Morphological and physical properties of the Knobtop, Taumsauk, and Irondale pedons.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"619",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases",title:"Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A fungicide is a chemical pesticide compound that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi. In agriculture, fungicide is used to control fungi that threaten to destroy or compromise crops. Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases is a book that has been written to present the most significant advances in disciplines related to fungicides. This book comprises of 14 chapters considering the application of fungicides in the control and management of fungal diseases, which will be very helpful to the undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers of microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture and horticulture.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-804-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5179-1",doi:"10.5772/1130",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fungicides-for-plant-and-animal-diseases",numberOfPages:310,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"197a68ef55ea6ab48097b8f492c741ad",bookSignature:"D. Dhanasekaran, N. Thajuddin and A. 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He is a life member in Mycological Society of India, National Academy of Biological Sciences and member in editorial boards in National, International Journals, Doctoral committee member and Board of study member in Microbiology. As per the reports of Indian J. of Experimental Biology, 51, 2013, Dr. Dr. Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran is rated in second position among the top five institutions in the field of Actinobacteria research in India.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Bharathidasan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"89852",title:"Dr.",name:"Nooruddin",middleName:null,surname:"Thajuddin",slug:"nooruddin-thajuddin",fullName:"Nooruddin Thajuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89852/images/1820_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. N. Thajuddin is working as an Associate Professor & Head of the Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India. He has more than 20 years of teaching and research experience in the field of Microbiology. His work on survey of marine cyanobacteria from India resulted in the establishment of marine cyanobacterial germplasm of 350 strains at National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, from which three technologies (blue colourants, β lactamase enzyme and aqua feed) were developed. He had a one-year postdoctoral training on molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of cyanobacteria at Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA through the Department of Biotechnology Overseas Fellowship. He has published 120 articles in microbiology and related fields and has received project grants from government agencies such as DBT, MoES, and UGC. 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Alfisols are a soil order in USA “Keys of Soil Taxonomy” [1]. Alfisols are typically developed under mixed forests in temperate climates that maintain a low to moderate level of soil organic matter, a neutral to acidic pH and have a moderate degree of base saturation. One requirement of Alfisols is the presence of an argillic horizon, coupled with the requirement of having a base saturation greater than 35% in the argillic horizon control section [1]. In Missouri, Alfisols typically have aquic and udic moisture regimes and support deciduous forest vegetation [2]. Ultisols are a soil order in USA “Keys of Soil Taxonomy” that are similar to Alfisols with the exception that Ultisols have less than 35% base saturation in the control section [1].
The USDA-NRCS has developed the National Soils Information System based on a national soil survey composed of establishing soil characteristics using observations along soil delineation boundaries and determining map unit compositions by field transects [3]. Three different geographic databases have been established having different mapping intensities: (i) State Soil Geographic database (STATSGO at a scale of 1:250,000, (ii) Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) at a scale ranging from 1:12,000 to 1:63,360, and (iii) National Soil Geographic (NATSGO) at a scale of 1:7,500,000. The STATSGO database is well-suited to represent soil data relative to specified soil associations (a soil association represents two or more different soils that appear in a regularly repeating landscape pattern) and are well-suited for regional, multi-state, river basin and multi-county resource planning, management, and monitoring. The SSURGO database provides detailed information about individual soils and is well-suited for landowners, municipal, and county planners for more local and site-specific resource planning, management, and monitoring. The NATSGO database establishes information and the identification of the Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) map and associated attribute data. The MLRA is a land area having a clearly defined composition of geography, geology, soils, climate, physiographic features, potential natural vegetation, water resources and land practices.
Ecological classification is predicated on the separation of a landscape into discrete and repeatable land parcels, wherein the individual land parcels provide information to guide land management. An ecological site is defined as “a distinctive type of land based on recurring soil, landform, geological, and climate characteristics that differs from other kinds of land in its ability to produce distinctive kinds and amounts of vegetation and in its ability to respond similarly to management actions and natural disturbances” [4]. As such, ecological sites provide a framework for connecting soils and landscapes to vegetational communities; after which, thoughtful and knowledgeable natural resource management may proceed with a full understanding of potential beneficial and negative consequences [5]. Once established, ecosystem site descriptions may be assembled to provide land management ranging from a woodlot to a landscape to an ecosystem.
In Missouri, ecosystem site identification/isolation and subsequent descriptions are prepared by a multiagency cooperation involving diverse disciplines within the Missouri Department of Conservation and the United States Department Agriculture-Natural Resource and Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). Literature utilized by this multiagency cooperative project includes materials produced by the Missouri Department of Conservation, USDA-NRCS and other entities [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Eight soil and ecological factors are identified that significantly influence vegetation and site productivity: (i) landform, (ii) parent material, (iii) root restrictions, (iv) base saturation, (v) soil drainage, (vi) soil texture, (vii) flooding, and (viii) ponding.
These soil and ecological factors have been previously characterized by a 50+ year county-based soil survey program, resulting in a national database. Subsequently, land parcels having a commonality of these soil factors were correlated with historical and potential vegetation communities. Ecological site names are based on soil/substrate, landform and the historic plant community, with one example being “Loess Fragipan Upland Flatwoods”. Based on a verification process, ecological sites are initially termed “provisional ecological sites”, then with further review and data acquisition, the ecological sites are eventually termed “correlated ecological sites”. In addition to soil, climate, local hydrology, and physiographic information, the final product contains additional information on species composition, canopy cover, biomass estimates, and ground cover information.
Products available to the public are termed “ecological site descriptions (ESD’s) and provide additional information: (i) ecological site extent maps, (ii) physiologic features, (iii) landscape block diagrams, (iv) soil descriptions and interpretations, (v) ecological dynamics with state and transition models, (vi) plant lists, and (vii) site interpretations for forestry and wildlife management.
Ecological site descriptions are not mapping units, rather they are taxonomic units. However, ecological site descriptions of an appropriate areal extent may be used as mapping units when the sites are highly patterned because of site topography, soil distribution, geology, and other attributes. The repeatable distribution of ecological sites provides for their useful application to manage land under the influence of livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, recreation, rural or urban development, forestry, and a multitude of other land uses. In general, we accept the definition proposed by Bestelmeyer et al. [13] and Briske et al. [14] to define an ecological site as landscape units that have similar characteristics of soil, topography, geological formations, and climate regimes that differ because of (i) the production and plant species composition under the disturbance of reference conditions associated with soil properties, the natural dynamics of vegetation and the ecosystem services provided, and (ii) the responses to management, processes of degradation, and restoration.
State and Transition Models attempt to explain how ecosystems transition from one state to another state. A state is a series of plant communities associated with specific soil properties that produce persistent attributes over time with structural and functional ecosystem characteristics [15]. The reference state is a state that provides the largest range of potential environmental services and typically is the “ideal” state. At its essence, researchers aim to understand how ecosystems function and respond to management or natural influences. Ecological resilience is the capacity to absorb and/or reorganize after a disturbance yet maintaining the site’s structural integrity [15]. Thresholds are key biotic and abiotic factors and modified ecosystem functions that alter the ecosystem structure beyond the limits of ecological resilience resulting in a transition to a different state or limits recovery. Triggers are events, factors, processes and/or drivers that initiate a transition from one state to another.
The objectives of this project are to document the importance of combining soil survey information with ecological site descriptions to show relationships (i) between soil genesis-soil morphology with their resident plant communities, and (ii) and the actions of land management to alter the resident plant communities to a different plant community.
The study areas are all located in southeastern Missouri, USA. The study area containing the Knobtop, Taumsauk and Irondale Ultisol pedons is located at Taumsauk State Park and was selected because of its variable pedon depths and the presence of loess over igneous residuum/colluvium. The Knobtop (Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludults) pedon is a moderately deep, moderately well-drained soil formed in loess overlying Precambrian rhyolite residuum. The pedon is located on a summit position having a 1 to 2 percent slope. The Irondale (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults) pedon is moderately deep, well-drained, and moderately permeable soil formed in rhyolite residuum on a steep 35% slope supporting an oak forest. The Taumsauk (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Lithic Hapludults) pedon is a shallow, somewhat excessively-drained, moderately permeable soil formed in rhyolite colluvium. The Taumsauk pedon is located on a 10% convex slope and exhibits a mountain glade area.
The Caneyville and Hildebrecht pedons are in Sam A Baker State Park and were selected because the pedons were formed in loess over limestone residuum, which is a very common occurrence across east-central Missouri. The Caneyville (Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) Alfisol pedon is a moderately deep, well-drained soil formed in a thin silty mantle overlying fine-textured limestone residuum. The Hildebrecht (Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs) Alfisol pedon is a very deep, moderately well-drained soil on a side slope. The pedon is formed in loess over weathered dolomitic residuum. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow or very slow in the fragipan.
The study area containing the Amagon (Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaqualfs) and Calhoun (Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Glossaqualfs) pedons are located in the Mingo National Wildlife Refuge. This study area was selected because these poorly-drained pedons were formed in alluvium, which is representative of the Mississippi River Embayment. The Amagon pedon is a very deep, poorly-drained, slowly permeable Alfisol that formed in loamy alluvium. The Calhoun pedon is a poorly-drained, slowly permeable Alfisol formed from loess-like material on a Pleistocene-age terrace.
The Knobtop, Taumsauk and Irondale study area and the Caneyville and Hildebrecht study area have a continental humid climate with winter having dry and cold air masses and summer having moist, warm air masses producing abundant rainfall events. The average annual precipitation 112 cm, whereas the average annual temperature is about 13°C [16]. The Amagon and Calhoun study area has a continental humid climate with an average rainfall of 126 cm. Mean winter temperatures are 4°C and mean summer temperature of 26°C, whereas the mean annual temperature is 13°C [17]. The The Knobtop, Taumsauk and Irondale study area and the Caneyville and Hildebrecht study area does not experience flooding, whereas the Amagon and Calhoun study area annually experiences either flooding or seasonal water saturation.
Pedons were located, described, and sampled according to Soil Survey Division Staff [18] in undisturbed forest settings using excavated pits. Samples were oven-dried, lightly crushed, and sieved to remove materials larger than two mm. Soil pH using equal volumes of soil and water, the NH4-acetate (pH 7.0) extraction of exchangeable bases, the total acidity by slow titration to pH 8.2, and the soil organic matter content (SOM) by loss on ignition were performed using standard methods [19]. The particle size distribution (mechanical analysis) was determined by Na-saturation of the exchange complex, dispersion in Na2CO3 (pH 9.0) and centrifuge fractionation to remove clay and wet sieving of the silt and sand separates [19].
The ecological site descriptions were obtained using the Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool (EDIT), which is an online information system for the sharing of ecological site descriptions [20] or ([https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/], verified February 2021).
The Knobtop, Irondale and Taumsauk soils are Ultisols having fine silty or loamy-skeletal textures and exhibiting A-E-Bt-rhyolite rock horizon sequences. The Knobtop pedon resides on a summit position developed in a moderately thick loess mantle overlying rhyolitic residuum, whereas the Irondale and Taumsauk pedons occupy side and convex (shoulder) slope positions, respectively. The Irondale and Taumsauk pedons exhibit thin and very thin loess mantles overlying rhyolite colluvium, features attributed to erosion and mass-wasting during and subsequent to loess deposition.
The Knobtop (Aquic Hapludult), Taumsauk (Lithic Hapludult) and Irondale (Typic Hapludult) pedons reside in MLRA 116 in the St. Francois Knobs and Basins region. The Knobtop pedon exhibited a silt loam texture in the ochric epipedon and silty clay loam texture in the majority of the argillic horizon (Table 1). The Taumsauk pedon exhibited a very cobbly silt loam ochric epipedon (A horizon) and very cobbly silt loam (E horizon) transitioning to a very cobbly silty clay loam within the comparatively shallow-to-bedrock argillic horizon. Soil pH in the Knobtop and Taumsauk pedons are extremely acid, with a corresponding base saturation much less than 35% (Table 2). The exchangeable calcium concentration is very low, which is reflective of the very small Ca concentration of the analyzed rhyolite samples (rhyolite composition not shown). The Irondale pedon exhibits a very acidic reaction, with a relatively greater base saturation; however, the base saturation remains less than 35% as required for the Ultisol order. The soil organic matter content is greatest in the A horizons and declines with increasing soil depth. Given the shallowness of these pedons, especially for the Taumsauk pedon, seasonal dryness during the summer and fall months is presumed to be a limiting factor for tree growth. The extreme soil acidity contributes to the reduced tree growth and limits the vegetational diversity.
Knobtop Horizon | Depth cm | Texture | Structure | Boundary | Color Matrix |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 3 | Silt loam | 1f&m gr | a,s | 10YR5/2 grayish brown |
E | 13 | Silt loam | 1f sbk | a,s | 10YR5/3 brown |
Bt1 | 32 | Silt loam | 2 f&m sbk | c,s | 10YR5/4 yellowish brown |
Bt2 | 55 | Silty clay loam | 2 f&m sbk | c,s | 10YR4/6 dark yellowish brown |
Bt3 | 76 | Silty clay loam | 2 f&m sbk | c,s | 10YR4/6 dark yellowish brown |
2 BC | 83 | Silt loam | 1 thick platy | a,s | 10YR4/6 dark yellowish brown |
R-rhyolite | |||||
Taumsauk | |||||
Horizon | |||||
A | 3 | Silt loam | 1f gr | a,s | 10YR3/1 very dark gray |
E | 8 | Silt loam | 1f sbk | a,s | 10YR4/3 brown |
Bt1 | 25 | Silt loam | 2f&m sbk | c,s | 10YR5/4 yellowish brown |
Bt2 | 33 | Silty clay loam | 2f&m sbk | a,s | 10YR5/6 yellowish brown |
R-rhyolite | |||||
Irondale | |||||
Horizon | |||||
A | 8 | Loam | 1f&vf gr | a,s | 10YR4/2 dark grayish brown |
E | 25 | Silt loam | 1f&vf gr | a,s | 10YR 5/3 brown |
Bt1 | 46 | Silt loam | 1f&vf sbk | c,s | 5YR5/6 yellowish red |
Bt2 | 56 | Silt loam | 1f sbk | c,s | 7.5YR5/6 strong brown |
R-Rhyolite |
Morphological and physical properties of the Knobtop, Taumsauk, and Irondale pedons.
Structure: 1 = weak, 2 = moderate, f = fine, m = medium, gr = spherical, sbk = subangular blocky.
Boundary: a = abrupt,, c = clear, s = smooth.
Horizon | pH | Total Acidity | SOM | Calcium | Magnesium | Potassium | Sodium | CEC | Base Saturation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knobtop | water | cmol/kg | % | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | % |
A | 4.1 | 19 | 12 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 20.8 | 9.6 |
E | 4.1 | 12 | 1.6 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 12.6 | 5.6 |
Bt1 | 3.9 | 15.5 | 1.4 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 16.3 | 5.8 |
Bt2 | 3.9 | 19 | 1.7 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 20.2 | 6.8 |
Bt3 | 3.9 | 17 | 1.1 | 0.25 | 0.7 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 18.2 | 7.6 |
2 BC | 3.9 | 15.5 | 0.7 | 0.25 | 1.03 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 16.9 | 9.8 |
Taumsauk | |||||||||
A | 4.7 | 17 | 16.5 | 2.85 | 1.98 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 22.4 | 24.6 |
E | 4.2 | 16 | 3.4 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 17 | 6.8 |
Bt1 | 3.8 | 19.5 | 2.6 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 20.8 | 6.7 |
Bt2 | 3.8 | 19.5 | 2.5 | 0.25 | 0.63 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 20.6 | 6.4 |
Irondale | |||||||||
Horizon | |||||||||
A | 4.4 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 1.5 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 7.9 | 27 |
E | 4.4 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 7 | 22.2 |
Bt1 | 4.3 | 10.9 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 13.2 | 18.1 |
Bt2 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 8.6 | 26.8 |
Chemical properties of the Knobtop, Taumsauk, and Irondale pedons.
SOM is soil organic matter, CEC is cation exchange capacity.
For the Knobtop-Irondale-Taumsauk Ultisol assemblage, the corresponding provisional ecological site descriptions are (i) Dry Igneous Upland Woodland (F116CY003MO) having the Knobtop and Irondale soil series, (ii) the Dry Igneous Exposed Backslope Woodland (F116CY011MO) having the Irondale soil series, and (iii) the Shallow Igneous Knob Glade (R116CY006MO) having the Taumsauk soil series. For the Dry Igneous Exposed Backslope Woodland the dominant vegetation is post oak (
The Dry Igneous Upland Woodland has post oak (
The Caneyville and Hildebrecht soils are Alfisols having fine and fine-silty textures and exhibiting A-E-Bt and A-E-Bt-2Btx-3Bt horizon sequences, respectively (Table 3). The consensus of soil scientists who mapped these soils is that the Caneyville series developed in loess, whereas the Hildebrecht series developed in Peoria loess overlying a previous bisequal soil derived from older loess developed on limestone residuum.
Horizon | Depth | Texture | Structure | Clay | Sand | Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cm | % | % | ||||
Caneyville | ||||||
A1 | 10 | sandy loam | 2f&mgr | 3 | 60 | 10YR4/2 |
A2 | 18 | silt loam | 2f&mgr | 7 | 36 | 10YR4/2 |
E | 33 | silt loam | 1msbk | 10 | 24 | 10YR5/4 |
Bt1 | 46 | silt loam | 2msbk | 24 | 14 | 5YR4/6 |
Bt2 | 69 | silty clay | 2msbk | 42 | 13 | 7.5YR5/6 |
Bt3 | 71 | silty clay | 2msbk | 48 | 10 | 7.5YR5/6 |
Hildebrecht | ||||||
A | 1 | silt loam | 2fgr | 4 | 36 | 10YR3/2 |
E | 3 | silt loam | lmpl | 9 | 23 | 10YR5/4 |
BE | 6 | silt loam | lfsbk | 13 | 12 | 7.5YR5/4 |
Bt1 | 13 | silty clay loam | 2msbk | 28 | 8 | 7.5YR4/4 |
Bt2 | 19 | silty clay loam | 2msbk | 32 | 11 | 7.5YR4/4 |
2Ex | 21 | loam | l c prism | 26 | 25 | 10YR5/4 |
2Btx1 | 30 | loam | l c prism | 16 | 45 | 10YR5/4 |
2Btx2 | 38 | loam | l c prism | 17 | 44 | 5YR5/4 |
3Bt3 | 60 | clay | 3msbk | 56 | 29 | 2.5YR3/6 |
Morphological and physical properties of the Caneyville and Hildebrecht pedons.
For the Hildebrecht pedon, the 2 Btxl to 3Bt3 horizons are very gravelly to extremely gravelly.
Structure; 1 is weak, 2 is moderate, f is fine, m is medium, gr is granular, sbk is subangular blocky.
The Caneyville (Typic Hapludalf) pedon has sandy loam and silt loam textures in the ochric epipedon and silty clay loam in most of the argillic horizon. The pH is neutral to slightly acidic in the near surface horizons and strongly acid in the lower argillic horizons, with exchangeable Ca showing a gradual concentration reduction on transition to the deeper horizons (Table 4). The Hildebrecht (Oxyaquic Fragiudalf) pedon shows a silt loam texture in the eluvial horizons and a silty clay loam texture in the illuvial horizons. The fragipan has a loam texture which abruptly transitions to clay in the 3Bt3 horizon. The eluvial and argillic horizons appear to be developed in Peoria Loess, whereas the fragipan and 3Bt3 horizons are apparently developed in older Roxana Loess overlying limestone residuum, thus the Hildebrecht pedon appears to be a bisequal soil. The soil organic matter concentrations are greatest in the A horizons and decline upon soil profile transition.
Exchangeable Cations | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizon | pH | Acidity | SOM | Ca | Mg | K | Na | CEC |
cmol/kg | % | cmol/kg | ||||||
Caneyville | ||||||||
A1 | 7.3 | 0 | 6.1 | 11.7 | 3.9 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 15.7 |
A2 | 7.4 | 0 | 2.9 | 6.7 | 2.7 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 9.6 |
E | 6.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 6.9 |
Bt1 | 6.6 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 11.5 |
Bt2 | 6.4 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 5.7 | 9.1 | 0.50 | 0.11 | 18.4 |
Bt3 | 5.1 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 3.8 | 9.9 | 0.53 | 0.08 | 22.7 |
Hildebrecht | ||||||||
A | 4.8 | 1.6 | 8.4 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 9.6 |
E | 4.7 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 4.6 |
BE | 4.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 3.4 |
Bt1 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 7.0 |
Bt2 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 9.6 |
2Ex | 4.0 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 6.5 |
2Btx1 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 5.2 |
2Btx2 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 5.0 |
3Bt3 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 9.6 | 2.6 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 13.9 |
Chemical properties of the Caneyville and Hildebrecht pedons.
CEC is the cation exchange capactiy, an estimate of the soil organic matter content.
Acidity is total acidity.
For the Caneyville-Hildebrecht Alfisol assemblage the corresponding provisional ecological site descriptions are (i) the Fragipan Upland Woodland (F116AY004MO) containing the Hildebrecht soil series, and (ii) the Loamy Limestone/Dolomite Upland Woodlands (F115BY007MO) containing the Caneyville soil series. The dominant vegetation of the reference state of the Fragipan Upland Woodland is post oak (
The Amagon (Typic Endoaqualf) pedon and the Calhoun (Typic Glossaqualf) pedon possess A-E-Btg horizon sequences showing extensive redoximorphic features supportive of their poor-drained status (Table 5). These pedons have a relatively high cation exchange capacity, reflecting the abundance of smectite in the clay separate (X-ray diffraction data not presented). The near surface horizons have a very strongly acid or strongly acid reaction, transitioning to a slightly alkaline to neutral reactions in the argillic horizons (Table 6). The Amagon pedon also exhibits an elevated exchangeable sodium percentage in the argillic horizon.
Horizon Amagon | Depth cm | Texture | Structure | Matrix color |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 13 | sandy loam | 2f&vfsbk | 10YR3/2 |
E | 33 | loam | 2vfsbk and 1fgr | 10YR5/3 |
Btg1 | 53 | loam | 2&3f&msbk | 10YR5/1 |
Btg2 | 81 | loam | 2fsbk | 10YR5/3 |
Btg3 | 107 | loam | 2f&msbk | 10YR6/1 |
Btg4 | 137 | sandy loam | 2vf&fsbk | 10YR3/4 |
BCg | 193 | loam | 1 m&csbk | 10YR6/2 |
Calhoun | ||||
A | 13 | silt loam | 2fsbk | 10YR2/2 |
E | 38 | silt loam | 3f&msbk | 10YR4/2 |
Btg1 | 69 | silty clay loam | 2msbk | 10YR4/1 |
Btg2 | 97 | silty clay loam | 2msbk | 10YR5/1 |
Btg3 | 114 | silt loam | 2fsbk | 10YR5/1 |
Cg | 152 | silt loam | 2csbk | 10YR5/1 |
Morphological and physical properties of the Amagon and Calhoun pedons.
Structure: 2 = common, 3 = many, f = fine, vf-very fine, m = medium, sbk = subangular blocky, gr = spherical.
Horizon | pH | Total Acidity | Ca | Mg | K | Na | CEC | ESP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amagon | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | % | |
A | 4.3 | 2 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 5.8 | 5.5 |
E | 4.8 | 1.7 | 5.7 | 1.5 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 9.5 | 6 |
Btg1 | 7 | 0.1 | 10.7 | 5 | 0.1 | 2.22 | 18.1 | 12.3 |
Btg2 | 8.1 | 0 | 15.5 | 5.3 | 0.18 | 1.94 | 22.9 | 8.5 |
Btg3 | 8.1 | 0 | 14.8 | 5.9 | 0.14 | 1.01 | 21.8 | 4.6 |
Btg4 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 13 | 4.3 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 18 | 2.1 |
BCg | 7 | 0.2 | 15.4 | 4.2 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 20.3 | 1.4 |
Calhoun | ||||||||
A | 4.9 | 1.4 | 13.9 | 4.8 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 20.5 | 1.3 |
E | 4.6 | 1.6 | 14.6 | 4.7 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 21.4 | 1.8 |
Btg1 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 25.9 | 9.8 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 37 | 1.5 |
Btg2 | 6.8 | 0.5 | 22 | 8.4 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 31.7 | 1.9 |
Btg3 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 23.6 | 8.9 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 33.7 | 1.5 |
Cg | 7.3 | 0.4 | 19.8 | 6.3 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 27.1 | 1.6 |
Chemical properties of the Amagon and Calhoun pedons.
Ca, Mg, K, Na are exchangeable cations.
For the Amagon-Calhoun assemblage the corresponding provisional ecological site descriptions are (i) the Wet Footslope Forest (F134XY014MO) for the Calhoun soil series and (ii) the Northern Wet Alluvial Flat (F134XY020AL) for the Amagon soil series. The reference state for the Wet Footslope Forest is a wet-Mesic Bottomland forest with an overstory dominated by bur oak (
The Northern Wet Alluvial Flat ecological site description has mature tree stands consisting of overcup oak (
The intent of soil survey was to map soils based on observable diagnostic soil horizons and to provide soil interpretations. The linkage of soil spatial distributions with the spatial distribution of ecological sites as a digital product provides opportunities to (i) assist land owner decision making to improve ecosystem services and protect soil as a natural resource, (ii) empower land custodians to understand the ecosystem response and vegetational outcomes from land management applications, and (iii) understand behavior and changes to the soil resource because of land management applications. Each outcome of the soil survey linkage with ecological site descriptions is critical and each has a unique benefit to society.
The ability to assist land owner decision making to improve ecosystem services and protect soil as a natural resource has always been the central theme of the United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources and Conservation Service and the Missouri Department of Conservation. With the advent of online digital technologies, the likelihood that land custodians will seek these resources to guide land management is substantial, provided these digital online resources are comparative easy to navigate and conceptualize. The role of the soil scientist to understand behavior and changes to the soil resource because of land management applications was founded in the infancy of soil science when soil genesis was postulated to result from the five soil forming factors: (i) parent material, (ii) climate, (iii) organisms, (iv) topography (relief), and (v) time.
Essentially all five of the soil forming factors are evident and treated in the ecological site description. What is also intriguing are some of the potential benefits that may be realized in the near-term: (i) manage forests to sequester carbon, (ii) support selected sites for maintaining soil and vegetation to assist the recovery of endangered species, (iii) supporting land management application to protect highly erodible soils, and (iv) reducing fire threats to small rural communities.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
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\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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