Branch and bus data.
\r\n\t- Breeding and Molecular Breeding
\r\n\t- Tissue Culture and Somatic Hybrids
\r\n\t- Diseases and their Management
\r\n\t- Value Addition
\r\n\t- Genomics, Genetics, and Biotechnology
\r\n\t- Whole-Genome Sequencing and QTL mapping
\r\n\t- Genetic transformation and trait development, etc
\r\n\t
This work is a tribute to Steinmetz’s contribution [1]. The reasons and motivations are stated throughout the whole document once the numerical solutions for solving power system applications are typically carried out in the real domain. For instance, the power flow analysis and power system state estimation are well-known tools, among others. It turns out that these solutions are not well suited for modeling voltage and current phasor. To overcome this difficulty, the proposal described in this chapter aims to model the aforementioned applications in a unified system of coordinates, e.g., complex domain. Nonetheless, the solution methods of these problems often require a first- or second-order approximation of the set of power flow equations; such methods cannot be applied to nonlinear functions of complex variables because they are nonanalytic in their arguments. Consequently, for these functions Taylor series expansions do not exist. Hence, for many decades this problem has been solved redefining the nonlinear functions as separate functions of the real and imaginary parts of their complex arguments so that standard methods can be applied. Although not widely known, it is also possible to construct an extended nonlinear function that includes not only the original complex state variables but also their complex conjugates, and then the Wirtinger calculus can be applied [2]. This property lies on the fact that if a function is analytic in the space spanned by
In this chapter the classical Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Newton methods in complex plane aiming the numerical solution of the power flow analysis and power system state estimation are derived, respectively. Moreover, the factorization methods addressed to deal with the Jacobian matrices emerged from these approaches are included [4].
This chapter is organized as follows. The theoretical foundation which is based on Wirtinger calculus is summed up in Section 2. Section 3 describes two algorithms suggested to factorize Jacobian matrix in complex plane regardless if it is exactly determined or overdetermined. In Section 4, the complex-valued static model solution by using Newton-Raphson method is derived, whereas in Section 5, the Gauss-Newton method developed in complex plane is equally presented. Finally, in Section 6 some conclusions are gathered and stated the next issues to be investigated in the near future.
A complex function is defined as
where
This requires that the Cauchy-Riemann equations be satisfied, i.e.,
These conditions are necessary for
which under differentiation rule leads to
These results show that the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold, and hence
Introduced by Wilhelm Wirtinger in 1927 [2], the CR-Calculus, also known as the Wirtinger calculus, provides a way to differentiate nonanalytic functions of complex variables. Specifically, this calculus is applicable to a function
Since we have
and by setting
Note that the Cauchy-Riemann conditions for
Similarly, if we take the derivative of
By setting
Again, the Cauchy-Riemann conditions for
In other words, the gradient (respectively conjugate gradient) operator acts as a partial derivative with respect to
As an example, let
as
which suggests the geometric interpretation shown in Figure 1. Its analysis allows us to infer that the direction of maximum rate of change of the objective function is given by the conjugate gradient defined in Eq. (13). Observe that its positive direction is referred to a maximization problem (dot arrow), whereas the opposite direction concerns to the cost function minimization.
Contour plot of the real function of complex variable.
Hereafter, a real-valued or complex-valued function and its argument are provided with a subscript c if it is a function in the complex conjugate coordinates, i.e.,
As well in the real domain, there are two classes of methods for the numerical solution of large linear system of equations in complex plane:
Direct methods: Which produce the exact solution assuming the absence of truncation and round-off errors, by performing a finite number of flops in a finite known number of steps. These methods are usually recommended when most of the entries in the coefficient matrix are nonzero and the dimension of the system is not too large, for instance, the Gaussian elimination, the LU decomposition and QR factorization, to cite a few.
Iterative methods: This class of methods is beyond of this work. Notice the solution provided by these methods is approximated and the accuracy is imposed by the user. The number of
The first studied algorithm is the three-angle complex rotations (TACR), which is derived in polar coordinates [6]. Nonetheless, the key idea behind
On the other hand, the fast plane rotation [7] that is derived in complex plane and rectangular coordinates is a square root- and division-free Givens rotations [8]. In this sense, the fast plane rotation which is also referred as the complex-valued fast Givens rotations (
The complex fast Givens transformation
Notice the superscript
Algorithm 1. Complex fast Givens transform.
[
if
type
else if
type
else if
type
else
type
end if
The matrices
In the sequence the QR-decomposition using complex fast Givens transformations is presented as Algorithm 2.
Algorithm 2. Sequential fast Givens QRD decomposition.
[
[m,n]=size(A);
for
new
if
else
end if
for
Step 1: Get
[
Step 2: Update elements based ontype
if
else if
end if
end for
if
end if
end for
Note that the complex fast Givens QRD does not require any square root operation, and during each incremental QRD-update step, the incoming input data row-vector is stored, i.e., vector new. In the sequence, the input data row-vector elements are zero-out (inner for loop) in order to update upper triangular matrix R. The new vector is overwritten each time till the QRD-algorithm has exhausted all the input data, i.e., the upper triangular matrix R is entirely updated.
Aiming the solution of any set of exactly determined equations in complex plane, the vector of unknowns is regularly taken into account in the iterative algorithm as follows:
and the residual vector hereafter termed as “mismatches” vector leads to
Nonetheless, here the goal is to calculate
where in Eq. (21),
or
where
As a further advantage provided by the Wirtinger calculus [2, 3], the Jacobian matrix which emerged in Cartesian coordinates needs lesser algebra task as well as minor implementation effort (encoding) than the former procedure in real domain [14]. Thereby, the Jacobian matrix in expanded form may be represented through four partitions matrix, yielding
For instance, Figure 2 displays the pattern for the IEEE-57 bus system in
Sparsity structure of (a) real-valued Jacobian matrix; (b) complex-valued Jacobian matrix of the IEEE 57-bus system.
In order to factorize the Jacobian matrix required in Eq. (23), the recommended procedure is to operate the factorization on the augmented Jacobian matrix, yielding
which the dimension is
where
On the other hand, it is recommendable to perform the convergence checking over the infinity norm of two vectors. Firstly, as the former, it occurs over the corrections to be applied to the state variables and simultaneously over the mismatches vector. This latter is included, aiming to be aware against ill-conditioned systems [14], yielding
If Eq. (28) is satisfied, stop and print out the results. Otherwise, the state vector is updated as shown below:
and the iteration counter is increased followed by the updating of the mismatch vector and the Jacobian matrix factorization. This latter task can be mandatory or not once the Jacobian matrix may be kept constant throughout the iterative process (approximate, instead of full gain) which is a decision very often adopted after the second iteration aiming to lighten the computational burden. Further details can be found in [14], but in the sequence, a small example is presented forwarded of simulations carried out on large systems. However, as any other application in the industry, the power flow model lies in the solution of a system of linear algebraic equations which is summarized thereafter.
This approach requires the nodal admittance matrix building, e.g.,
thus the complex nodal power can be expressed as
or
Then, the nodal complex power at
where
and their complex conjugate counterpart are
In Eqs. (34)–(37),
1. Off-nominal tap transformer:
2. Pure-shifter:
3. Phase-shifter:
4.
The power flow model in complex plane as detailed in [14] is applied to a small example system in which the diagram is shown in Figure 3, while the corresponding branch parameters and bus data, both in pu (
Small 3-bus system.
Branch | Series | Shunt | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
R | X | Charging | Y/2 | |
pu | pu | MVAr | pu | |
1-2 | 0.0012 | 0.0021 | 39.2 | 0.196 |
1-3 | 0.0150 | 0.0400 | ||
2-3 | 0.3000 | 1.6000 | ||
Bus | Specified quantities in pu | |||
Type | ||||
PV-2 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.2160 | 0.0918 |
PQ-3 | 2.700 | 1.620 |
Branch and bus data.
The nodal admittance matrix,
The whole set of intermediary results throughout the iterative process is presented in the sequence.
As in the real domain, the elements of the complex-valued Jacobian matrix remain practically unchanged after the second iteration, which suggest that we may keep them constant thereafter. Moreover, the computation of some entries can be avoided because they are complex conjugates of other entries; it turns out that these elements are PV-nodes.
Interestingly, the numerical values of the state variables corrections, state variables, and mismatches vectors calculated in the complex plane are displayed in the Tables 2–4, respectively.
Unknown correction vector.
Convergence criteria:
Unknown vector.
Mismatch vector.
Convergence criteria:
The algorithm described earlier was encoded in MATLAB by using sparsity technique and column approximate minimum degree (colamd) ordering scheme. The numerical tests were executed by using an Intel® Core™ i5-4200 CPU at 1.60 Hz 2.30 GHz, 6GB of RAM, and 64-bit operating system. A flat start condition is assigned to the state variables in all simulations.
Thereby, Table 5 presents the performance on larger systems of the Newton-Raphson method in complex plane which is highlighted in bold. The corresponding performance is compared with those of the former Newton-Raphson method developed in polar and rectangular coordinates, both in real domain. In all simulations the convergence criterion of
CV-Jacobian matrix dimension | Algorithms | Number of iterations | Time/iteration (s) | Total time (s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IEEE-14 | 5 | 0.0184 | 0.1647 | ||
5 | 0.0150 | 0.0942 | |||
IEEE-30 | 5 | 0.0206 | 0.1791 | ||
6 | 0.0105 | 0.1121 | |||
IEEE-57 | 6 | 0.0132 | 0.1653 | ||
6 | 0.0137 | 0.1303 | |||
IEEE-118 | 5 | 0.0162 | 0.1575 | ||
6 | 0.0196 | 0.1840 | |||
SIN-1916 | 7 | 0.4642 | 3.4732 | ||
8 | 0.3095 | 2.6430 | |||
Performance in larger systems—squared matrices.
(p)—polar coordinates; (r)—rectangular coordinates; tol.,
The results presented in the aforementioned table allows us to infer that the Newton-Raphson method in complex plane has very good performance. Except for the SIN-1916 bus system, the time consuming required to achieve the solution is lower than the remainder approaches.
In the next section, the Gauss-Newton method is presented. The goal is to solve overdetermined systems of equations, i.e., the former nonlinear least-squares method in complex plane.
As shown in [3], the complex-valued WLS state estimator minimizes an objective function defined as
where
By applying a first-order Taylor series expansion of
By replacing Eq. (41) into Eq. (40), we obtain
yielding the updated estimated state vector expressed as
where
Notice
where
Note that in Eq. (40),
Let
In the important special case given by Eq. (39) where
Therefore, taking into account the chain rule differentiation mentioned earlier and the property stated in Eq. (48), Eq. (46) becomes
where
where
Now, the complex-valued gain matrix
where
Similarly, we get
The investigation of the sparsity structure of the Jacobian matrix in complex plane given by Eq. (49), e.g., Figure 4, reveals that the Jacobian matrices in the
Sparsity structure of (a) real-valued Jacobian matrix; (b) real-valued gain matrix; (c) complex-valued Jacobian matrix; and (d) complex-valued hessian matrix of the Brazilian equivalent 730-bus system.
Nonetheless, the recommended numerical procedure aiming to solve the complex-valued power system state estimation problem is addressed by solving the weighted form of the right-hand-side (rhs) of Eq. (40) instead of Eq. (44), yielding
where
where the
Aiming to avoid explicitly store, the
By storing the rotations in compact form, the complex-valued Jacobian matrix can be kept constant and only the right-hand-side vector is updated throughout the final iterations. The solution of the state vector increment given by Eq. (55) is found by executing a simple back-substitution of Eq. (56) after performing unitary transformations to the latter matrix, resulting in
Here,
The one-line diagram of a 2-bus system is depicted in Figure 5. The system is provided with two PMU measurements that meter the nodal voltage magnitudes and phase angles and two real and reactive power flow measurements, which are identified by means of black bullets and red triangles, respectively. In Table 6, the transmission line parameters are given in pu.
2-Bus power system.
Branch | Series | Shunt | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
R | X | Charging | Y/2 | |
pu | pu | MVAr | pu | |
1-2 | 0.0203 | 0.1318 | 62.62 | 0.3131 |
Branch data.
From Figure 5, the complex power injections at sending and receiving end, respectively, are written yielding
Applying the Wirtinger calculus to Eqs. (59) and (60) leads to the Jacobian matrix given by Eq. (47) at each iteration as shown in the sequence. Here, the complex power injection measurement at each end, i.e.,
As observed in the above expressions of
Estimated state variables.
0.0000 − j 0.3131 | +1.4747 + j 0.1745 | +1.8873 + j 0.4815 | +1.8827 + j 0.4248 | |
0.0000 − j 0.3131 | −1.4014 − j 0.0707 | −1.8036 − j 0.5094 | −1.7997 − j 0.4500 | |
0.0000 − j 0.3131 | +1.4747 + j 0.1745 | +1.8873 + j 0.4815 | +1.8827 + j 0.4248 | |
0.0000 − j 0.3131 | −1.4014 − j 0.0707 | −1.8036 − j 0.5094 | −1.7997 − j 0.4500 |
CV-estimated quantities.
CV-residual vector.
In the sequel, Table 10 presents the performance on larger systems of the Gauss-Newton method in complex plane which is highlighted in bold. In all simulations the convergence criterion of
CV-Jacobian matrix dimension | Algorithms | Number of iterations | Time/iteration (s) | Total time (s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IEEE-14 | |||||
IEEE-30 | |||||
IEEE-118 | |||||
SIN-340 | |||||
SIN-1916 |
Performance in larger systems—overdetermined matrices.
(r)—rectangular coordinates; tol.—
The comparative analysis of the results presented in the aforementioned table allows us to infer that the Newton-Raphson method in complex plane has very good performance. Except for the SIN-1916 bus system, the time consuming required to achieve the solution is lower than the remainder approaches.
The chapter’s prime goal is to present the advances aiming to solve nonlinear system of equations in complex plane, regardless if it is exactly or overdetermined. Firstly, it develops the former Newton-Raphson method addressed to solve exactly determined problem. Thereafter, the weighted-least-squares (WLS) is developed through the Gauss-Newton method. In both cases the applications are carried out on small examples and larger systems. All results demonstrate the advantages of the algorithms developed in complex plane over the former procedure, although the computational burden is still a bottleneck for larger systems. Highlight that there are many enhancements that can be addressed to mitigate this problem. To cite a few, they are shown as follows:
x¯c | Vector of the state variables in the conjugate coordinate system |
x, x∗ | Complex and complex conjugate state variables |
t, t∗ | Complex and complex conjugate tap position |
ℜ⋅, ℑ⋅ | Real and imaginary part of a complex variable |
J | Complex-valued Jacobian matrix for the exactly determined system of equations |
H | Complex-valued Jacobian matrix for the overdetermined system of equations |
M¯ | Complex-valued mismatch vector |
⋅c | Quantity in the conjugate coordinate system |
⋅2 | Squared Euclidean norm |
⋅∞ | Infinity norm |
ν | Iteration counter |
Customer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Dr. Suriyaprakash TNK",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10658",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6bf171e05831c00f8687891ab1b10b5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xiaoming Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10658.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189844",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoming",surname:"Jiang",slug:"xiaoming-jiang",fullName:"Xiaoming Jiang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"690",title:"Biomimetics",slug:"biomimetics",parent:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",slug:"engineering-biomedical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:230,numberOfWosCitations:576,numberOfCrossrefCitations:169,numberOfDimensionsCitations:507,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"biomimetics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6875",title:"Bio-Inspired Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"074fba986c7ba872f1af99c4fb65337e",slug:"bio-inspired-technology",bookSignature:"Ruby Srivastava",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6875.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185788",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruby",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastava",slug:"ruby-srivastava",fullName:"Ruby Srivastava"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5902",title:"Interdisciplinary Expansions in Engineering and Design With the Power of Biomimicry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"074a748d02254c7c5643be52cb70be68",slug:"interdisciplinary-expansions-in-engineering-and-design-with-the-power-of-biomimicry",bookSignature:"Gulden Kokturk and Tutku Didem Akyol Altun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5902.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95921",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulden",middleName:null,surname:"Kokturk",slug:"gulden-kokturk",fullName:"Gulden Kokturk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"251",title:"On Biomimetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b41b2ea8322b21ee4f4423498d3a196e",slug:"on-biomimetics",bookSignature:"Assoc. Lilyana D. Pramatarova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48534",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilyana",middleName:"Dimitrova",surname:"Pramatarova",slug:"lilyana-pramatarova",fullName:"Lilyana Pramatarova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1806",title:"Biomimetic Based Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a088e82c9518ba8fca91ac303d66f9b",slug:"biomimetic-based-applications",bookSignature:"Anne George",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21288",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"George",slug:"anne-george",fullName:"Anne George"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"42",title:"Advances in Biomimetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65af8330f495764de3acf1bf959143b5",slug:"advances-in-biomimetics",bookSignature:"Anne George",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/42.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21288",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"George",slug:"anne-george",fullName:"Anne George"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3587",title:"Biomimetics",subtitle:"Learning from Nature",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0ab0daea3f9b4d2228b70d2a47e8d362",slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",bookSignature:"Amitava Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3587.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5759",title:"Prof.",name:"Amitava",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"amitava-mukherjee",fullName:"Amitava Mukherjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"10040",doi:"10.5772/8787",title:"Biomimetic Porous Titanium Scaffolds for Orthopedic and Dental Applications",slug:"biomimetic-porous-titanium-scaffolds-for-orthopedic-and-dental-applications",totalDownloads:6426,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:68,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Alireza Nouri, Peter D. Hodgson and Cui'e Wen",authors:null},{id:"10029",doi:"10.5772/8776",title:"Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Science, Technology & Applicability",slug:"biomimetic-synthesis-of-nanoparticles-science-technology-amp-applicability",totalDownloads:22018,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:56,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Prathna T.C., Lazar Mathew, N. Chandrasekaran, Ashok M. Raichur and Amitava Mukherjee",authors:null},{id:"15691",doi:"10.5772/14383",title:"Biomimetic Topography: Bioinspired Cell Culture Substrates and Scaffolds",slug:"biomimetic-topography-bioinspired-cell-culture-substrates-and-scaffolds",totalDownloads:3460,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"advances-in-biomimetics",title:"Advances in Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Advances in Biomimetics"},signatures:"Lin Wang and Rebecca L. Carrier",authors:[{id:"17652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebecca",middleName:null,surname:"Carrier",slug:"rebecca-carrier",fullName:"Rebecca Carrier"},{id:"18787",title:"Miss",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lin-wang",fullName:"Lin Wang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"10042",title:"Superhydrophobicity, Learn from the Lotus Leaf",slug:"superhydrophobicity-learn-from-the-lotus-leaf",totalDownloads:16790,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Mengnan Qu, Jinmei He and Junyan Zhang",authors:null},{id:"59632",title:"Biomimetic Facade Applications for a More Sustainable Future",slug:"biomimetic-facade-applications-for-a-more-sustainable-future",totalDownloads:1908,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"interdisciplinary-expansions-in-engineering-and-design-with-the-power-of-biomimicry",title:"Interdisciplinary Expansions in Engineering and Design With the Power of Biomimicry",fullTitle:"Interdisciplinary Expansions in Engineering and Design With the Power of Biomimicry"},signatures:"Ayça Tokuç, Fatma Feyzal Özkaban and Özge Andiç Çakır",authors:[{id:"200339",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ayça",middleName:null,surname:"Tokuç",slug:"ayca-tokuc",fullName:"Ayça Tokuç"},{id:"200342",title:"Dr.",name:"Feyzal",middleName:null,surname:"Ozkaban",slug:"feyzal-ozkaban",fullName:"Feyzal Ozkaban"},{id:"200536",title:"Dr.",name:"Özge",middleName:null,surname:"Andiç Çakır",slug:"ozge-andic-cakir",fullName:"Özge Andiç Çakır"}]},{id:"10048",title:"Dental Tissue Engineering: a New Approach to Dental Tissue Reconstruction",slug:"dental-tissue-engineering-a-new-approach-to-dental-tissue-reconstruction",totalDownloads:4009,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Elisa Battistella, Silvia Mele and Lia Rimondini",authors:null},{id:"18164",title:"Synthesis of Metallo-Deuteroporphyrin Derivatives and the Study of Their Biomimetic Catalytic Properties",slug:"synthesis-of-metallo-deuteroporphyrin-derivatives-and-the-study-of-their-biomimetic-catalytic-proper",totalDownloads:2447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"on-biomimetics",title:"On Biomimetics",fullTitle:"On Biomimetics"},signatures:"Bingcheng Hu, Chengguo Sun, Shichao Xu and Weiyou Zhou",authors:[{id:"34332",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingcheng",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"bingcheng-hu",fullName:"Bingcheng Hu"},{id:"48777",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengguo",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"chengguo-sun",fullName:"Chengguo Sun"},{id:"48778",title:"Dr.",name:"Shichao",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"shichao-xu",fullName:"Shichao Xu"},{id:"87152",title:"Dr.",name:"Weiyou",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"weiyou-zhou",fullName:"Weiyou Zhou"}]},{id:"10033",title:"Rapid Assembly Processes of Ordered Inorganic/Organic Nanocomposites",slug:"rapid-assembly-processes-of-ordered-inorganic-organic-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:3216,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Chang-An Wang, Huirong Le and Yong Huang",authors:null},{id:"10038",title:"Photosynthetic Energy Conversion: Hydrogen Photoproduction by Natural and Biomimetic Means",slug:"photosynthetic-energy-conversion-hydrogen-photoproduction-by-natural-and-biomimetic-means",totalDownloads:4161,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Vladimir D. Kreslavski, Velmurugan Thavasi, Sergei K. Zharmukhamedov, Vyacheslav V. Klimov, Seeram Ramakrishna, Hiroshi Nishihara, Mamoru Mimuro, Robert Carpentier and Toshi Nagata",authors:null},{id:"18167",title:"Bioinspired Synthesis of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Materials Mediated by Biomolecules",slug:"bioinspired-synthesis-of-organic-inorganic-nanocomposite-materials-mediated-by-biomolecules",totalDownloads:4876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"on-biomimetics",title:"On Biomimetics",fullTitle:"On Biomimetics"},signatures:"Xunpei Liu and Surya K. Mallapragada",authors:[{id:"31416",title:"Dr.",name:"Surya",middleName:null,surname:"Mallapragada",slug:"surya-mallapragada",fullName:"Surya Mallapragada"},{id:"48013",title:"Ms.",name:"Xunpei",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xunpei-liu",fullName:"Xunpei Liu"}]},{id:"10045",title:"Lipid-based Biomimetics in Drug and Vaccine Delivery",slug:"lipid-based-biomimetics-in-drug-and-vaccine-delivery",totalDownloads:2877,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro",authors:null},{id:"15774",title:"Monitoring the Intertidal Environment with Biomimetic Devices",slug:"monitoring-the-intertidal-environment-with-biomimetic-devices",totalDownloads:3266,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"biomimetic-based-applications",title:"Biomimetic Based Applications",fullTitle:"Biomimetic Based Applications"},signatures:"Fernando P. Lima, Nicholas P. Burnett, Brian Helmuth, Nicole Kish, Kyle Aveni-Deforge and David S. Wethey",authors:[{id:"16987",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"P.",surname:"Lima",slug:"fernando-lima",fullName:"Fernando Lima"},{id:"19247",title:"Mr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Burnett",slug:"nicholas-burnett",fullName:"Nicholas Burnett"},{id:"19248",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Helmuth",slug:"brian-helmuth",fullName:"Brian Helmuth"},{id:"19249",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Wethey",slug:"david-wethey",fullName:"David Wethey"},{id:"22266",title:"Ms.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Kish",slug:"nicole-kish",fullName:"Nicole Kish"},{id:"22267",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyle",middleName:null,surname:"Aveni-Deforge",slug:"kyle-aveni-deforge",fullName:"Kyle Aveni-Deforge"}]},{id:"10029",title:"Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Science, Technology & Applicability",slug:"biomimetic-synthesis-of-nanoparticles-science-technology-amp-applicability",totalDownloads:22018,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:54,book:{slug:"biomimetics-learning-from-nature",title:"Biomimetics",fullTitle:"Biomimetics Learning from Nature"},signatures:"Prathna T.C., Lazar Mathew, N. Chandrasekaran, Ashok M. Raichur and Amitava Mukherjee",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"biomimetics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/177435/yuridia-mercado-flores",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"177435",slug:"yuridia-mercado-flores"},fullPath:"/profiles/177435/yuridia-mercado-flores",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()