Preferred leisure activities among German school students (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6145",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty",title:"Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book presents a compilation of topics related to primary total knee arthroplasty. The chapters cover, in a clear and didactic way, the current themes, written by experts from the area, from different parts of the world. Topics related to the three surgical phases (before surgery, during surgery, and after surgery) are discussed here. This is very important because the surgeon is not a "factory worker." First of all, it is a medicine doctor who has to feel and understand the particularities of each patient. Demographic studies show an aging population. Osteoarthritis and inflammatory diseases are becoming much more prevalent. In addition, a worldwide epidemic of trauma has led to the need for arthroplasties much more frequently. Therefore, total knee arthroplasty will be an increasingly important subject.',isbn:"978-1-78923-143-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-142-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-302-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68269",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"primary-total-knee-arthroplasty",numberOfPages:134,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"18df110af120b1a8e88e0a1ded2aba75",bookSignature:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda",publishedDate:"May 23rd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6145.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8104,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 28th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 2nd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 13th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 14th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",middleName:null,surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/80871/images/system/80871.jpeg",biography:'Prof. Dr. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi (M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D.) is the Supervisor of Orthopedic Surgery Medical Residency Program at the State University of Campinas, Researcher and Lecturer of graduation and post graduation at São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School in Brazil. He is the author of dozens of international publications such as original articles, review articles, and book chapters. He is also the editor of the scientific blog "Femur Distal" (http://www.blogs.unicamp.br/femurdistal) and editor of five previous books with IntechOpen since 2014: "Bone Grafting"; "Osteonecrosis"; "Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"; "Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty"; and "Cartilage Repair and Regeneration".',institutionString:"State University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"84386",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Batista de Miranda",slug:"joao-batista-de-miranda",fullName:"João Batista de Miranda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84386/images/system/84386.jpg",biography:"Professor João Batista de Miranda is the chairman of the Division of Knee Surgery and Inflammatory Diseases, at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Brazil. He performs teaching activities with medical students, orthopedic fellows, and postgraduating researchers. He also develops research and clinical care. He is currently the superintendent of the Unicamp Teaching Hospital. Prof. Miranda obtained PhD with an experimental study on bone regeneration and on allografts. He has published several scientific articles in international journals and is coeditor of the book Bone Grafting of InTechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1150",title:"Orthopedics",slug:"orthopedics"}],chapters:[{id:"58841",title:"Planning Primary Total Knee Arthroplasties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72775",slug:"planning-primary-total-knee-arthroplasties",totalDownloads:1119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Preoperative planning is routinely recommended prior to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We introduce a methodology for planning TKA based on mechanical alignment. A methodology for planning total knee arthroplasty was discussed among experienced knee surgeons. A rational methodology for planning TKA was stablished and it was setted to an application for mobile devices. It has proved to be useful and revealed accuracy compared to the manual form of preoperative planning. It was able to reduce planning time by more than a half and it was still reliable in measuring the anatomical-mechanical femoral angle (MAFÂ). This chapter introduces a TKA planning method based on mechanical alignment and GAP balancing principles. Kinematic alignment and strategies for soft-tissue balancing in special situations are cited as well.",signatures:"João Bosco Sales Nogueira, Leonardo Heráclio do Carmo Araújo\nand Marcelo José Cortez Bezerra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58841",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58841",authors:[{id:"215718",title:"M.Sc.",name:"João Bosco Sales",surname:"Nogueira",slug:"joao-bosco-sales-nogueira",fullName:"João Bosco Sales Nogueira"}],corrections:null},{id:"59498",title:"Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74024",slug:"cruciate-retaining-total-knee-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The debate over the relative merits of substituting or retaining the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in total knee arthroplasty is still ongoing. The potential advantages of PCL preservation are a more natural femoral rollback, the presence of a structure critical for the proprioception, the maintenance of a native central stabilizer of the joint, and low shear stress on the bone-cement interface of the tibial component. Numerous retrospective studies of cruciate-retaining (CR) total knee arthroplasties have demonstrated consistently good clinical results and excellent intermediate and long-term survival. The main criticisms of the surgical technique are that the distal attachment of the PCL is vulnerable to injury and that balancing the PCL can be difficult; based on our experience, surgical tricks will be described to avoid the avulsion of the ligament and they will be discussed the main points to consider when you can find a discrepancy between flexion and extension stability. Based on the current evidence, we conclude that with a standardized technique, this type of implant should be preferred even in those cases where the sacrifice of the cruciate ligament seems to be the easiest way.",signatures:"Vittorio Calvisi, Alessandro Paglia, Norman Ciprietti and Remo\nGoderecci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59498",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59498",authors:[{id:"218908",title:"Prof.",name:"Vittorio",surname:"Calvisi",slug:"vittorio-calvisi",fullName:"Vittorio Calvisi"},{id:"218967",title:"Dr.",name:"Remo",surname:"Goderecci",slug:"remo-goderecci",fullName:"Remo Goderecci"},{id:"218968",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Paglia",slug:"alessandro-paglia",fullName:"Alessandro Paglia"},{id:"218970",title:"Dr.",name:"Norman",surname:"Ciprietti",slug:"norman-ciprietti",fullName:"Norman Ciprietti"}],corrections:null},{id:"59238",title:"Methods of DVT Prophylaxis after Total Knee Arthroplasty",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73645",slug:"methods-of-dvt-prophylaxis-after-total-knee-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:1153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Postoperative deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and pulmonary embolism are few of the most serious complications following total joint arthroplasty. Identification of risk factors and initiation of prophylactic measures are the most important measures to prevent the occurrence of DVT. Several protocols and guidelines are published for DVT prophylaxis in TKA, leaving the surgeon still perplexed. Pharmacological and mechanical prophylaxis methods are used to reduce the risk of postoperative symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The use of pharmacological methods is based on a fine balance between their efficacy and the adverse effects associated with them. Each of these agents has their own advantages and disadvantages. Several newer agents are getting approved by FDA for the same. Hence, the choice should be carefully made based on the patient characteristics and risk stratification, and the onset of side effects has to be carefully monitored.",signatures:"Melvin J. George",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59238",authors:[{id:"210622",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",surname:"George",slug:"melvin-george",fullName:"Melvin George"}],corrections:null},{id:"59367",title:"Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Valgus Deformity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74114",slug:"primary-total-knee-arthroplasty-in-valgus-deformity",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Proper limb and component alignments as well as soft tissue balance are vital for the longevity and optimal long-term outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The majority of orthopedic surgeons agree that the total arthroplasty procedure in valgus knees with a deformity of more than 10° is technically demanding and may prove challenging. At the time of operation, the bone and soft tissue abnormalities that should be corrected make accurate axis restoration, correct component positioning and joint stability attaining a difficult task. Specific pathologic anatomic changes associated with valgus knee should be understood preoperatively and estimated so as to select the proper surgical method, to enhance component position and to restore soft-tissue balancing. The purpose of this chapter is to consider all the valgus knee anatomical variations, to analyze the best preoperative planning and to evaluate the type of implant, constrained or not. Lastly, it will also be underlying the current main approaches and techniques to be proposed in the literature for both bone cuts and soft tissue management of valgus knees and if minimally invasive techniques can be performed in severe deformed knees.",signatures:"Nikolopoulos Dimitrios, Sagos George and Michos Ioannis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59367",authors:[{id:"228477",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios D.",surname:"Nikolopoulos",slug:"dimitrios-d.-nikolopoulos",fullName:"Dimitrios D. Nikolopoulos"},{id:"228550",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Michos",slug:"john-michos",fullName:"John Michos"},{id:"228551",title:"Dr.",name:"George K.",surname:"Safos",slug:"george-k.-safos",fullName:"George K. Safos"}],corrections:null},{id:"59316",title:"Tourniquet Use in Total Knee Arthroplasty",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73644",slug:"tourniquet-use-in-total-knee-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:1024,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of an intraoperative tourniquet for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common practice. Although it provides clear filed and ideal cementation during surgery, issues regarding the effectiveness, drawbacks and complications are still investigated. This review was conducted to evaluate the role of tourniquet in TKA through a comprehensive literature search was done in PubMed Medicine, Embase, and other internet database. Debating issues, including the blood loss, operation time, alignment, compromised wound healing, quadriceps weakness and timing of release were furtherly examined. Based on our prior work and the general consensus that the tourniquet should be set with the lowest pressure and for the least ischemic time possible, we recommend early tourniquet release right after the closure of extensor mechanism in the TKAs without drainage.",signatures:"Kai-Lan Hsu, Chih-Wei Chang, Chyun-Yu Yang and Jou-Hua Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59316",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59316",authors:[{id:"66952",title:"Prof.",name:"Chyun-Yu",surname:"Yang",slug:"chyun-yu-yang",fullName:"Chyun-Yu Yang"},{id:"70966",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Wei",surname:"Chang",slug:"chih-wei-chang",fullName:"Chih-Wei Chang"},{id:"231056",title:"Dr.",name:"Jou-Hwa",surname:"Wang",slug:"jou-hwa-wang",fullName:"Jou-Hwa Wang"},{id:"231057",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai-Lan",surname:"Hsu",slug:"kai-lan-hsu",fullName:"Kai-Lan Hsu"}],corrections:null},{id:"59480",title:"Pain Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74296",slug:"pain-management",totalDownloads:957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Postoperative pain is caused by neuronal damage that occurs during the surgical procedure and the stimulation of the nociceptors. In postoperative period, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is painful, and pain management is quite difficult. The main purpose of postoperative pain relief is to reduce the pain of the patient, to contribute to the healing process, to shorten the length of hospital stay, and to reduce hospital costs. Techniques such as intravenous analgesia, epidural analgesia, and peripheral nerve blocks are used to prevent postoperative pain. In addition, oral and parenteral analgesics, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), nerve blocks, and periarticular injection methods are used as multimodal analgesia methods. Pain scales such as visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal descriptive scale (VDS), and numerical rating scale (NRS) are used as the standard methods in the evaluation of pain of patients. Systemic opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and local anesthetics are used for postoperative analgesia. Preemptive analgesia, defined as analgesia initiated prior to surgical incision, and multimodal analgesia have been shown to reduce opioid consumption associated with high complication rates. Postoperative pain management should be planned considering the clinical characteristics of the patient, experience of the anesthetist, and clinical facilities. Early postoperative analgesia reduces systemic complication rates and improves early rehabilitation, patient satisfaction, and quality of life.",signatures:"Yavuz Orak and Mahmut Arslan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59480",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59480",authors:[{id:"211211",title:"M.D.",name:"Yavuz",surname:"Orak",slug:"yavuz-orak",fullName:"Yavuz Orak"},{id:"238247",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Arslan",slug:"mahmut-arslan",fullName:"Mahmut Arslan"}],corrections:null},{id:"59237",title:"Fast Track Surgery Program in Knee Replacement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74026",slug:"fast-track-surgery-program-in-knee-replacement",totalDownloads:1051,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A Fast-track (FT) program, a well-established approach for patients undergoing selective operations, aims at enhanced post-operative recovery. It was first introduced by Professor Henrik Kehlet in 1990s and was applied in colorectal surgery. With the increasing elderly population as well as the increasing incidence of osteoarthritis, the rapid growth of requirement of joint arthroplasties is to be expected. Therefore, many orthopedic teams have applied related principles to their daily practice of total knee arthroplasty to accelerate rehabilitation with lower mortality and morbidity, and to optimize patient satisfaction. The program is a multimodal and multidisciplinary standardized care. Various caring specialties are involved to fulfill the goals of the fast-track program; the basic members include anesthetists, surgeons, pain specialist, physiotherapists, nurses and even medical physicians. In general, the strategy consists of five strands: careful patient selection, improving preoperative care, minimizing perioperative stresses, decreasing postoperative discomfort, and improving postoperative recovery. Through full understanding of these strands and concepts, a comprehensive, perioperative care is thus constructed. This review article gives reader an overall concept of fast track surgery in total knee replacement surgery. 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It is directly related to leisure time, the rational use and management of which demands an appropriate level of not only required skills but also awareness. Nowadays, the dynamically growing popularity of passive leisure behaviors can be observed, especially among the young generation of highly developed countries, which in excessive numbers, may cause various psychophysical development dysfunctions in children and adolescents. In connection with such tendencies, it is necessary to permanently emphasize the importance of educational activities, thanks to which it is possible to encourage young individuals to take up active forms of free time activity. Sports-recreational activity, due to the wide range of its forms, is an important component of well-organized leisure time spent by young people, while sports and recreational behavior can be analyzed in the context of psychophysical development, personality, regeneration of vitality, contact with nature, active rest, relaxation, etc. The most important entities that can have significant impact on the level of physical activity of children and adolescents include, first of all, family, school, peer groups, as well as educational organizations, sports-recreational associations, clubs and the media. A special role in the area of physical activity encouragement falls on the family, where a pro rational development of free time activity in children who are not yet subject to the obligation of school education first occurs. A different but equally important place related to education of physical activity among students is school and especially physical education, which in its assumption, in addition to physical education classes, prepares young people for independent and systematic physical activity in their free time. This process consists primarily in shaping appropriate attitudes, habits and physical and fitness skills conditioning participation in physical culture, awareness of the broad health benefits of systematic physical activity, as well as equipping the youth with the ability to use sport and recreational opportunities offered at their place of residence. Recognition of these aspects can be very helpful not only in determining the general level of physical activity of adolescents but it can also be a guide to better plan and organize physical recreation of young people.
In the German-language literature, the term sports-recreational activity is associated with practicing sports in one’s free time (the German:
alternative sport,
health sport,
compensational sport,
mass sport,
holiday sport,
family sport,
lifetime sport,
recreational sport,
fitness sport,
adventure sport,
national sport.
Participation in sports-recreational activities is dependent on numerous factors that Nahas et al. [4] call the determinants of this activity. They include:
demographic factors (e.g. gender, age, education level, socio-economic status),
biological factors (e.g. height, weight, physical body constitution, motor-sports aptitude),
psychological and cognitive factors,
behavioral skills and attributes,
social and cultural factors,
physical environment factors (e.g. sports performance opportunities, time of the year, environmental pollution, access to sports-recreational infrastructure),
features of physical activity (e.g. exercise attractiveness, intensity, volume, frequency, duration of physical activity).
The most important elements of physical recreation include various content which in practice reflect the actual activity of human sport and recreation [5, 6, 7]. These include:
recreational and motor games (e.g., Frisbee, bowling),
individual sports (e.g. tennis, table tennis, squash, golf),
team sports (e.g. football, volleyball, basketball),
water sports (e.g. swimming, canoeing, sailing),
winter sports (e.g. skiing, sledding, skating),
marches, walks, runs, lowland and mountain hiking,
cycling,
gymnastics,
preventive health exercises,
other (e.g. strength-fitness exercises, horse-riding).
This work focuses on empirical research regarding the sports-recreational activities of school students living in the Alpine region of Germany. The main objective of the work is to examine the conditions of participation in sports activities depending on such criteria as: forms, intensity, motives, manners, places and possibilities for practicing sports, including the gender of the participants and their environmental conditions (large city, small town). The 18-year-old youth (387 people in total) were deliberately selected for the study, characterized by a relatively stable level of sports and sport-motor habits.
The following research questions were posed:
What is the place of sports-recreational activity of school students from Germany compared to other free time activities?
What are the motives for young people performing recreational sports?
What is the frequency of performing recreational sports?
In what places are sports performed?
Which sports are most frequently performed by school students?
How does the surveyed youth assess the possibilities for the performance of recreational sports at their place of residence?
What are the predictions regarding the youths’ sports performance after graduation?
Do gender and environmental conditions of the studied youth diversify their participation in recreational sport?
The following research tools were used in the study:
a scale of attitudes aimed at examining the motives for undertaking sports activity by the examined school students,
a questionnaire regarding attitudes and behavior towards free time sports activity.
387 persons at the age of 18 (M = 18.48 ± 0.31 years) from technical colleges and high schools in Bavaria were surveyed, included 91 boys and 97 girls from a large city (more than 1 million inhabitants) as well as 93 boys and 106 girls from a small town (less than 15,000 inhabitants). The research was personally carried out by the author of this work. The youth included in the study was selected in accordance with the rules of random sampling, based on random selection of school classes [8].
In the diagnostic survey method, a questionnaire technique was used, thanks to which it was possible to obtain written responses from respondents to the questions. Two research tools were used in the study on the sports-recreational activity of school students. The first of them is the so-called Sport Activity Motive Questionnaire [9], based on the scale of attitudes towards physical activity [10, 11]. The aim of this part of the study was to check the quality of motives of sports-recreation activity in the studied pupils. The questionnaire used in the study consisted of 24 questions. 6 groups containing motivational elements of sports activity were specified. These were: esthetics, health, relaxation, ascetic, social aspects and risk. Each group contained four specific questionnaires for each of them, to which the respondents after giving affirmative answers, identified themselves with a given motive or in the case of negative answers, the given motive was rejected.
The second method used in the study is the so-called Questionnaire of Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Sports Activity (own elaboration, based on Baur and Burrmann [12]). It consists of 6 parts:
Forms of free time activity (social gatherings, listening to music, practicing sports, computer/Internet, reading, music, art).
Frequency of practicing sport in free time (lack of practicing, rarely, e.g. 1–2 times a month, often, e.g. 1–2 times a week, very often, e.g. 3 or more times a week).
Place of practicing sports (sports club, extracurricular school-activities, open areas, public sports facilities, fitness clubs).
Possibilities for practicing sport at the place of residence (large, average, small).
Sports disciplines practiced regularly (ranking list of sport disciplines).
Declarations regarding sports performance after graduation (confirming, denying, no decision).
The collected material was subjected to mathematical and statistical analysis using the ROC method (Receiver Operating Characteristic). This method aimed at determining the significance of differences among variables: gender and environmental conditions of the studied youth, as well as determining the value of the relative possibility for participation of respondents in a given activity, their occurrence of a certain behavior or motive, etc. This was determined via the Odds Ratio (OR) [13]. Furthermore, the level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
The significance of performing sports within the spectrum of other free time activities among German school students.
The aim of research was to present the most popular forms of free time activities among German school students. The place and importance of practicing sports in the context of other leisure activities was also taken into consideration.
The study results confirm (Figure 1) that the most important forms of utilizing free time among the studied German youth, regardless of gender or social origin, are meeting friends (82%), listening to music (81%) and practicing sports (66%).
Preferred leisure activities among German school students (in percentages).
Based on the results of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) statistical analysis presented in Table 1, it can be concluded that practicing sports is significantly more important for boys than girls (
Activity | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meeting friends | 0.5066 | 0.02941 | 0.4490 to 0.5643 | 0.82150 | 1.02 |
Listening to music | 0.5639 | 0.02929 | 0.5065 to 0.6214 | 0.02983 | 1.96 |
Practicing sports | 0.6157 | 0.02850 | 0.5598 to 0.6716 | 0.00000 | 1.42 |
TV | 0.5518 | 0.02922 | 0.4945 to 0.6090 | 0.07865 | 1.18 |
Computer/Internet | 0.6316 | 0.02833 | 0.5761 to 0.6871 | 0.00000 | 1.59 |
Reading | 0.6228 | 0.02844 | 0.5670 to 0.6785 | 0.00000 | 1.51 |
Making music | 0.6253 | 0.02837 | 0.5697 to 0.6809 | 0.00000 | 1.47 |
Doing handicrafts | 0.5428 | 0.02925 | 0.4855 to 0.6002 | 0.14560 | 1.12 |
Preferred leisure activities among German school students (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
The results of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) statistical analysis presented in Table 2 indicate that both boys from large cities and small towns have a similar preference for free time activities, as shown by the absence of statistically significant differences as well as similar opportunities for actual participation in all diagnosed forms of leisure time activities (OR from 1.02 to 1.13). Similarly as in the case of the boys, the tested girls from both backgrounds (Table 3) also show similar preferences for free time activities, as indicated by
Activity | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meeting friends | 0.5090 | 0.04267 | 0.4253 to 0.5926 | 0.83340 | 1.02 |
Listening to music | 0.5189 | 0.04264 | 0.4353 to 0.6025 | 0.65780 | 1.05 |
Practicing sports | 0.5077 | 0.04268 | 0.4241 to 0.5914 | 0.85610 | 1.08 |
TV | 0.5034 | 0.04268 | 0.4198 to 0.5871 | 0.93610 | 1.02 |
Computer/Internet | 0.5077 | 0.04267 | 0.4240 to 0.5913 | 0.85720 | 1.02 |
Reading | 0.5138 | 0.04267 | 0.4302 to 0.5975 | 0.74610 | 1.11 |
Making music | 0.5132 | 0.04267 | 0.4296 to 0.5969 | 0.75650 | 1.13 |
Doing handicrafts | 0.5251 | 0.04261 | 0.4416 to 0.6086 | 0.55640 | 1.06 |
Preferred leisure activities among German male school students (large city: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
Activity | AUC | SE | 95% CI | p | OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meeting friends | 0.5114 | 0.04063 | 0.4318 to 0.5911 | 0.77870 | 1.03 |
Listening to music | 0.5089 | 0.04063 | 0.4292 to 0.5886 | 0.82680 | 1.02 |
Practicing sports | 0.5198 | 0.04062 | 0.4402 to 0.5994 | 0.62650 | 1.07 |
TV | 0.5061 | 0.04066 | 0.4264 to 0.5858 | 0.88120 | 1.02 |
Computer/Internet | 0.5197 | 0.04064 | 0.4400 to 0.5994 | 0.62820 | 1.09 |
Reading | 0.5082 | 0.04066 | 0.4285 to 0.5879 | 0.84080 | 1.03 |
Making music | 0.5159 | 0.04064 | 0.4362 to 0.5955 | 0.69660 | 1.07 |
Doing handicrafts | 0.5174 | 0.04061 | 0.4377 to 0.5970 | 0.66940 | 1.05 |
Preferred leisure activities among German female school students (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
In conclusion, due to sports activity performance, the studied boys are more physically active than their female peers who primarily prefer passive forms of free time activities such as listening to music, socializing or watching television, while the environmental conditions do not influence the preferences for selection of free time activities by the respondents.
The study also included the motives of young people living in the alpine region for undertaking sports-recreational activities, taking their environmental and gender characteristics into account. The division of motives proposed by Steffgen et al. [9], which combines six elements: esthetics, health, relaxation, physical fitness, social aspects and risk, was used.
The results of the study presented in Figure 2 show that the most important motives for performing recreational sport by German school students, regardless of gender or environmental conditions, are health, physical fitness and social aspects, understood as the willingness and the possibility for collective sports performance and human interaction.
Motives for undertaking sports-recreational activities of German school students (in percentages).
Health as one of the most important motives for athletic activity is dominantly preferred by the studied girls, which according to the OR = 1.52 value of the Receiver Operating Characteristic statistical analysis, declare this motive more than 1 ½ times more often than the studied boys (Table 4). Even more distinct differences in favor of the esthetic motive (
Motive | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esthetic | 0.7742 | 0.02474 | 0.7257 to 0.8227 | 0.00000 | 4.59 |
Health | 0.5576 | 0.02930 | 0.5002 to 0.6151 | 0.05015 | 1.52 |
Catharsis | 0.5235 | 0.02936 | 0.4659 to 0.5810 | 0.42520 | 1.07 |
Ascetic | 0.6237 | 0.02834 | 0.5681 to 0.6792 | 0.00000 | 1.41 |
Social experience | 0.5166 | 0.02939 | 0.4590 to 0.5742 | 0.57310 | 1.05 |
Vertigo | 0.7754 | 0.02445 | 0.7277 to 0.8233 | 0.00000 | 2.96 |
Motives for undertaking sports-recreational activities of German school students (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
Based on the analysis of the statistical results of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) on the intensity of boys’ (Table 5) and girls’ (Table 6) motives from large cities and small towns, environmental conditions have no influence on the intensification of diagnosed motives for taking up sport activity among the respondents (no statistically significant differences and similar values of chance of occurrence of examined motives).
Motive | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esthetic | 0.5131 | 0.04266 | 0.4294 to 0.5967 | 0.75970 | 1.04 |
Health | 0.5181 | 0.04265 | 0.4345 to 0.6017 | 0.67190 | 1.06 |
Catharsis | 0.5240 | 0.04262 | 0.4405 to 0.6076 | 0.57320 | 1.07 |
Ascetic | 0.5038 | 0.04268 | 0.4202 to 0.5875 | 0.92830 | 1.01 |
Social experience | 0.5133 | 0.04266 | 0.4297 to 0.5969 | 0.75550 | 1.04 |
Vertigo | 0.5145 | 0.04265 | 0.4309 to 0.5981 | 0.73450 | 1.04 |
Motives for undertaking sports-recreational activities of German male school students (large city: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
Motive | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esthetic | 0.5117 | 0.04068 | 0.4320 to 0.5915 | 0.77320 | 1.17 |
Health | 0.5050 | 0.04065 | 0.4253 to 0.5847 | 0.90290 | 1.01 |
Catharsis | 0.5147 | 0.04063 | 0.4351 to 0.5944 | 0.71710 | 1.05 |
Ascetic | 0.5175 | 0.04265 | 0.4378 to 0.5972 | 0.66680 | 1.09 |
Social experience | 0.5089 | 0.04067 | 0.4291 to 0.5886 | 0.82770 | 1.06 |
Vertigo | 0.5075 | 0.04067 | 0.4278 to 0.5873 | 0.85290 | 1.06 |
Motives for undertaking sports-recreational activities of German female school students (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
One of the most important aspects of sport and recreational activities is the frequency with which sports are practiced in free time. Based upon the results in Figure 3, it can be ascertained that the young German people tested, regardless of the gender and milieu, are generally very involved in practicing sport. A total of 43% of them declare that they practice sport once or twice a week, and almost 35% practice it very often (three times a week or more). Instead, the percentage of German school students who do not practice recreational sports at all (4%) is of marginal significance.
Frequency of practicing sports of German school students (in percentages).
The results of ROC statistical analysis regarding the frequency of sports performance by boys and girls living in the Alpine region of Germany (Table 7) allow to conclude that the gender of respondents generally has no substantial impact on preferences in this area because no statistically significant differences were noted (
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5239 | 0.02946 | 0.4661 to 0.5816 | 0.4168 | |
>0.500 | 0.97 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.34 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.02 | ||||
>3.500 | 1.33 |
Frequency of practicing sports German school students (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
Answer categories: 1. I do not practice, 2. Rarely, 3. Often, 4. Very often.
Based on statistical analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) results presented in Table 8, it can be concluded that boys from both large cities and small towns in Germany have a similar preference for frequency of sports performance, as indicated by the absence of statistically significant differences (
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5036 | 0.04270 | 0.4199 to 0.5873 | 0.9377 | |
>0.500 | 1.03 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.01 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.05 | ||||
>3.500 | 0.93 |
Frequency of practicing sports of German male school students (large city: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
Answer categories: 1. I do not practice, 2. Rarely, 3. Often, 4. Very often.
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5132 | 0.04061 | 0.4336 to 0.5928 | 0.7450 | |
>0.500 | 1.12 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.02 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.03 | ||||
>3.500 | 1.03 |
Frequency of practicing sports of German female school students (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
Answer categories: 1. I do not practice, 2. Rarely, 3. Often, 4. Very often.
Figure 4 shows the results of research regarding the various places for sport performance by the studied youth. The most popular areas are outdoors (56.5%), sports clubs, to which more than half of the studied respondents belonged, and commercial sports facilities (40.2%). Every 1/5 subject participates in extra-curricular sports organized by the school. The least popular place in the opinion of German school youth is fitness club, declared only by 7.5% of the respondents.
Places of practicing sports declared by German school students (in percentages).
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) statistical analysis, as shown in Table 10, showed that outdoor areas (
Place of practicing sport | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sports club | 0.5558 | 0.02924 | 0.4984 to 0.6131 | 0.05815 | 1.25 |
Sports lessons in the afternoon | 0.5094 | 0.02943 | 0.4517 to 0.5671 | 0.74910 | 1.10 |
Outdoor | 0.5771 | 0.02904 | 0.5201 to 0.6340 | 0.00883 | 1.31 |
Commercial sports facilities | 0.5793 | 0.02909 | 0.5222 to 0.6363 | 0.00706 | 1.49 |
Fitness club | 0.5196 | 0.02935 | 0.4621 to 0.5772 | 0.50480 | 1.04 |
Places of practicing sports declared by German school students (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
Based on the analysis of the ROC statistical results on the popularity of places for performing sports by boys (Table 11) and girls (Table 12) from large cities and small towns, it can be concluded that environmental conditions do not significantly affect the choice of places to practice sports both among boys and girls. There were no statistically significant differences in these declarations, and the relative odds of choosing the locations were similar in both the male and female populations, with the exception of the relatively larger participation of boys (OR = 1.53) and girls (OR = 1.50) coming from large cities in fitness club classes.
Place of practicing sport | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sports club | 0.5333 | 0.04258 | 0.4498 to 0.6167 | 0.43580 | 1.13 |
Sports lessons in the afternoon | 0.5576 | 0.04236 | 0.4746 to 0.6407 | 0.17720 | 1.16 |
Outdoor | 0.5310 | 0.04261 | 0.4475 to 0.6145 | 0.46740 | 1.19 |
Commercial sports facilities | 0.5542 | 0.04243 | 0.4710 to 0.6374 | 0.20440 | 1.25 |
Fitness club | 0.5115 | 0.04268 | 0.4278 to 0.5951 | 0.78830 | 1.53 |
Places of practicing sports declared by German male school students (large city: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
Place of practicing sport | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sports club | 0.5150 | 0.04065 | 0.4353 to 0.5947 | 0.71260 | 1.07 |
Sports lessons in the afternoon | 0.5462 | 0.04038 | 0.4670 to 0.6254 | 0.25610 | 1.12 |
Outdoor | 0.5275 | 0.04060 | 0.4479 to 0.6071 | 0.49930 | 1.11 |
Commercial sports facilities | 0.5539 | 0.04049 | 0.4745 to 0.6333 | 0.1848 | 1.39 |
Fitness club | 0.5190 | 0.04069 | 0.4392 to 0.5987 | 0.64090 | 1.50 |
Places of practicing sports declared by German female school students (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
The studied German students had the opportunity to comment on the possibility of practicing recreational sport at their place of residence (Figure 5). More than ½ of the surveyed youth considered them as large and about ¼ as average.
Possibilities for performing sports in the town of residence in the opinion of German school students (in percentages).
ROC statistical analysis on the assessment of German youth regarding the possibility for practicing sports at the place of residence has shown that both boys and girls generally perceive these opportunities in a similar way (Table 13). This is confirmed by the lack of statistically significant differences, as well as the value of the Odds Ratio (1.03–1.11).
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5288 | 0.02937 | 0.4712 to 0.5864 | 0.32810 | |
>0.500 | 1.11 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.03 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.05 |
Possibilities for performing sports in the town of residence in the opinion of German school students (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
Answer categories: 1. Good, 2. Average, 3. Poor.
Statistical analysis of assessment related to the possibility for practicing sport at the place of residence has shown that boys from both large cities and small towns generally regard them in a similar way (Table 14). In none of the categories of responses were there statistically significant differences, while boys from a small town 1.39 times more often than boys from a big city were of the opinion that the opportunities to practice sports are small in their city, and in turn, boys from a big city declared 1.22 times more often that these possibilities are large. Analogous relations concerning the opinions of girls about the possibilities of practicing sports in both environments are shown via the results presented in Table 15.
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5624 | 0.04230 | 0.4795 to 0.6454 | 0.14350 | |
>0.500 | 1.22 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.11 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.39 |
Possibilities for performing sports in the town of residence in the opinion of German male school students (large city: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
Answer categories: 1. Good 2. Average 3. Poor.
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5730 | 0.04021 | 0.4942 to 0.6518 | 0.07270 | |
>0.500 | 1.33 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.09 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.31 |
Possibilities for performing sports in the town of residence in the opinion of German female school students (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
Answer categories: 1. Good, 2. Average, 3. Poor.
This part of the study focused on the most popular sports disciplines regularly performed by German school students in their free time. Table 16 shows a list of the ten most popular types of sports performed by boys from large cities and small towns. As expected, the results of the research confirm the greatest popularity of football and cycling among boys regardless of their environment. Swimming and running are also common in both environments. Other popular sports also include skiing and snowboarding, individual and team sports as well as bodybuilding.
Kind of sport | Boys large city | Kind of sport | Boys small town |
---|---|---|---|
1. Football | 51 | 1. Football | 59 |
2. Cycling | 33 | 2. Cycling | 37 |
3. Basketball | 19 | 3. Swimming | 22 |
4. Swimming | 16 | 4. Skiing/Snowboarding | 19 |
5. Jogging | 15 | 5. Jogging | 17 |
6. Tennis | 12 | 6. Bodybuilding | 14 |
7. Skiing/Snowboarding | 11 | 7. Table tennis | 12 |
8. Bodybuilding | 10 | 8. Basketball | 9 |
9. Table tennis | 8 | 9. Handball | 8 |
10. Volleyball | 5 | 10. Tennis | 8 |
Sports regularly practiced by German male school students in their free time (in percentages).
The results of ROC statistical analysis, presented in Table 17, refer to the comparison of preferences for regularly performed sports by boys from large cities and small towns. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that the male youth from both backgrounds exhibit similar interests in sports (
Kind of sport | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Football | 0.5268 | 0.04262 | 0.4433 to 0.6104 | 0.52970 | 1.12 |
Cycling | 0.5180 | 0.04265 | 0.4344 to 0.6016 | 0.67390 | 1.06 |
Basketball | 0.5504 | 0.04251 | 0.4671 to 0.6337 | 0.23780 | 2.17 |
Swimming | 0.5251 | 0.04261 | 0.4416 to 0.6086 | 0.55640 | 1.06 |
Jogging | 0.5036 | 0.04268 | 0.4199 to 0.5873 | 0.93270 | 1.01 |
Tennis | 0.5228 | 0.04265 | 0.4392 to 0.6064 | 0.59310 | 1.61 |
Skiing/Snowboarding | 0.5418 | 0.04250 | 0.4585 to 0.6252 | 0.32710 | 1.10 |
Bodybuilding | 0.5204 | 0.04263 | 0.4369 to 0.6040 | 0.63210 | 1.05 |
Table tennis | 0.5207 | 0.04263 | 0.4371 to 0.6043 | 0.62810 | 1.05 |
Handball | 0.5376 | 0.04253 | 0.4543 to 0.6210 | 0.37790 | 1.08 |
Sports regularly practiced by German male school students in their free time (large town: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
The most popular sport practiced by all the girls studied is cycling (Table 18). Swimming and horse riding were also at the top of the ranking, which among the surveyed boys turned out to be completely unpopular. It is worth emphasizing, as in the case of boys, the similar popularity of skiing. Girls generally do not prefer sports activities that require high endurance, strength or fierce competition. This is reflected in the results of research regarding their favorite sports, which include typical female forms of activity such as aerobics and dancing. Team sports such as volleyball, handball or basketball are of smaller importance for girls from small towns.
Kind of sport | Girls large city | Kind of sport | Girls small town |
---|---|---|---|
1. Cycling | 46 | 1. Cycling | 41 |
2. Swimming | 39 | 2. Horse riding | 37 |
3. Jogging | 36 | 3. Swimming | 32 |
4. Horse riding | 24 | 4. Aerobic | 21 |
5. Aerobic | 21 | 5. Jogging | 18 |
6. Handball | 20 | 6. Skiing/Snowboarding | 16 |
7. Volleyball | 12 | 7. Dance | 10 |
8. Dance | 9 | 8. Volleyball | 9 |
9. Skiing/Snowboarding | 7 | 9. Handball | 8 |
10. Basketball | 6 | 10. Basketball | 5 |
Sports regularly practiced by German female school students in their free time (in percentages).
The results of ROC statistical analysis (Table 19) refer to the comparison of preferences related to the regular practice of sports by girls from large cities and small cities. On their basis, it can be stated that girls from both backgrounds exhibit similar interests in sports disciplines. The exception is running, which is chosen twice more often by girls from large cities (OR = 2.01). Significant differences were also noted within this category (
Kind of sport | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cycling | 0.5291 | 0.04061 | 0.4495 to 0.6087 | 0.47380 | 1.14 |
Basketball | 0.5236 | 0.04054 | 0.4441 to 0.6031 | 0.56190 | 1.05 |
Swimming | 0.5355 | 0.04060 | 0.4559 to 0.6151 | 0.38270 | 1.22 |
Jogging | 0.5908 | 0.04014 | 0.5121 to 0.6695 | 0.02561 | 2.01 |
Skiing/Snowboarding | 0.5036 | 0.04268 | 0.4199 to 0.5873 | 0.27810 | 1.11 |
Horse riding | 0.5654 | 0.04022 | 0.4866 to 0.6443 | 0.10780 | 1.21 |
Aerobic Volleyball Dance Handball | 0.5007 0.5147 0.5055 0.5602 | 0.04066 0.04069 0.04064 0.04052 | 0.4210 to 0.5804 0.4349 to 0.5944 0.4258 to 0.5852 0.4808 to 0.6396 | 0.98660 0.71810 0.89250 0.13880 | 1.00 1.31 1.01 2.60 |
Sports regularly practiced by German female school students in their free time (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
Referring to the results of regularly performed sports by boys and girls (Tables 17 and 19), it should be noted that the following disciplines commonly practiced are:
cycling,
running.
swimming,
skiing/snowboarding,
basketball,
volleyball,
handball.
ROC statistical analysis showed that for most sports, both boys and girls report similar preferences because no statistically significant differences were found with regard to the gender of the respondents. The exception is swimming, which is much more preferred by the studied girls (
The study also examined the opinions of German school students regarding their intended sport activity after completing school education. The vast majority of respondents (81%) declare their intention to practice sport after finishing school (Figure 6). At the same time, the very low percentage of the respondents who do not intend to be active in sports in the future (8%) deserves to be emphasized. Taking into account all the opinions of the surveyed youth, it is possible to positively forecast their participation in sporting activities in the future.
The declarations of German school students on practicing sports after graduating from school (in percentages).
ROC statistical analysis regarding German youth declaration on practicing sports after graduation (Table 20) did not show statistically significant differences between boys and girls (
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5553 | 0.02914 | 0.4982 to 0.6124 | 0.06030 | |
>0.500 | 1.15 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.80 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.98 |
The declarations of German school students on practicing sports after finishing school (boys: n = 184; girls: n = 203).
Answer categories: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. I do not know.
The results of ROC statistical analysis included in Tables 21 and 22, relate to declarations of German boys and girls from various residential environments about the intention to practice recreational sport after graduating from school. Based on the results of analysis, it can be concluded that both boys and girls report similar predictions because no response categories showed statistically significant differences (
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5243 | 0.04265 | 0.4407 to 0.6080 | 0.56850 | |
>0.500 | 1.15 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.01 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.84 |
The declarations of German male school students on practicing sports after finishing school (large city: n = 91; small town: n = 93).
Answer categories: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. I do not know.
Cut-off | AUC | SE | 95% CI | OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 0.5150 | 0.04067 | 0.4353 to 0.5947 | 0.7126 | |
>0.500 | 1.04 | ||||
>1.500 | 1.14 | ||||
>2.500 | 1.09 |
The declarations of German female school students on practicing sports after finishing school (large city: n = 97; small town: n = 106).
Answer categories: 1. Yes, 2. No, 3. I do not know.
The subject of this study was selected elements of the free time sports - recreational activity of youth coming from a large and small agglomeration of the Alpine region in Germany.
The author’s research has shown that among the free time activities of the German youth, the most important are social gatherings, preferred by the majority of respondents, while practicing sports is in second place, which for boys, turned out to be much more important than for girls. In addition, computer-related activities are significantly more important for boys, while girls appreciate reading and music more. Based on the results of research related to the preferences of leisure activities, it can be stated that boys are more physically active than girls who prefer primarily passive forms of use such as listening to music, meeting friends or watching television, while sports, in fourth place on the list of the most popular free-time activities, play a far-reaching role in their lives. Similar results regarding free time forms of activity of German youth are presented by Henkel [14], Kurz and Tietjens [15], Urbutt [16], Tietjens [17], Maaz and Burrmann, [18]; Sonnenwald [19], Sawicki [20], Sawicki and Suchy [21], Schmidt [22], where the greater preferences of active forms of spending free time among male youth are underlined and greater preferences of physically passive forms of free time activity among the female youth.
Examining the motives for undertaking sports activity, it was shown that the strongest motivating factors for German school students are health, physical fitness and social aspects. Health and esthetics as motives of sports-recreational activity are valued more by girls, while for the studied boys, physical fitness and risk are significantly more important motives for practicing sports. These results are also confirmed by numerous research studies conducted by Steffgen and Schwenkmezger [23], Alfermann [24], Opper [25], Digel [26], Burrmann [27], Opaschowski [28], Sawicki and Suchy [21] and Wezyk et al. [29], which emphasize the dominance of similar motives of sports activity among German school students.
The level of sports-recreational activity is largely determined by the frequency of practicing sports in free time. The results of the author’s research confirm the high level of youth involvement in its performance, regardless of sex or environmental conditions (large city, small town). Almost ½ of the respondents declared that they practice sports 1–2 times a week and 1/3 perform it 3 times a week or more often. The results of research by Steffgen and Schwenkmezger [23], Opper [25], Leyk et.al [30], Burrmann and Mutz [31] point to a similar level of sports activity among German school students in previous studies on the subject.
The assessed German school students, and in particular the boys, usually prefer open areas for sports activity. More than ½ of the respondents declare their membership at sports clubs. In addition, another place for practicing sport often visited by the young people under investigation are public sports facilities, enjoying considerably higher popularity among boys. German school students also attend extra-curricular sporting activities at schools, attended slightly more often by boys than girls. Comparative results on this matter are also presented by Digel [26], Opper [25], Kurz and Tietjens [15], Brettschneider and Kleine [32], Burrmann [27], Sawicki and Suchy [21] and Mutz [33].
The respondents had the opportunity to comment on the assessment of the possibility for practicing recreational sports at their place of residence. According to ½ of the surveyed youth, these possibilities are large, ¼ of respondents considered them to be average, and only 1/5 of respondents considered them as small, but in the comments, one can notice the tendency of higher assessment of these possibilities for the large agglomeration.
Among the regularly performed sports, the most popular among boys regardless of environment are football and cycling. Swimming and running are also very popular in both environmental groups. In addition, boys from a small town more often practice skiing/snowboarding than their colleagues from a large agglomeration. Other popular sports played by boys include individual and team sports games. The most popular sports practiced by the examined girls were cycling, swimming and horse-riding. The popularity of ski sports, especially among girls from a small town, deserves to be emphasized, as in the case of boys. In addition, as expected, typically female forms of activity such as aerobics or dance are popular among the surveyed girls. In many research works, the general dominance of football, cycling, swimming, running and other sports games is emphasized in the case of boys, while among girls, dominance regards horse-riding, swimming and gymnastics, dance and music as well as running [12, 20, 21, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41].
Positive attitudes towards practicing sports by the examined German school students can be demonstrated by the results of the author’s research on their opinions regarding their intended sport activity after finishing school education. The vast majority of respondents (81%) declare their intention to practice sport after finishing school. Taking into account these opinions of the surveyed students, it is possible to positively forecast their participation in sporting activities in the future.
Based on the analysis of the results of the author’s research, the following conclusions can be formulated:
Regardless of environmental conditions (large city, small town), the examined German girls practicing recreational sport are guided mainly by esthetic and health reasons, while boys prefer physical fitness and willingness to take risks.
German school students, especially girls, prefer more passive activities while sports activities occupy further positions in the hierarchy of favorite free time activities.
The gender of the respondents differentiates forms of sports - recreational activity and the place where sports are practiced, such as open areas and public sports facilities, while for the frequency of practicing sports, there are no differences according to gender.
Tumor/cancer is a genetic disease due to accumulated mutations or epigenetic alterations in our genetic material, DNA [1]. 80–90% of cancer risk comes from environmental factors and the remaining 10–20% risk from hereditary factors [2]. Environment in a broad sense includes both the physical containment and the social and cultural environment and its associated effects on our lifestyle choices. The environmental factors in the physical containment include chemicals (from polluted drinking water, air and soil, and diet), physical agents (UV and environmental radiation and medical radiation), biological agents (tumor viruses, bacteria, and parasites), and the lifestyle. These agents aim to attack our DNA in the somatic cells and resulting in accumulation of mutations and epigenetic alterations in our genes throughout our life time. Hereditary factors (lineage specific cues) include both the inherited genetic mutations and epigenetic imprinting in the germ cells that pass on from generation to generation. Tumor initiation and malignant progression are mainly caused by two sets of genes, such as the tumor-promoting genes (oncogenes) and the tumor suppressor genes, thus, mutations and epigenetic alterations in these two sets of genes are doom to be responsible for the tumorigenic process [2, 3, 4].
\nIn addition to exogenous chemical agents, physical agents, and biological agents in the environment that cause mutations in the genes, endogenous metabolic processes and chronic inflammation from our lifestyle choices produce free radicals that directly attack our DNA also resulting in mutations [5]. The major sources of free radicals are reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a collective term for the unstable, reactive, partially reduced oxygen derivatives that are the normal by-products of our metabolic processes. They include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radical (•HO). ROS are also produced by the inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils and are spilled out to attack the DNA of bystander cells. ROS acts as the secondary messengers in cell signaling and essential for various biological processes in both normal and cancer cells and as both tumor-promoting and tumor suppressing agents. To keep the system in check, ROS is balanced by intracellular anti-oxidant enzymes, that produce a number of anti-oxidants, such as glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Txn), which are also present in our foodstuffs, to remove ROS. ROS production is a mechanism shared by most chemotherapeutics to trigger cell-death in cancer cells and unfortunately also to some extent in normal cells. Thus, ROS has conflicting roles as a secondary messenger in cancer cells as well as cancer-killers during cancer chemotherapy.
\nMost of the mutations in the oncogenes are dominant and thus manifest obvious phenotypes of increased proliferation and survival of tumor cells (gain-of-functions). In contrast, most of mutations in the tumor suppressor genes are recessive and thus do not manifest any phenotype until both copies of the gene are mutated or altered epigenetically (loss-of-functions). Some tumor suppressor genes are gate-keepers that directly affect proliferation and death, thus directly open to tumor formation. But some tumor suppressor genes are care-takers that affect DNA repair functions and genomic stability, thus increase mutation rate of all genes and indirectly affect proliferation [2, 6].
\nEpigenetic alterations may change the extent of methylation (either hypo- or hyper-methylation) in the regulatory regions of both oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, thus affect the transcriptionally regulatory region of the genes and directly regulate transcriptional expression of the genes. Epigenetic alterations may also modify histones and non-histone proteins that affect chromosome remodeling, thus indirectly affect the transcription of the genes. Epigenetic alterations may also affect post-transcription processes (namely translational process or stability of mRNA) of the genes via microRNAs [7].
\nBesides the above traditional two sets of genes, other genes, such as CAMs, also contribute directly to the tumor initiation and progression or orchestrate the tumor microenvironment to affect the tumor progression [8]. CAMs are involved in several biological functions, such as tissue architecture, organ formation, blood vessel generation and angiogenesis, immune and inflammatory reactions, wound healing and social behaviors [8]. An altered expression of CAMs may have implications in tumorigenesis, since CAMs govern cellular social behaviors by directly contributing to cell adhesion and cross-talk with the intracellular signal transduction pathways [8]. As a consequence, an aberrant expression of CAMs is capable of changing mobility and invasiveness, influencing outlasting ability and proliferation of tumor cells, and altering new blood vessel formation [8]. It also affects distant organ-dissemination of carcinoma cells, because CAMs orchestrate complex interactions of tumor cells with various stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in augmentation or reduction of the spreading potential of carcinoma cells [8]. Effects of the aberrant expression of the following CAMs on tumorigenesis and malignant progression are better studied, such as cadherin [9], integrins [10], CD44 [11], CEACAM [12], mucins [13], L1CAM [14], EpCAM [15], ALCAM [16] and METCAM/MUC18 [17]. Over the past several years, our team investigated the role of METCAM/MUC18 in several types of tumors, such as melanoma, breast, nasopharyngeal, ovarian and prostate cancers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. The resulting data showed a dual role of METCAM/MUC18 as a tumor promotor or suppressor in these cancers [17, 37].
\nOriginally, METCAM/MUC18 was first demonstrated to be abundantly expressed on the cellular membrane of most malignant human melanomas, hence named as MUC18. It has been implicated to play a pivotal role in the malignant progression of human melanoma, hence was named as MCAM and Mel-CAM) [38]. However, METCAM/MUC18 was found in subsequent studies not to be exclusively expressed in melanoma, and it did not initiate the transformation of normal cutaneous melanocytes to melanoma either [39]. Instead, METCAM/MUC18 was also expressed in other epithelial tumors and it could initiate or promote the transformation of other epithelial cells into carcinomas [40]. Thus, METCAM/MUC18 also bears other names, such as S-endo1, CD146, A32, or METCAM [40, 41]. Later METCAM/MUC18 was found to be able to suppress tumorigenesis in some cancer cell lines [17, 37, 40].
\nThe human METCAM/MUC18 is a
The human METCAM/MUC18 (huMETCAM/MUC18). The figure represents the protein structure of huMETCAM/MUC18 with its 3 domains: (1) a large extracellular domain showing a signal peptide (SP), the five Ig-like variables (V1 and V2) and conserved (C1, C2, C2′ and C2″) domains, each of which held together by a disulfide bond, and one X domain; six conserved N-glycosylation sites indicated as wavy lines in V1, the interdomain C2′/C2″, C2″ and X domains; (2) a short transmembrane domain (TM); and (3) a cytoplasmic domain containing five potential phosphorylation sites (P).
Figure 1 shows that the N-terminal extra-cellular domain of the protein is composed of a signal peptide sequence (SP) and five immunoglobulin-like domains and one X domain [37, 42]. The intracellular cytoplasmic domain has one, three, and one protein kinase consent sequences that are potentially to be phosphorylated by PKA, PKC, and CK2, respectively [37, 38, 42]. In addition, the METCAM/MUC18 usually has an apparent molecular weight of 110–150,000 because it is heavily glycosylated in all cell types. The amino acid sequence of huMETCAM/MUC18 reveals nine possible N-glycosylation sites, of which six are conserved between human and mouse proteins, in the extracellular domain. METCAM/MUC18 is conserved in mouse, in which the amino acid sequences of mouse METCAM/MUC18 (moMETCAM/MUC18) are 72.6% identical to the huMETCAM/MUC18 [43]. Therefore, both human and mouse METCAM/MUC18’s are capable of performing similar general functions of CAMs, such as controlling cellular social behaviors by impacting the adhesion status of cells and modulating signaling. Furthermore, over-expression of both human and mouse METCAM/MUC18’s similarly affected tumor cells in
The huMETCAM/MUC18 is expressed in at least 10 normal tissues: hair follicular cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, cerebellum, basal cells of the lung, activated T cells, intermediate trophoblasts [44], breast epithelium [18, 19], nasopharyngeal epithelium [23], and ovarian epithelium [27]. The protein is also expressed in several carcinomas, such as breast carcinoma, intermediate trophoblast tumors, melanoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, and others [17, 44]. Our studies also indicate that over-expression of METCAM/MUC18 augments tumorigenesis of breast carcinoma [18, 19, 20], nasopharyngeal carcinoma type III [24, 26], and prostate adenocarcinoma [34], but it does not have an obvious effect on tumorigenesis of most melanoma cell lines [21]. METCAM/MUC18 over-expression also initiates the distant organ-dissemination of prostate cancer [32, 33] and augments the distant organ-dissemination of melanoma [21] and breast carcinoma [45].
\nIn contrast, over-expression of METCAM/MUC18 represses tumorigenesis of a mouse melanoma cell line, K1735-9 [22], nasopharyngeal carcinoma type I [24, 25] and perhaps hemangiomas [46]. METCAM/MUC18 over-expression also represses the distant organ-dissemination of the mouse melanoma cell line, K1735-9 [22].
\nOver-expression of moMETCAM/MUC18 in one mouse melanoma cell line K1735 clone 10 (or K1735-10 subline) has no effect and that in another cell line K1735 clone 3 a slight suppression effect on subcutaneous tumorigenesis [21], but in K1735 clone 9 (or K1735-9 subline) it completely suppresses the subcutaneous tumorigenesis [22]. Thus, METCAM/MUC18 definitely acts as a tumor suppressor for the K1735-9 subline, but may have a less obvious effect on two other K1735 sublines, K1735-3 and K1735-10. In addition to its effect on tumorigenesis, over-expression of moMETCAM/MUC18 in K1735-9 also completely suppressed lung nodule formation in immunocompetent syngeneic C3H brown mouse model. In contrast, over-expression of moMETCAM/MUC18 in K1735-3 and K1735-10 subline has an opposite effect (namely promotion) on lung nodule formation. In conclusion, moMETCAM/MUC18 acts as a tumor suppressor with a different severity on different cell lines in a syngenetic mouse model [21, 22].
\nNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurs in the non-lymphomatous, squamous epithelial lining of the posterior nasopharynx [24]. Histologically, three subtypes of NPC are defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification: WHO type I (keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas), WHO type II (non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas), and WHO type III (undifferentiated carcinomas) [24]. Three major risk factors suggested by epidemiological studies, such as genetic predisposition, dietary and environmental factors, and the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection, may cause the unusual occurrence of NPC in endemic areas [24, 25, 26]. However, the biological mechanisms of their involvement in cancer initiation, development or malignant progression are not well understood. Nevertheless, it could be hypothesized that altered cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in NPC lead to tumorigenesis and malignant progression, since aberrant expression of CAMs, such as CD44, connexin 43, E-cadherin, and ICAM, has been associated with the progression of NPC [23]. In order to test this hypothesis, we previously studied the possible role of altered METCAM/MUC18 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma [23, 24].
\nTherefore, we used immunohistochemistry method to determine gene expression at the protein level in seven tissue specimens of normal nasopharynx, 97 specimens of three different types of NPC and also used immunoblot method to determine that in several cell lines established from type I and type III NPC [23]. The results showed a weak expression of the protein METCAM/MUC18 in 27% of the NPC tissues in contrast to all the normal nasopharynx tissues which exhibited high expression of the protein. According to these results, we suggested that METCAM/MUC18 may play a tumor suppressor function in the development of NPC during the progression of the disease [23]. We then tested the hypothesis by transfecting the cDNA into two NPC cell lines which weakly expressed the protein and isolated the high-expressing clones for examining the effect of METCAM/MUC18 over-expression on
Surprisingly, when a different cell line, NPC-TW04, was used for the similar set of the experiments we observed a completely opposite effect of METCAM/MUC18. We observed that over-expression of METCAM/MUC18 promoted
Taken together we hypothesized that METCAM/MC18 plays a dual suppressor and promotor role in the different types of NPC.
\nTwo independent groups showed that METCAM/MUC18 expression is correlated with the progression of ovarian cancer [27, 48], and it affects the
In summary, we supplied
For the previous two decades, we have firmly established the notion that over-expression of METCAM/MUC18 promotes the tumorigenesis and metastasis of human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, which was established from lymphatic lesions [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. To check if the conclusion is also extended to another human prostate cancer cell line DU145, we recently tested the effect of knocking down the endogenously expressed METCAM/MUC18 on tumorigenesis in a nude mouse system, since DU145 endogenously expressed a high level of METCAM/MUC18 [51]. We found that knocking down of the endogenously expressed METCAM/MUC18 with three shRNAs decreased the subcutaneous tumorigenesis in male nude mice in comparison to a control shRNA, as shown in Figure 2. We thus concluded that METCAM/MUC18 expression in DU145 cell line, which was established from brain lesions, plays a positive role in tumorigenesis (and perhaps metastasis) similar to in LNCaP cells.
\nTumorigenicity of four shRNA-knockdown clones of DU145. Effect of METCAM/MUC18 expression on
In contrast, we recently used the similar knocking down strategy to test the effect of decreased the endogenous METCAM/MUC18 expression on
Tumorigenicity of four shRNA-knockdown clones of PC-3. Effect of METCAM/MUC18 expression on
We thus conclude that METCAM/MUC18 serves as a tumor suppressor in the PC-3 cell line, different from its role in two other prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and DU145), suggesting that prostate cancer cell lines established from different organs may have different intrinsic factors that modulate the function of METCAM/MUC18.
\nThe protein METCAM/MUC18 is also expressed others cancers, such as angiosarcoma, gestational trophoblastic tumors, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, some lung squamous and small cell carcinomas, and some neuroblastoma [44]. However, its role in the development of most of these cancers is not well known. Recent meta-analysis suggests that high METCAM/MUC18 expression in many solid tumors appears to be associated with poor prognosis and patient survival [53]. However, in contrast to the conclusion, reduced expression of METCAM/MUC18 associates with the malignant progression of hemangioma [46]. Likewise, recent results of the effects of METCAM/MUC18 expression on tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer also appear to support the similar conclusion, as described next. Reduced expression of METCAM/MUC18 promotes tumorigenesis and stemness of colorectal cancer [54]. Targeting soluble METCAM/MUC18 with a neutralizing antibody inhibits vascularization, growth and survival of METCAM/MUC18-positive pancreatic tumors [55]. Furthermore, attenuation of METCAM/MUC18 promotes pancreatic cancer progression [56]. Thus, the possible tumor and metastasis suppressor role of METCAM/MUC18 in solid tumors appear to extend from mouse melanoma K1735–9 subline, ovarian cancer, and NPC type I, to colorectal cancer [54] and pancreatic cancer [55, 56], and perhaps hemangioma [46]. Table 1 summarizes the negative role of METCAM/MUC18 in the tumor formation and/or cancer metastasis of seven tumors/cancers.
\nTumor/cancer cell lines | \nTumorigenesis | \nMetastasis | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Colorectal cancer human cell lines HT-29, SW480, SW948, SW620, colo205, Lovo320, P6C | \nSuppression | \nNot determined | \n[54] | \n
Hemangioma human cell lines HemEC, HDMEC | \nPossible suppression | \nNot determined | \n[46] | \n
Mouse melanoma cell line K1735-9 | \nSuppression | \nSuppression | \n[22] | \n
Mouse melanoma cell lines K1735-3, K1735-10 | \nNo effect or slight suppression | \nIncreasing and affecting the late stage | \n[21] | \n
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma type I cell line NPC-TW01 | \nSuppression | \nNot determined | \n[24, 25] | \n
Ovarian cancer cell lines SK-OV3, BG-1 | \nSuppression | \nSuppression | \n[28, 50] | \n
Pancreatic cancer human cell lines, UACC-1273, PANC1, C81-61, KP-2, SUIT-2, MIAPaca-2, HS766T and primary CAFs | \nSuppression | \nSuppression | \n[55, 56] | \n
Prostate cancer human cell line PC-3 | \nSuppression | \nNot determined | \n[52] | \n
The negative role of METCAM/MUC18 in tumor formation and/or cancer metastasis of seven tumor/cancer cell lines.
In contrast to the above functions of METCAM/MUC18, recent work done on other solid tumors appears to be consistent with the meta-analysis results of solid tumors [53], as described next. For example, METCAM/MUC18 expression correlates with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and a poor prognosis in gastric cancer [57]. Tumor up-take of glioma in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model correlates with the expression level of METCAM/MUC18 [58]. METCAM/MUC18 promotes metastasis and predicts poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [59]. Increased expression of METCAM/MUC18 has been found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor tissues as compared with the matched adjacent normal liver tissues and the METCAM/MUC18+ cells purified from HCC tumors and cells have significantly increased colony-forming capacity consistent with the cancer stem cells or the tumor-initiating cells [60]. METCAM/MUC18 expression has been shown to express in 51% of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and positive expression of METCAM/MUC18 has been associated with a shorter survival of patients with adenocarcinomas and used to predict the poor overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinomas [61, 62, 63]. METCAM/MUC18 expression mediates acquisition of cancer stemness and enhances tumor invasion and metastasis in a mouse model [64]. High expression of METCAM/MUC18 correlates with intrapulmonary metastasis of NSCLC cells in a mouse model [65]. Consistent with the results, we showed in Figure 4 (Guang-Jer Wu, unpublished data) that METCAM/MUC18 is expressed in a lung type II alveolar epithelial cell carcinoma cell, A549, and highly expressed in an adenocarcinoma cell line, H838, in comparison with its no expression in an immortalized normal embryonic WI38 cell line.
\nExpression of METCAM/MUC18 in normal lung tissue (SV40-immortalized normal lung cells (WI38, lane 2) and lung type II alveolar epithelial cell carcinoma cell (A549, lane 3) and lung primary adenocarcinoma (H838, lane 4) (from Guang-Jer Wu, unpublished data).
Furthermore, METCAM/MUC18 mediates chemoresistance of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) [66]. METCAM/MUC18 is expressed in osteosarcoma cell lines, but not in normal osteoblast cells [67]. Osteosarcoma is effectively treated with METCAM/MUC18 monoclonal antibodies [68, 69]. Transcription factor MEIS1 activates METCAM/MUC18 expression to promote migration of mouse pancreatic tumor cell lines [70]. METCAM/MUC18 very likely promotes the formation of angiosarcoma, as supported by our preliminary results as described next. Mouse METCAM/MUC18 was expressed in one angiosarcoma clone, SVR, which was transfected with H-Ras, at a higher level than in the control cell line, an immortalized normal endothelial cell line, MS-1 [71]. Furthermore, the tumorigenicity of the SVR cell line was higher than the control cell line, thus in direct association with the higher expression level of moMETCAM/MUC18 [40, 71]. This suggests that METCAM/MUC18 very likely promotes the formation of angiosarcoma [40, 71]. Hence, the positive role played by the METCAM/MUC18 in the progression of solid tumors have been extended from breast cancer, human and mouse melanoma, prostate cancer to angiosarcoma [40, 71], gastric cancer [57], glioma [58], hepatocellular carcinoma [59, 60], non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma [61, 62, 63, 64, 65], small cell lung cancer [66], osteosarcoma [67, 68, 69], and mouse pancreatic cancer [70]. Taken together, METCAM/MCU18 appears to be more prevalently in playing a positive role than a negative role in the tumorigenesis of solid tumors. Table 2 summarizes the positive role of METCAM/MUC18 in the tumor formation and/or cancer metastasis of various tumors/cancers.
\nTumor/cancer tissues or cell lines | \nTumorigenesis | \nMetastasis | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Angiosarcoma human cell lines MS1, SVR | \nIncreasing | \nNot determined | \n[40, 71] | \n
Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 | \nPromotion | \nNot determined | \n[18] | \n
Human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 | \nPromotion | \nNot determined | \n[19, 20] | \n
Human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 | \nPromotion | \nPromotion | \n[19, 45] | \n
Gastric cancer human tissues | \nPromotion | \nNot determined | \n[57] | \n
Glioma cell lines U87MG, U251 | \nPromotion | \nNot Determined | \n[58] | \n
Hepatocellular carcinoma human cell lines PLC/PRF/5, Huh7, MHCC97H& 97 L HepG2, SMMC-7721, focus, YY-8103, LM3, HLF and primary HCC cell lines; normal liver cell line LO2 | \nPromotion | \nNot determined | \n[59, 60] | \n
Non-small cell lung cancer human cell lines A549, H23, H358, H460, H522, H838, HCC4006, H1650/ER, PC-9, PC9GR, and adenocarcinoma tissues | \nPromotion | \nPromotion | \n[61, 62, 63, 64, 65], our unpublished results | \n
Small cell lung cancer human cell lines H69, H69AR, H82, H196, H209, DMS79 | \nPromotion | \nNot determined | \n[66] | \n
Clinical melanoma tissues and human melanoma cell lines SB-2, SK, XP-44 | \nNo effect | \nIncreasing and affecting the late stage | \n[38, 72, 73] | \n
Mouse melanoma cell lines K1735-3, K1735-10 | \nNo effect or slight suppression | \nIncreasing and affecting the late stage | \n[21] | \n
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma type III human cell line NPC-TW04 | \nPromotion | \nNot determined | \n[24, 26] | \n
Osteosarcoma human cell lines CR9, MNNG-HOS, OHS, KPDX, KRIB, MG-63, shYY1, SaOS, SaOS-2, TE85, U20S | \nPromotion | \nAugmentation | \n[67, 68, 69] | \n
Pancreatic cancer mouse cell lines ptf1a, LSL-Kras, LSL-Trp53, Pdx1, | \nPromotion | \nPossible augmentation | \n[70] | \n
Clinical prostate cancer human tissues | \nIncreasing | \nIncreasing and affecting initiation in the early stage (PIN) | \n[31] | \n
Human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP | \nIncreasing | \nIncreasing and affecting initiation in the early stage | \n[32, 34, 35, 36] | \n
Human prostate cancer cell line DU145 | \nIncreasing | \nNot determined | \n[51] | \n
Prostate adenocarcinoma in TRAMP mice | \nIncreasing | \nIncreasing and affecting initiation in the early stage | \n[33] | \n
The positive role of METCAM/MUC18 in tumor formation and/or cancer metastasis of various tumors/cancers.
In conclusion, METCAM/MUC18 appears to play a dual role in the tumorigenesis and perhaps also in metastasis of solid tumors. At this point, it is not clear why METCAM/MUC18 plays a dual role in this aspect. Since METCAM/MUC18 only plays a dual role in different cell lines from the same type of cancer or in different type of cancers, but never in the same cancer cell line. It is logical to suggest a possible explanation that the intrinsic properties of each cancer cell line may provide specific co-factors or heterophilic ligands that may positively or negatively modulate the METCAM/MUC18-mediated tumorigenesis and metastasis. This can be readily scrutinized by identifying these specific intrinsic co-factors or heterophilic ligands by using immunological co-precipitation method in the future studies. This approach is feasible as described in one of the following sections, Section 5.1.
\nSince the huMETCAM/MUC18 was first discovered in the 1980s, three groups have worked on the role of huMETCAM/MUC18 in melanoma metastasis [38, 39, 72, 73], another group on the role of huMETCAM/MUC18 in the biology of endothelial cells [41], and our group joined in the effort to study the role of huMETCAM/MUC18 in the progression of mouse melanoma [43] and prostate cancer [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 51, 52], and later breast cancer [18, 19, 20], ovarian cancer [27, 28, 29, 30], and NPC [23, 24, 25, 26], as described above. Recently, more groups have participated in further exploring the possible role of METCAM/MUC18 in other solid tumors in different organs, such as colorectum [54], gastro-organ [57], glioma [58], liver [59, 60], lung [61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66], pancreas [55, 56, 70], and bone [67, 68, 69]. Preliminary work in leiomyosarcoma, esophagus squamous cell carcinoma, clear cell renal sarcoma, and gallbladder adenocarcinoma are also beginning to emerge [53].
\nAfter many decades of group effort, we are beginning to understand the biology of METCAM/MUC18-mediated tumor progression. However, the biological mechanisms describing the role of METCAM/MUC18 in tumorigenesis and malignant progression are still not well clarified such as: the protein’s domain involved in cell adhesion, the domain which mediates the interactions of tumor cells with the tumor microenvironment leading to tumor progression and in the METCAM/MUC18-mediated tumorigenesis and malignant progression, and the effects of N-glycosylation on the functions of METCAM/MUC18 in tumorigenesis. Though the huMETCAM/MUC18-mediated outside-in and inside-out signaling in endothelial cells are understood to some extent, and the METCAM/MUC18-mediated signaling, which is leading to the progression of various cancer cells, are not much known. How METCAM/MUC18 is positively or negatively regulated at the level of transcription in different cancer cells remains minimally known. As such, the following five important aspects are much needed for immediate future studies, such as different kinds or quantities of co-factors or heterophilic ligand(s) in different cancer cell lines, contributions of different domains of the protein, different signaling pathways involved, differential regulation at the transcription level in tumors of different organs, and possible different extent of N-glycosylation in different cancer cell lines, which may critically modulate the function of METCAM/MUC18 in tumor progression.
\nThe heterophilic ligands of METCAM/MUC18 may play an important role in the cell-cell and cell-extra-cellular matrix interactions and cancer metastasis. Our preliminary results suggest that the 72 kDa protein identified by immunoprecipitation method may be one of the heterophilic ligands for METCAM/MUC18, as shown in Figure 5 [40].
\nPutative heterophilic ligand of METCAM/MUC18 in PC-3 and DU145 cell lines.
As shown in Figure 5, the putative heterophilic ligand 72 kDa is highly expressed in the PC-3 cell line, but much less in the DU145 cell line. This may reveal a possible explanation for the different role of huMETCAM/MUC18 in the tumorigenicity of the two prostate cancer cell lines [40].
\nThe relation of the protein structure of huMETCAM/MUC18 to its functions in tumorigenesis and metastasis have not been systematically defined. To begin addressing this question, we have generated mutants deleted different domains of huMETCAM/MUC18 by using a special PCR method [74] and used them to determine their contribution to tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, our results showed that the ecto-domain of huMETCAM/MUC18 induced tumorigenesis in LNCaP cells in nude mice, as well as the whole wild type of cDNA. These preliminary results suggested the key role of the ecto-domain in tumorigenesis induction in prostate cancer cells
The huMETCAM/MUC18 contains three sites which are potentially phosphorylated by PKC, PKA and CK2 in the cytoplasmic tail [38, 42]. However, these putative phosphorylation sites have not been biochemically proven. Thus, the immediate question to be answered is that how many sites in the cytoplasmic tail of the native METCAM/MUC18 protein, which are to be isolated from different cancer cell lines, are actually phosphorylated? Which protein kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation? After this is answered, then we can further study how METCAM/MUC18 mediates crosstalk and networking with different signal pathways and to see if it is similar to or different from the cytoplasmic tails of other CAMs [41, 75, 76, 77]. Knowledge learned from other CAMs seem point to one aspect that METCAM/MUC18, as an integral membrane protein and a cell adhesion molecule, should mediate inside-in, inside-out, and outside-in signals to participate in intercellular communication and interaction of cell with extra-cellular matrix, which results in impacting cell motility and invasiveness [78, 79]. Furthermore, its interaction with co-factors or cognate heterophilic ligand(s) may alter these signals, which in turn should affect intrinsic tumor proliferation or impact tumor angiogenesis and/or mediate targeting to specific organs and promoting metastasis. Moreover, METCAM/MUC18 may interact with various hormonal receptors, growth or anti-growth factors/receptors, various chemokines/receptors, and the Ca2+-mediated signaling members, which in turn affect the process of tumor progression. Figure 6 summarizes the possible preliminary crosstalk of huMETCAM/MUC18 with many members of signal transduction pathways that may affect its function during tumor initiation and development and malignant progression.
\nMETCAM/MUC18-mediated signal transduction in tumorigenesis and malignant progression.
The mechanism of transcriptional control of METCAM/MUC18 gene is minimally studied [17]. Up to now, only the 900 bp sequences in the core promoter region of the huMETCAM/MUC18 gene are well-characterized [80]. This core promoter is rich in GC sequences but does not contain a TATA box. It includes many consensus sequences presumably as putative binding sites for various transcription regulatory factors, such as SP-1, CREB [81], AP-2 [82, 83], c-Myb [84], N-Oct2 (Brn2) [85], Ets [86], CArG [87], and Egr-1 [88]. In addition, it also contains three insulin responsive elements (one Ets and two E-box motifs) [89], suggesting that huMETCAM/MUC18 gene expression may respond to the cue of various growth signals [37, 40], as shown in Figure 7.
\nPutative transcription factor-recognized motifs in the 900 bp core promoter and 5–10 kilo bp up-stream region of the huMETCAM/MUC18 gene.
In addition, some sequences upstream of the minimal core promoter sequences should also be expected for conferring the tissue-specific expression of the huMETCAM/MUC18 gene [90]. Recently this notion has been definitely supported by a finding that Ets sequence in the 10 kilo-bp up-stream region is involved in the regulation of the expression of huMETCAM/MUC18 gene [91]. We have also engaged in this task by searching the sequence of the up-stream region of the huMETCAM/MUC18 promoter in the Celera or other web sites. By taking advantage of the known sequence searched, we designed many pairs of primers to screening a genomic library and obtained several phage clones which contain at least 4 kilo-bp of the gene for future studies (Guang-Jer Wu, unpublished data).
\nThe epigenetic control of the expression of huMETCAM/MUC18 gene has not been extensively studied in NPC, though it has been implicated [92]. This is because huMETCAM/MUC18 gene is located at the locus of human chromosome 11q23.3 that has been shown to be hypermethylated in NPC, suggesting that the expression of this gene may be regulated by epigenetic controls [93]. To support this notion, our preliminary results of treating NPC cell lines with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Aza-C) showed that after the treatment with Aza-C, METCAM/MUC18 expression was somewhat elevated in the NPC-TW01 cell line, but not in the NPC-TW04 cell line (Guang-Jer Wu, unpublished data). METCAM/MUC18 has also been shown to be methylated in most of the early stage of prostate cancer [94]. Further systematic studies in this aspect should be very interesting and rewarding in the future.
\nGlycosylation of a protein may affect the proper folding, stability, and/or activity of a protein [95], however, the possible roles of glycosylation in the function of MCETCAM/MUC18 protein have not been explored. The glycosylation of METCAM/MUC18 may also affect its ability in inducing/promoting or suppressing the metastasis of cancer cells [95, 96, 97, 98, 99]. Both huMETCAM/MUC18 and moMETCAM/MUC18 may very likely to be heavily glycosylated, sialylated, and post-translationally modified, because both have an apparent molecular weight of about 110–150 kDa, which is much more than the naked protein with a molecular weight of about 65–70 kDa [100]. To initiate the study, we subjected the huMETCAM/MUC18, which was expressed in a human cancer cell line, to the digestion with N-glycosidase F, neuraminidase (sialidase), O-glycosidase, or endoglycosidase H, and we observed that the apparent molecular weight of the protein was decreased after digestion with N-glycosidase F and neuraminidase (sialidase), but not with O-glycosidase or endoglycosidase H [37, 40]. From this, we suggested that both sialic acid and N-glycans are probably the major carbohydrate side chains of huMETCAM/MUC18. It is also possible that glycosylation may differ depending on the type of cancers. Thus, we suggested that different N-glycans at the N-glycosylation sites of huMETCAM/MUC18 may differ in different cancer cell lines, which may have significant positive or negative impacts on their EMT abilities as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis. According to our hypothesis, a recent study described GCNT3 as an up-stream regulator of METCAM/MUC18. Moreover, GCNT3 glycosylates METCAM/MUC18 and extends its half-life which results in further elevation of S100A8/A9-mediated cellular motility in melanoma cells [101].
\nBy searching in the primary sequence of the human huMETCAM/MUC18 protein, nine potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr or N-X-S/T sites) have been revealed [37, 38, 40, 42], whereas only seven sites found in the mouse METCAM/MUC18 [43]. Six N-glycosylation sites are conserved between the two proteins: 56/58 NL/FS, 418/420NRT, 449/451NLS, 467NGT/469NGS, 507NTS/509NTT, and 544/546NST [37, 38, 40, 42]. We suggest that only these six conserved N-glycosylation sites are actually glycosylated, because the apparent molecular weights of human METCAM/MUC18 and mouse METCAM/MUC18 are similar in the SDS gel. All the N-glycosylation sites are located in the external region of the protein, such as the domains of V1, C′, C″ and X. First, all these six sites should be biochemically identified before further molecular genetic task. Then, we will use genetic tools to alter the N-glycosylation sites. The mutants will be transfected back into cancer cell lines without the endogenous expression of the protein. The clones, which only express these mutated METCAM/MUC18, will be used for various
METCAM/MUC18 plays a key role in suppressing the progression of colorectal cancer, one mouse melanoma cell line, NPC type I, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer PC-3 cell line, and perhaps hemangioma and possibly in other cancers. On the other hand, METCAM/MUC18 also play a key positive function in the progression of breast cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, melanoma, NPC type III, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. To further understand its role in these processes, it is essential to further identify its co-factor regulators and cognate heterophilic ligands, define its functional domains, and study its crosstalk with members of various signal transduction pathways, the regulation of its expression at the level of transcription, and effects of N-glycosylation on the functions of the protein.
\nThe current studies have laid an important biological basis for inspiring future intense investigation to further understand the detailed knowledge of METCAM/MUC18-mediated suppression of tumorigenesis and metastasis of various cancer cell lines. For this purpose besides those have been described above, other future endeavors may include: (a) understanding three major mechanisms involved in METCAM/MUC18-induced tumor and metastasis dormancy, such as key players participated in inhibition of intrinsic growth capability, key chemokines and cytokines participated in suppression of immunological responses, and key pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors participated in the reduction of angiogenesis [102], (b) identification of possible miRNAs and non-coding RNAs participated in the process upstream and downstream of METCAM/MUC18 [103], and (c) possible clinical applications should be explored. Precaution should be taken that a complete picture may only be possibly constructed after all the above studies are successfully executed.
\nThe majority of the cancer-associated mortality is due to dissemination of primary tumor to distant organs (metastasis). If we are able to decrease or stop the metastatic propensity of cancer cells and keep them stayed only at the primary site, it should be a major success in cancer therapy. Alternatively, it is also a major success if we are able to control cancer cells at the state of dormancy or remaining them at the stage of micro-metastatic lesions [104]. Thus, similar to other tumor and metastasis suppressors, such as KISS1, KAI1, nm23, MAP2K4, and some micro-RNAs, METCAM/MUC18 may be used as a new therapeutic target for some clinical cancer treatments [105]. Strategically four major approaches may be taken for this purpose: (a) use gene therapeutic method to restore the functional copy of the suppressor genes or use epigenetic method to re-activate the genes. For gene therapy, the METCAM/MUC18 cDNA gene may be transported by an adenovirus-associated virus vector or a replication-defective adenovirus [106]. The human METCAM/MUC18 gene, located on 11q23-3 chromosome may be targeted with clinical reagents to reverse epigenetic repression, like Aza-C [107], or to change histone modifications to induce remodeling of the chromosome [108], (b) dispense recombinant proteins directly to the patients. For this approach, a complete copy or a partial portion of the METCAM/MUC18 recombinant protein, oligopeptides, or small molecule mimetics of METCAM/MUC18 may be directly dispensed to cancer patients, (c) target at downstream key members in the signaling pathways which are activated by the loss of the suppressor function, and (d) the co-factors or the cognate heterophilic ligand(s) of METCAM/MUC18 may be targeted. The above strategies may be used in single, or better in combination for treating the patients for the purpose of holding tumor cells at the primary sites, stopping them in a dormant state, or keeping the disseminating cancer cells at the state of micro-metastases. However, the dual role of METCAM/MUC18 in cancer progression may limit the above clinical applications to only cancers exhibiting an anti-tumor activity mediated by METCAM/MUC18.
\nI thank the support of grants from National Research Council, Taiwan.
\nThe author has no conflict of interests.
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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"37120",doi:"10.5772/29607",title:"Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Neurosurgery - Current Knowledge and Prospects",slug:"the-trigeminocardiac-reflex-in-neurosurgery-current-knowledge-and-prospects",totalDownloads:3434,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"749",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",fullTitle:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery"},signatures:"Amr Abdulazim, Martin N. Stienen, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Nora Prochnow, Nora Sandu, Benham Bohluli and Bernhard Schaller",authors:[{id:"78171",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"},{id:"78525",title:"Mr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazim",slug:"amr-abdulazim",fullName:"Amr Abdulazim"},{id:"78530",title:"Dr",name:"Pooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr-Eshkevari",slug:"pooyan-sadr-eshkevari",fullName:"Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari"},{id:"126039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Nikolaus",surname:"Stienen",slug:"martin-stienen",fullName:"Martin Stienen"},{id:"126040",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Prochnow",slug:"nora-prochnow",fullName:"Nora Prochnow"},{id:"126041",title:"Dr.",name:"Benham",middleName:null,surname:"Bohluli",slug:"benham-bohluli",fullName:"Benham Bohluli"}]},{id:"26863",doi:"10.5772/26362",title:"The Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Arthroplasty – Options, Material Characteristics and Selection",slug:"the-bearing-surfaces-in-total-hip-arthroplasty-options-material-characteristics-and-selection",totalDownloads:9526,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Eajazi and Ali Sina Shahi",authors:[{id:"66361",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Eajazi",slug:"alireza-eajazi",fullName:"Alireza Eajazi"},{id:"74857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Seyyed Hosseinzadeh",slug:"hamid-reza-seyyed-hosseinzadeh",fullName:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh"},{id:"173207",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisina",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",slug:"alisina-shahi",fullName:"Alisina Shahi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8935,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. Syamasundar Rao"}]},{id:"45712",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Middle Face",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-middle-face",totalDownloads:4952,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2989",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"susan-henning",fullName:"Susan Henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",slug:"jean-masse",fullName:"Jean Massé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"202",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82020",title:"Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Novel Technique and Technology with Case Series",slug:"minimally-invasive-transforaminal-lumbar-interbody-fusion-a-novel-technique-and-technology-with-case",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105187",abstract:"Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) has been utilized to treat a variety of spinal disorders. Like other minimally invasive spine surgery techniques and technology, the MI-TLIF approach has the potential to limit the morbidity associated with larger exposures required for open surgery. The MI-TLIF approach has a number of advantages over many other minimally invasive spine surgery approaches including direct decompression of neural elements, collection of morselized autograph from the surgical site to achieve high fusion rates, restoration of spinal canal diameter, foraminal diameter, disk height, and reduction of spondylolisthesis. In this chapter, we discuss a novel technique for performing MI-TLIF developed by the senior author who is a leading minimally invasive spine surgeon. The technique and technology illustrated in this chapter were developed out of a recognition of a need to reduce the learning curve for performing MI-TLIF, as well as need for a cost-effective method that provides a high fusion rate, excellent clinical outcomes, and low complication rate. The indications, surgical planning, postoperative care, complications, and patient outcomes in a large series will be reviewed using this novel MI-TLIF technique.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick J. Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"78335",title:"Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers",slug:"safety-and-efficiency-of-cervical-disc-arthroplasty-in-ambulatory-surgery-centers",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99589",abstract:"Introduction Anterior cervical surgeries have been safely performed in ambulatory surgery centers since 1995 with the first cases being one level anterior cervical discectomies without fusion, then in 1996, one level anterior cervical discectomies with fusion (ACDF). When it is was certain that outpatient fusion was safe, the number of ACDF levels slowly and methodically were increased to the now standard outpatient maximum of four level ACDF. During this evolution, with the introduction of arthroplasty surgery, one level arthroplasties were considered appropriate for outpatient surgery and now two-level outpatient cervical arthroplasties are routine and some three level arthroplasties have been performed with no additional morbidity compared to one level procedures. The author first reported a series of 27 patients in 2010 who underwent cervical disc replacement at an ASC. (Wohns, R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg. Neurol. Int. 1, 77, 2010). The average operative time was 40 minutes and the patients were observed over a period of three hours prior to discharge. None of the patients had major complications and there were no reports of worsening or persistent pain. The results of a Delphi study in 2018 compared the safety and efficiency of one-level and two-level arthroplasty procedures performed in an ASC and in a hospital setting. (Gornet et al. Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers vs Hospital Settings. Int’l J of Spine Surgery. Vol. 12, No.5, 2018, pp. 557-564). The study analyzed outcomes of 145 ASC patients, 348 hospital outpatients and 65 hospital inpatients and the conclusion was that both one and two-level arthroplasties may be performed safely in an ASC. Surgeries in ASCs are of shorter duration and performed with less blood loss without increased AEs. At the present time, there does not appear to be any contra-indication to performing the vast majority of cervical arthroplasties in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Furthermore, the cost of an outpatient arthroplasty is commonly 30% to 50% of the cost of hospital-based procedures.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Richard N.W. Wohns"},{id:"82255",title:"Minimally Invasive Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis with Case Series of Patients with Multi-level (3 or More Levels) Stenosis",slug:"minimally-invasive-laminectomy-for-lumbar-stenosis-with-case-series-of-patients-with-multi-level-3-o",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105186",abstract:"Lumbar stenosis is the most common pathology seen and treated by spine surgeons. It is often seen in the elderly population who frequently have multiple medical co-morbidities. Traditional approaches remove the spinous process and detach paraspinous muscles to achieve adequate canal decompression. This approach can damage the posterior tension band leading to permanent muscle damage, scar tissue formation, iatrogenic flatback syndrome, and increase risk of adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation. Performing lumbar laminectomy in a cost-effective manner is critical in effectively treating patients with lumbar stenosis. This chapter reviews a minimally invasive muscle-sparing approach to treating lumbar stenosis. The technique is performed through a tubular retractor. Direct decompression of the spinal stenosis is achieved while preserving the paraspinous muscle attachments and spinous process. This technique has multiple advantages and can potentially reduce load stress on adjacent levels and subsequent adjacent level pathology leading to further surgical intervention. In addition, the procedure shows how facet fusion is performed using the patient’s own locally harvested drilled morselized autograph to achieve bilateral facet fusion. By fusing the facets, we have shown that restenosis at the operative level is less likely to occur. This chapter will review a case series of multilevel lumbar stenosis including clinical outcomes.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick J. Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"80705",title:"Cervical Arthroplasty",slug:"cervical-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:37,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102964",abstract:"Technological advances have allowed spine surgery to follow the trend toward minimally invasive surgery in general. Specifically, we have seen a corresponding rise in the popularity of cervical arthroplasty. For the treatment of cervical disc disease, arthroplasty is a less invasive option than the gold standard of cervical discectomy and arthrodesis, which by nature is more disruptive to surrounding tissues. Arthroplasty preserves the facets, maintains motion, and reduces the rate of adjacent segment breakdown. These factors counteract the negative impacts of fusion while maintaining the benefits. Arthroplasty implants themselves have become more streamlined to implant as well with less native bone destruction, and biomechanics more compatible with the native disc. While initial implants were ball and socket devices with complex fixation and plane-specific movements, later devices incorporated such motions as translation and compression. Viscoelastic components and materials more closely resembling native tissues afford a more biocompatible implant profile. Until cell-based therapies can successfully reproduce native tissue, we will rely on artificial components that closely resemble and assimilate them.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Jason M. Highsmith"},{id:"80605",title:"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Spinal Metastasis",slug:"minimally-invasive-treatment-of-spinal-metastasis",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102485",abstract:"Advancements in the treatment of systemic cancer have improved life expectancy in cancer patients and consequently the incidence of spinal metastasis. Traditionally, open spinal approaches combined with cEBRT (conventional external beam radiation therapy) allowed for local tumor control as well as stabilization and decompression of the spine and neural elements, but these larger operations can be fraught with one complications and delayed healing as well as additional morbidity. Recently, minimally invasive spine techniques are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of spinal metastasis for many reasons, including smaller incisions with less perioperative complications and potential for expedited time to radiation therapy. These techniques include kyphoplasty with radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous stabilization, laminectomy, and epidural tumor resection through tubular retractors, as well as minimally invasive corpectomy. These techniques combined with highly conformal stereotactic radiosurgery have led to the advent of separation surgery, which allows for decompression of neural elements while creating space between neural elements and the tumor so adequate radiation may be delivered, improving local tumor control. The versatility of these minimally invasive techniques has significantly improved the modern management of metastatic disease of the spine by protecting and restoring the patient’s quality of life while allowing them to quickly resume radiation and systemic treatment.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Eric R. Mong and Daniel K. Fahim"},{id:"76620",title:"Minimally Invasive Lateral Approach for Anterior Spinal Cord Decompression in Thoracic Myelopathy",slug:"minimally-invasive-lateral-approach-for-anterior-spinal-cord-decompression-in-thoracic-myelopathy",totalDownloads:145,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97669",abstract:"Myelopathy can result from a thoracic disc herniation (TDH) compressing the anterior spinal cord. Disc calcification and difficulty in accessing the anterior spinal cord pose an operative challenge. A mini-open lateral approach to directly decompress the anterior spinal cord can be performed with or without concomitant interbody fusion depending on pre-existing or iatrogenic spinal instability. Experience using stand-alone expandable spacers to achieve interbody fusion in this setting is limited. Technical advantages, risks and limitations of this technique are discussed. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with thoracic and upper lumbar myelopathy treated with a lateral mini-open lateral approach. Review of the literature identified 6 other case series using similar lateral minimally invasive approaches to treat thoracic or upper lumbar disc herniation showing efficient and safe thoracic disc decompression procedure for myelopathy. This technique can be combined with interbody arthrodesis when instability is suspected.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Edna E. Gouveia, Mansour Mathkour, Erin McCormack, Jonathan Riffle, Olawale A. Sulaiman and Daniel J. Denis"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. 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He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/176926",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"176926"},fullPath:"/profiles/176926",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()