id:"143947",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amore",slug:"matteo-d'amore",fullName:"Matteo D'Amore"},{id:"176104",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",middleName:null,surname:"Lamberti",slug:"gaetano-lamberti",fullName:"Gaetano Lamberti"},{id:"176239",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Caccavo",slug:"diego-caccavo",fullName:"Diego Caccavo"},{id:"181500",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Dalmoro",slug:"annalisa-dalmoro",fullName:"Annalisa Dalmoro"},{id:"260822",title:"MSc.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"De Simone",slug:"veronica-de-simone",fullName:"Veronica De Simone"}]},{id:"72356",title:"Advances in Dropwise Condensation: Dancing Droplets",slug:"advances-in-dropwise-condensation-dancing-droplets",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"21st-century-surface-science-a-handbook",title:"21st Century Surface Science",fullTitle:"21st Century Surface Science - a Handbook"},signatures:"Rongfu Wen and Xuehu Ma",authors:[{id:"317639",title:"Prof.",name:"Rongfu",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",slug:"rongfu-wen",fullName:"Rongfu Wen"},{id:"318353",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuehu",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"xuehu-ma",fullName:"Xuehu Ma"}]},{id:"49178",title:"Wettability of Carbonaceous Materials with Molten Iron at 1550°C",slug:"wettability-of-carbonaceous-materials-with-molten-iron-at-1550-c",totalDownloads:1537,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"R. Khanna, I. Mansuri and V. Sahajwalla",authors:[{id:"19010",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Khanna",slug:"rita-khanna",fullName:"Rita Khanna"}]},{id:"63755",title:"Green Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"green-corrosion-inhibitors",totalDownloads:1017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",fullTitle:"Corrosion Inhibitors"},signatures:"Lipiar K. M. O. Goni and Mohammad A. J. Mazumder",authors:[{id:"239861",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"mohammad-mazumder",fullName:"Mohammad Mazumder"},{id:"270057",title:"Mr.",name:"Lipiar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"lipiar-khan",fullName:"Lipiar Khan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"surface-science",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/177869/nelly-gonzalez-rivas",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"177869",slug:"nelly-gonzalez-rivas"},fullPath:"/profiles/177869/nelly-gonzalez-rivas",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()